Law The sum total of rules and regulations by which society is governed.

It is man-made and
regulates social conduct in a formal and binding way. It reflects societys needs,
attitudes, and mores.
- A rule of conduct pronounced by controlling authority and which may be enforced.

3 Essential Characteristics of Law
1) The authority or the right to declare that the rule exists.
2) Such rule is pronounced or expressed and that its source can be identified.
3) A right to enforce the same must be provided.

Government The controlling authority in our system.

Constitution The fundamental law of the government.
- Contains the principles on which the government is founded, regulates the
division of sovereign powers, directs to what persons each of these powers is to
be entrusted, and specifies the manner by which these powers shall be
exercised.

The first essential to a pronounced law is that is must be declared in writing to be able to
enforce control.

The Principal Sources of the Pronouncements are:
1) Constitution
2) Statutes of legislations
3) Regulations issued by the Executive Branch of the government
4) Case decisions or judicial opinion
5) Presidential Decrees
6) Letter of Instruction


History of Philippine Nursing Law
Act No. 2493 of 1915 Provided for the examination and registration of nurses in the Philippine
Islands.
- Applicants needed to be: 20 years old, in good physical health, and of
good moral character.
- First class nurses: graduates of intermediate courses of public schools
that could enter the school of nursing which was then giving only 2
years and a half of instruction.
- Second class nurses: Nurses filed an application with the district health
officer in the district where they resided.

Act 2808 of 1919 The First True Nursing Law.
- It created a board of examiners for nurses. But it was in 1920 that the first
board examination in the Philippines was given.

Republic Act 877 The Philippine Nursing Law, June 19, 1953.
- Provisions included the organization of the Board of Examiners for nurses,
provisions regarding nursing schools and colleges, examination, registration
of nurses including sundry provisions relative to the practice of nursing.

2 Important Sections of RA 877:
1. Sec. 16, Art. IV Inhibition against practice of nursing without holding a valid certificate of
registration as nurse issued by the Board of Examiners for Nurses.
2. Sec. 30, Art. V Not only prohibits the practice of nursing without certificate of registration
issued by the Board of Nursing but also provides the penalty for doing so.
Violating any provision of the Act, shall be guilty of misdemeanor and shall
upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine of not less than one year or more
than 5 years, or both in the discretion of the court.

Republic Act 4704 June 18, 1966
- Amended certain portions of RA 877.

Among the changes from RA 877:
1. The membership of the Board of Examiners for Nurses was increased from three to five
members.
2. Members of the Board were the board were to be appointed by the President of the
Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appointments and no longer upon
recommendation of the Commission of Civil Service.
3. The requisite academic degree for members of the Board was a Masters Degree, instead of
Degree in Nursing.
4. A disqualifying age limit for a Board Member was fixed. No person was eligible for
membership in the board if he/she was over 65 years of age, hearetofore, no such age
disqualification was provided by law.
5. The maximum total compensation which a member of the Board of Examiners for Nurses
could receive was raised from 12,000.00 per annum, as provided in the 1965-1966
Appropriation Act (Republic Act No. 4642) to 18,000.00 yearly.
6. The academic qualification for Deans, Directors, and principals of Colleges and Schools of
Nursing was raised from the level of a Baccalaureate Degree to that of a Masters Degree in
Nursing.
7. The areas of study required for entrance to colleges and schools of nursing were
generalized to include courses in physical, biological, social and behavioral sciences, as well
as humanities, chemistry, psychology and zoology.
8. The scope of nursing practice was broadened to circumscribe the whole management of the
care of patient and the act constituting professional practice of nursing were spelled out to
include such services as reporting, recording and evaluation of a patients case, supervision
of persons contributing to the nursing care of patients, execution of nursing procedures and
techniques, direction and education to secure physical and mental care and the application
and execution of physicians order concerning treatment and medication.
9. The date of holding of nurses examination was no longer fixed but adjusted to the official
closing of the semestral term of classes in colleges and schools of nursing.
10. The minimum age required of applicants for admission to nurses examination was lowered
from 21 to 18 years age, but no candidate who passed the examination was permitted to
practice the profession until he or she reached the age of 21.

Republic Act 7164 Philippine Nursing Act of 1991
- Introduced by Senator Heherson Alvarez
- Codified and revised all the laws regulating the practice of nursing in the
Philippines.

Following changes are included in the RA 7164:
1. Redefinition of the scope of nursing practice to emphasize
a. The use of nursing process as a scientific discipline in arriving at an appropriate
nursing action and care,
b. The teaching, management, leadership, and decision making roles of the nurse, and
c. The undertaking of and participation in studies and research by nurses;
2. Requiring a faculty member who was appointed to the Board of Nursing to resign from
his/her teaching position at the time of appointment and not one year preceding his/her
appointment as provided in Republic Act 877, as amended;
3. Updating a facultys educational qualification by requiring a Masters Degree in Nursing or
related fields or its equivalent in terms of experience and specification as pre-requisite to
teaching;
4. Specification of qualifications of administrators of nursing services; and
5. Inclusion of the phrase Unethical conduct as one of the reasons for revocation and
suspension of certificate of registration.

Proclamation No. 539 October 17, 1958
- The President of the Philippines designated the last week of October
of every year, beginning in 1958, as Nurses Week.
- Purpose: The promotion of the ideals of the nursing profession was to
develop consciousness and availability of nursing resources in the
Philippines.

Presidential Decree No. 223 - June 23, 1973
- Created the Professional Regulation Commission and prescribed
its powers and functions. Function: to regulate the different
professions was under the Civil Service Commission; this now
belonged to the PRC. The office was under the Office of the
President of the Philippines.

Included at PD No. 223:
1. The fee for the nurses examination was increased from 50.00 to 75.00 and the fee for
registration as nurse after passing the examination was increased from 20.00 to 40.00.
2. An applicant for registration as nurse without examination had to pay a statutory fee equal
to the sum of the examination fee and a registration fee, or a total amount of 115.00.
3. The annual registration fee should be paid on or before the 20
th
of January of the year.
Failure to pay entailed a surcharge of 20% and such additional charge was imposed each
year that the annual registration fee was not paid, and if non-payment of the fee lasted for
certificate of registration should thereby be considered suspended and her name removed
from the annual roster.
4. Nurses in inactive status were exempted from paying the annual registration fee, provided
they properly informed the Nursing Board that they had stopped practicing their profession.
Reinstatement to nursing practice and in the annual roster of an inactive nurse could be
effected by request in writing and the payment of the annual registration fee for the current
year.

PRC Memorandum No. 2005-02 March 3, 2005.
- Implementing the revised rates of fees charged and
collected by the Commission on Appointment.

Letter of Instruction No. 1000 March 20, 1980, from the President Ferdinand Marcos.
- Required that members of accredited professional
organizations shall be given priority in the hiring of employees
in the government service and in the engagement of
professional services.

Republic Act 1612 Stated that a privilege tax shall be paid before any business or occupation
can be lawfully begun or pursued.
- The occupation or professional tax for nurses was 50.00 payable
annually on or before January 31. If the person pursued practicing
without paying the tax was liable to pay a fine not exceeding 1,000.00
or imprisonment, for a term not exceeding six months or both.
- Any person who did not pay his annual privilege tax for the current year
was fined not less than 200.00 and not more than 500.00.
- Nurses working in the government service were exempted from paying
the privilege tax.

Republic Act 1080 Those who passed the bar and board examinations were declared to be
civil service eligible. They just need to present a photostatic copy of their
board rating and their professional license to the government agency
where they were applying.

Republic Act 7392 Amended RA 2644 known as Midwifery Law, on June 18, 1960.
- It provided that only those who were licensed midwives could practice
Midwifery.
- Nurses, should pass the Board Examination for Midwives and be
registered as such upon payment of the prescribed fee and submit to the
Midwifery Board a certification from the Chief of Hospital or the Municipal
or Provincial or City Health Officer that they actually at least 20 deliveries.
- They should pay the corresponding fees for examination and registration
(Article III Section 19 & 20 Philippine Midwifery Act, RA 7392).

Republic Act 2382 Philippine Medical Act
- Defines the practice of medicine in the Philippines.

Republic Act 5181 This act prescribes permanent residence and reciprocity as qualifications
for any examination or registration for the practice of any profession in
the Philippines.

Presidential Decree 541 Allows former Filipino professionals to practice their respective
professions in the Philippines.
- Balikbayans, therefore, although not residents of the Philippines
anymore, may practice their profession during the period of their
stay in the country provided they register with the PRC and pay
their income tax on all earnings while in the country.

Republic Act 6425 Dangerous Drugs Act
- Art. II, Sec. 4 states that sale, administration, delivery, distribution, and
transportation of prohibited drugs are punishable by law.
- Sec. 8 pertains to the punishment for possession or use of prohibited
drugs. (Imprisonment ranging from 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and a
fine ranging from 6,000.00 to 12,000.00 shall be imposed upon any
person, who unless authorized by law, shall possess any prohibited drug,
except Indian hemp as to which is the next following paragraph shall
apply. The penalty imprisonment ranging from six months and one day to
six years and a fine ranging from 600.00 to 6,000.00 shall be imposed
upon any person who, unless authorized by law, shall possess or use
Indian hemp.)
- Sec. 15 pertains to the punishment of sale, administration, dispensation,
delivery, transportation, and distribution of regulated drugs.
(Imprisonment ranging from 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and a fine
ranging from 6,000.00 to 12,000.00 shall be imposed upon any person
who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, dispense, deliver, transport, or
distribute any regulated drugs. In case of a practitioner, the maximum
penalty herein prescribed and the additional penalty of revocation of his
license to practice his profession shall be imposed.
- Sec. 16 pertains to the punishment of possession or use of regulated
drugs. (Imprisonment ranging from 6 months and 1 day to 4 years and a
fine ranging from 600.00 to 4,000.00 shall be imposed upon any person
who shall possess or use any regulated drug without the corresponding
license or prescription.)

Penalty for Violating RA 6425:
1. Penalty of imprisonment ranging from 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine ranging
from 12,000.00 to 20,000.00 shall be imposed upon any person who, unless authorized
by law, shall sell, administer, deliver, give way to another, distribute, dispatch in transit, or
transport any prohibited drug, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
2. In case of practitioner, the maximum penalty herein prescribed and the additional penalty
of revocation of his/her license to practice his/her profession shall be imposed.
3. If the victim is minor, the maximum penalty shall be imposed.

Act No. 3573 1929
- Declared that all communicable diseases shall be reported to the nearest health
station, and that any person may be inoculated, administered or injected with
prophylactic preparations. No person shall refuse as to hinder or obstruct these
protective measures deemed advisable by the Secretary of Health or the
authorized representatives.

Republic Act 1082 - Approved on June 15, 1954 and amended by RA 1891 on June 22, 1957.
- Provided for the creation of rural health units with a competent public
health nursing service the government established rural health units
staffed with technical personnel, including public health nurses.

Republic Act 1891 June 22, 1957.
- The law provided for the creation of rural health units of eight different
categories corresponding to eight population groups of municipalities to
be served.

Republic Act 4405 Approved on June 16, 1965.
- Enlarged the staff by integrating into these units the provincial, city, and
municipal sanitary inspectors, nurses, and midwives covered by the act.

Republic Act 4073 Liberalizes the treatment of leprosy. Except when the disease requires
institutional treatment, no person afflicted with leprosy shall be
confined in a leprosarium. Patients shall be treated in a government skin
clinic, rural health unit or by a duly licensed physician.

Presidential Decree 996 Requires compulsory immunization for all children below 8 years of
age against communicable diseases.
- Circular No. 14 of 1965 requires health examination and
immunization of all prospective Grade I pupils against smallpox,
diphtheria, and tuberculosis as a pre-requisite for enrolment.

Presidential Decree 825 Provided penalty for improper disposal of garbage and other forms
of uncleanliness.

Presidential Decree 856 The Code of Sanitation.
- Provides for control of all factors in a mans environment that affect
health including the quality of water, food, milk, control of insects,
animal carriers, transmitters of disease, sanitary and recreation
facilities, noise, unpleasant odors, and control of nuisance.

Presidential Decree 148 Amending RA 679. (Woman and Child Labor Law)
- States that employable age shall be 16 years.
- Provides for the minimum employable age and for privileges of
working women.

Republic Act 6365 Established a National Policy on Population and created the Commission
on Population (POPCOM).

Presidential Decree 791 The revised Population Act.
- It defines the objectives, duties, and functions of the POPCOM.
- It empowers nurses and midwives to provide dispense and
administer acceptable methods of contraception after having
undergone training and having been granted authorization by the
POPCOM in consultation with the appropriate licensing bodies.

Presidential Decree 166 Amended PD 791.
- The decree strengthens family planning programs through
participation of private organizations and individuals in the
formulation and implementation of t program planning policies.

General Order No. 18 Enjoins all citizens of the Philippines universities, colleges, schools,
government offices, mass media, voluntary and religious
organizations of all creeds, business and industrial enterprises to
promote the concept of family welfare, responsible parenthood, and
family planning.

Letter of Instruction No. 47 Directs all schools of medicine, nursing, midwifery, and allied
medical professions and social work to prepare, plan, and
implement the integration of family planning in their curricula
and to require from their graduates sufficient appropriate
licensing examination.
Department of Labor Order No. 7 Requires all industrial establishments to provide family
planning services.

Presidential Decree 48 Limits paid maternity leave privileges to 4 children.

Presidential Decree 69 Limits the number of children to 4 for tax exemption purposes.

Presidential Decree 965 Requires that couples intending to get married must first undergo a
family planning and responsible parenthood instruction prior to the
issuance of a marriage license.

Republic Act 1054 Requires the owner, lessee, or operator of any commercial, industrial or
agricultural establishment to furnish fee emergency, medical and dental
attendance to his employees and laborers.

Republic Act 4226 Hospital Licensure Act
- Requires all hospital in the Philippines o e licensed before they can offer to
serve the community.
- Office for Hospital and Medical Services and Department of Health:
Licensing agency.

Republic Act 5901 Nurses working in agencies with 100 bed capacity and/or above and are
working in an area of one million populations are supposed to work only
40 hours a week.

Presidential Decree 442 Labor Code of the Philippines
- Provides workers the right to self-organization and collective
bargaining.
- Promotes the rights and welfare of workers.

Presidential Decree 603 Child and Youth Welfare Code
- Protects and promotes the rights and welfare of children and youth.
- Employment of children below 16 years of age is limited to
performing light work not harmful to their safety, health or normal
development and which is not prejudicial to their studies.

Presidential Decree 651 Decrees the registration of birth of a child within 30 days with the
Civil Registrar.

ILO Convention No. 149 Provides for the improvement of life and work conditions of nursing
personnel.

Republic Act 6111 of 1969 Employees insured with GSIS and SSS are entitled to l or
hospitalization privileges under Program I of the Philippine
Medical Care (MEDICARE).
- Medicare benefits of GSIS members or their legal
dependents must be filed with the GSIS Medicare Claims
Department.
- Dependent parents of single members are given Medicare
benefits if they are 60 years and above.

Features of Medicare under Program I:
1. Benefits are extended only in cases of actual confinement in hospital due to illness or bodily
injury.
2. There is freedom of choice of hospital or physician and drugstore concerned.
3. Benefits are directly to the hospital, attending physician and drugstore concerned.
4. The member is entitled to 45 days hospitalization per year while their legal dependents are
entitled to a total of 45 days among them.
5. Hospitalization privileges include medical and surgical services. Vasectomy and caesarean
section are included while cosmetic surgery, optometric services, psychiatry, normal
delivery and diagnostic services on an out-patient basis are not included.

Presidential Decree 1519 Gives Medicare benefits to all government employees regardless of
status of appointment.
- Retirees, regardless of age, are also entitled to Medicare privilege
by virtue of their membership in the GSIS or SSS.

Presidential Decree 1636 Effective January 1980, it requires compulsory membership in the
GSIS or SSS Retirement Fund.

Presidential Decree 626 Employee Compensation and State Insurance Fund.
- Provides benefits to workers covered by SSS and GSIS for immediate
injury, illness or disabilities.

Republic Act 6675 Generics Act of 1988
- An act to promote, require and ensure the production of an adequate
supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs and medicines identified
by their generic names.
- Nurses, as patients advocate, their role is not only as drug administrators
but also as educators by giving information; as evaluators through
monitoring, verifying and reporting of usage and problems encountered,
and as coordinators with physicians, pharmacists, dentists, and concerned
groups.

Republic Act 6713 Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.
- Upholds a time-honored principle that public office is a public trust.
- It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public
service.
- Public officials and employees shall discharge their duties with utmost
responsibility, integrity, competence and loyalty, and shall act with
patriotism and justice. They must lead modest lives and uphold public
interest over personal interest.

Republic Act 7160 Local Government Code
- Transfers responsibility for delivery of basic services and facilities of the
national government to local government units.
- Involves devolution of powers, functions and responsibilities to the local
government both provincial and municipal.

Republic Act 7305 Approved by Pres. Corazon C. Aquino on March 26, 1992, and authored by
Senator Edgardo Angara.
- Magna Carta for Public Health Workers

Significant objectives of RA 7305:
1. To promote and improve the social and economic well-being
2. To develop their skills and capabilities
3. To encourage those qualified and with abilities to remain in government service.

Republic Act 7600 Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Act of 1992
- Provides that babies born in private and government hospitals should be
roomed-in with their mothers to promote breastfeeding and ensure safe
and adequate nutrition to children. This is enforced by the Milk Code
(Executive Order No. 51).

Republic Act 7432 Senior Citizens Act
- Gives honor and justice to our peoples long tradition of giving high regard
to our elderly.
- Entitles the elderly to a 20% discount in all public establishments such as
restaurants, pharmacies, public utility vehicles and hospitals.
- It also entitles the elderly to free medical and dental check-up and
hospitalization in all government hospitals.

Republic Act 9173 Change in the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 from RA 7164, The Philippines
Nursing Act of 1998, taken from the Implementing Rules and Regulations
of RA 9173.

Among the Changes in RA 9173:
1. Composition of the Board of Nursing The Board is now composed of a Chairman and 6
members instead of a Chairman and 4 members.
2. Submission of names of qualified nominees by the Accredited Professional Organization
(APO) to the Commission, 3 nominees per vacancy, not later than 3 months before the
vacancy.
3. The Commission submits to the office of the President 2 nominees per vacancy not later
than 2 months before the vacancy occurs. The appointment must be issued by not later
than 30 days before the scheduled licensure examination.
4. Qualifications of Board of Members
4.1. Educational requirement for members of the Board is not limited to registered nurses
with masters degrees in education, or other allied medical profession provided that
the Chairperson and majority of the members are holders of a Masters degree in
nursing.
4.2. Of the ten years of continuous practice of the profession prior to appointment, the last
5 years must be in the Philippines. This was not specified in RA 7164.
4.3. The section that states that the Board member must not be a green card holder (Art III
Sec. 5e RA 7164) does not appear in the new law.
5. Powers and Duties of Board, Act II Sec. 11 added:
5.1. Adopt and regulate a Code of Ethics and Code of Technical Standards for the practice of
nursing within one year from the effectivity of this Act.
5.2. Recognize specialty organizations in coordination with accredited professional
organizations.
6. Licensure Examination and Registration
6.1. Specific Dates of examination has been deleted (RA 7164 Sec. 14). Specific dates of
examination-not earlier than 1 month and not later than 2 months after the closing of
each semestral term.
6.2. Specific age of applicants to take the examination to be at least 18 years of age has
been deleted (RA 7164 Sec. 13b)
7. Ratings, Sec.15 RA 9173
7.1. Specific number of times an examinee may take the licensure examination has been
deleted (RA 7164 Sec. 16 3
rd
paragraph).
7.2. Added: Removal examination shall be taken within 2 years after the last failed
examination.
8. Revocation and Suspension of Certificate of Registration.
8.1. Added: Sec. 23f for violation of RA 9173, the Implementing Rules and Regulations, the
Code of Ethics, the Code o Technical Standards for Nursing Practice, and policies of the
Board and of the Commission.
8.2. Sec. 23g. Added: For practicing the profession during the period of suspension.
8.3. Period of suspension of the certificate of registration/professional license not to exceed
4 years.
9. Rule IV, Nursing Education
9.1. Sec. 26, Rule 1 Added: Requirement for inactive nurses returning to practice Nurses
who have not actively practice the profession shall undergo 1 month of didactic training
and 3 month of practicum.
9.2. Sec. 27, Qualifications of Faculty Requirement of clinical experience in a field of
specification has been reduced from 3 years to 1 year in a field of specialization.
9.3. The Dean of College of Nursing must have atleast 5 years of experience in teaching and
supervising a nursing education program. Note: An increase from 3 years as specified in
RA 7164.
10. Rule V, Nursing Practice
10.1. Scope of Nursing Duties and Responsibilities of the Nurse:
a. Deleted: Special training in intravenous injection
b. Added: Special training for suturing the Lacerated Perineum Sec. 25a
c. Added: Observe the Code of Ethics and the Code of Technical Standards for
Nursing Practice.
10.2. Qualification of Nursing Service Administrators
a. Sec. 30. Priority in Appointment.
a.1 For appointment as Chief Nurse in a Public Health Agency, priority shall be
given to those who have Masters degree in Public Health/Community Nursing.
a.2 For appointment as Chief Nurse in Military Hospitals, priority shall be given
to those who have a Masters Degree in Nursing and completion of General
Staff Course (GSC).
11. Rule VI, Health Human Resource Production and Utilization Additions:
11.1. Sec. 32. Comprehensive Nursing Specialty Program. The Board is mandated to
formulate and develop a comprehensive nursing specialty program that would upgrade
the level of skills and competency of specialty nurse clinicians in the country.
11.2. Sec. 33. Salary. Minimum base pay of nurses in public health institutions shall not be
lower than the first step of hiring rate prescribed for Salary Grade 15 pursuant to RA
6758, otherwise known as the Compensation and Classification Act of 1989. For
nurses working in Local Government units, adjustments in salaries shall be in
accordance with Sec. 10 of the same Act.
11.3. Sec. 34. Funding for the Comprehensive Nursing Specialty. The annual financial
requirement to train at least 10% of the nursing staff of the participating hospital shall
be chargeable against the incomes of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes.
11.4. Sec. 35. Incentives and benefits. Incentives and benefits shall be limited to non-cash
benefits such as free hospital care for nurses and their dependents, and scholarship
grants. As part of the improved working condition of nurses, the government and
private hospitals are mandated to maintain the standard nurse-patient ratio set by the
DOH.
12. Rule VII. Penal and Miscellaneous Provisions
12.1. Penalty for violation of this Act in fines has been increased (from not less than
10,000.00 nor more than 40,000.00 as specified in RA 7164) to not less than
50,000.00 nor more than 100,000.00.
Imprisonment of not less than 1 year nor more than 5 years from RA 7164
increased from not less than 1 year or more than 6 years, or both fine and
imprisonment upon the discretion of the Board.
Penalty and fine are not only for those who practice nursing under circumstances
prohibited by the Act but also for persons or employers of nurses of judicial entities
who undertake review classes for foreign or local examination without permit from the
Board; or violate the minimum base pay of nurses, incentives and benefits; or any
provision of this Act as implemented by its IRR.

PRC Resolution No. 2004-17 Series of 2004 Re-implemented continuing Professional
Education requiring 60 credit units for 3
years for professionals with bachelors
degree.
- Any excess unit earned cannot be carried
on to the next 3-year period except for
units earned for doctoral and masters
degrees.
- The total CPE units for registered
professionals without baccalaureate
degrees shall be 30 units for 3 years. Any
excess shall not be carried on to the next
3-year period.

PRC Board of Nursing Resolution No. 14 Feb. 8, 1999 Promulgated the guidelines for the
implementation of a Specialty
Certification.

PRC Board Resolution No. 2003-166 Amended the filing of application of various licensure
examinations in the regional offices from 20 days to
30 days before the 1
st
day of examination to give
sufficient time for the Boards in Charge in the Central
Office to tally the report, review the qualifications,
check the completeness and accuracy of the
documents thereby ensuring strict compliance with
the no deferent policy.

PRC Board of Nursing Resolution No. 2004-200 series of 2004 Requires applicants in the
licensure examination to
submit transcript of
record with scanned
pictures and with the
remarks For Board
Examination Purposes
only.

PRC Resolution No. 2004-189 series of 2004 Forfeits the examination fees paid by the
examinee who failed to report and take
the scheduled examination.

Executive Order No. 566 Sept. 8, 2006 Directs the Commission on Higher Education to
regulate the establishment and operation of
review centers and similar entities.

CHED Memorandum Order No. 49 series of 2006 Implements the rules and regulations
governing the operation of review
centers pursuant to Executive Order
266.

CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 Series prohibits higher education institutions from forcing
their students and graduating students to enroll in their
own review centers and/or review centers of their own
preferences.