1

How to Draw Ogive Curve?

Top Ogive is a cumulative frequency graph or we can say that it represents
cumulative frequencies.
Now we will see how to draw Ogive curve;
For drawing the ogive curve we need to follow some steps:
Step 1: First we select two axis i.e. x and y- axis.
Step 2: In the simple frequency curves the frequency is plotted against the class
interval.
Step 3: In case of cumulative frequency the frequency is plotted against the lower
limit and upper limit. It depends on series which is cumulated.
For plotting the ogive curve there are two methods.
1. Less than method.
2. More than method.

When we plot the ogive curve with the help of less than method:
Step 1: We have to start from the upper limits of class intervals and then add class
frequencies to get the cumulative frequency distribution.
Step 2: We take upper limit in the x-axis direction.
Step 3: And we take cumulative frequencies along the Y-axis direction.
Step 4: And now put the points (y
i
, g
i
), where y
i
is the upper limit of a class and g
i
is
corresponding cumulative frequency.
Step 5: At last join the points which are obtained in the graph to get the ogive.
When we plot the ogive curve with the help of more than method, then we use
following steps:
Step 1: In this method we start from the lower limits of class intervals and then the
total frequency is subtracted from the frequency to get the cumulative frequency
distribution.
Step 2: We take the lower class limits along X - axis direction in the graph.
Step 3: And we take the cumulative frequencies along Y-axis direction in the graph.
Step 4: Then put the points (y
i
, g
i
), where y
i
is the lower limit of a class and g
i
is
corresponding cumulative frequency.
Step 5: At last join the points which are obtained in the graph to get the ogive.
With the help of these algorithms we can plot ogive curve.
2

Bar Graph
There are different methods to represent the collected data on the graph. Some of
the common methods we use are, line graph, bar graph, histogram, pie charts and
many more. A bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars placed vertically or
horizontally on the x or y axis. Depending on their placement they are either call
vertical bar graph or horizontal bar graphs. They help us to mark a clear data of the
discrete values. They can represent discontinuous data like color complexion, choice
of breakfast , shoe size, eye color and many such examples, where bar graph is the
most suitable form of representing data. Bar graph is also suitable for continuous
data like weight and height of students in a class, marks obtained by the students
etc.

A bargraph is a visual display used to compare the amounts or frequency of
occurrence of different characteristics of data. This type of display allows us to
compare different groups of data and to make predictions from the bar graph very
quickly.
There are different components of the bar graph: Now let us view various
components of the bar graph individually. Each component has its own importance.
A bar graph is a self explaining method of Graphing so it is most common method of
graph representation. We must remember the following names used with bar graph:

1. Graph Title: It gives us an overview of the information of the graph, and so it is
always displayed at the top of the graph.

2. Axis and their labeling: As there are two axes X- axis and the Y- axis. The
labeling done on the axes gives us the information that what field is represented on
which axis. So it makes the graph self explanatory.

3. Grouped Data Axis: It is always placed at the bottom of the bars, which is used
to show the type of data being displayed.
3



Pie charts
The graphs can be represented in different ways as per the need and the
requirement of the presentation. Some of the Common Graphs are Bar Graph, line
graph, histogram, pie chart etc. A pie chart is also called as circular chart, where the
whole graph is divided into sectors of different angles. While representing the pie
chart, we observe that the Arc Length of each sector, which is its central angle and
area, is proportional to the quantity represented by it. The angle so measured will be
represented in form of degree. The first pie chart was credited to William Playfair.

The most common use of pie chart is seen in the business world, election Statistics
and in the world of mass media. We have also observed that it is difficult to compare
the rise and fall of certain data like profit, loss, Income and many other such fields,
so many people also avoid recommending the use of pie charts. Although it has
been observed that pie chart is preferred in many situations of comparison in
contrast with tables and charts. Sometimes we only use dot plots, bar charts to
represent two dimensional data, where pie charts do not work.

4

We observe that Pie charts are useful tool when we are comparing the data in form
of fraction, or to compare different parts of a whole amount. We mostly use pie
charts to represent financial information. Suppose any x company has to present
his annual expenses under different heads like salaries, infrastructure, taxation, raw
material, power expenses running cost and many other areas, then they are
summed up and each head is divided by total and then multiplied by 360 degrees .
This helps to get the angle of each sector. Each sector visually represents an item in
a data Set to match the amount of the item as fraction of the whole data on the pie
graph.

Box Plots
Box plots in Statistics are methods of representing numerical data graphically. They
consist of 5 parts:
1. Small observation
2. Lower quarter
3. Median
4. Upper quarter
5. Large observation

Boxplots also tell about the Numbers which are away from numerical data. Boxplots
are mainly used to describe differences of population without considering statistical
distribution. The gap between different parts of the box describes the deviation in the
data. It can be plotted horizontally as well as vertically. The box plots are constant
5

and the lower quarter and the upper quarter are essentially 25
th
and 75
th
part of the
total box. The middle 50% is the Median.

The box plots can be represented in the following manner:
1. The minimum and the maximum quantity of the whole data.
2. Standard deviation in the Mean of data.
3. Any percentile of data.
The numbers of the value which are not included in the box plots or the outliers are
represented with dot or Circle or star. The box plots use different characters to
represent the mean of the numbers. A cross hatch is presented before the end of
each box plot.
There are two types of Box Plots
1. Variable width box plots
2. Notched box plots
Variable width box plots represent the group of data by the width of the box
proportional to the size of the group. Sometimes the width of the box plots is made
proportional to the Square root of the size of the group.
Notched box plots narrow the size of the box around median briefly describe the
difference of medians. The width of the notches is proportional to the inter quarter
range and inversely proportional to the square root of the size of data.
1.58 * IQR / n

The box plot is a very fast of evaluating the data graphically. The concept of box
plots came earlier than Histograms.
Advantages of box plots
1. They take less space.
2. Most useful for comparison of data Sets.
3. The width and the length of the box plots can be decided by its user.