ECOLOGIC MODEL

A. Hypothesis
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the one or both lungs, usually caused by an infection. Three
common causes are bacteria, viruses and fungi. You can also get pneumonia by accidentally inhaling
liquid or other microorganisms and sometimes by physical and chemical irritants. People most at risk
are older than 65 or younger than 2 years of age, or already have health problems.ach individual is
unique in their degree of reactivity to environmental triggers. This naturally influences the type and
dose of medication prescribed, !hich may vary from one individual to another. Pneumonia is caused
by environmental and genetic factors, !hich can influence ho! severe pneumonia is and ho! !ell it
responds to medication. "nderlying both environmental and genetic factors is the role of the upper
air!ay in recogni#ing the perceived dangers and protecting the more vulnerable lungs by shutting
do!n the air!ay.
$n the case of Patient %r. &' &' is a 5( year old male !ho complained of difficulty of breathing
last )uly *+, 2+,-, patient had productive cough, associated !ith hoarseness of voice, loss of appetite,
!eight loss and dysphagia. The client usually smoked , bo. of cigarette per day and drinks alcohol.
B. Pre-Disposing Factors:
Host
/ %ale
/ 5( years old
Agent
/ 0treptococcus pneumoniae 1pneumococcus2
Environent
/ Presence of cigarette
/Presence of alcohol
C. Eco!ogic Mo"e! #Lever$
Presence of cigarette
Presence of alcohol
Bacterial
Pneumonia,
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
(pneumococcus)
&', male 5( y3o
D. Ana!ysis:
This is useful for e.amining causes of disease in an individual. $t is useful in predicting illness rather than
promoting !ellness, although identification of risk factors that result from the interaction of agent, host
environment are helpful in promoting and maintaining health. 4ecause each of the agent/host/
environment factors constantly interacts !ith others, health is an ever/changing state.
The agent/host/environment model is primarily used in predicting illness rather than promoting !ellness,
although identification of risk factors that result from the interaction of agent, host, and environment are
helpful in promoting and maintaining health. 4ecause each of the agent/host/environment factors
constantly interacts !ith others, health is an ever changing state. 'ealth is seen !hen all three elements
are in balance !hile illness is seen !hen one, t!o, or all three elements are not in balance.
1&undamentals of 5ursing by 6o#ier 2++-2
7hen pneumonia is caused by bacteria, an infected adult3elder usually becomes sick relatively quickly
and e.periences the sudden onset of high fever and unusually rapid breathing. 7hen pneumonia is caused
by viruses, symptoms tend to appear more gradually and are often less severe than in bacterial
pneumonia. 7hee#ing may be more common in viral pneumonia.
16ids 'ealth from 5ermour by Yamini 8urani 2+,,2
E. Conc!%sion an" &ecoen"ations
$t can be inferred in the statements above that the client is suffering from Pneumonia, and can probably be
caused by the living lifestyle of the client.
%odification of lifestyle including drinking enough amount of !ater 1at least ( glasses2 a day, limiting
intake of soft drinks and salty foods, e.ercising daily and eating a lot of vegetables as !ell as fish 1!hich
means decrease consumption of cholesterol laden foods2 is highly recommended to alleviate if not
eradicate the condition of the patient. $mprove client9s nutrition by eating a balance diet. $n addition,
regular checkups !ould monitor the patient9s health condition and !ould more likely prevent the
aggravation of the disease.
Organism enters
the respiratory tract
through
inspiration/aspiratio
n
Alteration in net bacterial lung
resistance caused by either:
Decreased bactericidal
ability of the alveolar
macrophages
Extreme virulence of the
bacteria
Increased susceptibility of
host to infection
Acute infammation occurs that causes
excess water and plasma proteins go to
the dependent areas of the lower lobes !"s# $brin# and polymorphonuclear
leu%ocytes in$ltrate the alveoli