*i l I Dr

?a\lEl,:t
^n\t---=v
{
r ^\ v
gt
z. ' Jt
:
a
1
o b
_a- b
J, - -
you
wi l t l earn ...
3 Understand and use the knowl edge of fracti ons as parts of the whol e.
3 Understand and use the knowl edge of equi val ent fracti ons.
C Understand the concept of mi xed numbers and thei r representati ons.
3 Understand the concept of proper fractions and improper fractions.
3 Understand the concept of addi ti on and subtracti on of fracti ons to sol ve
probl ems.
3 Understand the concept of mul ti pl i cati on and di vi si on of fracti ons to sol ve
probl ems.
3 Perform computati ons i nvol vi ng combi ned operati ons of addi ti on, subtracti on, mul ti pl i cati on and di vi si on of
fractions to solve problems.
@
1. Two fractions
f
and
9-
are equivalent if and only
i f axd=bxc.
^
a b a+b
z. - l - =_
f F
t . a*+=Zx!
bdbc
4.
5.
6.
^, .
b
_axb
o -
wu
a
, .
c
_ axc
b
^V-
b"d
4
*=c- f Y- =- =
PDU
common denominator (penyebut sepunya)
denominator (penyebut)
equivalent fractions (pecahan setara)
fraction (pecahan)
improper fraction (pecahan tak wajar)
lowest terms (sebutan terendah)
mixed number (nombor bercampur)
number line (garis nombor)
numerator (pengangka)
proper fraction (pecahan wajar)
reciprocal (salingan)
b\ c
_ axd
bxc
Form
I
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Paper 1 1
2 1 I
Paper 2 1
I
I 1
3j
N
u"ttrenau.rm
chapters Fractions
ffi
Fractions
A
I
Understanding fractions
l. A fraction is a number that represents a part of
the whole.
For example,
f--1,_--l f_-]l--l
l l l i l l l l l
. +' - , - - - - i - - - - l
- l
l l I
l l l r l nT
l l l r
If a square is divided into 4 equal parts, each
equal part is called a fraction of the square.
2. A fraction is written in the form of
f
where
a is called numerator and b is called
denominator.
For example, I out of the 4 equal parts can be
written as
a.
4
r-T---l
l l l -
r *_@
l l l - n=@
The denominator-tells
us the total number of
equal parts into which the unit is divided.
The numerator tells us how many of the parts
in the unit are to be taken.
I
3.
;
is read as bne over four'or bne quarteri
+
Write the following fractions in words.
Use a diagram
fractions.
(u)
*
J
FtfirFi\
k) 4
)
o) ;
to represent each of the following
Divide a circle into 3 equal
parts. (Denominator =
3)
Shade 1 out of the equal
parts. (Numerator =
1)
Divide a square into 4 equal
parts. (Denominator =
4)
Shade 3 out of the equal parts.
(Numerator =
3)
Divide a rectangle into 5
equal parts. (Denominator =
5)
Shade 2 out of the equal
parts. (Numerator =
2)
(a)
/-T\
e/
(b)
(c)
1
(a) a
( b) +
:)
(c)
One over three or one third
Three over five
Seven over twenty-seven
Try
Question
I in Pop
Quiz
3.1
.
B Representing fractions with diagrams
Steps to represent a fraction with a diagram.
O
Draw a suitable diagram (square,
rectangle or
circle)
@
Divide the diagram into equal parts shown by the
denominator.
O
Shade the number of equal parts shown by the
numerator.
.
C
I Writing fractions for given diagrams
Steps to determine the denominator and numerator
from a given diagram.
O
Count the number of equal parts
(denominator).
@
Count the number of shaded parts (numerator).
Write the fraction represented by the shaded parts in
each of the following diagrams.
(a)
(b)
There are 6 equal parts
and 5 are shaded.
There are 9 equal parts
and 4 are shaded.
7
27
(a)
(b)
( c)
q
( a) :
6
(b) 4
9
.,,:.
Try
Question
2 in Pop
Quiz
3.1
Try
Question
3 in Pop
Quiz
3-1
fum
8:'
.ft1;,,
gp
r----r-'-
I t l
-T-
z
7
,r,8
X
A
a
T
1. Write each of the following
fractions in words.
@) +
t o) +
Represent
each of
diagram.
@) +
t o) +
Write the fraction represented
by the shaded parts
In
each of the following
diagrams.
- < 4a
( c)
-
( . 1\
t z
10
, ' ,
25
the following fractions
rn a
Mathematics
ffi
chapters rracrrons
lS_]
r=--:-
Erarnple
4
Find two equivalent
fractions
of
f.
lTfitrf,,{n
2
2x2 4
3
-
3x2- 6
2
2x3 6
3
-
3x3-
g
Therefore,
two equivalent
fractions
of
I
are
I
and,
63b
t
B J Determining
equivalent
fractions
l. We can determine
whether
two given foactions
are equivalent
or not by converting
the two
fractions
to fractions
with the .o--"o, (same)
denominator.
2, The steps involved
are:
O
fina the LCM of the denominators
of both fractions
to obtain a common
denominator.
@
Chutg. both fractions
into their respective
equivalent
fractions
with the .o-_on
denominator.
@
Compare
the numerators
of both fractions.
If both fractions
are equivalent,
then the
numerators
must be the same.
Determine
whether
each of the following
pairs of
fractions
are equivalent.
,.^\
3 6
t d, - . -
4' 8
$)
+,+
(c)
( a)
zl s
8
2E
4
t fl-
',
- t -
i l
LCM =
2x2x2
- 8
3 3x2 6
4 4x2- 8
Therefore,
A
"nd
-6
4 8
are equrvalent.
?E
(c)
;
(d)
t
(a)
A
&
t.l
[l-TTl
rT-rT-
ffi
(d)
...!.U
Equivalent
Fractions
A
I
Finding
equivalent
fractions
l. Equivalent
fractions
are fractions
that have
the same value although they look different
in
form.
The shaded parts of the diagrams
are of the
same size. t",* =
t
=
Therefore,
+,
fractions.
z
We can obtain the equivalent
fractions
of a given
fraction
f
by muttiplying
both a and b by the
same non-zero
whole number,
n.
a axn
b
=
bx"
For example,
f--T----'l
I t l
r r l
I
2 24
JJ
8
4
8
+
and
are equivalent
Try
Question I in
pop
euiz
3.2
N
u"tn
-.u."
m
chapters Fractions
( b) zl e n
zF e
't
ft
't
- t ' -
I I
LCM
=
2x3x2
=12
4 4x2 8
6 6x2 L2
Therefore,
I
u"d,
$
urc not equivalent.
( c) I
l ;
5
sF s
l l
LCM
=3x5
=15
2 2x5 10
3 3x5 15
4 4x3 L2
5 5x3 15
. 2 , 4
lheretore,
;
and
,
are not equlvalent.
Cross-multiplication method:
Two fractions
{
anO
9
are equivalent if and only if
bd
axd=bxc.
For example,
?A
( a)
*and f
ar e equi val ent because 3x8
=
4 x6.
46
47
( b)
t
and
o
ar enot equi val ent because 4x12+6x7.
C
I
Comparing two fractions
1. When we compare two fractions, there are three
possible cases:
(a)
Both have the same denominator.
(b)
Both have the same numerator.
(c)
Both have different denominators and
numerators.
2. If two fractions have the same denominator.
the fraction with the larger numerator has the
greater value.
Which fraction is greater,
Since 5 > 3, then
I
i, gr"ut". than
f.
1* 1'
two fractions.
For example,
0123. 4961
777777
t
, aa
Therefore,
f
is greater th
r
""7
3. If two fractions have the same numerator, the
fraction with the smaller denominator has the
greater value.
(a)
(b)
F+ilttF+,\
(a)
Since 3 <
:
or : (
65
A
a-^
)
\_v
2
6
Y_)/
2
6
..L,1
.1:
Number line can also be used to compare the values of
@t
Which fraction is greater,
t
*
1,
Which fraction has the lesser value,
6, then
f
is greater than
!.
(b)
Since 8 > s, then
f
is less than
f.
The values of two fractions can also be compared using
diagrams.
For example,
The shaded area in Diagram A is bigger than the shaded
area in Diagram B.
- 22
Therefore,
f
is greater than
t.
4. If two fractions have different denominators,
Q
convert both fractions into their respective
equivalent fractions with the common
denominator.
@
Compare the numerators.
stion 2 in Pop
Quiz
3.2
-EFiETTF
a
\\-hich fraction is greater,
r I r 1)
- t - ^-
2l t 4
( b)
211 2
11
I - CM
=
3x2x2
-
1' '
I l x4 4
3 3x4 12
Compare the numerators of
S
a"d
$.
Since 4 > 3, then
f
is
?
3
greater than
f,.
Cross-multiplication method:
t , *i f
and ont y i f a x d> b x c.
For example,
f
is
oreater
tnan
f
because
1x12>3x3.
f f i ) sz
1.
D
I Arranging fractions in order
Steps to arrange fractions in order:
O
Convert the given fractions into their respective
equivalent fractions with the common
denominator.
O
Compare and arrange in ascending or descending
order according to their values of numerators.
(a)
Arrange
*, *
*O
$
in ascending order.
(b) Arrange
i,t
^"0
fr
i., d"r..r,ding order.
RilTf,iN
1 l x4 4
t al
J= 3x4=i
5 5x2 l 0
6 6x2 t 2
I *i '
Mathematlcs
ffi
chapter3 Fracuons
N
Si nce 4 < 7 <10, t hen
#. #. #
Therefore, the fractions in ascending order are
r 75
T' n' 6'
J JX5 15
4 4x5 20
4 4x4 16
5 5x4 20
7
7x2 14
i o=10x2=20
The LCM of 4, 5
and 10 i s 20.
+
Compare the numerators of
f, #
^"0
#
Si nce 16 > l s > 14, t hen
#, #, #
Therefore, the fractions in descendin'g order are
43 7
s' Z' r o'
.
E
I Simplifying fractions to the lowest
terms
A fraction is said to be in its lowest terms if the
numerator and the denominator of the fraction
have no common factor other than I.
Steps to simplify a fraction to its lowest terms-
Q
Find the HCF of the numerator and the
denominator.
@
Divide the numerator and the denominator
of the fraction by their HCF.
)
12_12+3
21 2l +3
_4
7
The LCM of 3, 6
and 12 i s 12. 1t 4 A
or +==
zL
z
/
\ - - .
}}
fry
Question
6 in Pop
euiz
3.2
/4_::___
' 29
- u
tS
^"a
$
Try
Questions
4 & 5 in Pop
Quiz
3.2
.-
Exarrr|'le lO
Simplify jf to it.lowest terms.
The HCF of 12
and 21 i s 3.
Compare the numerators of
fi,
N] u.tn.-"ti.t
Chapter 3 Frcctions
fu(M
4t'
"bt
L Copy and complete each of the following
pairs of
(b) Yes
(d) No
Quiz
3.3
3. Determine the fraction with the
greater value for each
of the following
pairs of fractions'
2. Determine whether each of the following
pairs of
fractions are equivalent.
, ^r 2
8
\ "/ C=T- - l
"l l
756
\ v/
t . t
=
f -l
L_l
(b)
?, +
( o+*
q733
th\ -:- -..:--
(c) :,
-
' "'
10' 10 4 7
25l A23
(e)
T, 6
\r/
5' 8
t ^\ 214
\ "/
5' 3' I
c) #
equivalent fractions.
, f l
/ ^\
\",
-f,
12
- Tt
/ ^\ c- !
t "' 9
4s
12
t al
- -
\ - /
3' g
, ^r 5 E
\ ' /
6' 30
t "l
3 5
\ ' /
g' g
( d)
13' ;
@)
+,+'+
t 2
4. Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in
ascending order.
7 3 5
t ",
8' ?' B
1R' )
\ "/
3' 6'
g
5. Arrange each of the- following sets of fractions in
descending order.
6. Simplify each of the following fractions to its lowest
terms.
@)+
(b)
t | | l t l
l l l l l l
-----;
Write the mixed number represented
by the shaded
parts in each of the following diagrams'
( a)
(-,
('-,
W
.' ,
1--lr-lnnffi
I l l
l l l l l i l - n
FrJN?TETN
r^)
2z b)
4+
@) #
$) #
13
l. A
mixed number consists of a whole number
and a fraction.
I
For example, z| is a mixed number' Itrconsists
of a whole number
'2'
and a fraction
f
'
z| is read as
'two
and a quarter' or
'two and
one over four'.
11
Determine whether each of the following is a mixed
number.
z
( ar ;
(c) 20*
::t
ffi
Mixpd Numbers
-Af
Una.rstanding
mixed numbers
0)
s+
(d) l s
(a) No
(c) Yes
2. A mixed number can be represented
by a
diagram.
For examPle,
Try
Question
I in PoP
Quiz
j
'3
, +=[ nf f i
. 1_
' 4
Use a diagram to represent each of the following
mixed numbers.
"|
(a)
r+
{
FillTf,|Ti\
(a)
AA
/ \ , / ' \
12
' 3
o)
3+
J
Try
Question
2 in PoP
Quiz
3.3
Try
Question
3 in PoP
Quiz
3-3
B
.,J
Comparing
numbers
and arranging mixed
Mathomatics
ffi
chapter3 rracfions N
2. Represent each of the following mixed numbers in a
diagram.
(") 3+ (b) 2+ (") 1+ (o
+
1. When compare two mixed numbers ai and
, 0
Pq'
Q
t t a >p, t hen
o*>p*.
0 - ul
@
lf a
=
p, then compare
$
and
l.
- oLl
Determine the mixed number with the greater value
for each of the following.
G)
zL, s4
rul e4, aZ
9 5 5' l 0
FIJAFN
(a)
Compare the whole numbers: 2 { 5
Therefore, SJ is greater than 2f.
(b)
Compare the fraction:
4 _ 4x2
_ 8
5 5x2 L0
8
- 7
l o - 10
Therefore, 81 is ereater than 81.
l 0
3. Write the niixed number represented by the shaded
parts in each of the following diagrams.
( a) nn
/ \ 1\
/ \ n \
.' ' ooo&
'NENEffi
4. Determine the mixed number with the greater
value for
each of the following.
. 11 1 F. 72. t
(a) 3f, 7; (b) 5+, 5+ (c) 7*,7*
t J4o- 1253
5. Arrange each of the following sets of mixed numbers
t 4
2. Mixed numbers can also be
number line.
in ascending order.
@)
2+,,1,01
o)
4+, ot,rt
6. Arrange each of the following sets of mixed numbers
in descending order.
(") 6+, ,*,rt
0)
2+, ,+,+
represented on a
Arrange ti, tt and t! in ascending order using
a number line.
ffi
Proper Fractions and lmproper
Fractions
j$
ne.ognising proper fractions
improper fractions
A
proper fraction
is a fraction where the
numerator is smaller than the denominator.
I ? t 1 ) 7
qO
.For example,
g
,
I I, n, fr
uJ)d
IE
are proper
fractions.
An improper fraction
is a fraction where the
numerator is equal to or greater than the
denominator.
For example,
f,,
improper fractions.
The value of an improper fraction is equal to or
greater than 1.
l 5
and
l .
)
1 . 2 2
^1 r a z7
3
e3
4
Therefore, the mixed numbers arranged in ascending
order are t!, zj, zl.
1. Determine whether each of the following is a mixed
fofu
:**tiffi
number.
@)
5+
7 3L77
4' n' 50
and
ffi
are
, u,
2
t w, :
@)
4+
@)#
3.
,{ffi,
Try
Question
zl
in Pop
Quiz
3.3
Try
Questions
5 & 6 in Pop
Quiz
3.3
N
uatlemattg"m chapters Fractions
Classify the following fractions into proper fractions
and improper fractions.
6311132027
E' 4' T' n' n' 42
n r . . 3 1327
Proper l ractl ons:
7, n, b
. 61120
Improper tractions:
T, i, n
..
B
I Changing mixed numbers into improper
fractions
Steps to change a mixed number, olinto an improper
fraction:
Q
Multiply the whole number part by the
denominator of the fraction part: a x b
O
Add the product to the numerator:
(a x b) + c
O
Retain the denominator,
@1-
Try
Question
2 in Pop
Quiz
3.4
.
C
I Changing improper fractions into mixed
numbers
Steps to change an improper fraction,
$
into a mixed
number:
@
Divide the numerator by the denominatori q +
P
O
Th. quotient obtained becomes the whole number
Part.
The remainder becomes the numerator part.
The denominator remains the same.
a
^\ ^
v l n
c
o
@
16
18
,rq
Change
ft
i"to a mixed number.
";:'-,#
=
{}.
-------<+
1Z
Change z] into an improper fraction.
F[Tltlft+,l\
"3
- ( 2x5) +3
' E- 5
=13
5
1.
t ol b:
5
{?
( a)
;
r / . 1\ : : -
at
(e)
9i
b
:,-
-'-'
--.
: ,
-
3?, ]
Try
Question
I in Pop
Quiz
3.4
===:
EEEt r E
r i
er essf l @E@t r E@@
fum
"-..,.].
k"&
Classify the following fractions into proper fractions and
improper fractions.
481529433967
7' 3' 1s' n' 42' 53' 81
Change each of the following into an improper
fraction.
. 1. 1
(r) 1; (b) 2; (c) 47
o
( f ) , 210- - Y-
3. Change each of the following into a mixed number.
( b) +
@) +
@) #
( o
H
{ f.S J
Addition and
.@
Fractrons
Subtraction of
.
A I Addition of fractions
Addition of fractions is a process of finding the sum
of two or more fractions.
I Adding two fractions with the
denominator
Steps:
@
Retain the denominator.
)
Add the two numerators.
common
ab
cc
a+b
I
*
3
-
l x2
-
3x3
6 4 6x2 4x3
?q
- - LL- : -
- 12
t 2
=
11
t 2
The LCM of 6
and 4 i s 12.
The LCM of 8
and 4 i s 8.
Simplify
11
t a)
f
+1
(b)
.7
'7
3 I 3+l
t 4t - + - = -
\ s/ 888
@
+.+
_4
8
_1
2
Lowest terms
5+6
7
1l
7
4
7
Mi xed number
+1
4'
The answer is simplified to the lowest terms or mixed
number i f
possi bl e.
.]$yB"Wzfrsffi
Po@:
-=
#,!i;ii;i#*i+i:r,'
different
respective
common
II Adding two fractions with
denominators
Steps:
@
Find the LCM of the denominators.
@
Convert both fractions into their
equivalent fractions with the
denominator.
)
Add the numerators.
_Lr
Mathematics
@
chapter3 rractlons N
Calculate
+. +
III Adding whole numbers and fractions
Adding a whole number and a fraction will produce
a mixed number.
a+l =ol
bb
' zL
For exampl e, T*t =
S
IV Adding fractions and mixed numbers
Steps:
Q
Retain the whole number.
)
Add the fractional parts.
simplify ef,
F|:T?M'N
, +. +=r *f . f
=' .
(+.
?)
=
r.
(=-L)
=n*+
=s+
d
V Adding two mixed numbers
Method 1:
Add the whole number parts and fractional parts
separately.
al +pL=( a+pl +( l +l \
b ' q
w ql
Method 2:
Convert the mixed numbers into improper
fractions.
. - 2
- 3
J
The LCM of 2
and 3 i s 6.
Convert to improper
fractions.
VII Problem-solving
24
'+.
+
The LCM of 2,
4and8i s8.
_14 , 6 3
- ' T- st g
- ' 13
_15
.
,F-' I
Subtraction of fractions
Subtraction
of fractions is a process of finding the
difference between two fractions.
I Subtracting two fractions with the common
denominator
Steps:
@
Retain the denominator.
@
Subtract the two numerators.
+
-
+="=L
25
=
5- l
8
=L
8
- I
- z
+:
8
Therefore, the total mass of the box and the vegetables
was 2* ke.
E"
r ! +f ++t
5_1
88
Lowest terms
N uarnemau."m
chapters Fractions
-EFiEEzz
simplify +j
Fil'FJN
Method 1:
1) r
5*t ;
=a+s+7
=g+a*4
66
=g+Z
6
=9+l a
6
=t d
6
Method 2:
t L+sZ =2*f Z
- 2
- 3
2 3
27 34
66
=6L
6
I
=
10:
6
VI Adding three fractions
Adding any three fractions are the same as adding
any two fractions.
Si mpr i f yr t +l ++f , .
=r +4*t *+. +
- E,
8 l 0 3
-
t 2' t 2 12
=\ *4'
_
).Zo
=5+14
4
=
63-
4
II Subtracting two fractions
with
denominators
Steps:
(O
Find the LCM of the denominators.
, ^-
r t : =- - a\
o"u
Lisa bought t] kg ofcucumbers
and
f
kg ofcarrots.
She put all the vegetables in a box which weighed
f
k8 Find the total mass of the box and the
vegetables.
F+lTI[Fn
Try
Question
3 in Pop
Quiz
3.5
Try
Question
I in Pop
Quiz
3.5
simplifr
+
-
+
Try
Question
2 in Pop
euiz
3.5
different
@
o
Convert both fractions into
equivalent fractions with
denominator.
Subtract the numerators.
26
trtathenatlcs
ffi
Chapterg rracrions N
IV Subtracting a fraction from a mixed number
Steps:
Q
Convert the mixed number into an improper
fraction.
@
Convert one or both fractions into equivalent
fractions with the common denominator.
@
Subtract the numerators.
slmplify zf
F{tl[E:rn
t 2 1_8 1
' T-
4
- 5-
4
_ 8x4
_
l x3
3x4 4x3
_32
_
3 r .
T2 12
=29
T2
_. 5
V Subtracting two mixed numbers
Method 1:
Convert the mixed numbers into improper
fractions.
Method 2:
Subtract the whole number parts and fractional parts
separately.
al - pL=( a- p) +( 9- _r \
0 q \ o ql
Simprifr ti - tt.
F{ilttf,rn
Method l:
Convert to improper
fractions.
Convert to
equivalent fractions
with the common
denominator.
their respective
the common
calculate
+
-
+
28
|
_2 =l _I ! _
2 5 2x5
\ 4
=:
- . :
10 10
2x2
The LCM of 2
and 5 i s 10.
I
- z'
5x2
_1
10
III Subtracting a fraction from a whole number
Method 1:
Q
Convert the whole number into an improper
fraction with the common denominator as the
fraction.
@
Subtract the numerators.
Method 2:
Q
Rewrite the whole number a as
(a - l) + 1.
@
Subtract the fraction from 1.
o- 9=b- D+t - 9
bb
=( a- D+4- 9
bb
Simpliff 7 -
EEh
Method l:
1
3 _56 3
T- T
_ 56- 3
8
Method 2:
?- +=o+r - f
=u**- *
--
-;
27
5?
- 8
=6*
q4
- ?' 1
=
- 7 - 2
39_7
72
39x2
7 x2
_78_49
L4 L4
=29
t 4
_r r **
- 14
7 x7
2x7
qffi
N t"*-.o.r
m
chapters Fractions
Method 2:
, i - ' i
=( s- 3) . ( +- +)
- e
I
- oT4
=t *( 8
-
7\
- '
\ t + 14)
- ) *
L
- ' t 4
The LCM of 7
and 2 i s 14.
(b)
++ 8-Z-
c)
+. *
0
f r *r
or
f,.
sf,
0
+. +
(c)
(e)
(s)
(i )
VI Subtracting three fractions
To perform calculations involving subtraction ofthree
fractions, always work out from left to right.
Si mpl i t us- 1- zL.
' 43
F{iltTf,rn
5_3_r l =c_3_7
-
4
- 3 -
4 3
VII Problem-solving
30
(") 6+
.
tr.
rt (d)
z| *+f *a
af . a-| . +f
l
=5q_
9
_28
L2 T2 T2
=23
t 2
= r l l
- t 2
4.
3+- +
oz
, *- t *
(s)
(i )
(b)
(d)
(f)
(h)
(i)
7
_5
12 12
2
_2
35
5
t z-
12
q2
- 4
- 9
5
EA
10; - 2;
5.
a cake. What
rfiTr,Tn
) 3 _5 _r
- 4
6 2
6.
=l L _
5
_
1
462
=33 _
10_ 6
t 2 12 t 2
=L7
t 2
=t a
- 12
.tffi-
6ry
Try
Question
4 in Pop
Quiz
3.5
fuffifr
ff,--
' 1. Simplify each of the following.
(")
+. +
z3
34
s+*
q .,1
R-= +
--:-
- 9
4
t Z*21
- 5 ' 2
2. Calculate each of the following.
<"t
**t +. +
(b)
A bus departed from town A and took 31 nours to
4
arrive at town B. The bus took another t{ hours to
J
travel from town B to town C. Find the time interval
taken by the bus to travel from town 4 to town C
passing
town B.
Simplify each of the following.
- EralrrDle 31
-
Siti buys ttftofsugar. She uses
*
Ot
"the
sugar
to make orange juice
and
f
kg of the sugar to bake
is the mass of the sugar she has left?
Therefore, the mass of the sugar left is ff kg.
(")
+-+
@)
+-+
( e) 4- +
Calculate each of the following.
/ ^\ 315
' "t
4 6- n
' l t
( b) 8- 2; - 3i
, 4a
( c) 3; - ; - 1- ;
448
(d) 6i - 2i -' ,i
Jane bought 4 m of ribbon. She used 2f m of the
ribbon to decorate her bedroom and another
fi
m ot
the ribbon to tie a parcel. Calculate the length of the
remaining ribbon.
Try
Question
5 in Pop
Quiz
3.5
Try
Question
6 in Pop
Quiz
3.5
3.5 J
Multiplication and Division of
Fractions
A, Mul ti pl i cati on of fracti ons
-\{ultiplication of fractions is repeated addition of
;iactions.
;or example,
. r ! =
I
+
1+ I
8888
_3
8
I Multiplying a whole number by a fraction
Steps:
Q
Multiply the whole number by the numerator of
the fraction.
@
Retain the denominator.
ax! -
axb
cc
32
a
t\-aluate 4 x
+.
/
4 can be written as
a.
1
so. 4x2=4r 2- 4x2
7177
Mathematlcs
@
chapter3 F.acrion" *Nr
II Multiplying a whole number by a mixed
number
Steps:
Q
Convert the mixed number into improper
fraction.
@
Multiply the whole number by the numerator of
the fraction.
@
Retain the denominator.
Evaluate 5 x 2+.
-EFiETTFee
F
rt
5
I
5x2+
-
R+1
=\ ) . ' ' "
4
_ 5 x 11
^
a
qq
- 4
=
131-
A
,
-
2
_
4x2
- ^7- 7
_8
7
- r l
UI Multiplying a fraction by a fraction
Steps:
@
Vlultiply the numerator by another numerator.
@
Uultiply the denominator by another
denominatbr.
Simprift
t
"
i
3
-
4 _ 3x4
8 7 8x7
=12
56
J
t 4
IV Multiplying a fraction by a mixed number
Steps:
@
Convert the mixed number into improper
fraction.
@
Uultiply the numerator by another numerator.
@
Uultiply the denominator by another
denominator.
37r
-=*-
or
i,"4
=
i,
33
Simplifv A x S.
^
l u
FilTFJN
- Lxn
-
3x8
10"" 10
=4"
ws
_. 2
f
or
3-*x
x^
=
4
K, 5
_. r 2
J
36
(b)
=1"4
or
Jf ,
_ t x2l
3x5
=4'
25s
=r +
J
=2l r D
4 9,
=29
4
_, 7L
zt xzt
I
uZ- '
z: ' s
7
- t
=I ?
5
Club?
A24
B36
FMTf,:{N
4
5
3
4
c48
D60
x 80
=
64 members
x 64
=
48 boys
{0
zf , xt t
3Z
Answer: C
.
B
.J
Division of fractions
I Dividing a fraction by a whole number
Steps:
O
Change the
'+'
sign to
'x'
sign.
@
Write the divisor as its reciprocal.
O
Multiply the fraction by the reciprocal.
4*r =4xL
00c
a number that we divide 1 by that
Evaluate
4,
U.
The reciprocal of 6 is
f.
II Dividing a whole number by a fraction
Steps:
O
Change the
'+'
sign to
'x'
sign.
O
Write the divisor as its reciprocal.
O
Multiply the whole number by the reciprocal.
A reciprocal is
number.
38
) - 7r ' l
++6
=+x+
J J
p3
=a
9
ffi
u.them"ttcs
ffm
chapters Fractions
Evaluate
( a)
*xa]
Jf ,
r{|TITRilN
t al *x+*
J)
V .illultiplying three fractions
si mpri g. t ?"#"r+.
'
F{rltTftTn
t ZxJ: x2L=5' r z , 9'
- 3
t 0
"
- 4
Zt " ) 42" 4
_ 7x3
2x4
=2r
8
_; s
VI Problem-solving
A noodle shop sold 200 plates ofnoodles in one day.
Given that
f
of the noodles sold are curry noodles
5
which cost RM3 each. Find the total sales of the curry
noodles on that day.
FfiI?TFTN
. 25
l x20Ox3=225
b,
Therefore, the total sales ofthe curry noodles on that
day was RM225.
In a group of 80 students,
f
of them are Computer
Club member..
]
of the iomputer Club members
4
are boys. How many boys are there in the Computer
Try
Q"rttt"rt
3 A
q
;-fii'bi;ri s..a
Try
Question
I in Pop
Quiz
3.6
riy"^ti", 2 ir-p"ib:ii) s.i
.,-1i*
Evaluate
( a) s+f ,
III Dividing a fraction by a fraction
Steps:
O
Change the
'+'
sign to
'x'
sign.
@
Write the divisor as its reciprocal.
O
Multiply the fraction by the reciprocal.
Si mpl i f l ,
f ; *l r _zr !
2 7
a4 _2 7 14
5 10
- s
5 l 0 5
=Zr n' ,
s
5r " 7
"
Wl
=10
49
.rc.g!!
,1n i,n
euiz
3.6
V Problern-solving
Rohanizam
oieces of
a
' 8
the rope?
FWI?TFhI
. t t
,
|
_
g
=
I
' 4
8 4 8
s. . x,
=- , ( -
A, I
=18
Therefore, he can cut off 18 pieces of
]
metre-long
rope.
'
8
ir,,
-r.,:i:::s
7 & I in
pop
euiz
3.6
0)
; ' . ;
Mattrematics
@
IV Dividing three fractions
42
1. Eval uat e each of t he f ol l owi no.
Chapter 3 Pracfions >-\
tll
o
13
T
1
( a)
8+- 3
=3v4
43
_ 8x4
J
=32
J
1
= 104
3
dr / 2
f h) 2+r - bv2
g
6 9r ' 8,
_2
J
43
has z! metres of rope. How many
metre-long rope can he cut off from
3. 6
o
0
o
t u@
T[ps
To find the reciprocal of a fraction, invert the fraction, that
is, interchange the numerator and the denominator.
III Dividing mixed numbers
Steps:
O
Covert the mixed numbers into improper
fractions.
Change the
'+'
sign to
'x'
sign.
Write the divisor as its reciprocal.
Multiply the two fractions.
simplify zj * z]
r 1 13 _
15 15
- ' 7
-
"
A
-
=
=
l
/ at a
L<l 4
7 #,
1
- 7
'
Try
Question
5 in Pop
Quiz
3.0
4l
@)
sx|
1cy
f
xzo
@)
+xz!
74
( 9)
, ' o
x-
(i )
+,.+
K)
2+x+
tml
rf, x rf,
(b)
(d)
(f)
( h)
0)
( t )
( n)
?
8x- a
- "10
! xr c
Y
J^ Yo
d
620
2, . 7
21
^
I
6
" "4
^4 ^
B
Z;- X J;
JV
-U
N u"tt.-"u"r (re
chaptera Fractions
2. Simplify each of the following.
t "r
*' . +"*
G)
2+
' * "r *
There are 63 teachers in a school.
4
of them are
I
science and mathematics teachers. How many science
and mathematics teachers are there in the school?
Puan Shahriza buys 2l kg of sugar. lf
puan
Shahriza
4
uses
f
of the sugar, what is the mass of the sugar
she has used?
Evaluate each of the followino.
@)
1*q
/ i ) z1 t ' t 5
- 3
e
0)
6. Simplify each of the following.
414
( a)
- +l - - l - +- - l -
426
(b)
( . ) 1+t t - t t ( d)
Encik Rozlan had 12j- kg of salt. He packed
the salt
z.
into several bags weighing 17 kg each. How many
bags of salt could Encik Rozlan get?
The total thickness of several storybooks is 25{ cm. lf
, z
the thickness of a storybook is 25 cm, find the.number
of storybooks. ,,
I
',ii
Solve
t u)
2* -
t .
r*
t d
2I - +- +
1r Y
9
, 4
^3 "
10 5
=A' , zi - +
Zr " wr ' 5
_ 6' , - 5'
-
K
^7
Ft
"2
- z
' +. +- +
(*.
*), ' t
(b)
(d)
@t
2+"nt "l
(d) 3+ xsf;"+l
(b)
(b)
( d)
(f)
( h)
R*
1
- 2
7
r 4
10 5
3
^1
+z
(c)
(e)
(s)
r ^r t l
3
, r l
, o,
oE- z- r T
- r 7
3 3
-
8
- v- t
_17 6 12
- s- 8- 8
) ?
- s
^7
- 8
_ 13 z' _ t '
-
6
- 7^Z
"
Ft
' - 2
_13_3
62
_13_9
66
_4
6
_2
J
8.
( u)
( i .
*) >. ' *
=( i .
+) "?
= uar"
{
=33
32
=r +
4.
5.
zf , t t t - t |
zd- +| - s. l ^
' $
Operations of
Work from left to right.
Work from left to right.
Perform the division first.
Work out the calculation
within the brackets first.
3
+ t q
10
^4
o=- =
v
21
=3
248
l- * zf-
6
- 3
??
' i *2i
=+
rd
2t-+-+
7.
@
combined
Fracttons
3$j
Performing computations invotving
combined operations of fractions
Steps to perform computations involving combined
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division of fractions and brackets:
O
Work out the calculations within the brackets
first.
@
Then, multiply or divide from left to right.
O
Lastly, add or subtract from left to right.
Mathematics
{re
chapters
pracrrbns
N
(z]
-
$)-
t
=(+-
+)-n
=(+-
+)*n
=5+4
=i "i
5
- 16
Calculate the value of 2-l
| 4 2 \
i
t
(,
-
Z)^d
express the
answer as a fraction in its lowest terms.
' i "G
+)=+"(i ?-j g)
=2i "/
A2 k5'
- 10
Suhana had a roll of ribbon which was Z] m tong.
14
She cut otr If m from the ribbon and the remaining
ribbon *u, dluid.d into 4 equal parts. Find the length
of each part of the ribbon in m.
Therefore, the length of each part of the ribbon was
q
: m.
16
45
(b) al , . z! -s!
al . z! - a!
3b2
b)
1+- *"r ?
tor (sj-
- ,#)
-
,*
15 _ I 5 13
V- t - 8
_2, 20 L3
-
8
TT-
8
_9
8
1
=
I 8
4.
5.
*%
Try
Questions
3 - 5 in Pop
Quiz
3.7
Try
Questions
I & 2 in Pop
Quiz
3.7
fufu
f'"*
p
1. Simplify each of the following.
Puan Awanis had
]
I of coconut milk. She bought
1a
another z| t t coionut milk and used lf !. of the
coconut milk to make curry. Find the volume of the
remaining coconut milk in /.
F{rt[FTn
I , l
4 - ' t
Therefore, the volume of the remaining coconut milk
''as
rf z.
46
( a) 4- t l *zl
q14
( c) 2i - , T.
i
( d)
2. Evaluate each of the following.
t "l
**
r +. +
@)
2+
'(+. +)
Puan Aminah bought a watermelon, a durian and a
pineapple.
The watermelon weighed Z1 Xq. fhe
' L
4
pineapple was 1; kg lighter than the watermelon
d
2
and the durian was
f
k9 heavier than the pineapple.
Calculate the mass of the durian.
RM350 was divided between Fazlin and Nurul. lf
Fazlin received
f
of tne money, calculate the amount
of money received by Nurul.
Encik Tarmizi had 6ji kg of rice. He bought another
^
l u
a* *n of rice. He divided all the rice equally into
11 packets.
Find the mass of each
packet
of rice in
Kg.
Log on to hftp://wrvw.visualfractions.com for more tutorials
that model fractiqqg yith number,lines or circles.
lSl
rratn
-.uca
m
chapters Fractions
["oqirq'li
The fractions arranged in increasing order ate
Arranging the fractions according to the
numerators without changing the fractions
into their respective equivalent fractions
with the common denominator.
Example i
1 I . 4
Arrange
], i
and
f
in increasing order.
) zt
EF$PI*}'
simplify
+
-
+
. n,
calculate
+
-
+
X h*rtuu
j
, 3t
-
9
4r ' 7 14
The
' +' si gn i s not
changed to
' x' sign and
the divisor is not written
as its reciprocal.
r' en=*wtt
) _
7xr 4
-
42)
5 5x14 70
|
l _l xl 5=15f
2 2x35 70l
4 _
4xt o _
40
|
7 Txl O 70)
The LCM of 5,
2 and 7 i s 70.
Compare the
numerators.
Since f5 < 40 < 42, the fractions arranged in increasing
_r 4a
or der ar e
; , i , i
x
4
_2
95
^1
9- '
2
4
_l
a
Subtracting both the
numerators and the
denominators separatelY.
y'
enueer!
4_2_20_18
954545
_2
45
Convert both fractions
into their respective
equivalent fractions
first. Then subtract the
numerators and retain
the denominator.
y'
es*wtt
, l
l - +9 =o x'
4746,
_7
8
,,,'Ifu
P IT N
l"Pl'-1
1. The original price of a bag is
@
RM28. The selling price of the
2008 7
-
..
r
Dag al ter oscount l s
,
or l ts
original price. Ammy uses
f
of
her money to buy the bag. Find
the amount of her money before
she bought the bag.
A RM24.50
B RM20.40
c RM19.60
D RM15.68
Mathenratics
@
chapters Fractlons
N
Proper fractions
EI
o
;t
3
1
Fractions with the same
val ue.
Exampl e:
Addition of fractions
1_2_3
246
A fraction in which the
numerat or i s smal l er t han
t he denomi nat or-
Examol e:
a. Z
' 75
A fraction in which the
numerator is equal to
or greater than the
denomi nat or.
Exampl e:
8
5
a c
-
a . . d
-
bdbc
a h
^+h
Multiplication of fractions
I
Division of fractions
a_b=a- b X a a
2. Which of the following fractions
@
is
sreater
than
4z
2(,('71
-
5
g
1. Calculate the value of
AZ c+
J15
uf of i
f _:!
20
. 10
D: =
25
Which of the following has the
largest value?
4
5
7
1,2
E
z. .
l s
1\
l zooar
"
^
t ;
-
; 1
and express
+ \ / 5J
your answer as a fraction in its
lowest terms.
2. Calculate the value of
@/ ^1 2\
^1
zooilQ+
-
+l
+ 3+. Express the
answer as a fraction in its lowest
terms.
A fraction is a number that represents a part of the whole.
J'
A number of a whol e
number and a fraction.
4
Examot e: z. :
a
- ,
v _ a / v
b^ b- bxd
. v
N
nr"tn
-"u."
m
chapter3 Fractions
The diagram is drawn on a grid
of equal squares. What is the
fraction represented by the shaded
parts?
A+ c4
59
B- : - D- "
- 4- 9
3:! | Eouivalent Fractions
'-;:7
2. Which of the following is not an
equivalent fraction of 3?
3'
A
L'
c
e
6 15
D#
, l ' 1, q7
3. Arranse
; , ; , 6 10
i n
ascending order-
^3175
A
I ' Z' 10' 6
R
135 7
-
2' 8' 6' 10
n7351
" 10' 8' 6' Z
"
++++
.'#i::
,t
lvtixeU Numbers
4, . r
ffi
3P"! 4
"7
The di agram shows a number
l i ne. What i s the mi xed number
represented by P?
3.4
,J
Proper Fractions and
lmproper Fractions
5. Which of the following is not an
improper fraction?
B+
A3+
"u+
, t + ou+
O.
f
is equivalent to
g.S
I
Addition and Subtraction of
v
Fractions
, . r +. +=
A3+
"t *
"r +
or *
, - *- , 1=
9. The length of a pen is 13{ cm.
z
?
The length of a book is 12f cm
more than the length of the
Pen.
What is the total length, in cm, of
the oen and the book?
A ,o+
c+
{a
D6
R
A+
c
B+
c
A' ,+
"
',+
. u+ , r +
A+
"' , +
B+ o, +
B 26+ D 3e+
10. In a class,
f
of the students like
cycling, -$ rir"
jogging
and the
rest like swimming. What fraction
of the students in the class like
swi mmi ng?
A
+
c#
5_23
B, *D24
3. 6 J
Mul t i pl i cat i on and Di vi si on of
w
Fractions
f i . 2Zx 62
=
53
c27
CB
D 16/
A+
t c
ef ,
ry
n' 1+
- +'+=
A8+
"n+
o
c 2M
, r +
13. There are 400
packets
of flour
in a box.
*
of them are organic
d
flour. lf each
packet of organic
flour weighs 1
o
kg, find the total
mass, in rg, ofine organic flour in
the box.
A 1BO
B 160
c 150
D 140
14. Chandran uses
f
of a bottle of
cooking oil to fry chicken wings.
Given the volume of cooking oil
used is 135 m!., find the initial
volume of cooking oil in the bottle
in m(..
A75
B 135+
15. 3- t ! . 2| =
A3*
B3;
c 243' '
D 3m+
c 1-fr
7
D 110
rc.
(2f , -, +)"+=
At f i
t
't*
, n.
L+*, . +=
A+
B+
18 3+,
(,*
-
*)
=
Ar f
r . +
"r *
oo+
"o+
oo+
c+
OJfr
19. The hei ght of Azman i s l I
^'
, +
Rohanizam is * m taller than
Azman but Suhana i s
*
m
shorter than Rohanizam. The
hei ght of Suhana, i n m, i s
20. Zainal has RM240. tte sPends
*
of the money on books and
7
of the money on food and drinks.
How much does he have now?
A RMI OO C RM14O
B RM12O D RM16O
5. Write the mixed numbers
represented by x and
Y
in the
following number lines.
(a)
#
5x
44 Y
6
(b)
#
4xSY6
44t
6. Arrange 3+, 2+. 3f i n ascendi ng
order.
7. Change each of the following
mixed numbers into an improper
fraction.
?
(a\ 2*
I
(b) 8+
o
8. Change each of the following
improper fractions into a mixed
numDer.
o
(a)
ji
4
t' 1
(b)
=
b
9. Simplify each of the following.
14
( a)
6
*7
t r ' t Z*
1
*a
\ - / 348
2?
(c)
*
+
5ji
64
c44
@\ 2+
+3: +1=-
3Zb
10. Calculate each of the following.
( a)
; _5
7
( b)
5- 2+
q
a. 44
1n\
-Y- - --l- - -:-
\ - / 4612
11. Mariam bought a
Piece
of cloth.
-
She used 2* metres of cloth to
2
make a blouse and 3f metres of
cloth to make a skirt. There was a
1
remainder of 1-- mehes of cloth.
4
How many metres of the cloth thal
Mariam bought?
llatlenatics
re
chapters rrr"t r" lNl
12. Mr Chan has an orchard of 5
A
hectares. 2j hectares of the
I
orchard is planted with banana
trees. Calculate the area of the
orchard which is not planted with
banana trees.
13. Simplify each of the following.
, , \ 3 +
( u)
c "s.
' no
( b) 2^ x] ;
. Jt +
E. ?
( c) 1*x4x2j ;
b t u
14. Evaluate each of the following.
A
\ a)
7=6
(b) 2a-
+
tS
5r .
2. 71
/n\ 1-i- +
--l-
+ --l-
\ v/ ' B
12 4
15. Nora received RM' t050. She saved
3 of the monev. How much did
5
she save?
16. A oail contains 33* I of water.
' 4
The water is
Poured
equallY into
several containers which can hold
z! t of water each. How manY
' - 4
containers of water are there?
17. Evaluate the value of
+
-
(+ *
])
ano express the
12 \ 2
3l
answer in its lowest terms.
18. Evaluate the value of
b1 - 1
1)
"
r3 ano express
\ - +
21 5
the answer in its lowest terms.
19. Puan Rosmala bought 8
Packets
*
of sugar wei ghi ng 17 kO each.
1
She used 4
,
kg of the sugar to
4
bake cakes. Calculate the mass of
the remaining sugar in kg.
20. Pryahad RM150. She sPent
I
of
. f f i 5
*
the money on two T-shirts of the
same price. Calculate the
Price
of
each T-shirt.
AI +
, ',#
^ ^3
u t 2o
or +
1. Shade
+
of the following
diagrams.
"
V)/
,0,
l__l__F
fr-il
z. (a) Arranse
f,, +, +
in
ascending order.
(b) Arrange
+ +
descending order.
3. Simplify each of the following
fractions to the lowest terms.
1R 45
(a)
;i
(b)
;-
'
21
' , zoj
4. Write the mixed number
represented by the shaded
Parts
in
each of the following diagrams.
(a)
/'^\ rTr
U
ka,
2i n
5
(b)
ry,
Ttrffirure