Bridges Guidelines For Design and Submission

Objective
These guidelines are intended to provide minimum geotechnical and structural design
requirements for bridges foundations and super structures to safeguard life or limb, environment,
property and public welfare.

Submission requirements while applying for building permit or no objection certificates for
different types of applications are listed clearly for the consultants to avoid any delay for the
project or abortive work.

Submissions must strictly comply with the enclosed submission requirements and that drawings
and design calculations are checked. Incomplete submissions will be returned without review and
as such CED shall not responsible for any delays to the project. CED reserves the right to levy
additional appraisal fees for checking incomplete and unchecked submissions and this fee shall be
paid by the consultant and not passed on to the client.

The information contained in this document has been compiled for use, guidance and minimum
bridge structure requirements. The Guidelines are aimed to give the bridge engineers a general
idea of the basic requirements for review and check bridge schemes until approval from the
CEDs according to principles and standards, in order to facilitate and speed completion of the
work. It is anticipated that the use of these guidelines will result in a uniform design and
construction of bridges throughout Nakheel projects. Any requests for modifications must be fully
documented and presented to PCFC Civil Engineering Department for review and acceptance.

Structural Section Procedure - 2007
2

1.0 Seminar Meeting

An overview technical seminar of the proposed structural bridge/tunnel project shall be
presented by the project manager. The session will be open to the representatives of
owner, design consultants, contractor, and local authority staff. Each attendee shall be
received a hard copy of the presentation, with other publications related to the topics.
The seminar agenda should focus on and include the following:

Owner, consultant, contractor, and third party information.
Master plan.
Layout and project location.
Review all existing conditions and requirements.
Traffic, roads, and other initial studies.
Design criteria.
Preliminary plans, sections and elevations.
3-D project selected type.
Constructability and techniques consideration.

Submission requirements & Documents

The following documents shall be used as a guide to be submitted for new bridges and
reconstruct or modify an existing bridge. Any proposed temporary bridge also requires a
bridge permit prior to construction. Documents shall be in standard Acrobat 'PDF' format
unless noted otherwise.

1.1 Documents required to be submitted for project registration

As a result of the previously seminar, the preliminary submittal for proposed bridge
structure shall consist of and include the following:

Owner, consultant, contractor, and third party information.
Review all existing conditions and requirements.
Locations and survey sheets.
Preliminary soil investigation and foundation report.
Environmental classifications.
Traffic and roads studies.
Hydraulic study, risk analysis and any other relevant reports.
Preliminary plans, sections and elevations.
Concepts, alternatives and types (Bridge type study report).
Design criteria, structural system, methodology, utilities, construction stages,
handling, erection, jacking, tolerances, finishes, access, future maintenances and
any other details that may require special attention during schedule.

CEDs review and mark up comments to the submitted project through the
owner/consultant for review, revises and registries.

3

2.0 Documents required to be submitted for Signboard NOC:

The Project ID.
Cover letter by the consultant.
Affection plan locating the signboard.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and contractor.
Trade licence for both main consultant and contractor.
Signboard detailed drawings as per the typical model prepared by (CED).
Circular-19656/2007/MAS.
Design calculation sheets for the signboard and footings.

4

3.0 Signboard Typical Model

5
4.0 Signboard NOC Work Flow

6
5.0 Documents required to be submitted for Mobilization NOC:

The Project ID.
Affection plan.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and contractor.
Trade licence for both main consultant and contractor.

7
6.0 Mobilization NOC Work Flow:

8

7.0 Basic Requirements (Guidelines) for Bridges Soil Investigation Report:

Soil investigation report for any structure will be mainly based upon its
location with specified coordinates as per affection plan and geographical
maps from the concerned authorities and also with relevant to the
information about magnitude of superimposed loads, shape of the bridge,
past land use, surface topography, geological features and surface
drainage.

To specify number of boreholes drilled (one borehole for each pier,
abutment or wing wall).

For piled foundations, borings, penetration or other in-situ tests should
normally be performed to explore the ground conditions to a depth to
ensure safety, which normally means 5 times the diameter of the shaft of
the pile (minimum 5.00 m). However, there will be cases when substantially
deeper soundings or borings are needed. It is also a requirement that the
investigation depth is greater than the 1.5 times the smaller side of the
rectangle circumscribing the group of piles forming the foundation at the
level of the pile toes.

To specify coordinates (x, y, and z), Datums as per DMD for boreholes and
to be presented on the site affection plan showing plot limits along with
legend and the north direction. Also neighbouring structures, traffic, utilities,
vegetation, hazardous chemicals to be clearly mentioned in a general
layout.

Geological stratum or design borehole must clarify the thickness of each
soil layer with the characteristic properties:

- c kN/m
2
(cohesion of soil) and (angle of internal shearing resistance) by
providing direct shear test (Minimum of Two Samples for each layer)
- Unit weight of soil (s) kN/m
3
(above and below the ground water table)
- Active, passive, and at rest earth pressure coefficients (k
a
, k
p
, and k
o
)
- Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) MN/m
2
(Minimum of Two
samples for each rock layer specially when pile foundation is used,
enabling the structural designer for calculations of the socket friction and
end bearing)
- Pressure meter/dilatometer test must be done if the soil stiffness values
versus depths are required as and when soil stratum is modeled using
advanced material model through finite element analysis of the
geotechnical structure.
- Piezo Cone Penetration Test in case for reclaimed soil.

All equipments, materials and procedure associated with the geotechnical
work should comply with latest editions of relevant standards and codes of
practice as listed below:

9

- BS 1377:1990 Part 9 AMD8264-95 - "Method of Testing for Soils for Civil
Engineering Purposes".
- ASTM Volume 4.08 Soil & Rock, where applicable.
- BS 5930:1999 - "Code of Practice for Site Investigations".
- BS 1377:1990 Part 3 AMD 9028/96 C l.5, Cl.7 & C1.9 for Chemical
Analysis of Soil and Water.
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 AMD 9027, Method 3 for moisture content.
- BS 1377:1990 Part 1 Cl.7.3 AMD 8258/95 for Particle Size Analysis and
BS 1377:1990 Part 2 Cl.9.2 AMD 9027/96 for test method.
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 AMD 9027, Method 4.3 for liquid limit for clayey soils.
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 AMD 9027, Method 5 for plastic limit and plasticity
index for clayey soils.
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 Cl. 6.5.4 for linear shrinkage.
- ASTM D 2938-95 for Unconfined Compressive Strength and sample
comply with ASTM D 4543 01 , Cl. 3.1.
- BS 1377: 1990 Part 4 Cl. 7 for CBR test.
- BS 1377. Part 2: 1990 Method 8.3 for Specific Gravity (Particle Density).
Method soil samples to be prepared according to BS 1377, Part 1 1990,
clauses 7.3 & 7.4.4.
- Sulphate Content of Soil : For Sample Preparation BS 1377: Part 3: 1990
(Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 5.2(Acid Extract) / (Water Extract). For Test Method:
BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd./9028) Cl. 5.5 (WaterExtract / Acid Extract).
- Chloride Content of Soil : For Sample Preparation: 8S 1377: Part 3: 1990
(Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 7.2.3 (Water Extract) / 7.3.3 (Acid Extract). For Test
Method: BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 7.2 (Water Extract) /
7.3 (Acid Extract).
- pH of Soil: For Sample Preparation: BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96)
Cl. 9.4. For Test Method: BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl 9.5.
- Sulphate Content of Ground Water: For Sample Preparation BS 1377: Part
3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 5.4. For Test Method: BS 1377: Part 3; 1990
(AMD. 9028/96) Cl. 5.5.
- Chloride Content of Ground Water: For Sample Preparation: BS 1377: Part
3: 1990 (AMD. 9028/96) Cl. 5.4. For Test Method: BS 1377: Part 3 1990
(Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 7 (Mohr Method).
- Gypsum Content BS 1377: Part 3: 1990.
- pH of Ground Water: For Sample Preparation: BS 1377: Part 3: 1990
(Amd. 9028/96) CI.9.4. Test Method: 8S 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd.
9028/96) Cl. 9.5. (However, it is to mention that calibration

Performing engineering analysis of field and laboratory findings.

The visual description of the geotechnical engineer at site for soil samples
and procedures used for sampling, transportation and storage.

Method of sampling the undisturbed, Split Spoon (for SPT) for disturbed
samples.

10
Tabulation of quantities of field and laboratory work, presentation of field
observations which were made by the supervising field personnel during
the subsurface explorations;

Presenting the ground or subsurface conditions and the geology of the site
through the findings of the boreholes giving full details of the strata
encountered on boreholes Logs having accurate classification of the soils
according to BS 5930:1999. The boreholes Logs must have values used to
describe the relative density of the coarse grained-soils and the quality and
the strength of rock such as:

- Standard Penetration Test (S.P.T) with cone or without
- Water content (W.C.) for clayey soils
- Liquid Limit (L.L.) for clayey soils
- Plastic Limit (P.L.) for clayey soils
- Unit weight of soil ( s) above and below the ground water table
- Free swell (F.S.) for swelling soils
- Rock Quality Designation (RQD) for rock soils
- Total and Solid Core Recovery (TCR & SCR) for rock soils
- Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) for rock soils

Borehole Log must confirm scale, sample key, legend for type of soil, ends of
stratum and ground water table level

Stating the depths range at which the ground water table was encountered
and mentioning that the ground water table is subjected to tidal weather
seasonal variations or by artificial induced effects. Therefore reconfirmation
is recommended prior to any works related to the ground water regime.
Standpipe peizometers to be installed inside minimum two boreholes for
each site after drilling and cleaning of drilling mud by clean water flushing to
monitoring the ground water depth.

Earth profile must be plotted using the findings of boreholes by showing in
ground sections.

Mentioning all the field and laboratory tests achieved in details and
illustrating the results properly.

Chemical analysis to study the possible susceptibility of foundation
concrete to aggressive in-situ conditions and corrosivity and thereby to
determine the concrete mix specifications by determining pH, Sulphur
Trioxide and Chloride content of the soils and ground water. Minimum
number to be considered is three soil samples from above the ground water
table, and three ground water samples for each plot.

Recommendations for choice and the type of foundation based on the
geotechnical study carried out by the geotechnical engineer and the local
experience in the area.

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Information about the seismicity of the area; Soil Profile Type to be
considered in the seismic analysis according to (Table 16-J ) as per UBC
1997, Volume 2, Structural Engineering Design Provisions, Division IV
Earthquake Design

Liquefaction analysis in case of reclaimed soil : (CPTU is highly
recommended)

- Calculation of cyclic stress ratio (CSR, earthquake Load) induced in the
soil by earthquake. The ground motion parameters are: UBC zone class:
2A, (Richter Magnitude), M=6.0 & maximum ground acceleration, a =
0.20g.

- Calculation of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR, soil strength) based on in-situ
test data from SPT (Seed & Idriss) or CPT method (1996 NCEER
workshop on Liquefaction Evaluation).

- Evaluation of liquefaction potential by calculating a factor of safety against
liquefaction from the earthquake load and soil strength.

- (F.S. =CRR/ (1.2-1.5) CSR). There are a potential for liquefaction if the
F.S. less than unity, the layer is susceptible to liquefy and the ground
densification or mitigation measures are needed

- Estimation of liquefaction induced settlement.

The Geotechnical Specialist Recommendations for the following items must
be included in the soil investigation report:

EXCAVATION WORKS

The excavation works should be carried out in accordance with good
construction practice and following BS 6031:1981 "Code of Practice for
Earthworks".

OPEN EXCAVATION AND PROTECTION

Where space permits and above the water table, sides of the excavation would
be necessary to be battered and as a Guide the CIRIA Report No. 97
"Trenching Practice" recommends a maximum safe temporary slope of 350 to
the horizontal.

12
BACKFILL MATERIALS AND COMPACTION CRITERIA

The material used for backfilling purpose shall be of selected fill composed of
sand/granular mixture free from organic matter or other deteriorates
substances. The Plasticity Index of the backfill material shall not exceed 10%.
The maximum particle size of backfill material shall not exceed 75mm and
percentage passing 75 m Sieve shall not exceed 20%. The organic matter
content should not exceed 2% and the water soluble salt content shall not
exceed 5%. It shall be placed in layers of 150mm to 250 mm compacted
thicknesses with each layer not to less than 97% of the maximum dry density.
The geotechnical engineer must state that the existing material available in site
can be used for general backfilling or not after performing the chemical
analysis of surface soil layer.

RETAINING STRUCTURES

The geotechnical engineer must give recommendation for the most preferable
shoring system (if required) and soil parameters must be adopted for the
design.

DEWATERING

Care should be taken during dewatering to ensure that fines are not removed
during pumping since this could result in unpredicted settlements of the
surrounding ground and associated structures.

PILE FOUNDATIONS

- Geotechnical engineer must recommend a suitable type of pile to use
(bored cast-in-situ piles is widely used)
- Geotechnical engineer must provide soil report with schedule showing
allowable working Loads in compression and uplift for different pile
diameters at different piles toe levels based on findings from the
geotechnical study and factor of safety up to 4.
- The depth of investigation below the design toe level should be at least
five times pile diameter or 5.0m which is bigger. In areas where this
condition is not satisfied for the design, additional borehole should be
carried out to the required depth to reconfirm the continuity of the strata. It
should be noted that the minimum pile toe level should be at least at depth
of two times the diameter of pile socketed in the hard strata in order to
considering this hard strata in the pile design.
- However, it may be noted that for bored cast-in-situ piles, settlements of
the order of 1% of the pile diameter is normally required to mobilize full
skin friction whereas full bearing is developed at much higher settlements

13
(usually at 10% of pile diameter). Hence the pile capacity will be based on
full skin friction and partial end bearing.

FOUNDATION CONCRETE

Where sulphate attack (from the surrounding soil or ground water table) and
chloride attack (from concrete aggregate, mixing water and surrounding
environment) occur together in high concentration, type of cement provides
protection against the corrosion of reinforcement for foundations. In such cases
the test exposure conditions shall be studied in conjunction with modified
recommendations for concrete mix design as using GGBS/Cement 66-80 / 34-
20% by weight, or 21% to 35% PFA based on local experience in the gulf
region and CIRIA Special Publication 31(1984).

It may be noted that as per CIRIA Special Publication 31, there is no widely
accepted view on concentration at which chlorides become significant in soil or
ground water but experience in the gulf region suggested it may be as low as
0.05% particularly in situations where wetting and drying or capillary rise effect.

Based on the chemical conditions studied by the geotechnical engineer and
the concrete mix design recommendations BS 8500 & BS 5328:Part1:1997,
Tables 7a, b, c.

The likely liquefaction induced effects

- Settlement
- Surface manifestation
- Lateral spreading or landsliding
- Loss of bearing capacity for shallow foundation
- Loss of lateral soil stiffness

Mitigation of Liquefaction Hazards

14

8.0 Documents required to be submitted for Soil Investigation NOC:

The Project ID.
NOC for Soil Investigation from DEWA (Water, Electricity) and
Telecommunication.
Setting-out plan clearly indicating the bridge alignment , spot levels of
alignment to datum DMD, easting and northing co-ordinates.,etc.
Information on type of the bridge and loading and to be given to the soil
investigation agency to decide the boreholes depths and numbers in order
to prepare a more accurate report.
Borehole locations and depths shall be marked with reference to building
layout. Soil investigation report should be as per guidelines.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and soil investigation
agency.
Trade licence for both main consultant and the soil investigation agency.

15

9.0 Soil Investigation NOC Work Flow:

16

10.0 Soil Improvement Guidelines

BACKFILL MATERIALS AND COMPACTION CRITERIA

The material used for backfilling purpose (Maximum 2.00 m) shall be of
selected fill composed of sand/granular mixture free from organic matter or
other deteriorates substances. The Plasticity Index of the backfill material shall
not exceed 10%. The maximum particle size of backfill material shall not
exceed 75mm and percentage passing 75 m Sieve shall not exceed 20%.
The organic matter content should not exceed 2% and the water soluble salt
content shall not exceed 5%. It shall be placed in layers of 150mm to 250 mm
compacted thicknesses with each layer not to less than 97% of the maximum
dry density or 98% in case of road base. The geotechnical engineer must state
that the existing material available in site can be used for general backfilling or
not after performing the chemical analysis of surface soil layer. Sand cone test
to determine the degree of compaction or plate load test (ASTM D1194 94)
to confirm the bearing capacity with the allowable settlement are acceptable
tests for this type of soil improvement.

Soil liquefaction improvement options can be characterized as
densification, drainage, reinforcement, mixing, replacement, Vibro
Compaction, Vibro replacement (Vibro Stone Columns), deep dynamic
compaction and compaction (pressure) grouting. With regards to
drainage techniques for liquefaction mitigation, only permanent
dewatering works satisfactory. Use of gravel or prefabricated (Wick)
drains, installed without soil densification, is likely to provide pore
pressure relief during strong earthquakes and may not prevent excessive
settlement. Their use should be evaluated with extreme caution.

Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction)

The Vibro Compaction can increase the in situ density. Increase in soil density
is achieved through compaction by an applied static or dynamic stress. The
advantage of Vibro compaction is to mitigate liquefaction for depths up to 20.00
m.

Confirmation conformity will be tested through CPT (ASTM D 3441-98) to be
carried out by pre-agreed soil investigation firms prior to commencement of
ground improvement. The CPT shall carried out every 2000 m
2
maximum to
compare the results with the post compaction CPT to verify the improvement
works for the same area or as per project specifications if more tests are
required. Tests must be carried out after sufficient period of compaction
recommended by the soil improvement specialist as the friction between the
soil particles is reduced temporarily allowing particles to deposit by gravity.
Locations of CPT to be selected at the central points or at one third the
maximum distance between the improved points.

17

The compaction pattern will be carried out on a triangular pattern with
maximum grid dimensions of (3.00 5.00) m or as recommended by the soil
improvement specialist. Smaller spacing may be tried in case of not reaching
the specific test result. The re-compaction may be carried out in case of where
compaction criteria were not met.

The criteria of achieved compaction shall be the arithmetic average of the tip
resistance profile for the post compaction CPT to be not less than 6.0 MPa.

Plate load test to be carried out in accordance to ASTM D1194 94 Standard
Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load and Spread Footing
using a 2.50 x 2.50 m footing area and settlement of 25 mm maximum at target
bearing pressure 150 kPa.

Safety against liquefaction

The hydraulic fill, loose, fine and saturated sands may undergo liquefaction
(experience significant loss of strength due to build up of pore water pressure
and subsequent deformation in some locations under the cyclic loading of
earthquakes.

Calculation theory: (Recommended Procedures for Implantation of DMG
Special Publication 117 Guidelines for Analyzing and Mitigating Liquefaction
Hazards in California. Implementation Committee, March 1999- Preliminary
screening of Liquefaction

1. Calculation of cyclic stress ratio (CSR, earthquake Load) induced in the
soil by earthquake. The ground motion parameters are: UBC zone class:
2A, (Richter Magnitude), M=6.0 & maximum ground acceleration, a =
0.20g.
2. Calculation of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR, soil strength) based on in-situ
test data from SPT (Seed & Idriss) or CPT method (1996 NCEER workshop
on Liquefaction Evaluation).
3. Evaluation of liquefaction potential by calculating a factor of safety against
liquefaction from the earthquake load and soil strength.
4. (F.S. =CRR /[ (1.2-1.5) CSR). There are a potential for liquefaction if the
F.S. less than unity, the layer is susceptible to liquefy and the ground
densification or mitigation measures are needed. Minimum factor of safety
accepted is 2.50.

Estimation of liquefaction induced settlement.

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The likely liquefaction induced effects:

Settlement:

Differential settlement in the range not less than the maximum liquefaction
induced settlement should be expected and considered, if surface footings
exist and no improvement is done.

Surface manifestation:

Surface manifestation such as sand boils or ground fissure may be occurred
during earthquake shaking at the ground level. It is emphases that settlement
may occur, even with the absence of surface manifestation. The evaluating of
the potential for ground cracking and sand boils (Ishihara, 1985) is based on
the thickness of the potentially liquefiable layer and the thickness of the non-
liquefiable crust.

Lateral spreading or landsliding:

Such spreads can occur on gently sloping ground or where nearby drainage or
stream channel can lead to static shear biases on essentially horizontal ground
(Youd, 1995).

Loss of bearing capacity for shallow foundation:

The Implementation Committee recommends that the top of the potentially
liquefiable layer be at a depth greater than where the induced vertical stresses
in the soil are less than 10% of the bearing pressure imposed by the
foundation. There are no recognized analytical methods to evaluate the loss of
bearing capacity at this time. The Implementation Committee recommends that
Ishiharas method of analysis of surface manifestation to be used for shallow
foundations.

Loss of lateral soil stiffness:

Loss of lateral soil stiffness has a greater effect on design of piling and shoring
works. Negative skin friction for the entire uncompacted hydraulic fill to be
considered during design of the pile compression working load. The pile shall
be considered not constrain laterally along the all undensified layer in the pile
analysis in both vertical and lateral analysis. Lateral load to be considered due
to ground motion from earthquake (0.2g).

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Mitigation of Liquefaction Hazards:

Studies by (Lai 1988) indicate that in the presence of liquefiable clean fine
sands in area of softening due to seepage flow occur to a distance beyond the
improved ground on the order of two-thirds of the liquefiable layer thickness.

20

11.0 Documents required to be submitted for Soil Improvement NOC:

The Project ID.
Soil Investigation Report.
NOC for Soil Improvement from DEWA (Water, Electricity) and
Telecommunication.
NOC from BU Developer for Soil Improvement.
The soil improvement specialists detailed method statement approved by
the consultant.
Method of confirmation of the improvement.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and soil improvement
specialist.
Trade licence for both main consultant and the soil improvement specialist.

21

12.0 Soil Improvement NOC Work Flow:

22

13.0 Documents required to be submitted after Soil Improvement along with
the piling submission:

Pre- CPT plots in the vicinity of Post-CPT locations as per guidelines.
Post CPT plots.
Locations of Post CPT plots.
All CPT plots to show the followings:
- Diagram of cone resistance qc versus depth.
- Diagram of friction resistance fs versus depth.
- Diagram of friction ratio Rf =fs / qc .
- Diagram of pore water pressure versus depth.
Plots Post CPTs against target design line (qc =6 MPa)
Liquefaction analysis complying the guidelines, calculating the factor of
safety against liquefaction and studying if the soil is susceptible to
liquefaction or not after performing the densification.
Sandy Soils liquefaction performance curves.
Summary of CPT soil characterization.
Settlement analysis for each CPT location for a bearing capacity of 150
kN/m2 at one meter below the post compaction location ground level with a
settlement less than 25 mm to be achieved throughout the improved area
using Schmertmann (1974) and Priebe (1995).
Plate load test confirming the proposed bearing capacity the the expected
settlement.
Level survey to be submitted before and after improvement.

23

14.0 Documents required to be submitted for Preliminary Test Pile NOC:

The Project ID.
The soil investigation report as per guidelines.
NOC from DEWA (Water, Electricity) and Telecommunication.
Guarantee letter from the consultant that piles are adequately designed to
withstand all critical load combinations.
Letter of the concept approval of the architectural drawings from CED.
Design calculation sheets for the preliminary test pile prepared by the piling
sub-contractor, approved by the consultant and comply with J AFZA
guidelines for piling design.
Detailed design and work shop drawings include the location of the
preliminary test pile in plan with respect to the working piles, piles
diameters, piles working loads, piles testing loads, net pile length, piles cut-
off levels, platform level, piles toe levels, steel reinforcement details in
longitudinal and cross-sections showing details of overlapping, lateral ties,
concrete cover and spacers.
Detailed method statement for piles execution contains the equipments
used, working platform, setting out, placing of the temporary casing and its
length if any, drilling of piles borehole, cleaning of pile base, installing of
reinforcement cage, concrete casting, piling records, .., etc.
Detailed method statement for the static load tests including test setup,
applying load method, reaction system, measurements of pile movement,
loading cycles, increments, durations and design of kentledge or either
anchors or tension piles. All jacks, pressure cells, dial gages, and other
equipments calibration certificates used in testing to be submitted.
Submitting of the method statement of all other types of tests will be
conducted on the same test pile before and after the static test.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and the piling
specialist.
Trade licence for both main consultant and the piling specialist.
Curriculum Vitae of the Resident Engineer for the Lead Consultant and the
piling Specialist, who shall be accredited by CED on both BLUE (Building
Regulations & Design Guidelines) and GREEN (Construction Materials &
Quality Control Guidelines) code.

24

15.0 Preliminary Test Pile NOC Work Flow:

Received by Permit Administration
and uploading
Request sent by
consultant
Procedure of Structural Division
Structural Division
Feedback in respect of
Compliance of required
documents
Preliminary Test Pile NOC
If the submission is
complete
Consultant will be intimated
Via E-mail for payment and collection
If the submission is
incomplete
will be provided By
Permit Administration
Consultant will be intimated
along with the process of
(The process takes 6 working
days starts from the acceptance)
Any missing document,
the whole submission will
be returned back for re-
submission
Assign the submission to
the concerned engineer for
review then feedback the
adminstration
Any major comments the engineer
will forward the comments thru the
administration to the consultant after
discussing the same with the Head
of the Structural Division
Administration will forward
the documents for the final
signatures to the
appropriate authorised
signatories.

25

16.0 Design Guidelines for Bridge Piles

Imposed Loads on Bridge Piling:
o Dead and live loads on the super-structure.
o Dead Load of the super-structure.
o Earth pressure (including surcharge pressure) on abutments and wig
walls.
o Creep and shrinkage of the super-structure.
o Temperature variations in the superstructure.
o Traffic impact and braking forces on the bridge deck (longitudinal
and transverse).
o Wind and earthquake forces on the super-structure.
o Impact from vehicle collision, locomotive and rail wagons (if any).
o Construction loads including falsework.
o Differential settlement between piers or between piers and abutment
in longitudinal and transverse direction causing relative rotation of up
to 1 in 4000 for continuous deck bridges or simply supported span.
The expected value to be within 1% of the pile diameter.
o Piles of over-water bridges are required to withstand lateral forces
from current drag and wave action, pressure from floating flood
debris, and impact from vessels straying from the designated
navigation channels.
o The profile of the current velocity with depth varying from a
maximum at the water surface to a minimum at bed level must be
considered in relation to the bending moments on piles in deep fast
flowing channels or lakes. Current- induced oscillation should be
studied.
o Calculation of the lateral deflections at the pile head level is required,
which can induce bending of the bridge super-structure in the
horizontal plane.
o The depth of the scour below the sea bed around piles at times of
peak flood must be estimated to calculate the bending moment due
to the current drag forces and wave action on piles. The scour is
general from changes in bed levels across the width of the channel,
local scour around the pile, and formation of troughs in sand waves
which move downstream with the passage of the flood.
o Impact of ships for navigable water ways in case of no massive
structure can absorb the impact or independently fender piles.
The permissible service stress should not exceed 25% of the specified
cube strength at 28 days as per BS 8004 : 1986, Section 7.4.4.3.1

The ultimate axial load should not exceed the value of N given in BS
8110, Part 1 : 1997, Section 3.8.4.3

The minimum percentage of reinforcement is according to Table 3.25 of BS
8110, Part 1 : 1997

26
Pile bearing capacity calculations as per BS 5400, BS8004, BS8081, EC7
and to appropriate text books, such as Tomlinson (1995), Fleming et al
(1992) or CIRIA Report 181 for different types of soil taking the nature of
shaft resistance when using bentonite, water or using full length casing into
consideration. Other considerations may be applied for design under
seismic loading and liquefaction. Negative skin friction should be added to
the applied load in case of penetration of reclaimed soil.

In BS 8004: 1986 a single lumped factor of safety between 2 and 3 is
recommended to be applied to the total ultimate pile resistance (shaft and
base). Tomlinson (1995) suggests that a single factor of 2.5 will normally
restrict settlement of a single pile at the working load to 10 mm. Even for
ULS calculations, lumped factors combine several, often unrelated,
uncertainties. Therefore there is some logic in trying to assign separate
partial factors to different steps of the design process and to consider the
source of uncertainty more directly. In case of considering the soil
liquefaction including lateral spreading, negative skin friction and buckling,
FOS (3 - 4) can be used.

Considering horizontal force and bending moment resulting from out of
position by 75 mm in horizontal direction at working level, and out of the
plump (verticality) by 1:75 according to BS 8004: 1986, Section 7.1 and
7.4.5.4.8. In case of the pile head is fully restrained by pile caps or raft,
considerable amount of the eccentric moment may be distributed and
absorbed by the restraining system.

Considering lateral load on pile resulting from the vertical compression load
not less than 5 % of the value of the vertical compression load, to be
checked not less than the lateral load evaluated from the super-structure
analysis.

Elastic analysis to check the adequacy of the pile to resist the lateral
loading and bending moment using (Reese & Matlock) is required.

In case of the pile inserted into liquefiable soil, the pile can buckle and push
the soil; it is not necessary to invoke lateral spreading of the soil, which
pushes the pile. This instability depends on the slenderness ratio (L
eff
/r
min
)
of the pile exceeding a critical value in the liquefiable region. Once the
surrounding soil has its effective stresses eliminated by an earthquake, a
susceptible pile starts to buckle in the direction of least elastic stiffness. If
the soil around the pile remains liquefied for long enough, the pile will suffer
gross deformations and the superstructure will either tilt or deform. Codes
of practice need to include a criterion to prevent buckling of slender piles in
liquefiable soils. The designer should first estimate the equivalent length for
Eulers buckling. It is then necessary to select a pile section having a
margin of safety against buckling under the worst credible loads.

Checking for stirrups for the pile is according to Table 3.8 of BS 8110, Part
1: 1997. Lateral ties should not closer than 150 mm centers so that placing

27
of concrete is not impeded as per BS 8004 : 1986, Section 7.4.4.4.2. Shear
strength may be increased in case the effect of the compression load is
taken into consideration.

Checking for bond length of steel bars extended into the foundation to be
according to Table 3.27 of BS 8110, Part 1: 1997.

Concrete below ground shall be designed as water excluding, both to
prevent ingress of water and also to prevent aggressive ground water
penetrating the concrete, causing corrosion of the reinforcement. The
design shall be to BS 8102 Type B using BS 8007 with a 0.20 mm crack
width.

Concrete mix design should be according to the sulphate and chloride
contents reported at the soil investigation report for both soil and under
ground water, and according to BS 8500 & BS5328.

Piles inserted in water ways are exposed to potentially aggressive
conditions in the atmosphere and they may be subjected to abrasion from
shifting sand or shingle. Durability of the concrete must be studied as well
as the effect of the bacterial action and bacteriological corrosion, such as
contaminable tidal mud flats. Steel piles must be protected from corrosions
by the cathodes protection.

Settlement calculations under the working loads to be provided. The
expected value to be within 1% of the pile diameter.

Pile skin friction in sand should be reduced by 50 % in case of using
bentonite as drilling slurry.

For friction piles the spacing should be not less than three times the pile
diameter, and not less than twice the pile diameter for end bearing piles as
per BS 8004: 1986, Section 7.3.4.2.

For tension piles resisting uplift or end bearing piles installed from ground
level until deep bedrock, the reinforcement should normally be carried down
for the full length. According to BS 8004 : 1986, Section 7.4.5.3.2

The longitudinal reinforcement should extend at least 1.00 m below the
bottom of casing so that movement of the reinforcement during extraction of
casing is minimized. BS 8004 : 1986, Section 7.4.5.4.5

A minimum additional allowance of 40 mm should be added to cover
recommended in Table 3.4 of BS 8110, Part 1: 1997.

Cover spacers may be pre-formed plastic to be used for the pile. The
spacers should be threaded to lateral stirrups. The spacers should be fixed
at a longitudinal spacing of not more than 2.0 m with minimum of three

28
spacers to be placed in each row. One set should be fixed at the pile cut-off
level and one at approximately 1.0 meter from the toe of the cage.

* Points to be checked during construction:

- If betonite slurry is used so its density should be less than 1.10 g/mL; the
viscosity as measured by the Marsh Cone should be within a range of 30 to
90 seconds, and the 10 min. gel strength to be in the range of 1.4 N/m2 to
10 N/m2. The pH value should be maintained within a range of 9.5 to 12.
BS8004: 1986, Section 6.5.3.8.1.
- The geophysical properties of the bentonite slurry should be re-established
prior to the commencement of concreting operation. A submersible and
circulation pumping system or air lifting system may be utilized for this
purpose.
- If extensive bentonite slurry loss occurs during drilling, the drilling will be
stopped immediately. The bore will be backfilled with the excavated
material in order to create a plug surrounding the pile shaft. Re-drilling will
then take place. If further fluid loss or shaft collapse occurs, the bore will be
immediately backfilled with low strength, lean mix concrete prior to any
further excavation taking place.
- Before Installing steal cage and casting concrete when reaching the pile toe
level, loose and remolded material and debris will be removed with the
drilling or cleaning bucket.
- High slump concrete of specified grade should be used according to Table
14 of BS 8004 : 1986
- For a continuous assurance of concrete quality and integrity, concrete
should be poured to minimum 1.50 m above the theoretical pile cut-off
level.
- Casting of piles shall be performed as a continuous operation. The concrete
should be designed to remain workable for a minimum of three hours from
the time of the batching to the time of placement into the pile.
- The concrete shall be placed by tremie tube method; the tremie size will not
be less than 150 mm. The tremie pipe will be inserted at the centre of the
pile to reach up to the toe. The top of the tremie pipe will be connected to a
funnel. The concrete shall be delivered directly from the transit mixer to the
funnel. The tremie pipe will be lifted 100 mm above pile toe level prior to
concreting. While concreting the length of the tremie pipe will be shortened
if necessary but the tremie pipe will be maintained full time into the concrete
of at least 2.0 m length.
- Continuous supervision on site by engineer and the contractor is always
necessary to ensure that the piles are properly.
- All plant materials and operations employed in the formation of a pile
should be such as to ensure that the completed pile is of the full cross
section. Where reinforcement is used, care will need to be taken to ensure
that it is not displaced or distorted during the formation of the pile. Effective
means should be employed to keep it in place with correct cover and
alignment during concreting of pile.

29

PILES TESTING

Piles testing shall conform to the following minimum requirements:

a) At least one for each pile diameter non-working pile shall be tested to 200% of
the piles working load. BS 8004:1986, Section 7.5.5 or ASTM D 1143-89. (To
be submitted with the pile design calculation sheets before executing any
working piles at the piling design approval stage), Osterberg cell can be
accepted only in the preliminary test.
b) 1 % of total number of working piles and minimum one test for each pile
diameter (group/type) shall be statically tested to not less than 150 % of the
piles working load. BS 8004:1986, Section 7.5.5 or ASTM D 1143-89.
Osterberg cell can be accepted only in the preliminary test.
c) 5 % of the total number of working piles shall be tested using high strain
dynamic method to not less than 150 % of the piles working load. ASTM D
4945-89
d) 10% of the total number of working piles shall be tested using cross- hole
sonic core logging testing method for pile diameter equal or more than 600mm.
ASTM D 6760-02
e) 100 % of working piles shall be tested by using low strain dynamic integrity test
and repeated again for only piles statically tested. ASTM D 5882
f) Pile instrumentation test should be performed for one test pile during static
load test for piles have diameters of 1000 mm or more as per project
specifications.
g) Static laterally loaded piles test should be conducted at cases that lateral loads
are major value in the design as per project specifications.
h) Static tension pile test should be conducted at which using tension piles to
resist uplift as per project specifications.
i) 10 % of working piles boreholes/rig and all preliminary & working test piles or
as per project specifications if more tests are required to be selected randomly
and tested by mechanical calliper logging ( ASTM D 6167 97 & ASTM D
5753 95e1).
j) One set of tests to the steel reinforcement for mechanical and chemical
properties for each bar diameter at the start of the job and every 200 tons of
steel delivered to the site. Every consignment of steel shall have mill
certificates to be submitted from independent laboratories approved by
consultant. BS EN 10080
k) Cube tests results for compressive strength after 28 days comply with BS
1881-116, EN 12390-3.
l) Durability test for concrete samples should be conducted each 500 m3 of the
cast concrete or as per project specifications if more tests are required. (BS
1881-122 ,BS 1881-124, BS 1881-208, ASTM C 1202 & EN 12390-8)
Durability limits for piles, raft slab, tie beams, retaining walls & pile caps (Sub-
structure): Maximum water absorption =1.5% at 28 day, Maximum water
penetration =10 mm at 28 days and Rapid chloride permeability =1200
coulombs at 28 days (max.).

30
Documents to be submitted for the Osterberg-Cell test: (Preliminary Non-Working Piles)

a) Soil investigation report approved by the consultant.
b) Pile design calculation sheets approved by the consultant.
c) Detailed design and work shop drawings include piles numbers in plan, piles
diameters, piles working loads, piles testing loads, net pile length, piles cut-off
levels, platform level, piles toe levels, steel reinforcement details in longitudinal
and cross-sections showing details of overlapping, lateral ties, concrete cover,
spacers, details of attached O-Cell assembly and splice with subsequent rebar
cage sections as well as the embedded compression telltales below and
above the O-Cell. In addition, shop drawings should contains a schedule
showing the top casing level, coordinates, toe level and cut-off level for each
pile.
d) Detailed method statement for piles execution contains the equipments used,
working platform, setting out, placing of the temporary casing and its length if
any, drilling of piles borehole, cleaning of pile base, installing of reinforcement
cage, concrete casting, piling records, .., etc.
e) Pile history report.
f) Concrete testing report.
g) Method statement and results of cross-hole sonic testing to be performed on
the tested pile by O-Cell method before the loading test.
h) Method statement and results of pile using low strain dynamic integrity testing.
i) Detailed method statement and schematic section for the test pile including
assembly, installation, instrumentation, method of measuring compression
below and above the O-Cell, method of monitoring the top of pile movement
and the reference beam, the strain gauge configuration for measuring the side
shear transfer of the pile above the O-Cell, details of the galvanized ironed
pipes installed from the top of the pile to the top of the bottom plate of the O-
Cell to vent the break in the pile formed by the expansion of the O-Cells and
method of measuring the pressure applied to the O-Cell.
j) Correction reference of measures for temperature effects.
k) The results report must include the followings:
Field data and data reduction.
Reference beam monitoring.
Tilt in the O-cells openings.
Strain gauge microstrain versus O-Cell load.
Average net unit side shear values.
Osterberg Cell load-movement curves.
Equivalent top load curve.
Strain gauges load distribution curves.
Upward net unit shear curves.
Unit end bearing curve.
Construction of the equivalent top loaded load-settlement curve.
Hyperbolic curve fit.
Pile stiffens estimation.
Pull-out load-displacement curve for tension piles.
O-Cell and instrumentation calibration sheets.

31

17.0 Documents required to be submitted for Bridge Piling Works Building
Permit:

The Project ID.
The detailed soil investigation report as per guidelines.
NOC for Construction from DEWA (Water, Electricity) and
Telecommunication.
Guarantee letter from the consultant that piles are adequately designed to
withstand all critical load combinations.
Letter of the concept approval of the Master plan / Architectural drawings
from CED.
Third party review report.
Preliminary static pile tests results approved by the consultant and Third
party.
Concrete mix design complies with regulations.
Affection Plan approved by the BU developer.
Copy of the shoring NOC (if any) as well as shoring elements test results
approved by the consultant.
Soil Improvement test results report (if applicable) approved by the
consultant.
Design calculation sheets for piling works prepared by the piling sub-
contractor, approved by the Consultant, Third Party and comply with the
guidelines for piling design.
Detailed design and work shop drawings include piles numbers in plan,
piles diameters, piles working loads, piles testing loads, net pile length,
piles cut-off levels, platform level, piles toe levels, steel reinforcement
details in longitudinal and cross-sections showing details of overlapping,
lateral ties, concrete cover and spacers. In addition, shop drawings should
contains a schedule showing the top casing level, coordinates, toe level
and cut-off level for each pile.
Pile caps layout along with pier columns and walls locations with
dimensions.
Pile caps sections shows thicknesses and bottom levels in relations to
datum.
Stability analysis for wind, seismic and lateral loads and all other types of
loading as per the guidelines.
Loads on piers including wind, seismic and lateral moments are to be
marked on the pile cap layout for critical load cases.
A softcopy of the model in a CD as per J AFZA Bridge guidelines as well as
all active excel sheets used in calculation and design shall be submitted.
Detailed method statement for piles execution contains the equipments
used, working platform, setting out, placing of the temporary casing and its
length if any, drilling of piles borehole, cleaning of pile base, installing of
reinforcement cage, concrete casting, piling records, .., etc.

32
Detailed method statement for all static load tests including test setup,
applying load method, reaction system, measurements of pile movement,
loading cycles, increments, durations and design of kentledge or either
anchors or tension piles. All jacks, pressure cells, dial gages, and other
equipments calibration certificates used in testing to be submitted.
Detailed method statement for dynamic load test and checking the pile
reinforcement to withstand the tensile stresses generated by the test.
Details of the provided hole in the centre of the pile top for placing the test
rod and the prepared pile head contains a steel bursting ring to resist
dynamic impact should be submitted for approval.
Detailed method statement for cross-hole sonic logging test using minimum
4 tubes for piles diameters 800 mm and more. Access tubes shall be filled
with clean fresh water within one hour of concrete placement and test
should be done within 45 days after concrete placement to avoid concrete
de-bonding for steel tubes (10 days for PVC tubes). Tube tops shall be
capped immediately after installation to prevent entering of debris to the
access tubes.
All other piles integrity tests method statements including trimming and
cleaning at the final design cut-off level to be submitted for approval.
Quality control, quality assurance, safety and health plans to be submitted
for approval.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and the piling
specialist.
Trade licence for both main consultant and the piling specialist.
Curriculum Vitae of the Resident Engineer for the Lead Consultant and the
piling Specialist, who shall be accredited by CED on both BLUE (Building
Regulations & Design Guidelines) and GREEN (Construction Materials &
Quality Control Guidelines) code.

33

18.0 Bridge Piling Works Building Permit Work Flow:

34

19.0 Documents required to be submitted after completion of Bridge piling
works:
Each pile history report (periodic during construction)

Static load tests results approved by the consultant, accompanied with
interpretation of the ultimate pile load using Brinch Hansen Method and
Modified Chin Method, 1970.

Dynamic load tests results approved by the consultant.

Cross-hole sonic logging tests results showing signal peak diagram as a
function of time versus depth, computed initial pulse arrival time versus
depth, computed relative pulse energy versus depth, each pair tube log
identification and orientation and statement whether the tested piles contain
any integrity problems, local damage, cracking, voids, poor quality
concrete, honeycombs, contamination or soil/slurry intrusions. All the
interpretations shall be based on CIRIA guide 144 "Interpretation of Pile
Integrity Testing". Defective zones are defined by an increase in arrival time
of >20% relative to the arrival time in a near by zone of good concrete.

All Integrity tests reports approved by the consultant indicating any nicking
or enlargement depth in the pile shaft cross-section or concrete quality.

Mechanical calliper logging test report indicating the borehole diameter,
shape, roughness, and stability of the drilled borehole.

All concrete cube compressive strength after 28 days of concrete placing.

Results of the concrete durability tests approved by the consultant.

All steel reinforcement tests results to be submitted from independent
laboratories approved by consultant and accompanied with mill certificates.

As built piles coordinates drawing indicating the deviation from the design
coordinates and the resulting difference.

Consultant certificate accepting piles deviations from the design
coordinated when they be within the allowable tolerance accepted
(maximum out of position tolerance for single pile =75 mm, maximum out
of plump for single piles 1:75, and maximum out of position tolerance for
group piles = 100 mm), otherwise the consultant must replace or
supplement by one or more additional piles or to amend the design of the
pile cap, tie beams or the raft. BS 8004: 1986, Section 2.4.4 and 7.4.2.5.4.

Undertaking letter or grantee letter from the piling sub-contracting
concerning piling works are executed complying the approved drawings
and specification and the full responsibility or grantee for piling works up to
50 years.

35

20.0 Bridge Super-Structure

Documents required to be submitted for the superstructure permit

The final submittals for bridge structure, which are based on the approved preliminary
submittals and project registration, shall consist of and include the following:

Project ID
Cover letter for final bridge permits submission.
Affection plan / Lease drawing.
Bridge alignment approved/Certificated by the business unit.
Letter of appointments for the Consultant and main Contractor from the Owner.
Letter of appointments for the third party reviewer.
Trade Licence of the Consultants and Contractor.
Trade Licence of the Third party reviewer.
NOCs from CED-EHS, DEWA, Telecom, RTA and other authorities for the
specific type of infrastructure.
Curriculum Vitae of Resident Engineers for the project from the Consultant and
the Contractor.
Geometry, electricity and utility documents.
Final detailed soil Investigation report including seismic soil parameters &
constructability consideration with recommendations for foundation, concrete
durability and chemical analysis reports.
Proposed concrete mix specifications.
Structural documents consisting:
a. Titles sheet.
b. Landscaping, earthwork limit lines, treatments and
protections.
c. Design Criteria used for the project.
d. Project Brief highlighting the structural system, design
philosophy and any special considerations used.
e. One full set of drawings signed and stamped by the
Consultants Engineer. Drawings shall also be signed by the
third party reviewer if the project requires third party review.
f. Computer analysis model files and active used spread sheets.
g. Third party reviewers report for the project.
h. Design calculations arranged in a sequential order according
to the design elements.
i. Complex component and any other critical issues.

The bridge structural design calculation shall be furnished for all parts of the
structure, contains references to the applicable specification, and at least should
include the followings:

1 Plan, geometry, cross sections and elevations.
2 General notes sheet.

36
3 Philosophy, assumptions, structural system and design criteria.
4 Considered normal and abnormal loadings (e.g. multi-directional
earthquake, wind gust, flood, vessel collision, fire, blast, adjacent
structures, traffic overload and accidents, etc.)
5 Section properties.
6 Material properties.
7 Allowable stresses.
8 Losses.
9 Longitudinal structural actions.
10 Pre-stressing arrangement and sequence.
11 Check of stresses.
12 Strength design check.
13 Fatigue and serviceability checks.
14 Transverse actions.
15 Stiffeners, joints, strips, deviators, diaphragms and Local effects.
16 Splices, corbels, anchorages and crosshead design.
17 Superstructure design.
18 Camber and deflections.
19 Bearing loads and movement.
20 Piers loads and buckling.
21 Substructure design.
22 Abutments, wings, approach slab, retaining walls and footing design.

CEDs review and mark up comments to the submitted project through the
owner/consultant for review, revises and permit. The Consultant has full responsibility for
the accuracy and completeness of the plans and relevant designs, and other documents
that may be needed for the project. Cooperation, assistance, control and approvals by
CED will not relieve the consultant of this Professional Responsibility.

37

Certificates required from Third Party along with final superstructure permit.

The Consultant shall prepare and deliver the above final submissions and other
documents to CED for approval. Permit applications shall include the following certificate
issues:

1- The Consultant must have a quality control plan that establish an independently
check, coordination and corrections. The Consultant shall confirm that: all
structural drawings have been checked with CED Bridge Design Guidelines and
Code regulations. The structural calculations have been prepared by Engineers
. and it has been checked by Engineer ....

2- In case of pilling permit submission, the Consultant shall confirm that: the final
piles reactions based on any future modifications due to the design development
process will not exceed the current pile capacity or strength of the structural
members.

3- Third party reviewer certificates should be submitted with a summary of findings,
comments and action sheet results. Also, he shall confirm the followings:

The project design documents are complete and accurate.
The project meets the appropriate solution for existing conditions.
The methods of analyses are reasonable and accurate according to CED
Guidelines and accepted engineering standards.
The project cost and benefits are in balance.

38

21.0 Bridge Permit Work Flow

39

22.0 Bridge Design Guidelines

22.1. Introduction

The issuance of these guidelines comes in the framework of the CED's publications
designed to facilitate and simplify procedures, which became available to all public
interest. So, this document is an integral part of CEDs other regulations and design
guidelines (blue, green, yellow & red Codes). These guidelines are based on International
& National Codes of Practice, Design Manuals, Technical Books and Papers.

22.2 Design Outcome

The design shall meet all relevant standards for safety, durability, corrosion, fire
resistance, and serviceability. The project must be in accordance with CED regulations,
applicable codes, current successful engineering practices and specifications. The
designer shall investigate alternative systems and shall achieve optimized economical
and constructible solution.

22.3 Applicable Codes

The standard American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AASHTO LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) bridge specifications- with latest
editions- shall be permitted for the purpose of structural design, detailing and
construction. All structures shall satisfy recommendations of the Dubai Municipality,
RTA, JAFZA and other relevant statutory authorities. Other technical codes shall be
submitted for review prior to adopting in the design scheme.

The following parameters shall be considered:

1- Consider site layout, elevations, economics, aesthetics, access, maintenance and
constructability when deciding the bridge type.
2- Unless otherwise specified, 100 year design life-span of the bridge structure shall
be adopted. However, important bridges would have a longer design life (e.g. 150
or 200 years).
3- All analyses shall be performed assuming no benefit from the effect of tire contact
area, wearing surface, stiffening of traffic railing barrier, passive soil resistance
and advanced soil modelling.
4- The slab/wall thickness must not be less than 200 mm.
5- All bridges shall be designed for a minimum future 50mm wearing surface.
6- Wind loads shall be based on wind velocity of 45 m/sec.

40
7- Zone 2 corresponding to acceleration coefficient, A, equals 0.15 shall be adopted
for seismic analysis. In the reclaimed soils, to account for soil amplification, the
acceleration coefficient shall be equalled 0.19.
8- For critical bridges, multi-mode spectral analysis must be checked. The number of
modes included in the analysis should be at least three times the number of spans
and capture at least 90% mass participation.
9- For bridges with closely-spaced vibration modes, instead of the CQC or SRSS
methods, an alternative method of combining the modal effects, such as an
"Absolute Sum", should be used.
10- 5% damped response spectra in concrete seismic design can be used.
11- 27
o
C in body-mean-temperature shall be used, adopting long-term modulus of
elasticity of concrete.
12- Thermal stresses due to temperature gradient to be computed using Zone-1
temperature values.
13- Thermal stresses due to continuity effect shall be calculated by considering
temperature difference of 12
o
C between the extreme fibers.
14- Unless otherwise specified, the site coefficient for soil profile Type II can be used.
15- P-Delta effects on long period structure should be considered. Check for global
stability should be part of the design process.
16- Develop camber diagrams taking into account the casting stages. However, girder
deflections shall be monitored during pouring operations. It may be necessary to
provide temporary supports at certain locations.
17- For segmental construction, relative displacement should not be permitted
between joints under service loading.
18- The potential for soil liquefaction, lateral spreading, and slope movements shall be
investigated and accounted for in the design and construction.
19- Unless otherwise noted, differential settlement of minimum 1% pile diameter shall
be adopted. For walls, settlements in both longitudinal and transverse directions
must be considered.
20- For critical and essential bridges, design vehicular live load is in accordance with
LRFD HL-93 design live load magnified by a factor of 1.50. For other bridges, a
factor of 1.00 applied to the LRFD HL-93 design live load (design truck or tandem,
with design lane load) can be used.

22.4 Performance Criteria

The following modelling, analysis and design criteria shall be submitted:

1- The analysis calculation document shall include reference to the dated structures
manual. Tabulate loads and reactions and identify critical design values.
2- Reasonable 2-D analysis shall be permitted as an alternative method for initial
estimating straining actions and reactions. Detailed higher level 3-D finite element
approach must be applied.
3- The 3-D computer model with boundary & base restraint conditions should reflect
the actual geometry and performance of structure.

41
4- For medium and long span continuous bridges of special importance, the effects
of vertical ground excitation and seismic wave propagation should be further
investigated.
5- Fatigue load frequency shall be based on traffic study report.
6- Special attention should be given to the dynamic magnification due to
superstructure flexibility result.
7- Soil parameters used in sub-structure and seismic analysis shall be as
recommended in the geotechnical investigation report.
8- Lateral soil-pile-cape interaction must be determined considering sub-grade
coefficients approved by the geotechnical and hydrogeological Engineers.
9- The design shall be carried out the stressing sequence, prestressing and
construction stages effects. Method of supporting, assembly and erection should
be studied. All construction constrains and construction load assumptions shall be
specified on the drawings.
10- All connections should be standardized as much as possible.
11- The eccentricity between the section centroid and shear center shall be evaluated
during the construction phase.
12- The transverse and interface shear design for large skewed structures should be
evaluated carefully.
13- The type, position, method and design of lifting should be suggested.
14- Analyze the stability and lateral buckling of girders for wind loading and
handling/erection during construction and prior to pouring the deck slab.
15- Initial prestress, effective force, elongation and prestress losses shall be shown on
the drawings. Prestress force and elongations shall be checked and recorded
during the stressing operations.
16- Pile foundations shall be designed with a minimum safety factor of 3 4.
17- For un-improved soils, pile foundations shall be designed to account for negative
skin friction plus lateral spreading of the fill material. Both shallow and deep
foundations should be designed for aggressive ground conditions (refer to soil
investing. & piling design guidelines for details).
18- Static and dynamic pile testing for main and trial piles should be confirming with
specification requirements. Specify at least one boring at each pier.

22.5 Software

The popular commercial structural analysis software packages called SAP2000; STAAD-
Pro & PROKON are commonly used tools and accepted by CED. Proper computer
software not listed above shall be submitted for review and approval prior to adopting in
the analysis and design.

22.6 Unit System

All structural calculations, computer reports, specialist consultant recommendations and
drawings shall be presented in SI metric unit system.

42

22.7 Pre-Stressing System and Material

Prestressed concrete has been a favoured material and popular choice for medium and
long span bridge structures, providing design flexibility and rapid construction. In order
to maintain acceptable durability level within required design life span, Epoxy Coated
Prestressing Strands can be adopted. The following parameters shall be considered and
submitted:

1- All material components used in any construction shall be of a type and quality
that confirms the purpose for which they are used.
2- Prestressing system provider shall submit an undertaking letter through the
specialist to CED that contains conformation of full compatibility between his
system components, tensioning equipments and strands used in job site.
3- Stressing force at final jacking stage shall not be less than 45% of tendon breaking
load; otherwise, the specialist shall submit method statement for special
procedures which has to be carried out for CED approval.
4- The type of strand permitted for use shall be filled epoxy-coated seven- wire
strands.
5- Implementation of epoxy coated strands shall generally conform to PCI
Committee report titled Guidelines for the Use of Epoxy-Coated Strand for
internal and external pre-stressing.
6- The minimum accepted coating thickness after curing shall be 0.38mm
7- Value of stress relaxation loss shall be reported to CED by the specialist and
obtained by the manufacturer, the specialist shall be held responsible for the
accuracy of the reported value.
8- Practical value for seating loss shall be obtained from the manufacturer of epoxy
coated strand and reported to CED; in absence of such information, seating loss
can be considered as 9mm for guidance.
9- PTI Guide Specifications titled Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing
and Installation" shall be generally considered as the Guidelines for Use of Epoxy
Coated Strands for Stay Cable Bridges.
10- Polyethylene duct shall be used for internal pre stressing; the inner diameter of
duct shall be consulted with the manufacturer and reported by the specialist.
11- Testing Certificates as reported in ASTM A882/A882M-o4A, and/or ISO 14655
shall be obtained from the manufacturer and submitted by Pre-Stressing Specialist
for CED review prior to starting of installation on site.

43

23.0 NOCs required after obtaining the Bridge Building Permit:

23.1 Submission requirements for the pre-stressing specialist approval upon receiving
the bridge permit

- Copy of the local professional license.
- Detailed company profile.
- The Approved per-stressing system.
- Curriculum vitae for the project engineer, and site supervisor.
- Material submission inclusive of material sources.
- Material test certificates as mentioned in Clause 7 for the strands and additional
testing for the pre-stressing system mainly:
- Fatigue Test
- Efficiency Test
- Static Load Test

23.2 Submission requirements for Bearing approval upon receiving the bridge permit

- Manufacturer company profile.
- Material submission inclusive of material sources
- Detailed bearing design with prior consultant approval
- Full scale testing report from one of CED approved laboratories

23.3 Submission requirements for Expansion J oint approval upon receiving the bridge
permit

- Manufacturer company profile.
- Material submission inclusive of material sources
- Full scale testing report from one of CED approved laboratories

Bridges Guidelines For Design and Submission

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