A) Web Spoofing

Web spoofing is an electronic deception relates to

the Internet. It occurs when the attacker sets up a fake
website which almost totally same with the original
website in order to lure consumers to give their credit
card number or other personal information. For
example is the attacker setup a site
called www.microsft.com using the number !ero in
place of the letter "# which many users sometimes type
by mistake$ %sers might find themselves in a situation
that they do not notice they are using a bogus web&site
and give their credit card details or other information.

') (yber&S)uatting
(yber&s)uatting is an activity which a person or
firm register# purchase and uses the existing domain
name belong to the well&known organi!ation for the
purpose of infringing its trademarks. *his type of
person or firm# called cyber&s)uatters usually infringed
the trademarks to extort the payment from original
trademark s owner. *he extortion of payment occur
when they offers the prices far greater than they had
purchased the organi!ation s domain name upon. Some
cyber&s)uatters put up derogatory remarks about the
person or company which the domain is meant to
represent +eg, www.walmartsucks.com)# in an effort to
encourage the sub-ect to re&buy their domain from them.
*he following picture will worth explain the example of
cyber&s)uatting.

() .rivacy Invasion
*his issue is related to consumer. *he privacy
invasion occur when the personal details belong to
consumers are exposed to the unauthori!ed party. It
may occur in */011 ways.
2) 1lectronic commerce businesses buy information
about individuals such as their personal details#
shopping habits and web page visitation listings. *his
can be done with or without the individual s knowledge
by using different computing technologies. A large
number of web sites# which re)uire users to create a
member name# also ask for personal details. *hese
details are then often sold on to companies to aid in the
marketing and selling of their products.
3) *he personal information of consumers being
transmit may be intercepted by anyone other than the
person whom it is intended. .rotecting the privacy of
communication is a great challenge# due to the very
nature of the online medium# an open network of digital
telecommunications. It is technically and economically
impossible to patch all the holes through which
unauthori!ed intruders may gain access.
4) 5alicious programs delivered )uietly via web pages
could reveal credit card numbers# usernames# and
passwords that are fre)uently stored in special files
called cookies. 'ecause the internet is stateless and
cannot remember a response from one web page view to
another# cookies help solve the problem of
remembering customer order information or usernames
or passwords.

6) "nline .iracy

*he online piracy can be defined as unauthori!ed
copyright ofelectronic intellectual property such as e books# music or videos.*his
unethical activity occurs
when the Internet users use the software and hardware
technology in an illicit manner to transfer the electronic
intellectual property over the Internet. For example#
some web&based applications such
as www.napster.com have enabled large scale
exploitation of music samples and audio formats.
Software that is available for free of cost on the Internet
allows the transfer of music and videos without the
authori!ation of rights holders. 5oreover# (6 burners
and portable 5.4 players allow copyright violations to
occur rather easily.
1) 1mail Spamming
1&mail spamming# also known as unsolicited
commercial e&mail +%(1) involves using e&mail to send
or broadcast unwanted advertisement or correspondence
over the Internet. *he individual who spam their e&mail
usually called spammer. 5any spammers broadcast
their e&mail for the purpose of trying to get people s
financial information such as credit card or account
bank numbers in order to defraud them. *he example of
fraud using e&mail is spammers will lure consumers to
enter their personal information on fake website using
e&mail# forged to look like it is from authori!ed
organi!ation such as bank. *he content of e&mail often
directs the consumers to the fake website in order to
lure them to fill their personal information such as
credit card or bank account s details. *his techni)ue is
called phishing. *he following picture is an example of
phishing e&mail.
Legal Issues of Electronic Commerce
by S7verine 6usollier
In its recent Communication on Electronic Commerce, the European Commission stressed that "in
order to allow for electronic commerce operators to reap the full benefits of the Single Market, it is
essential to avoid regulatory inconsistencies and to ensure a coherent legal and regulatory
framework for electronic commerce" !he types of pitfalls that are facing any company or person
wanting to set up a distance selling activity on the Internet, offering goods or services to consumers
and businesses located world wide are numerous, they vary according to the type of relation you are
considering entering "consumer, business#, and according to the legal framework you are
accustomed to operating in !o make things even more difficult, the answers are often unclear, non
e$istent, contradictory and constitute real obstacles to conducting a commercial activity on the
network
*he legal framework we are operating in is increasingly becoming complex and burdensome in one single
-urisdiction alone# let alone when you are faced simultaneously with hundreds of potentially applicable
legislations because you are entering agreements with customers located anywhere in the world. 'esides# a
number of companies and consumers are still unaware of the legal constraints they may encounter by
entering electronic transactions. *he ob-ective of this present draft is to fill this gap by providing an overview
of relevant legal issues raised by the development of electronic commerce.
*axation 8aw
What criteria may be used to associate on line transactions with the territory of a country$
/ow can double taxation be prevented$
/ow do the direct taxes rules apply in an electronic environment# both for businesses and for
individuals$
6o general taxation# 9A* and custom duties regimes apply to electronic transactions$
What is the nature of supplies on the Internet$ Are the products delivered electronically goods or
services$
/ow can digital documents comply with existing administrative re)uirements to keep written
evidence of commercial operation and registration in accountancy$
/ow can the place and the time of the supply be determined$
Are electronic transactions exports or imports pursuant the 1uropean 9A* directives$
1lectronic .ayments
What are the existing advantages and obstacles to introducing technical systems that enable
electronic payments in an electronic transaction$
Are banking regulations applicable to issuers of cybercash and cyber credit cards$ 6oes such
electronic cash constitute legal tender$
/ow can credit cards and other electronic payments satisfy the legal re)uirements in electronic
environments$
/ow can privacy# consumer protection and bank secrecy be fulfilled in an electronic banking
relationship$
What is the situation concerning the use of electronic negotiable documents$
(ontract 8aw and 1vidence
Which are the nature # parties and sub-ect matter of the contracts$
/ow to enter contracts electronically$
What is the value of an electronic document and a digital signature$
Where and when does the offer take place$
What are the terms and conditions governing the contract$
8iability
What type of liability could the various actors +service provider# access provider# **.# seller#
banking institution#) involved in the offering of goods or services face$
What type of damages are covered$
What are the causes of liability$
Intellectual .roperty 0ights
/ow to protect a web site# a domain name# a trade mark or any other type of intellectual property
right against illegal misappropriation$
/ow to control the use of protected material on the global infrastructure$
Which rights are concerned when downloading# viewing or printing a protected work$ Is there a
exhaustion of rights$
/ow can the rightholder expect to obtain remuneration$
/ow can his moral rights be ensured$
/ow should licence agreements be drafted$
What is the legal protection of the integrity of 1(5S$
Is it possible to detect illegal use$
Who can be considered as liable in case of copyright or trade mark infringement$
(onsumer .rotection
What general or specific rules must be respected when entering a contract with a consumer or
when advertising a product$
What is the regulation of offers and marketing practices$
What are the abusive terms of a contract$
What type of information has to be included in a web site$
/ow are the distance selling contracts regulated$
What is the regulation of product and services liability and of products labelling and packaging$
/ow can consumers have easy access to -urisdiction and which are the possibilities for consumer
associations to defend consumers interests$
.rivacy Issues
What are the applicable general and specific legislations$
(an personal data be transferred$
What are the technical developments currently undertaken to improve the protection of privacy on
the Internet$ /ow do they comply with privacy provisions$
International .rivate 8aw
What are the competent -urisdictions and the applicable law in the following matters, (ontracts#
8iability# Intellectual property 0ights# 5arketing and competition law# electronic payments and
banking issues
What are the specific mandatory criteria in the context of consumer protection$
/ow can a -urisdictional decision be enforced in another country$
Is on&line litigation and arbitration in commercial cases relevant$
8egislative developments are facing a new challenge brought on by the rapid development of the on&line
technology and by the newly created difficulty of applying existing regulations in a networked environment.
Simultaneously# technology provides more and more solutions to the threats created by the emergence of
this new technology. 8awyers and technicians can no longer consider each other as enemies but have to
collaborate. *echnology and law must develop along each other:s progress and integrate mutual input. Such
connections between both already exist in a number of fields. 5any examples may be mentioned such as
**.s# .rivacy 1nhancing *echnology# 1(5S# etc. Systems as .I(S can also be applied to a growing
number of fields# such as protection of copyright# protection of minors# consumers# etc.
Forthcoming legislative initiatives will necessarily have to encounter these technical solutions in order to
address regulatory responses to the growth of electronic commerce.
.ositive effects of e&commerce on society
; (onvenience
; /elpful for disables and aged people
; *ime saving
; Information availability
; /elpful for new business
; <obs for society
; 3= hour service
; Available niche products
; 6isintermediation
; 1nvironment friendly
>egative effects of e&commerce on society
; %nemployment
; Increase in crime
; /ealth concerns
; >atural causes
; 8oss to retailers
; 1nvironmental harms
; Wrong information
; 0eturns and complaints
1xplanation positive effects
2. (onvenience , e&commerce is very convenient for customer
#because it accepts different type of credit and debit cards and as
many other forms of payment as possible . customer don?t need to go
anywhere for payment #customer can carry as many items in stock as
possible to avoid backorder #it is often convenience because the order
goes hand @in @hand with in timelines to customer. 3. /elpful for
disables and aged people, as the disable and aged people are less
able to walk and might be live alone # so by the e @commerce they
don?t need walk to door to door of different shops in that search of
things #whatever they need that will come to there door within the
timeline# within reasonable prices and if they don?t like the product they
can return it back within the time period of product 4. *ime saving , with
e&commerce# consumer can save their time# because they can have
access to their money through internet and work all from a desktop
computer and save the time of going to so many different shops in
search of thing they wanted #they will get so much choices on e&
commerce at sitting at there home# in that mean time they can do there
different works . =. Information availability , e&commerce enables
consumers to make price comparison so that they can make more
appropriate...