Slide 1

Introduction to
FBD and FTA
Functional Block Diagrams
Fault Tree Analysis
Slide 2
Fault Tree Analysis - Review
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What ?
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A structured team analysis of the ossi!le underlying causes
of a known e"uiment failure#
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When ?
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root cause analysis of a failure is needed
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Why? - $outcomes%
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A !etter understanding of the root causes of a failure $&te '(
Root cause%
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A !etter set of action lans to eliminate those root causes
$&te )( &olution%
CONFIRM
RESULTS
THEME STANDARDIZE DATA ROOT CAUSE SOLUTION REFLECT
No
Yes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slide 3
Fault Tree Analysis*
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Fault tree analysis is an effect and cause diagram that uses
standard sym!ols develoed in the defense industry and is used
heavily in safety engineering# FTA is a structured aroach for
analy+ing the root causes of a failure mode not yet fully
understood#
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,ote( FTA is an alternative to Ishikawa $Fish Bone% Diagrams#
-any feel that FTA is !etter suited to understanding layers and
relationshis of causes of e"uiment failures# .owever/ if you
still refer fish !ones after trying FTA/ there is no reason not to
use them# The goal always remains to use the most efficient
method for solving ro!lems#
Slide 4
FTA 01amle( &moke Detector
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Failure( The indicator light is on* yet even
with sufficient amounts of smoke directly
!elow the detector vents the alarm does not
signal#
Before we !egin either a Fault Tree
Analysis or Failure -odes and 0ffects
Analysis/ our first ste should !e to
construct a Functional Block Diagram#
CONFIRM
RESULTS
THEME STANDARDIZE ROOT CAUSE SOLUTION REFLECT
No
Yes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DATA
Slide 5
FBD 01amle( &moke Detector
Inpus
2resence of smoke
!"o#ess
Detection of smoke
Oupus
Alarm signaling
&moke enters
through vent
Battery owers control
!o1/ indicator light/ and
smoke detector
Smoke is ionized and
causes increase in
voltage
Signal sent from
smoke detector
triggers control box
circuit
&ignal3ower to siren
turns motor
&moke enters
ioni+ation cham!er
4ontrol Bo1 sends
signal3ower to siren
-otor causes siren
to sound
Alarm signals
Slide 6
FAILURE
&moke Detector does not detect smoke
&moke not
resent in cham!er
5ent
is !locked
Dust
!lockage
Ioni+ation
cham!er
!locked
Dust
!lockage
2aint
!lockage
&moke not
detected
Defective
4ontrol !o1
,o ower
at control !o1
Defective
ioni+ation
cham!er
Ioni+ation
cham!er
cracked
Broken
wire
Defective
solder
6oint
Alarm not
sounding
Defective
alarm
,o ower
at alarm
Broken
wire
Defective
solder
6oint
,o ower
at ioni+ation
cham!er
CONFIRM
RESULTS
THEME STANDARDIZE ROOT CAUSE SOLUTION REFLECT
No
Yes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DATA
Sample solution
(incomplete)
Slide 7
Tyical use for an FTA(
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Began !y clearly identifying the failure as( The indicator light is on * yet even with
sufficient amounts of smoke directly !elow the detector vents the alarm does not signal#
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Began !rainstorming and !uilding a functional !lock diagram to fully understand how the
smoke detector functions#
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4ontinued !rainstorming on ossi!le causes for the smoke detector failure resulting in
the alarm not signaling#
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2ro!a!le causes were identified(
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The team constructed the FTA around the three ma6or categories in the functional !lock diagram/
inuts/ rocess/ and oututs#
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The team continued to !uild the FTA and comleted it !y adding lower levels of detail under
aroriate causes of failure#
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The team identified the tyes of failure where it did not have the e1ertise to analy+e ossi!le
root causes# If deemed necessary/ the team would seek hel from suliers or consultants to
further analy+e these area#
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The leading causes of failure and solutions were identified#
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A design ro6ect was started to correct the ro!lem#
Slide 8
Fault Tree
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&ym!ols Review
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&"uare Descri!es the to and
lower level failures
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7r 8ate 2roduces outut $failure%
if one or more inuts
e1ist
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And 8ate 2roduces outut $failure%
if and only if all inuts
e1ist
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4ircle 2otential root failure which
cannot !e !roken down into
lesser failures
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Diamond 2otential failure which is
not analy+ed for
various reasons
Slide 9
.ow to !uild a Fault Tree
9% Identify a to failure
:% Brainstorm !asic contri!utors to
failure
'% ;ink contri!utors to the to failure
Slide 10
Un$e"s%n$&n' (e s)*+o,s -.%es Re/&e01
An$ gate means
For this uer failure
to occur
All of these
failures must occur
O" gate means that
For this uer failure
to occur
7nly one of these
failures must occur
F%&,u"e
F%&,u"e
Slide 11
Sep 1 Identify To ;evel Fault
Sep 2 Brainstorm first level contri!utors
Sep 3 ;ink contri!utors to to !y logic gates
Sep 4 Brainstorm second level
contri!utors
!asic event cannot !e !roken
down any further
event that is not analy+ed
for various reasons
Sep 5 ;ink contri!utors to uer level !y
logic gates
Sep 6 Repe% 2 #on&nue 3o"
e%#( ,o0e" ,e/e, 3%&,u"e
$This age is taken from &50RDR72 -A,<A; - FTA and Risk -anagement !y 2#;# 4lemens/ 9==:39=='/ g# 9> %
Slide 12
FTA Do?s @ DonAts
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Do?s
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&tart at the To
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Think 4ategories
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Brainstorm/ then organi+e
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Facilitate roer !rainstorming
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Bnow when to sto
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.ave action lans for all circles
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4heck that !ranches terminate with a circle or
diamond
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Revisit the FBD or FTA when new data is found
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<se yellow stickies to cature the !rainstormed
causes
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DonAts
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Don?t get bogged down
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Don?t 6um to solutionsC