1

Functions

10. Given f(x) = 2x 5 and f(x) = 10.

1. Diagram (i): Arrow diagram

Diagram (ii): Ordered pairs
Diagram (iii): Graph

2x 5 = 10
15

x =
2

2. (a) 3
(b) 2
(c) (i) {2, 1, 1}

(ii) {3, 3, 6}

(iii) {3, 3, 6}
(d) one-to-one

15
Therefore, the object is .
2
11. h(x) = sin x
h(90) = sin 90
= 1

3. (a) many-to-one
(b) (i) {8, 9, 16}

(ii) {9, 16}

x7
12. g(x) =
5
27
(a)
g(2) =
5
= |1|
= 1

4. Since x-coordinate is one more than y, then

(a) x = 12,
(b) y = 14.

(b) g(x) = 4
x7
= 4

5
x7
= 4

or
5

x 7 = 20
x = 27

5. (a) one-to-many
(b) Since image in set B is the square root of object
in set A,
then y = AB
9

= 3

6. (a) many-to-many
(b) Range = {d, e, f}

x7
= 4
5
x 7 = 20
x = 13

13. f(x) = |x 5|

7. Diagram (i): one-to-one

Diagram (ii): one-to-one
Diagram (iii): is not a function because object c has

no image.
Diagram (iv): is not a function because it is

one-to-many relation.
Diagram (v): many-to-one

When x = 2,
f(x) = |2 5|

= |7|

=7
When x = 7,
f(x) = |7 5|

=2

8. (a) 5
(b) 4
(c) f : x x + 3 or f(x) = x + 3
(d) (i) {2, 4, 5}

(ii) {5, 7, 8}

When x 5 = 0

x = 5
When x = 0,
f(x) = 0 5
= 5

=5

9. f(x) = 3x2
Image for object 1 = f(1)

= 3(1)2

=3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

f(x)

f (x)
7
5
2
x

2 0

f(x)

0
1

f (x)

3
5

x
1

f(x) = cos x

2
0

f (x)

Range = 0 < f(x) < 7

14. (a)

When x = 3,
f(3) = 6 1
= 5
When 2x 1 = 0,
1

x =
2

f(x) = 2x 1

Therefore, the range of f(x) is 5 < f(x) < 0.

0

17. (a) f(7) = 3(7) 1

= 20
3
(b) f(3) = 5 +
3

=6

90 180 270 360

(b) When x = 120

f
(120) = cos 120
1
=
2
1

=
2

Hence, the range of f(x) is 0 < f(x) < 1.

18. Since the graph is a straight line,

3
30
the gradient = = , f(x)-intercept = 3
2
0 (2)
3
Therefore, the equation is f(x) = x + 3.
2

15. (a) (i) f(x) = x2 4

Image for object 3 = f(3)

= 32 4

=5

(ii) Image for object 4 = f(4)

= (4)2 4

= 12
(b) (i)

19. (a) fg(x) = f(1 6x)

= 3(1 6x)

= 3 18x
(b) gf(x) = g(3x)

= 1 6(3x)

= 1 18x

f (x)

(c) f2(x) = ff(x)

= f(3x)

= 3(3x)

= 9x

12

5
4
4

(d) g2(x) = gg(x)

= g(1 6x)

= 1 6(1 6x)

= 1 6 + 36x

= 36x 5

x
2 3

Hence, the range of f(x) is 0 < f(x) < 12.
(ii) f(x) = 5

x2 4 = 5
x2 = 9
x = AB
9
= 3

20. (a) hp(x) = h(x2 2x)

= 2(x2 2x) + 3

= 2x2 4x + 3
(b) ph(x) = p(2x + 3)

= (2x + 3)2 2(2x + 3)

= (2x + 3)(2x + 3 2)

= (2x + 3)(2x + 1)

16. f(x) = 2x 1
When x = 0,
f(0) = 1

= 1

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

21. (a) fg(2) = f[1 4(2)2]

= f[1 16]

= f(15)
15

= + 3
2
9

=
2

y2
= + 1
10
y+8
=
10

x+8
Therefore, g(x) =
10
25. (a) f(x) = 2x + 1
f(2) = t
2(2) + 1 = t
t = 5
(b) f1(t) = 2

2
(b) gf(2) = g + 3
2
= g(2)

= 1 4(2)2

= 15

26. (a) g1(5) = 0

22. (a) fg(x) = 4

f(1 3x) = 4
5(1 3x) = 4
5 15x = 4
15x = 1
1
x =
15
(b) gf(x) = 3 +
g(5x) = 3 +
1 3(5x) = 3 +
1 15x = 3 +
16x = 4
4
x =
16
1
=
4
(c)
f2(x) = 8x +

ff(x) = 8x +

f(5x) = 8x +
5(5x) = 8x +
25x = 8x +
17x = 1
1
x =
17

(b) g(r) = 8
5 + 2r = 8
2r = 3
3
r =
2
(c) Let g1(7) = x,

then 7 = g(x)
= 5 + 2x
2x = 2

x = 1

x
x
x
x

Hence, g1(7) = 1
27. (a) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
= 2y
x
y =
2
x
Hence, f1(x) =
2

1
1
1
1
1

(b) Let g1(x) = y,

then x = g(y)
y
=
5
y = 5x
Hence, g1(x) = 5x

23. hg(x) = 4x2 2x + 5

3g(x) 1 = 4x2 2x + 5
3g(x) = 4x2 2x + 6
2
g(x) = (2x2 x + 3)
3

(c) Let h1(x) = y,

then x = h(y)
= 3y + 1
3y = x 1
x1
y =
3
x1
1
Hence, h (x) =
3
(d) Let p1(x) = y,
then x = p(y)
y
= + 1
2
y
= x 1
2
y = 2(x 1)

x
24. gh(x) = + 1
2
x
g(2 + 5x) = + 1.........................1
2

Let 2 + 5x = y
y2
x =
5
From 1,
y2

1
5 2

g(y) = + 1
2

Hence, p1(x) = 2(x 1)

= 2x 2
3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

28. (a) t 3 = 0

t = 3
(b) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
2
=
y3
2
y 3 =
x
2
y =
x +3

8
n = 4 +
3
20
=
3

6. fg(5) = f(5 + 4)
= f(9)
9
=
29+3
9
=
21
3
=
7

2
Therefore, f1(x) =
x + 3, x 0
1
(c) Let g (x) = y,
then x = g(y)
y
=
y+1
x(y + 1) = y
xy + x = y
y xy = x

y(1 x) = x
x

y =
1x
x
Therefore, g1(x) = , x 1
1x

7. (a) hf(3) = 2
(b) h1(2) = 6
8. Let f1(x) = y,
then x = f(y)
= 3 4y
4y = 3 x
3x

y =
4

3x
Therefore, f1(x) =
4

29. (a) The inverse function of f, f1, does not exist

for the domain 5 < x < 5 because f1 is a
many-to-one type of relation.
(b) The inverse function of f, f1, exists because f1
is a one-to-one type of relation.

Hence, f1g(x) = f1(1 + 2x)

3 (1 + 2x)
=
4
3 1 2x
=
4
2 2x
=
4
2(1 x)
=
4
1x
=
2

1. (a) a
(b) r
(c) one-to-one

9. f2(x) = ff(x)
= f(p qx)
= p q(p qx)
= p pq + q2x
\ f2(x) = q2x + p pq.................1
Compare 1 to the f2(x) = x + 2.

2. (a) f(2) = 1
(b) g(1) = 3
(c) gf(2) = g(1)

=3
3. (a) The objects of 5 are 0 and 1.
(b) The images of 2 are 9 and 13.

Therefore, q2 = 1

q = 1
and
p pq = 2

4. (a) one-to-one
(b) f : x x2 or f(x) = x2

When q = 1, p p(1) = 2

0 2
Therefore, q = 1 is rejected.

xn
5. f(x) =
x
2
f
(4) =
3
2
4

n
=
4
3
8
4 n =
3

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When q = 1, p p(1) = 2

p + p = 2

2p = 2

p = 1
Hence, p = 1 and q = 1.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

10. (a) Let p1(x) = y,

then x = p(y)
4
=
y+1

x(y + 1) = 4
4
y + 1 =
x
4
y =
x 1
4
Hence, p1(x) = 1, x 0
x

(c)

x
h 1 = 6 5x.................1
2
x

Let
1 = y,
2
x
then = 1 + y
2

x = 2 + 2y................2

Therefore, 1 becomes h(y) = 6 5(2 + 2y)

= 6 10 10y

= 4 10y
Hence, h(x) = 4 10x

4
(b) p1(5) = 1
5
1
=
5

11. Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
= p 3y
3y = x + p
p
x

y = +
3
3
p
x
1
\ f (x) = + ......................1
3
3
q
2
Compare 1 to the f1(x) = x +
2
3
q
1
Therefore, =
2
3
2

q =
3
and
p = 2

1
1. (a)
2
(b) x = 12 since element in set B is half of set A.
2. (a) f1(15) = 3
(b) codomain = {10, 15, 20, 30}
3. Let f(x) = y,
then x = f1(y)
y+1

x =
4
y + 1 = 4x

y = 4x 1
Hence, f(x) = 4x 1
x
4. fg(x) = f + 3
2
x

=1+5+3
2
5

= 1 + x + 15
2
5
= x + 16
2

12. (a) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
= 4 + 5y
x4

y =
5
x4
1
Hence, f (x) =
5

x4
(b) gf1(x) = g
5
x

=
1
2
x4
= 1
10
x 4 10
=
10
x 14
=
10

1
1

hg(x) = 6 5x

2
2

5. gf(3) = g(5)

=6
6. (a) many-to-one
(b) f : x x2 or f(x) = x2
7. f(x) = 2x 2
f (2) = 2(2) 2
= 6
= 6
Therefore, the range is 2 < f(x) < 6.

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

x+5
8. h(x) =
2
h(q) = 8
q+5
= 8
2
q + 5 = 16
q = 11

(ii) Let
g1(x) = y,
then x = g(y)

x
9. fg(x) = + 7
4
x
3g(x) 1 = + 7
4
x
3g(x) = + 8
4
8
x
g(x) = +
3
12

hg1(x) = h(2 2x)

= 4(2 2x) 3

= 8 8x 3

= 5 8x

y
= 1
2
y
= 1 x
2

y = 2 2x
g1(x) = 2 2x

(b) gh(x) = g(4x 3)

4x 3

= 1
2
3

= 1 2x
2
3

= 1 2x +
2
5

=
2x
2
5 4x
= ............................ 1
2

m nx
Compare gh(x) = with 1,
2
Hence, m = 5 and n = 4.

10. h2(x) = hh(x)

= h(ax + b)
= a(ax + b) + b
= a2x + ab + b................................... 1
Compare 1 with h2(x) = 4x + 9
Therefore, a2 = 4

a = 2
and ab + b = 9....................................... 2
Since a . 0,
hence a = 2

13.

Substitute a = 2 into 2,
2b + b = 9
3b = 9

b = 3

f(x)

10

f(x) = 2 3x

Hence, a = 2 and b = 3.

When x = 1,
f(1) = 2 3(1)
= 2 + 3

=5

x
11. hg(x) = h
2
x

=3 1
2
3
= x 1
2
Hence, p(x) = hg(x)

1 2
1 2

When x = 4,
f(4) = 2 12
= 10

= 10
When f(x) = 0,
2 3x = 0
2

x =
3
When x = 0,
f(0) = 2 0

=2

12. (a) (i) Let h1(x) = y,

then x = h(y)
= 4y 3
x+3

y =
4
x+3
1

h (x) =
4
2
h1g(2) = h1 1
2
= h1(0)
0+3
=
4
3
=
4

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f (x)

10
5
2
1 0 2

x
4

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

Therefore, 1 becomes f(y) = 4(y + 3) 7

= 4y + 12 7

= 4y + 5

(a) The range for 0 < x < 4 is 0 < f(x) < 10.
(b) When f(x) = 5
2 3x = 5
2 3x = 5
or
3x = 3
7
x =
3
x = 1

Hence, f(x) = 4x + 5
(b) Let f1(5) = p,

then
5 = f(p)
= 4p + 5

p = 0

7
Therefore, the domain is 1 < x < .
3
14. (a) f(2) = 7
2

a + b = 7.................................... 1

Therefore, gf1(5) = g(0)

=03

= 3

f
(2) = 2
2
+ b = 2.................................. 2

a

Let f1(x) = y,
y, and
then
x = f(y)
g(y)
= 4y + 5
y3
x5
x+3

y =
4
x+3
x5
1
(x) =
f
4
f1g1(x) = 2x 9
1

f (x + 3) = 2x 9
(x + 3) 5
= 2x 9

4
x 2 = 8x 36

7x = 34
34

x =
7
(c) Let g1(x) =
then x =
=

y =
g1(x) =

1 + 2, 2b = 9
9

b =
2
9
Substitute b = into 1,
2
9
2

+
=
7
a
2
9
2

a = 7 2
14 9
=
2
5
=
2
5a = 4

16. (a) f2(x) = ff(x)

4
a =
5

x
9
(b) f(x) = +
4
2

5
5x
9
= +
4
2

Let f1(4) = p,
then 4 = f(p)
5
9
= p +
4
2
5
9
p = 4
4
2
1
=
2

1
4
p =
2
5
2
=
5
2
Hence, f1(4) =
5

2 1 2

x
= f
x+2
x

x+2
=
x

x+2 +2
x

x+2
=
x + 2(x + 2)

x+2
x

x+2
=
3x + 4

x+2
x
4

=
,x
3x + 4
3

(b) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
y
=
y+2
x(y + 2) = y

xy + 2x = y
y xy = 2x

y(1 x) = 2x
2x

y =
1x
2x
Hence, f1(x) = , x 1
1x

15. (a) fg(x) = 4x 7

f(x 3) = 4x 7........................... 1
Let
x 3 = y,
then x = y + 3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

17. (a) f(x) = x

x2 3x = x

x2 4x = 0

x(x 4) = 0
x = 0, 4

Hence, f30(x) = x 2 30

= x 60

(b)
f(x) = 2g(x)
x2 3x = 2x2 + 2

x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0

x = 1, 2

1. f(x) = |1 x|, 0 < x < 2

x

f(x)

f(x)

x+1
18. (a) f(x) =
2

f(r) = 4
r+1
= 4
2
r + 1 = 8

r = 7

(b)
g(4) = p
4 = g1(p)
p
4 = + 5
4
p

4 = 1

p = 4

f(x)

27

When f(x) = 0,
7 3x = 0
7

x =
3

2
2

The graph of the function is

f(x)
1

19. (a)
f(x) , 8

x 5 + 1 , 8
x 5 , 7
7
, x 5 , 7
7 + 5 , x , 7 + 5
2
, x , 12

0
1

x
1

Therefore, the range is 2 < f(x) < 1.

2.
f(x) = 2x + 1
f 2(x) = ff(x)
= f(2x + 1)
= 2(2x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 3

(b) (i) f2(x) = ff(x)

= f(x 2)

= (x 2) 2
= x 4
(ii)
f3(x) = f2f(x)
= f2(x 2)

= (x 2) 4
= x 6

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f(x)

x+1
gf(x) = g
2
x
+
1

= 4 20
2

= 2(x + 1) 20

= 2x + 2 20

= 2x 18

1
1

f(x) = 7 3x, 2 , x < 3

(c) Let g(x) = y,

then x = g1(y)
y
=
4 +5
y

4 = x 5
y = 4x 20
g(x) = 4x 20

f 3(x) = ff2(x)
= f(4x + 3)
= 2(4x + 3) + 1
= 8x + 7
8

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

f 4(x) = f2f2(x)
= f2(4x + 3)
= 4(4x + 3) + 3
= 16x + 15

4x 3
Compare to f1(x) =
x2
(4x + 3)
=
(2 x)
4x + 3
=
2x
Hence, a = 2, b = 3

Therefore, fn(x) = 2nx + 2n 1

3. Since f2(x) = 4x + 9 is a linear function.
Let f(x) = ax + b, where a and b are constants.

f
(x) = 3x
2x 3
= 3x

x+4
2x 3 = 3x2 + 12x
3x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
3x + 1 = 0
or x + 3 = 0
1 or

x =
x = 3
3
6. g(1) = 5
5
= 5
1 b(1)

5 = 5(1 b)
1 b = 1

b = 2

f (x) = ff(x)
= f(ax + b)
= a(ax + b) + b
= a2x + ab + b
2

Compare to f2(x) = 4x + 9
a2 = 4
and
ab + b = 9
a = 2
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9
3b = 9

b = 3
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9
b = 9

b = 9

f(1) = 5
a(1) + b = 5
a + 2 = 5

a = 3

Therefore, the possible expressions are f(x) = 2x + 3

or f(x) = 2x 9.
4. f(x) = px q
Given f(4) = 5
4p q = 5...................................... 1

5
Therefore, g(y) = and f(y) = 3y + 2
1 2y
Function which maps z onto x is

Given f1(9) = 6

9 = f(6)

9 = 6p q
6p q = 9................................. 2

z2
z2
gf1(z) = g
f1(z) =
3
3
5
=
z2
1 2
3
5
=
3 2z + 4

3
15
7
= , z
2
7 2z

2 1, 2p = 4

p = 2

Substitute p = 2 into 2,
6(2) q = 9

q = 12 9
= 3
5. Let
f1(x) = y,
then x = f(y)
ay b
=
y+4
xy + 4x = ay b
ay xy = 4x + b
y(a x) = 4x + b
4x + b

y =
ax
4x + b
1
Therefore, f (x) =
ax

7. (a) f(x) = 1 2x
x1
f 1(x) =
2
1x
=
2
g(x) = 4 + x
g1(x) = x 4

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

1x
g1f1(x) = g1
2
1x
= 4
2
1x8
=
2
x 7
=
2

When
fg = gf
2a + abx 1 = 2 + abx b
2a 1 + abx = 2 b + abx
\ 2a 1 = 2 b
2a + b = 3

12. f2(x) = ff(x)

(b) gf(x) = g(1 2x)

= 4 + (1 2x)

= 5 2x
Let (gf)1(x) = y,
then gf(y) = x

5 2y = x

2y = x 5
5x

y =
2

5x
Therefore, (gf)1(x) =
2

8.
hg(x2) = 41
h(3x2 2) = 41
4(3x2 2) + 1 = 41
4(3x2 2) = 40
3x2 2 = 10
3x2 = 12

x2 = 4

x = 2

3x
Therefore, f1(x) =
x1

Given gf(x) = 2x2 12x + 13

Therefore, a = 2

When f2(x) = f1(x)

x
3x
=
9 2x
x1
x(x 1) = 3x(9 2x)

x2 x = 27x 6x2
2
7x 28x = 0
7x(x 4) = 0

x = 0 or x 4 = 0

x = 4

9a b = 13
9(2) b = 13
18 b = 13

b = 5
x2 4x + 8
x2 4x + 8
(x 2)2 4 + 8
y2 + 4

13.

f(x) = x

2x 1
= x
x+3
2x 1 = x2 + 3x
x2 + x + 1 = 0

Therefore, g(x) = x2 + 4
11. fg(x) = f(2 + bx)
= a(2 + bx) 1

= 2a + abx 1

b2 4ac = (1)2 4(1)(1)

=14

= 3 , 0
Hence, f(x) = x has no real root.

gf(x) = g(ax 1)

= 2 + b(ax 1)

= 2 + abx b

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Let f1(x) = y,
then x = f(y)
y
=
y3
xy 3x = y
xy y = 3x
y(x 1) = 3x
3x

y =
x1

9. gf(x) = g(x 3)
= a(x 3)2 b
= a(x2 6x + 9) b
= ax2 6ax + 9a b

10. gf(x) =
g(x 2) =
=
g(y) =

x
= f
x3
x

x3
=
x

3
x3
x

x3
=
x 3(x 3)

x3
x

x3
=
x 3x + 9

x3
x
=
9 2x

10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 1

14. gf(x) = g(2x 1)

4
=
a(2x 1) b
4
=
2ax a b
4

2
=
2ax a b

2
2
=
a+b
ax
2

y
y = g(x)

7
11

2
7

y = f(x)

0 1

7
x
(b) + = 1 2x
2
2

x + 7 = 2 4x
5x = 5
x = 1

2
Compare to given gf(x) = ,
3x 1
a + b = 1
a = 3 and
2
3 + b = 1

2

3 + b = 2

b = 1

7
x
+ = (1 2x)

2
2
= 1 + 2x

x + 7 = 2 + 4x
3x = 9
x = 3

15. y = h(x)
y = x2 + 3

7
x
For + > |1 2x|, 1 < x < 3.
2
2

y = fg(x)
= f(x + 1)
= 3(x + 1)
= 3x + 3

17. (a) y = f(x)

= |x2 4|
y

f(x)

12

12

y = fg(x)
f(x)

y = h(x)

3
x

1 0

y = f(x)

12

The number of solutions for h(x) = fg(x) is two.

4

16. (a) y = f(x)

7
x

=+
2
2

y = g(x)

1
4

x
f(x)

11

g(x)

x
2

(b) |x2 4| 1 , 0
|x2 4| , 1
x2 4 = 1
x2 = 5
x = AB
5

y = g(x)
= |1 2x|
x

x2 4 = 1
x2 = 3
x = AB3

For |x2 4| 1 < 0,

AB
5 , x , AB
3, AB
3 , x , AB
5

11

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