3G&4G

TECHNOLOGY


Abstract:
T
his paper provides an insight into 4G technology. 4G is the next generation of wireless networks. 4G is a
conceptual framework for a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless
network that will interface with wire line backbone network seamlessly. 4G technology provides the
download speed for mobile internet connections. It provides motivation for 4G researches before 3G has
not been deployed. It is impossible to predict technology developments and the evolution of latest at
present. In wireless communication, mobile technology is advanced and in this system 4G is the latest at
present.
One of the key objectives is to follow an evolutionary path from the current 3G technologies to
4G. So that it can interoperate with the existing mobile systems by using advanced system integration
technologies.
Generations of evolution of 4G are cleared explained. 4G is an evolutionary path for advancing
the 3G mobile technology. 4G is also represents the hope and ideas of a group of researchers. Culture
and customer needs. 4G in principle will allow high-quality smooth video transmission.
It gives features of 3G, 4G and 5G technologies. 4G technology will deliver Broadband wireless
communication capabilities for end-to-end multimedia information transmission.
4G technology supports interactive multimedia services. 4G has Terminal protocol technology for
high capacity, high speed packet services, public software platform technology that enables downloading
application programs, multimode radio access platform technology, and high quality media coding
technology over mobile networks. Rapid research and development of 4G technology is further under
progress to overcome the challenges in the field of communications. This paper provides background
history of the development of the 4G technology and the generations for its development.
Also, this paper outlines the present applications, benefits of 4G technology in the fields of advanced
communications
4G (FOURTH GENERATION) TECHNOLOGY
4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future.
In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and
problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and
throughput.
In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for a discussion point to address
future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wireline backbone
network seamlessly.
4G is also represents the hope and ideas of a group of researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm,
Nokia, Ericsson, Sun, HP, NTT DoCoMo and other infrastructure vendors who must respond to the needs
of MMS, multimedia and video applications if 3G never materializes in its full glory.
FOURTH GENERATION (4G) MOBILE
At present the download speed for mobile internet connections in Japan are between 9.6 kbit/s for
2G cellular, up to 128 kbit/s for PHS, typically 200 kbit/s (nominally 384 kbps) for Vodafone 3G cellular
and 2.4 Mbps for KDDI/AU CDMA2000-1x-WIN service. However, in actual use the data rates are
usually slower, especially in crowded areas, or when the network is congested. 4G mobile data
transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per second.
DATA RATES FOR 4G (BROADBAND MOBILE)
At present (2G) imode data rates in Japan are up to 9.6 kbit/sec, but usually a lot slower, and 28.2kbps
for 504i, 505i, 506i handsets (since May 2002). For 3G (FOMA) data rates are at present around 200kbps
(download) and 64kbps (upload) and will in the future be upgraded to 10 Mbit/sec. KDDI/AU offers 2.4
Mbit/s since December 2003. For 4G data rates up to 20 Megabytes per second are planned. These is
about 2000 times faster than present (year 2001) mobile data rates, and about 10 times faster than top
transmission rates planned in the final build out of 3G broadband mobile. It is about 10-20 times faster
than standard ASDL services, which are being introduced for internet connections over traditional copper
cables at this time (2001).
MOTIVATION FOR 4G RESEARCHES BEFORE 3G HAS NOT BEEN DEPLOYED
Third-generation (3G) mobile-phone networks face a new rival: so-called 4G.
3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like
multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that
extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks.
We need global mobility and service portability.
We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and
data capability.
3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless
LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
We need wider bandwidth. With the coming growth of applications such as streaming video, mobile
operators
Before understanding 4G, we must know what is 3G?
3G initiative came from device manufactures, not from operators. In 1996 the development was
initiated by Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) and Ericsson; in 1997 the Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA) in the USA chose CDMA as a technology for 3G; in 1998 the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) did the same thing; and finally, in 1998 wideband CDMA
(W-CDMA) and cdma2000 were adopted for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS).
W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 are two major proposals for 3G. In this CDMA the information bearing signal
is multiplied with another faster ate, wider bandwidth digital signal that may carry a unique orthogonal
code. W-CDMA uses dedicated time division multiplexing (TDM) whereby channel estimation information
is collected from another signal stream. CDMA 2000 uses common code division multiplexing (CDM)
whereby channel estimation information can be collected with the signal stream.
Eventually will run out of bandwidth.
Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be
retrofitted into 3G infrastructure.
We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and
data capability. third-generation (3G) mobile networks are being switched on around the world;
a couple of years later than planned, attention are shifting to what comes next: a group of newer
technologies that are, inevitably, being called 4G.




Circumstances of 3g Technology to Improve 4g and Other Emerging Technologies:
Operators spent euro100 billion (about $100 billion) buying licences to run 3G networks, only to find
that the technology that most had agreed to use was harder to implement than expected.
Even where 3G networks are up and running, demand for the snazzy video and multimedia services
they make possible is still uncertain.
Expectations are being scaled down: 3G could end up merely as a way for mobile operators to boost
their capacity for voice calls in overloaded parts of their networks, rather than a goldmine of new
revenues from multimedia services.

Several firms offer fee-based Wi-Fi access in airports, coffee-shops and other public places known as
hotspots.
Because of the short range of Wi-Fi technology, universal coverage is impractical. Although a dozen
or so start-ups are working on ways to extend the range of Wi-Fi, it now takes hundreds of Wi-Fi base
-stations to cover the same area as a single mobile-phone base-station.



3G we hardly knew ya.
Just when the third generation of wireless services was getting its sea legs, a new gaggle of technologies
came barging into the wireless party.
Whether its Flash-OFDM, UMTS TDD, WiMAX or some other impressive-sounding acronym or
buzzword, experts promise that such 4G wonders will finally bring broadband mobility to the general
public.
Indications are that the next couple of years will bring significant innovation as new software-based
system-on-a-chip architectures combine with more efficient 4G networks now in the works.

What type of services will 4G allow?
Of course it is impossible to predict technology developments and the evolution of culture and customer
needs. 4G in principle will allow high-quality smooth video transmission.

Is video really a killer application for 3G and 4G?

Usage data in Japan do not show that video telephony is a real killer application for 3G. However, this
may change if quality and market penetration improves or different marketing models are found. We
believe however that music is a killer application - compare for example the success of iPod. At the
moment (3G) only very short music clips can be downloaded. 4G is likely to enable the download of full
length songs or music pieces which may change the market response dramatically. Music rights
management will be a major issue to solve.



DREAMS OF 4G:
If you can dream it, you can do it, according to this we can leap 3G to 4G along its features and future
trends in mobile technology.
In wireless communication, mobile technology is advanced and in this system 4G is the latest at present.
The article discusses 4th generation. 4G mobile, aims to provide an effective solution for the next
generation mobile services. Progressing from previous three generations, 4G mobile systems have been
significantly improving in terms of interactive multimedia services.
First generation:-1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during the
1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobile
phone and the cell site. AMPS (Advance mobile phone system) were first launched by US which are 1G
mobile system. It is best on FDMA technology which allows users to make voice calls within one
country.
Second generation:-2G digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of the 1980s. These
systems digitized not only the control link but also the voice signal. The new system provided better
quality and higher capacity at lower cost to consumers. GSM (Global system for mobile communication)
was the first commercially operated digital cellular system which is based on TDMA.
Third generation:-3G systems promise faster communications services, including voice, fax and
Internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming. ITUs IMT-2000 global standard for 3G
has opened the way to enabling innovative applications and services (e.g. multimedia entertainment,
infotainment and location-based services, among others). The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in
2001. 2.5G networks, such as GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) are already available in some parts of
Europe.
3G technology supports 144 Kbps bandwidth, with high speed movement (e.g. vehicles), 384 Kbps (e.g.
on campus) & 2 Mbps for stationary (e.g.in building)
Fourth generation:-At present the download speed for mode data is limited to 9.6 kbit/sec which is
about 6 times slower than an ISDN (Integrated services digital network) fixed line connection. Recently,
with 504i handsets the download data rate was increased 3-fold to 28.8kbps. However, in actual use the
data rates are usually slower, especially in crowded areas, or when the network is congested. For third
generation mobile (3G, FOMA) data rates are 384 kbps (download) maximum, typically around 200kbps,
and 64kbps upload since spring 2001. Fourth generation (4G) mobile communications will have higher
data transmission rates than 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits
per second.
Before understanding 4G, we must know what is 3G?
3G initiative came from device manufactures, not from operators. In 1996 the development was initiated
by Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) and Ericsson; in 1997 the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA) in the USA chose CDMA as a technology for 3G; in 1998 the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) did the same thing; and finally, in 1998 wideband CDMA
(W-CDMA) and cdma2000 were adopted for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS).
W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 are two major proposals for 3G. In this CDMA the information bearing
signal is multiplied with another faster ate, wider bandwidth digital signal that may carry a unique
orthogonal code. W-CDMA uses dedicated time division multiplexing (TDM) whereby channel
estimation information is collected from another signal stream. CDMA 2000 uses common code division
multiplexing (CDM) whereby channel estimation information can be collected with the signal stream.


GRAPH SHOWING THE EFFICIENCY OF TECHNOLOGIES



'SUPER-3G' TECHNOLOGY
No. 'Super-3G' is an intermediate stage between 3G and 4G. In this stage the operators are planning to
achieve data rates up to 100Mbps when traveling at speeds up to 100Kmph.
The main reason is that the mobile operators are scared of WiMax since they have invested massive
amounts in 3G licenses and infrastructure. They want to have a network better than WiMax so they need
this 'Super-3G'. Also the operators want to compete with each other so if they see one operator going for
'Super-3G', all of them want to jump in the bandwagon.

INTERESTING!!!!!!!!!! FIFTH GENERATION (5G) WIRELESS FEATURES
One of the features is that you will be able to smell the background of the other person on the phone. Say
if someone is cooking something and he wants you to smell it, he will be able to do that. Other feature is
that you can speak without emitting any voice. This could be used in case you are in Library (or in Exam
Hall?) and you cannot speak out loudly. You will be able to communicate just by moving your mouth.
Please note that all these features are at initial stage of research and is not viable long time to come.
DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS 4G

1991 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network,
Implemented by Radiolinja in Finland is provided only 9.6 Kbps.
2000, Siemens, first 3rd Generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3G/UMTS)
system 3G was designed to support video.
Today more than sixty 3G/UMTS networks in over 25 countries.
But 3G is not being used much for video
4G is an evolutionary path for advancing the 3G mobile technology.
It will deliver
Broadband wireless communication capabilities for end-to-end multimedia information transmission.
Support higher data rates and will ensure seamless service across a large number of wireless networks
and systems. One of the key objectives is to follow an evolutionary path from the current 3G
technologies to 4G. So that it can interoperate with the existing mobile systems by using advanced
system integration technologies.

MERITS
The 4G technology which is at its infancy is supposed to allow data transfer up to 100Mbps outdoor
and 1Gbps indoor.
The 4G mobile communication services are expected to provide broadband.
Large capacity.support Interactive services like Video Conferencing.
High speed data transmission
Providing users with high quality color video images.3D graphic animation games.
Audio services in 5.1 channels.
4G mobile communication systems, services, and architectures.
Terminal protocol technology for high capacity, high speed packet services, public software platform
technology that enables downloading application programs, multimode radio access platform
technology, and high quality media coding technology over mobile networks.
Support interactive multimedia services.
Teleconferencing. Wireless Internet. Wider bandwidths. Higher bit rates.

Global mobility and service portability.

Low cost.
Scalability of mobile networks
Summary of the different 4G research challenges
Aim
Vitally important
challenges and problems
Mobile Terminals and Users
Multi standard/Multimode User
Terminals

A single wireless
user terminal should
be designed, which
can automatically
operate in different
heterogeneous
access networks.

Problems related to high
cost, limitations in terminal
size, high power
consumption, high circuit
complexity, and
unimproved analog-to-
digital converter (ADC)
performance in software
defined radio (SDR)-based
implementations.

Automatic Network Tracking
and Selection

A roaming user in a
heterogeneous
environment should
be able to auto-
matically track and
select the available
underlying wireless
network.

The different software
downloading schemes
related to reconfigurable
terminals have got their
own problems.
Mobile Services
Personal and Session
Mobility

Provision of
personalized

Confusions regarding the
choice of either MIP or SIP
services through
different
personalized
operating
environments to the
same address.
as the core protocol and
also whether the ideal
framework be Network.
Streaming multimedia based
services:

To provide very high
speed (streaming)
video applications
ensuring high QoS
and bandwidth
usability.

UDP suffers from acute
congestion related
problems, so TCP is gaining
importance as the ideal
transport layer protocol
for video streaming.
CONCLUSION:

With the plethora of promising features 4G is truly moving towards getting universally accepted as the
ideal next generation communication system. 4G is visualized as a conglomeration of different
heterogeneous access technologies. With this view, this article discussed the probable research challenges
under the different headings of mobile terminals and users, mobile services, mobile and wireless access
networks, and communication challenges along with their proposed potential solutions. While some of
these challenges like multimode user terminals, automatic network selection, seamless mobility
management and smooth interworking of different heterogeneous access networks have drawn much
research attentions, others like routing, protocol requirements, services and the different communication-
related challenges demand much more research enhancements. The article also identified the different UN
accessed or less accessed research topics, which need significant contributions for the 4G visions to come
true by 2010.
REFERENCES:
www.google.com
www.ieee.com
www.wikipedia.com
1. B. G. Evans and K. Baughan, "Visions of 4G," Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal, Dec. 2002.
2. H. Huomo, Nokia, "Fourth Generation Mobile," presented at ACTS Mobile Summit99, Sorrento, Italy, and June
1999.