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Law of Tort

Introduction:
Tort is a large area of private law concerned with compensating those who have been
injured by the wrongdoing of others. Unlike criminal law, which involves the State, tort
law involves private parties who institute legal actions against each other for damages.
Unlike contract law, where 2 parties agree to their respective rights and obligations, in tort
law it is the society, through its judicial and legislative systems, that imposes obligations
on everyone to act in consideration of the rights of others.
The law of Torts is mainly judge-made law: courts over the centuries have defined people
rights bad obligations with respect to their fellows. These are constantly in flux and change
to meet new technological and social concerns. Over the last century, tort law has touched
on nearly every aspect of life. In economic affairs, tort law provides remedies for
businesses that are harmed by the unfair and deceptive trade practices of a competitor. In
the workplace, tort law protects employees from the intentional or negligent infliction of
emotional distress. Tort law also helps regulate the environment, providing remedies
against both individuals and businesses that pollute the air, land, and water to such an
extent that it amounts to a nuisance.

The course Law of Torts aims to critically consider Tort law in the context of the changing
situations in the society and the new dimensions given to it by the Consumer Protection
Act, 1986. The English law of tort has been largely modified by many Indian laws
according to Indian situations. The Motor Vehicles Act is one of them.
The Law of tort cannot be discussed without referring to present Indian situations, and
existing attitude of the judges and laws. The major portion of tort law has been codified
today. The syllabus tries to discuss the law keeping the modern trend in mind.

Objective:
The primary objectives of this course are to
Learn the major principles fundamental to the operation of the tort system
Become familiar with most of the important and commonly litigated torts
Learn the leading case authorities in tort law and the important legislation that
impacts on it
Develop skills of legal analysis and argument.

Teaching Methodology
Law of Torts
Teaching Methodology:
Examples- Common examples
Problems- teaching through Problem Solving Method
Case laws-Case study method, case analyses
Lectures
Tutorials
2

Consumer Protection Act:
Discussing the recent Problems
Application of Consumer Protection Law
Working of the dispute redressal Agencies
Role of NGOs
Case Laws
Lectures.

Motor Vehicles Act.
Case Law analysis
Discussions
Problem Solving
Lectures

Bare Syllabus
1. Definition, Nature, Scope and Objects
1.1 A wrongful act- violation of duty imposed by law, duty which is owed to people
generally (in rem) damnum sine injuria and injuria since damnum
1.2 Tort distinguished from crime and breach of contract
1.3 The concept of unliquidated damages.
1.4 Changing scope of law of torts: expanding character of duties owed to people generally
due to complexities of modern society
1.5 Object- prescribing standards of human conduct, Redressal of wrongs by payment of
compensation, prescribing unlawful conduct by injunction.

2. Principles of Liability in Torts
2.1 Fault
2.1.1 Wrongful intent
2.1.2 Negligence
2.2 Liability without fault
2.3 Violation of ethical codes
2.4 Statutory liability
2.5 Place of motive in torts

3. Justification in Tort 3.1 Volenti non fit injuria
3.2 Necessity, Private and Public
3.3 Plaintiffs default
3.4 Act of god
3.5 Inevitable accident
3.6 Private defence
3.7 Statutory authority
3.8 Judicial and quasi-judicial acts
3.9 Parental and quasi-parental authority

4. Extinguishments of Liability in certain situation
3
4.1 Actio personalise moritur cum persona exceptions
4.2 Waiver and acquiescence
4.3 Release
4.4 Accord and satisfaction
4.5 Limitation

5. Standing 5.1 Who may sue aggrieved individual class action social action group
5.2 Statutes granting standing to certain persons or groups
5.3 Who may be sued?

6. Doctrine of sovereign immunity and its relevance in India

7. Vicarious Liability 7.1 Basis, scope and justification
7.1.1 Express authorization
7.1.2 Ratification
7.1.3 Abetment
7.2 Special Relationships
7.2.1 Master and servant arising out of and in the course of employment who is master?
the control test who is servant? borrowed servant independent contractor and
servant, distinguished
7.2.2 Principal and agent
7.2.3 Corporation and principal officer

8. Torts against persons and personal relations
8.1 Assault, battery, mayhem
8.2 False imprisonment
8.3 Defamation libel, slander including law relating to privileges
8.4 Marital relations, domestic relations, parental relations, master and servant relations
8.5 Malicious prosecution
8.6 Shortened expectation of life
8.7 Nervous shock

9. Wrongs affecting property
9.1 Trespass to land, trespass ab initio, dispossession
9.2 Movable property- trespass to goods, detinue, conversion
9.3 Torts against business interests injurious falsehood, misstatements, passing off

10. Negligence 10.1 Basic concepts
10.1.1 Theories of negligence
10.1.2 Standards of care, duty to take care, carelessness, inadvertence
10.1.3 Doctrine of contributory negligence
10.1.4 Res ipsa loquitor and its importance in contemporary law
10.2 Liability due to negligence: different professionals
10.3 Liability of common carriers for negligence
10.4 Product liability due to negligence: liability of manufacturers and business houses for
their products
4

11. Nuisance 11.1 Definition, essentials and types
11.2 Acts which constitute nuisance obstructions of highways, pollution of air, water,
noise, and interference with light and air
12. Absolute/Strict liability
12.1 The rule in Rylands v. Fletcher
12.2 Liability for harm caused by inherently dangerous industries

13. Legal remedies 13.1 Legal remedies
13.1.1 Award of damages simple, special, punitive
13.1.2 Remoteness of damageforeseeability and directness
13.1.3 Injunction
13.1.4 Specific restitution of property
13.2 Extra-legal remedies-self-help, re-entry on land, re-caption of goods, distress damage
feasant and abatement of nuisance

14. a. Consumer, the concept
14.1 General Perspectives
14.2 Statutory and government services: to be included or not?
14.3 Definition and scope: the Consumer protection Act 1986(CPA)
14.3.1 Who is not a consumer?
b. Consumer of goods
14.4 Meaning of defects in goods
14.5 Standards of purity, quality, quantity and potency
14.5.1 Statutes: food and drugs, engineering and electrical goods.
14.5.2 Common law: decision of courts
14.6 Price Control
14.6.1 Administrative fixation
14.6.2 Competitive market
14.7 Supply and distribution of goods
c. Service 14.8 Deficiency- meaning
14.9 Professional services
14.9.1 Medical services
14.9.2 How to determine negligence
14.9.3 Violation of statute
14.9.4 Denial of medical service: violation of human rights
14.9.5 Lawyering services: duty towardscourt and duty to client dilemma,
break of confidentiality negligence and misconduct
14.10 Public Utilities
14.10.1 Supply of electricity
14.10.2 Telecommunication and postal services
14.10.3 Housing
14.10.4 Banking
14.11 Commercial services
14.11.1 Hiring
14.11.2 Financing
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14.11.3 Agency services
d. Enforcement of consumer rights
14.12 Consumer for a under CPA: jurisdiction, powers and functions
14.12.1 Execution of orders
14.12.2 Judicial review
14.13 PIL
14.14 Class action
14.15 Remedies
14.16 Administrative remedies


Work Load 4-hours Lectures per week
1-hour Tutorial per week
Total: 5 hours per week
Texts 1. Gandhi, B. M.: Law of Torts (1987)
2. Pillai Achuthan, P.S.: The Law of Torts
(1994)
3. Ratanlal & Dhirajlal: The Law of Torts
(1997)
4. Bangia, R. K.: Law of Torts
5. Iyer, Ramaswamy: Law of Torts
6. Winfield: Law of Tort
7. Salmond: Law of Torts





Comprehensive Module
Module-1

Definition, Nature, Scope and Objects
A wrongful act- violation of duty imposed by law, duty which is owed to people
generally (in rem) damnum sine injuria and injuria since damnum
Tort distinguished from crime and breach of contract
The concept of unliquidated damages.
Changing scope of law of torts: expanding character of duties owed to people
generally due to complexities of modern society
Object- prescribing standards of human conduct, Redressal of wrongs by payment
of compensation, prescribing unlawful conduct by injunction.
The module gives understanding of the nature of law of tort, rights and duties nad how
the tort law differs form the law of contract and crime. The basic concept of the law of tort
and the types of tortuous liability has been defined.


References:
6

Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency, Pages-
3 to 25
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, By A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17
th
Edition 2006, Publisher: Thomson,
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-1 to 71
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-1 to 18
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,

Cases:
1.Ashby v. White (1703) 2 Ld. Raym. 938
2.Rookes v. Barnard (1964) AC 1027
3.White v. John Warwick & Co. Ltd. (1953) 2 WLR 1285
4.Acton v. Blundell (1843) 12 M & W 324
5.The Municipal Board of Agra v. Asharfial AIR 1922 All 1

Module-2
Principles of Liability in Torts
Fault
Wrongful intent
Negligence
Liability without fault
Violation of ethical codes
Statutory liability
Place of motive in torts


References:
Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency, Pages-
25 to 32
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, By A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,

Cases:
1. Jayalakshmi Salt Works Pvt Ltd. v. State of Gujrath (1994) 4 SCC 1
2. Town Area Committee v. Prabhu Dayal AIR 1975 All. 132
3. State of Andhra Pradesh v. Govardhnalal Pitti (2003) 3 SCALE 107
4. In re. Polemis (1921) 3 KB 560
7
5. Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd. v. Morris Dock & Engg. Co. Ltd.
(The Wagon Mound Case) (1961) 1 All E R 404
6. Smith v. Leech Brain & Co. (1961) 1 All E R 1159
7. Mc Ghee v. National Coal Board (1972) 3 All E R 1008
8. Hotson v. East Buckshire Area Heath Authority (1987) 2 All E R 909
9. Liesbosch Dredger v. Edison (1933) AC 449
10. Smith v. L & S W Rly Co. (1870) LR 6 C.P. 14
11. Wilkinson v. Downtown (1897) 2 QB 57
12. Hughes v. Lord Advocate (1963) 1 All E R 705
13. Haynes v Harwood (1935) 1 KB 146

Module-3
Justification in Tort

Volenti non fit injuria
Necessity, Private and Public
Plaintiffs default
Act of god
Inevitable accident
Private defence
Statutory authority
Judicial and quasi-judicial acts
Parental and quasi-parental authority

References:

Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency, Pages-
33 to 57
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, By A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17th Edition 2006, Publisher: Thomson,
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-1057 to 1098
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004) Thomson, Sweet & Maxwells,
Pages-241 to 262
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-85 to 109

Cases:
1. Hall v. Brooklands Auto Racing Club (1932) 1 KB 205
2. Smith v. Baker and Sons (1891) AC 325
3. South Indian Industrial Ltd. Madras v. Alamulu Anmal (1923) MWN 344
4. Haynes v. Harwood (1935) 1 KB 146
8
5. Ramchand Ram Nagaram Rice & Oil Mills Ltd. v. Municipal Commissioner of
Purilla Municipality (1943) ILR 22 Pat 359
6. Gillick v. West Norfolk & Wiseback Area Health Authority (1985) 3 All E R 402
7. Wooldridge v. Summer (1962) 2 All E R 978
8. Bird v. Hotbrook (1828) 4 Bin 628
9. Reeves v. Commission of Police of the Metropolitan (1998) 2 All E R 381

Module-4

Actio personalise moritur cum persona exceptions
Waiver and acquiescence
Release
Accord and satisfaction
Limitation

References:

Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency, Pages-
33 t 57
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17th Edition 2006, Publisher: Thomson,
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-1099 to1030
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-621 to 635
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,

Cases:
1. Rose v. Ford 1937 AC 826.
2. Klaus Mittelbachert v. The East India Hotels Ltd. AIR 1997 Del 201p.231


Module-5
Standing
Who may sue aggrieved individual class action social action group
Statutes granting standing to certain persons or groups
Who may be sued?

References:

Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency, Pages-
58 to 86
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20th
edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10th Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
9
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17th Edition 2006, Publisher: Thomson,
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-1025 to1057
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-637 to 659

Cases:
1. Campbell v. Paddington Corporation (1911) 1 KB 869
2. Robinson v. Post Office (1974) All E R 737
3. Walker v. G N Railway and Co. of Ireland (1861) L.R Ir. 69
4. Naval Kishore v. Rameshwar AIR 1995 AIL 594
5. Merryweather v. Nixan (1799) 8 TR 186

Module-6
Doctrine of Sovereign immunity and its relevance in India

References:
Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency, Pages-
119 to 145
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-457 -473, 539597

Cases:
1. Lloyd v. Grace Smith & Co. (1912) AC 716
2. State Bank of India v. Shyama Devi AIR 1978 SC 1263
3. State Bank f Ranjasthan v. Vidyawati AIR 1962 SC 933
4. Kasturilal Ralia Ram Jain v. State of UP AIR 1965 SC 1039
5. N Nagendra Rao & Co. v. State of AP AIR 1994 SC 2663
6. Chairman Railway Road v. Chandrima Das AIR 2000 SC 988
7. Peninsular and Oriental Navigation Company v. Secretary of State for India (1861) 5
Bom. HCR App. 1, p.1

Module-7

Basis, scope and justification
Express authorization
Ratification
Abetment
Special Relationships
Master and servant arising out of and in the course of employment who is
master? the control test who is servant? borrowed servant independent
contractor and servant, distinguished
Principal and agent
Corporation and principal officer


10
References:
Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19th Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency,
Pages- 89 to 118
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20th
edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10th Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17th Edition 2006, Publisher: Thomson,
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-879-918
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-551-575
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells,
Pages-269-318
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,

Cases:
1. Mersery Docks and Harbour Board v. Coggins & Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd. (1947)
AC 1, 17
2. Lister v. Hesley Hall (1856) 1 D & B 118
3. Tarry v. Ashton (1876) 1 QBD 314

Module-8
Torts against persons and personal relations
Assault, battery, mayhem
False imprisonment
Defamation libel, slander including law relating to privileges
Marital relations, domestic relations, parental relations, master and servant relations
Malicious prosecution
Shortened expectation of life
Nervous shock

References:
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20th
edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10th Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17th Edition 2006, Publisher: Thomson,
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages- Pages-879-918
Street on Torts, By John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Pages-551-575
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells,
Pages-269-318
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,

Cases:
1. Nemi Chand v. Wallace (1907) ILR 34 Cal.
11
2. Tushar Kanthi Ghosh v. Bina Bhowmick (1952) 57 CWN 3778
3. R K Karanjia v. K M D Thakersey AIR 1970 Bom 424
4. Cassidy v. Daily Mirror (1929) 2 KB 331
5. Sim v. Stretch (1936) 52 TLR 669\
6. M C Vergheeses v, T J Poonam AIR 1970 SC 1876


Module: 9
Wrongs affecting property
Trespass to land, trespass ab initio, dispossession
Movable property- trespass to goods, detinue, conversion
Torts against business interests injurious falsehood, misstatements, passing off
References:
Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency
Pages-89 to 118
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17
th
Edition 2006 Publisher: Thomson
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-879-918
Street on Torts, John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press
Pages-551-575
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells
Pages-269-318

Cases:
1.Meering v. Grahame white Aviation Co. (1920) 121 ILT 44
2.Herring v. Boyle 1949 All E R 1126
3.Rookes v. Bernard (1964) AC 1129

Module-10
Negligence
Basic concepts
Theories of negligence
Standards of care, duty to take care, carelessness, inadvertence
Doctrine of contributory negligence
Res ipsa loquitor and its importance in contemporary law
Liability due to negligence: different professionals
Liability of common carriers for negligence
12
Product liability due to negligence: liability of manufacturers and business houses
for their products
References:
Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency
Pages-
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17
th
Edition 2006 Publisher: Thomson
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-
Street on Torts, John Murphy, 11
th
edition 2003, Publisher: Oxford University Press
Pages-551-575
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells
Pages-269-318

Cases:
1. Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932) AC 562
2. Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Subhagwati AIR 1966 SC 1750
3. Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Sushil Devi AIR 1999 SC 1929
4. Association of Victims of Upahar Tragedy v. Union of India 86 (2000) DLT 246
5. Pinnamaneni Narasimha Rao v. Gundavarapu Jayaprakash AIR 1990 A.P 207
6. Lucknow Development Authority v. M K Gupta AIR 1994 SC 787
7. Indian Medical Association v. V P Shantha AIR 1996 SC 550
8. M/s Spring Meadows Hospital v. Harjot Singh Anluwalia AIR 1998 SC 1801
9. Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills (1936) AC 85
10. Murphy v. Birmingham Waterworls (1990) 2 All E R 269
11. Heaven v. Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503
12. Bolton v. Stone (1951) AC 850
13. Union of India v. United India Insurance AIR 1998 SC 640
14. Rajkot Municipal Corporation v. Manjulaben Jayantilal Nukum (1997) 9 SCC 552
15. Allen v. Gulf Oil Refinery Ltd (1981) 1 All E R 353
16. Baker v. T E Hopkins & Sons (1959) 1 WLR 966
17. Admirality Commissioner v. S.S.Volute (1922) 1 AC 129
18. Hambrook v. Stoke Brothers (1925) 1 KB 141
19. Bourhill v. Young (1943) AC 92
20. Mc. Laughlin v. OBrian (1982) 2 All E R 736
21. Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire (1991) 4 All E R 907
22. Page v. Smith (1995) 2 All E R 298
23. Mariach v. QRZ Media (Unreported case on IIED)
24. Fletcher v. Western National Life Insurance Co.[1970] 10 CA 3d 376

Module: 11
13
Nuisance
Definition, essentials and types
Acts which constitute nuisance obstructions of highways, pollution of air, water,
noise, and interference with light and air

References:

Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency
Pages-
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17
th
Edition 2006 Publisher: Thomson
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells
Pages-269-318

Cases:
1. Hollywood Silver farm v. Emmet (1936) 2 KB 468
2. Sturgess v. Bridgeman (1879) 11 Ch. D. 852
3. Kuldeep Singh v. Subhash Chand Jain


Module: 12.
Absolute/Strict liability
The rule in Rylands v. Fletcher
Liability for harm caused by inherently dangerous industries
References:
Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency
Pages-
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17
th
Edition 2006 Publisher: Thomson
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells
Pages-269-318
Cases:
1. Rylands v.Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330
14
2. Read v. Lyons & Co. (1947) AC 156
3. Cambridge Water wroks Co. v. Eastern Countries Leather (1994) 1 All E R 53
4. M P Electricity Board v. Sahil Kumar AIR 2002 SC 551
5. State of Mysore v. Ramachandra (1970) 73 Bom. LR 732
6. Greencock Corporation v. Caledonian Railway (1917) AC 556
7. M C Mehta v. Union of India (Olium Oil Case) AIR 1978 SC 1086
8. UCC v. Union of India (Bhopal Gas Leak) AIR 1990 SC 273
9. Upahar Tragedy Case 2001 SOL Case No. 470

Module: 13
Legal remedies
Legal remedies
Award of damages simple, special, punitive
Remoteness of damage- foreseeability and directness
Injunction
Specific restitution of property
Extra-legal remedies-self-help, re-entry on land, re-caption of goods, distress
damage feasant and abatement of nuisance

References:

Law of Torts , R.K. Bangia, 19
th
Edition, 2008, Publisher: Allahabad Law Agency
Pages-
Salmond and Hueston on the law of Torts, R.F.V.Hueston and R.A. Buckley, 20
th

edition, Publisher: Sweet and Maxwell, Universal Law Publishing House
Ramaswamy Iyers Law of Torts, A. Laxminath and M. Sridhar, 10
th
Edition,
Publisher: Lexis Nexis, Butterwroths
Winfield & Jolowicz Tort, W.V.H. Rogers, 17
th
Edition 2006 Publisher: Thomson
Sweet& Maxwell, Pages-
The Law of Torts, Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, 24
th
Edition, Wadhwa and Co. Nagpur,
A Casebook on Tort, Tony Weir, 10th Edition(2004), Thomson Sweet & Maxwells
Pages-
Module: 14

Consumer Protection Act, 1986

References:

Cases:

1. Laxmi Engineering Works v PSG Industrial Institute AIR 1995 SC 1428
2. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) ac 562
3. Dr Laxman Balakrishna Joshi v Dr Trimbak Bapu Godbole AIR 1969 SC 128
4. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) 1 QB 256
5. While v John Warrick and Co Ltd (1953) 1 WLR 1285
6. White v Munuswami AIR 1966 Mad 13
15
7. Sumant Prasad v Sheojanam 1972 Cr LJ 1707 (SC)

Consumer
Goods
Services
Defect and Deficiencies
Restrictive Trade Practice
Unfair Trade Practice

Cases:

1. Indian Medical Association v VP Santha AIR 1996 SC 550
2. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner Vs Shiv Kumar Joshi AIR 2000 SC 331
3. Lucknow Developmental Authority v/s MK Gupta, AIR 1994 SC 78.
4. Spring Meadows Hospital and Anr v Harjol Ahluwalia & Anr (1998) 4 SCC 39
5. M/s Cheema Engineering Services v Rajan Singh 1996 (2) CPR 11 (NC)
6. Mukesh Jain v VK Gupta 1992 (2) CPJ 493 (NC)
7. Akhil Bhartiya Grahak Panchayat v Secretary Sharda Bhawan Education Society
1994 (2) CPJ 283 (NC)
8. Samira Kohli Vs.Dr. Prabha Manchanda and Anr. SC853, 2008(1)SCALE442,
(2008)2SCC1, MANU/SC/0430/2008

Central Consumer Protection Council
State Consumer Protection Council
District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum
State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission
National Consumer Dispute Redressal Commissioin
The Supreme Court

1. MD Orissa Cooperative Housing Corporation Ltd v KS Sudarsan
MANU/CF/0182/2002
2. State of Haryana v National Consumer Awareness Group 2005 (5) SCC 284
3. Dy Registrar Colleges and Anr v. Ruchika Jain and Others MANU/CF/0158/2006
4. M/s India Photographic Co Ltd v HD shourie AIR 1999 SC 2453
5. Lucknow Developmental Authority v/s MK Gupta, AIR 1994 SC 78.
6. Consumer Education & Research Society & Anr. v/s New India Assurance Co. Ltd.
& Ors. (CLJ -II-April, 2008).
7. India Photographic Co. Ltd. v/s HD Shourie, AIR 1999 SC 2453.
8. Jacob Mathew v. State of Punjab and Anr. MANU/SC/0457/2005 : (2005) 6 SC
9. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh Vs. Jaspal
Singh and Ors. SCALE601, (2009)7SCC330

Module-15
The Motor Vehicles Act, 1989

16
1. Machindranath Kernath Kasar Vs. D.S. Mylarappa and Ors. MANU/SC/2484/2008,
AIR2008SC2545,
2. Minu B. Mehta and Anr. v. Balkrishna Ramchandra Nayan and Anr.
MANU/SC/0246/1977 : [1977]2SCR886
3. Greater Bombay v. Laxman Iyer and Anr. MANU/SC/0836/2003 : AIR2003SC4182
4. Malay Kumar Ganguly Vs. Dr. Sukumar Mukherjee and Ors. AIR2010SC1162,
MANU/SC/1416/2009
5. Reshma Kumari and Ors. vs. Madan Mohan and Anr. (23.07.2009 - SC)
6. Ningamma and Anr. vs. United India Insurance Co. Ltd. (13.05.2009 - SC)
7. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. vs. Bismillah Bai and Ors. (20.03.2009 - SC)
8. A.P.S.R.T.C. and Anr. vs. K. Hemalata and Ors. (16.05.2008 - SC)
9. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Premlata Shukla and Ors. (15.05.2007 SC)

THE LIST OF THE CASES WILL BE GIVEN SEPERATELY IN THE CLASS ROOM.

Clinical Exercises
The following types of exercises will be conducted in clinical exercise classes.

1. Problem Solving
2. MCQ
3. Case Analysis
4. Moot Court
5. Class Test
6. Group Discussion-Current topics
7. News-analysis, application of Laws
8. Drafting of complaints as consumer


Term Assignment Schedule

Sr. Assignments Method Commencement
date
Date of
submission
Total
Marks
1 Class Test Test August-2nd
week
August-2nd
week
30
2 Problems Problem
Solving
test
September -4th
week
September -
4th week
40
3 MCQ Multiple
choice
quiz
October-4th
week
October-4th
week
30
100

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