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0*$"'.#$0 ./&#0%2 7: '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,' #$
%,,.$5 /%/7%,0 #1 '=% B+2.".*,: (((((((((((((((((((( >F
.$0'*$"%0 #1 0%,.#+0 /.0"#$2+"' 8=."= /%,.'%2 2.0".&3.$%
7: '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,' (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >F
.$0'*$"%0 #1 5,#00 .$%11.".%$": 8=."= /%,.'%2 2.0".&3.$%
7: '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,' (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >F
"#$2+"' ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >F
-+*$'+/ #1 %4.2%$"% ,%-+.,%2 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >F
,+3%0 1#, %4.2%$"% ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >F
%11%"' #1 8.'=2,*8*36 2%0.0'*$"%6 ,%'.,%/%$' #, &*,2#$
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >F

:'(M"4/'0'84.')*( )0 K"(.'8$( ,
K"C3$( 66666666666666666666666666666666 BN
"#/&+30#,: 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$ (((((((((((((((((((((((( >C

4#3+$'*,: 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$ ((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >C

5)9$%( 4*C :".'$( )0 -)"%.(
, K"C'8'4/ O00'8$%( 66666666666666 BN

-)"%. ;$8)%C( , P$*$%4/
:".'$( )0 -/$%Q
!.$*)3%4#1$% 6666666666666666666666 >7

2$34/ R$$( 666666666666666666666666666 >A

-)(.( 666666666666666666666666666666666666 >A



+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )

!"#$%&'(')* , -)*.%)/
)0 .1$ 2$34/ 5%)0$((')*

Coost. Att. vlll, sec. 5(5): 1he Supreme Courl sho|| hove lhe
lo||owlng powers:
xxx
(5) Promu|gole ru|es concernlng lhe prolecllon ond
enlorcemenl ol conslllullono| rlghls, p|eodlng, procllce
ond procedure ln o|| courls, lhe odmlsslon lo lhe procllce
ol |ow, lhe lnlegroled bor, ond |ego| osslslonce lo lhe
under-prlvl|eged. xxx

1he owet ol tbe SC to teu|ote tbe toct|ce ol |ow |oc|uoes:
(J) Authority to define the term practice
(2) Prescrlbe lhe quo|lllcollons ol o condldole lo ond lhe
subjecls ol lhe bor exomlnollons
(3) Declde who wl|| be odmllled lo procllce
(4) Dlsclp|lne, suspend or dlsbor ony unlll ond unworlhy
member ol lhe bor
(5) Relnslole ony dlsborred or lndellnlle|y suspended
ollorney
(6) Ordoln lhe lnlegrollon ol lhe Phl|. Bor
(7) Punlsh lor conlempl ony person lor unoulhorlzed
procllce ol |ow ond
(8) ln genero|, exerclse overo|| supervlslon ol lhe |ego|
prolesslon

Congress hos no power lo regu|ole lhe bor (odmlsslon lo
procllce). Bul ln lhe exerclse ol po|lce power ll moy enocl
|ows regu|ollng lhe procllce ol |ow lo prolecl lhe pub|lc. |lo
Re Cuooooo (954}]



5%48.'8$ )0 249

"#$"%&'
1he procllce ol |ow ls ony ocllvlly, ln or oul ol courl, whlch
requlres lhe opp|lcollon ol |ow, |ego| procedure,
know|edge, lrolnlng ond experlence. ll ls lo glve nollce or
render ony klnd ol servlce, whlch devlce or servlce requlres
lhe use ln ony degree ol |ego| know|edge or skl||. |Coyetooo
v. Moosoo, (99}]

$*'+,%
&,.4.3%5%
1he procllce ol |ow ls o prlvl|ege beslowed on|y lo lhose
who ore moro||y lll. A bor condldole who ls moro||y unlll
connol procllce |ow even ll he posses lhe bor
exomlnollons. |Au|tte vs Rooo, (2003}]

&,#1%00.#$6 $#' 7+0.$%00
Lowyerlng ls nol o buslness, ll ls o prolesslon ln whlch duly
lo pub|lc servlce, nol money, ls lhe prlmory conslderollon.
|Butbe vs Mou|to, (2002}]

1#+, 1*"'#,0 .$ 2%'%,/.$.$5 &,*"'."% #1 3*8 K=*"*L
(J) Hoblluo|lly customarily or frequently holding ones
se|l oul lo lhe pub|lc os o |owyer
(2) App|lcollon ol |ow, |ego| prlnclp|es, procllce, or
procedure co||s lor |ego| know|edge, lrolnlng ond
experlence
(3) Compensollon hls prolesslono| servlces ore ovol|ob|e
lo lhe pub|lc lor compensollon, os o source ol hls
|lve|lhood or ln conslderollon ol hls sold servlces
(4) Allorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp |or Podl||o, leochlng |ow
or writing law books is not practice of law |Padillas
dlssenl ln Coyetooo v. Moosoo]

Clvlng odvlce lor compensollon regordlng lhe |ego| slolus
and rights of another and for ones conduct with respect
lherelo conslllules procllce ol |ow. |UlFl v. leo| C||o|c,
(993}]

ln vlew ol lhe brood dellnlllon ln Coyetooo v. Moosoo,
|owyers, when lhey leoch |ow, ore consldered engoged ln
the practice of lawthe fact of their being law professors is
lnexlrlcob|y lnlerlwlned wllh lhe locl lhol lhey ore |owyers.
|Re lettet ol Ul low locu|ty (20}]

-+*3.1."*'.#$0
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. . Any person du|y odmllled os
o member ol lhe bor or hereoller odmllled os such ln
occordonce wllh lhe provlslons ol lhls ru|e ond who ls ln
good ond regu|or slondlng ls enlll|ed lo procllce |ow.

Ceoeto| Ru|e: Members ol lhe Bor
Fxcet|oos:
(J) Low sludenls
(2) By on ogenlJlrlend
(3) By lhe |lllgonl hlmse|l

,%-+.,%/%$'0 1#, *2/.00.#$ '# &,*"'."% K",*5%7#L
(J) Clllzenshlp
(2) Resldence
(3) Age (obove 2J yJo)
(4) Cood Moro| Chorocler ond no chorges lnvo|vlng moro|
lurpllude
(5) Lego| Lducollon (pre-|ow, |ow proper)
(6) Bor Lxomlnollons
(7) Lawyers Oolh

Clllzenshlp
Stotutoty Bos|s
987 Coost. Att. Xll, Sec. 4. 1he procllce ol o|| prolesslons
ln lhe Phl|s. sho|| be |lmlled lo |l|lplno clllzens sove ln
coses prescrlbed by |ow.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 2. Lvery opp|lconl lor
odmlsslon os o member ol lhe bor musl be o clllzen ol lhe
Phl|s.

Rot|ooo|e Clllzenshlp ensures o||eglonce lo lhe Repub|lc
ond lls |ows.

1he |oss ol |l|lplno clllzenshlp |so jute lermlnoles lhe
prlvl|ege lo procllce |ow ln lhe Phl|lpplnes excepl when
clllzenshlp ls |osl by reoson ol noluro|lzollon ond
reocqulred lhrough RA 9225. |let|t|oo to Resume ltoct|ce
ol low ol Beojom|o Docoooy, (2007}]

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% E

A |l|lplno |owyer who hos |osl ond reocqulred hls
clllzenshlp under R.A. No. 9225 ls deemed nol lo hove |osl
hls Phl|lpplne clllzenshlp. However, he sll|| needs lo opp|y
wllh lhe Supreme Courl lor o |lcense or permll lo engoge
ln such procllce oller comp|lonce wllh lhe lo||owlng:
(J) Updollng ond poymenl ol onnuo| membershlp dues ln
lhe lBP
(2) Poymenl ol prolesslono| lox
(3) Comp|ellon ol 36 hours ol mondolory conllnulng |ego|
educollon
(4) Retaking of the lawyers oath [Sec. 5(4}, R.A. No. 9225].

Resldence
ROC, Ru|e 38, Sec. 2. Lvery opp|lconl lor odmlsslon os o
member of the bar must be a resident of the Philippines.

Rot|ooo|e HlsJher dulles lo hls c|lenl ond lo lhe courl wl||
requlre lhol he be reodl|y occesslb|e ond ovol|ob|e.

Age
ROC, Ru|e 38, Sec. 2. Lvery opp|lconl lor odmlsslon os o
member of the bar must be at least 21 years of age

Rot|ooo|e Molurlly ond dlscrellon ore requlred ln lhe
procllce ol |ow.

Cood Moro| Chorocler
ROC, Ru|e 38, Sec. 2. Lvery opp|lconl lor odmlsslon os o
member of the bar must be of good moral character
ond musl produce belore lhe SC sollsloclory evldence ol
good moro| chorocler, ond lhol no chorges ogolnsl hlm,
lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude, hove been ll|ed or ore pendlng
ln ony courl ln lhe Phl|lpplnes.

Cood moro| chorocler ls o conllnulng quo|lllcollon requlred
ol every member ol lhe Bor, ll ls nol on|y o quo|lllcollon
precedenl lo lhe procllce ol |ow. |Noto v. Noto, (998}]

Definitions of good moral character
Absence ol o proven conducl or ocl whlch hos been
hlslorlco||y ond lrodlllono||y consldered os o monlleslollon
ol moro| lurpllude. 1he ocl or conducl need nol omounl lo
o crlme, ond even ll ll does conslllule on ollense, o
convlcllon upon o crlmlno| chorge ls nol necessory lo
demonslrole bod moro| chorocler o|lhough ll moy show
moro| deprovlly. |Ao|o]

Cood moro| chorocler ls whol o person reo||y ls, os
dlsllngulshed lrom good repulollon or lrom lhe oplnlon
genero||y enlerlolned ol hlm, lhe esllmole ln whlch he ls
he|d by lhe pub|lc ln lhe p|oce where he ls known. |lo tbe
mottet ol ol lotoo S. Me||o, (2004}]

SC may deny lawyers oath-loklng bosed on o convlcllon
lor reck|ess lmprudence resu|llng ln homlclde (hozlng
cose). Bul oller submlsslon ol evldence ond vorlous
certifications he may now be regarded as complying wllh
the requirements of good moral characterhe is not
inherently of bad moral fiber. [lo Re Atos|oo, (997}]

Conceo|menl ol pendlng crlmlno| coses conslllules |ock ol
good moro| chorocler (ln pellllon lo loke lhe bor
exomlnollons) |lo tbe mottet ol lotoo S. Me||o (2004}]

Lego| Lducollon
lte-low
ROC, Ru|e 38, Sec. 6. A bachelors degree in arts or
sclences wllh ony ol lhe lo||owlng subjecls os mojor or lle|d
ol concenlrollon: po|lllco| sclence, |oglc, Lng|lsh, Sponlsh,
Hlslory ond Lconomlcs.

low ltoet
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 5 ooo 6. A|| opp|lconls lor
admission shall before being admitted to the
exomlnollon sollsloclorl|y show lhol lhey hove regu|or|y
sludled |ow lor lour yeors ond successlu||y comp|eled o||
prescrlbed courses ln o |ow schoo| or unlverslly olllclo||y
opproved ond recognlzed by lhe Secrelory ol Lducollon.

1he opp|lconl musl hove comp|eled lhe lo||owlng courses:
(J) Clvl| Low
(2) Commerclo| Low
(3) Remedlo| Low
(4) Pub|lc lnlernollono| Low
(5) Prlvole lnlernollono| Low
(6) Po|lllco| Low
(7) Lobor ond Soclo| Legls|ollon
(8) Medlco| 1urlsprudence
(9) 1oxollon
(J0) Lego| Llhlcs

Croduoles ol lorelgn |ow schoo|s ore o||owed lo loke lhe
bor exomlnollons provlded lhey show lhe ll:
(J) Comp|ellon ol o|| courses |eodlng lo lhe degree ol
Boche|or ol Lows or lls equlvo|enl degree
(2) Recognlllon or occredllollon ol lhe |ow schoo| by lhe
proper oulhorlly
(3) Comp|ellon ol o|| lhe lourlh yeor subjecls ln o |ow
schoo| du|y recognlzed by lhe Phl|lpplne Covernmenl |SC
Bot Mottet 53 Re lettet ol Atty. Fste||to Meooozo (200}]

Bor Lxomlnollons
wbeo to l||e lot etm|t
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 7 Al |eosl J5 doys belore lhe
beglnnlng ol lhe exomlnollon. App|lconls musl submll
ollldovlls ol oge, resldence, clllzenshlp, |ego| educollon.

Not|ce
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 8 Nollce ol opp|lcollons lor
odmlsslon sho|| be pub|lshed by lhe c|erk ol lhe SC ln
newspopers pub|lshed ln |l|lplno Lng|lsh ond Sponlsh lor
ol |eosl J0 doys belore lhe beglnnlng ol lhe exomlnollon.

Cooouct ol Fxom|oot|oos
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 0 Ouesllons wl|| be ln
Lng|lsh or Sponlsh, lo be onswered ln wrlllng by exomlnes.
No oro| exomlnollons. ll penmonshlp ls poor, SC moy o||ow
upon verllled opp|lcollon lhe use ol o nolse|ess lypewrller.

Commlllee wl|| loke o|| precoullons lo prevenl lhe
subslllullon ol popers or commlsslon ol olher lrouds. No
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;

popers, books or noles o||owed lnlo lhe exomlnollon
rooms. Lxomlnees sho|| nol p|oce lhelr nomes on lhe
exomlnollon popers.

wbeo ooo wbete to toke tbe Fxom
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. ln lour doys deslgnoled by
bor exomlner onnuo||y ln lhe clly ol Monl|o.

Subjects |Ru|e 38, Sec. 9 ooo ]
st
ooy
Po|lllco| (Conslllullono| Low, Pub|lc
Corporollons ond Pub|lc Olllcers) ond
lnlernollono| Low (Prlvole ond Pub|lc)
(mornlng)
Lobor ond Soclo| Legls|ollon (ollernoon)
2oo ooy
Clvl| Low (mornlng)
1oxollon (ollernoon)
3to
ooy
Merconll|e Low (mornlng)
Crlmlno| Low (ollernoon)
4tb
ooy
Remedlo| Low (Clvl| Procedure, Crlmlno|
Procedure ond Lvldence) (mornlng)
Lego| Llhlcs ond Procllco| Lxerclses (ln
P|eodlng ond Conveyonclng) (ollernoon)

loss|o Avetoe
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 4 A genero| overoge ol 75%
ln o|| subjecls wllhoul lo||lng be|ow 50 % ln ony subjecl.

Re|ot|ve we|bts
Clvl| Low J5 %
Lobor ond Soclo| Legls|ollon J0 %
Merconll|e Low J5 %
Crlmlno| Low J0 %
Po|lllco| ond lnlernollono| Low J5 %
1oxollon J0 %
Remedlo| Low 20 %
Lego| Llhlcs ond Procllco| Lxerclses 5 %

wbo mokes tbe Fxom
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 2 - One member ol lhe SC
ocls os Cholrmon, p|us elghl members ol lhe bor who ocl
os exomlners who ho|d olllce lor one yeor. Beglnnlng ln
2009, lhere wl|| be lwo exomlners per subjecl.

1he Bor Conlldonl ocls os o sorl ol |lolson olllcer belween
lhe courl ond lhe Bor Cholrmon on lhe olher hond, ond lhe
lndlvlduo| members ol lhe commlllee on lhe olher. He ls ol
lhe some llme o depuly c|erk ol courl.

1he nomes ol lhe members ol lhls commlllee sho|| be
pub|lshed ln eoch vo|ume ol lhe olllclo| reporls




Resu|ts
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 5 Commlllee musl ll|e lls
reporl on lhe resu|ls nol |oler lhon |ebruory J5lh oller lhe
exomlnollon or os soon lhereoller os moy be procllcob|e.

l|uokets
Ru|e 38, Sec. 6 Relokers musl opp|y ogoln. Condldoles
who hove lol|ed lhe bor exomlnollons lor lhree llmes sho||
be dlsquo|llled lrom loklng onolher exomlnollon un|ess
lhey show prool ol reenro||menl ond successlu|
comp|ellon ol regu|or lourlh yeor revlew c|osses os we|| os
ollended o pre-bor revlew course ln o recognlzed |ow
schoo|.

1he prolessors ol lhe lndlvlduo| revlew subjecls under lhls
ru|e sho|| cerllly under oolh lhol lhe condldoles hove
regu|or|y ollended c|osses ond possed lhe subjecls under
lhe some condlllons os ordlnory sludenls ond lhe rollngs
oblolned by lhem ln lhe porllcu|or subjecl.

D|sc|||oe
Ru|e 38, Sec. 3 - No condldole sho|| endeovor lo lnl|uence
ony member ol lhe commlllee. Durlng exomlnollon lhe
condldoles sho|| nol communlcole wllh eoch olher ond
sho|| nol glve or recelve ony osslslonce.

vlo|olors wl|| be punlshed by dlsquo|lllcollon, counled os o
lol|ure. |urlher dlsclp|lnory ocllon, lnc|udlng permonenl
dlsquo|lllcollon, moy be loken ln lhe dlscrellon ol lhe courl.

1he requirements for ooo ooo teu|ot stooo|o ore:
(J) Membershlp ln lhe lBP
(2) Poymenl ol lBP dues
(3) Poymenl ol prolesslono| lox
(4) Comp|lonce wllh lhe MCLL
(5) Cood moro| chorocler

loss|o tbe bot exom os c|v|| setv|ce e|||b|||ty.
l|tst tooe c|v|| setv|ce e|lglbl|lly lor ony poslllon
Secooo tooe c|v|| setv|ce e|lglbl|lly lor poslllon whlch does
nol prescrlbe prollclency ln |ow

*&&%*,*$"% #1 $#$93*8:%,0
3*8 0'+2%$' &,*"'."%
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38-A Sect|oo . Condlllons lor sludenl
procllce. A |ow sludenl who hos successlu||y comp|eled
hls 3rd yeor ol lhe regu|or lour-yeor prescrlbed |ow
currlcu|um ond ls enro||ed ln o recognlzed |ow schoo|'s
c|lnlco| |ego| educollon progrom opproved by lhe Supreme
Courl, moy oppeor wllhoul compensollon ln ony clvl|,
crlmlno| or odmlnlslrollve cose belore ony lrlo| courl,
lrlbuno|, boord or olllcer, lo represenl lndlgenl c|lenls
occepled by lhe |ego| c|lnlc ol lhe |ow schoo|.

Sect|oo 2. Appeoronce. 1he oppeoronce ol lhe |ow
sludenl oulhorlzed by lhls ru|e, sho|| be under lhe dlrecl
supervlslon ond conlro| ol o member ol lhe lnlegroled Bor
ol lhe Phl|lpplnes du|y occredlled by lhe |ow schoo|. Any
ond o|| p|eodlngs, mollons, brlels, memorondo or olher
popers lo be ll|ed, musl be slgned by lhe supervlslng
ollorney lor ond ln beho|l ol lhe |ego| c|lnlc.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38-A, Sect|oo 3. Prlvl|eged
communlcollons. 1he Ru|es soleguordlng prlvl|eged
communlcollons belween ollorney ond c|lenl sho|| opp|y
lo slml|or communlcollons mode lo or recelved by lhe |ow
sludenl, ocllng lor lhe |ego| c|lnlc.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38-A, Sect|oo 4. Slondords ol conducl
ond supervlslon. 1he |ow sludenl sho|| comp|y wllh lhe
slondords ol prolesslono| conducl governlng members ol
lhe Bor. |ol|ure ol on ollorney lo provlde odequole
supervlslon ol sludenl procllce moy be o ground lor
dlsclp|lnory ocllon. |C|tcu|ot No. 9, ooteo Decembet 9,
986].

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sect|oo. 34. A |ow sludenl moy
oppeor ln hls persono| copoclly wllhoul lhe supervlslon ol o
|owyer ln lnlerlor courls.

A |ow sludenl moy oppeor belore on lnlerlor courl os on
ogenl or lrlend ol o porly wllhoul lhe supervlslon ol o
member ol lhe bor. |Ctuz v. M|oo (2007}]

$#$93*8:%,0 .$ "#+,'0
Agenl or |rlend
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 34. ln such coses, no ollorney
c|lenl re|ollonshlp exlsls, nol hoblluo|. An ogenl ls usuo||y
oppolnled or o lrlend chosen ln o |oco|lly where o |lcensed
member ol lhe bor ls nol ovol|ob|e.

C|v|| cose - o porly ln o clvl| sull moy conducl hls |lllgollon
ellher persono||y or wllh lhe old ol on ollorney un|ess lhe
porly ls o jurldlco| person. A||oweo |o M1C, R1C, oe||ote
coutt.

Ct|m|oo| cose - ln o |oco|lly where o |owyer ls unovol|ob|e, o
judge moy oppolnl o non-|owyer who ls o resldenl ol lhe
provlnce, ond ol good repule lor problly ond obl|lly lo
delend lhe occused. A||oweo u to M1C-|eve| oo|y.

Aeotooce os |ow stuoeot v. oeotooce os oeot/lt|eoo.
Appeoronce ol o non-|owyer ls o||owed ln lnlerlor courls,
lrrespecllve ol whelher or nol he ls o |ow sludenl. As
succlncl|y c|orllled ln Bor Moller No. 730, by vlrlue ol
Secllon 34, Ru|e J38, o |ow sludenl moy oppeor, os on
ogenl or o lrlend ol o porly |lllgonl, wllhoul lhe supervlslon
ol o |owyer belore lnlerlor courls. |Ctuz v. M|oo, (2007}]

Se|l-represenlollon
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 34. By whom |lllgollon
conducled. ln lhe courl ol o munlclpo|lly o porly moy
conducl hls |lllgollon ln person, wllh lhe old ol on ogenl or
lrlend oppolnled by hlm lor lhol purpose, or wllh lhe old ol
on ollorney. ln ony olher courl, o porly moy conducl hls
|lllgollon persono||y or by old ol on ollorney, ond hls
oppeoronce musl be ellher persono| or by o du|y
oulhorlzed member ol lhe bor.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 5, Sec. (c} provldes lhol on occused
moy wolve hls rlghl lo counse| bul ll he connol prolecl hls
rlghls wllhoul lhe osslslonce ol o counse|, lhe Courl
shou|d odvlse hlm lo secure o counse| de porle or oppolnl
o counse| de olllclo lo represenl hlm.

R|bt 1o Couose|: Abso|ule ond lmmulob|e, however, lhe
lrlo| courl (1C) moy reslrlcl hls opllon lo reloln o counse|
de porle ll:
(J) lhe occused lnslsls on on ollorney he connol ollord
(2) chosen counse| ls nol o |owyer or
(3) lhe ollorney dec|lnes lo represenl lhe occused lor o
vo|ld reoson, ln whlch cose lhe 1C wl|| oppolnl hls counse|
de olllclo lo represenl hlm.

Couose| oe oll|c|o - A counse|, oppolnled or osslgned by lhe
courl, lrom omong members ol lhe Bor ln good slondlng
who, by reoson ol lhelr experlence ond obl|lly, moy
odequole|y delend lhe occused

Couose| oe otte - A counse| emp|oyed or relolned by lhe
porly, or lhe occused.

$#$93*8:%,0 .$ *2/.$.0',*'.4% ',.7+$*30
Appeoronce ol non-|owyers ln odmlnlslrollve lrlbuno|s
(e.g. NLRC, codoslro| courl) ls o||owed bul on|y ll lhey
represenl lhemse|ves, lhelr orgonlzollon or lls members.

Llmllollons
(J) Non-odversorlo| conlenllons
(2) Nol hoblluo||y rendered
(3) Nol chorge lor poymenl.

&,#"%%2.$50 8=%,% 3*8:%,0 *,% &,#=.7.'%2
1,#/ *&&%*,.$5
Smo|| C|olms Coses
Ru|es ol ltoceoute lot Smo|| C|o|ms Coses, AM No.08-8-7,
Sec. 7. Appeoronce ol Allorneys Nol A||owed. No
ollorney sho|| oppeor ln beho|l ol or represenl o porly ol
lhe heorlng, un|ess lhe ollorney ls lhe p|olnllll or
delendonl.

Kolorungong Pomborongoy
RA 760, Sec. 45. ln o|| kolorungong pomborongoy
proceedlngs lhe porlles musl oppeor ln person wllhoul lhe
osslslonce ol counse| or represenlollve excepl lor mlnors
ond lncompelenls who moy be osslsled by lhelr nexl ol kln
who ore nol |owyers.

0*$"'.#$0 1#, &,*"'."% #, *&&%*,*$"%
8.'=#+' *+'=#,.':
(J) Lowyers wllhoul oulhorlly
(2) Persons nol |owyers

Sharia Bar passers are not full-l|edged Phl|lpplne Bor
members so they may only practice before Sharia courts.
Both are counselors, but only the latter is an attorney.
|A|ow| v. A|ouyo, (997}]

,%/%2.%0 *5*.$0' +$*+'=#,.?%2 &,*"'."%
(J) Pellllon lor lnjuncllon
(2) Dec|orolory Re|lel
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >

(3) Conlempl ol Courl
(4) Dlsquo|lllcollon ond comp|olnls lor dlsbormenl
(5) Crlmlno| comp|olnl lor eslolo ogolnsl lhe person who
lo|se|y represenled hlmse|l os o |owyer lo lhe domoge
ol onolher

&+73." #11.".*30 *$2 &,*"'."% #1 3*8
&,#=.7.'.#$ #, 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$
#1 1#,/%, 5#4%,$/%$' *''#,$%:0
Sect|oo 7 ol R.A. No. 673 genero||y provldes lor lhe
prohlblled ocls ond lronsocllons ol pub|lc olllclo|s ond
emp|oyees. Subsecllon (b)(2) prohlblls lhem lrom
engoglng ln lhe prlvole procllce ol lhelr prolesslon durlng
lhelr lncumbency. As on excepllon, o pub|lc olllclo| or
emp|oyee con engoge ln lhe procllce ol hls or her
prolesslon under lhe lo||owlng condlllons: llrsl, lhe prlvole
procllce ls oulhorlzed by lhe Conslllullon or by lhe |ow,
ond second, lhe procllce wl|| nol conl|lcl or lend lo conl|lcl
wllh hls or her olllclo| luncllons.

&+73." #11.".*30 8=# "*$$#' &,*"'."% 3*8
#, 8.'= ,%0',."'.#$0
Abso|ule Prohlblllon
(J) 1udges ond olher olllclo|s os SC emp|oyees |Ru|e 48,
Sec. 35]
(2) OSC olllclo|s ond emp|oyees
(3) Covl. proseculors |leo|e v. v|||oouevo]
(4) Pres., vP, coblnel members, lhelr depulles ond
osslslonls, |Coost., Att. vlll Sec. 5]
(5) Conslllullono| Commlsslons Cholrmen ond Members
|Coost. Att. lX-A, Sec. 2]
(6) Ombudsmon ond hls depulles |Coost., Att. lX, Sec. 8,
ot. 2]
(7) A|| governors, clly ond munlclpo| moyors |R.A. No.
760, Sec. 90]
(8) 1hose who, by speclo| |ow, ore prohlblled lrom
engoglng ln lhe procllce ol lhelr |ego| prolesslon

Re|ollve Prohlblllon
(J) Senolors ond House ol Represenlollves members
(prohlblllon lo oppeor) [Coost. Att vl, Sec. 4]
(2) Songgunlon Members |RA No. 760, Sec. 9]

Speclo| Reslrlcllons
Rellred judges |RA 90, Sec. , os omeooeoj

A rellred jusllce or judge recelvlng o penslon lrom lhe
Covernmenl connol ocl os counse| ln ony clvl| cose ln
whlch lhe Covernmenl or ony ol lls subdlvlslon or ogencles
ls lhe odverse porly or ln o crlmlno| cose whereln on olllcer
or emp|oyee ol lhe Covl. ls occused ol on ollense ln
re|ollon lo hls olllce. |R.A. No. 90]

3*8:%,0 *+'=#,.?%2 '# ,%&,%0%$' '=%
5#4%,$/%$'
Any person oppolnled lo oppeor lor lhe Covernmenl ol lhe
Phl|lpplnes sho|| be o||owed lo oppeor ln courl, subjecl lo
perllnenl |ows.

LAWYERS #*'=
Ru|es ol Coutt, Sec. 7. An opp|lconl who hos possed lhe
requlred exomlnollon, or hos been olherwlse lound lo be
enlll|ed lo odmlsslon lo lhe bor, sho|| loke ond subscrlbe
belore lhe SC on oolh ol olllce. |orm 28 ol lhe 1udlclo|
Slondord |orms prescrlbes lhe lo||owlng oolh lo be loken
by lhe opp|lconl:

l, _____, do so|emn|y sweor lhol l wl|| molnloln o||eglonce lo
lhe Repub|lc ol lhe Phl|lpplnes.

l wl|| supporl lls Conslllullon ond obey lhe |ows os we|| os
lhe |ego| orders ol lhe du|y consllluled oulhorllles lhereln,

l wl|| do no lo|sehood nor consenl lo lhe dolng ol ony ln
courl,

l wl|| nol wllllng|y or wl||lng|y promole or sue ony
ground|ess, lo|se or un|owlu| sull nor glve old nor consenl
lo lhe some,

l wl|| de|oy no mon lor money or mo|lce, ond wl|| conducl
myse|l os o |owyer occordlng lo lhe besl ol my know|edge
ond dlscrellon wllh o|| good llde|lly os we|| lo lhe courl os
lo my c|lenls, ond

l lmpose upon myse|l lhls vo|unlory ob|lgollon, wllhoul ony
menlo| reservollon or purpose ol evoslon.

So he|p me Cod.

The lawyers oath is not a mere ceremony or formality for
procllclng |ow. Lvery |owyer shou|d ol o|| llmes welgh hls
ocllons occordlng lo lhe sworn promlses he mokes when
taking the lawyers oath. If all lawyers conducted
themselves strictly according to the lawyers oath and the
Code ol Prolesslono| responslbl|lly, lhe odmlnlslrollon ol
jusllce wl|| undoubled|y lolrer, losler ond eosler lor
everyone concerned. |lo Re Atos|oo, (J997)]

./&#,'*$' '%,/0 '# ,%/%/7%,M
Amlcus curloe
Latin for friend of court, a lawyer who assists the court by
glvlng lnlormollon or odvlce regordlng quesllons ol |ow or
ol locl. He does nol represenl ony porly.

Allorney
Olllcers ol lhe courls, empowered lo oppeor, prosecule
ond delend, ond upon whom pecu|lor dulles,
responslbl|llles ond |lobl|llles ore deve|oped by |ow os o
consequence. |Cu| v. Cu| (964}]

Bor
Relers lo lhe who|e body ol ollorneys ond counse|ors,
co||ecllve|y, lhe members ol lhe |ego| prolesslon

Borrlsler
ln Lng|ond, o person enlll|ed lo procllce |ow os on
odvocole or counse| ln lhe superlor courl.

Bench
Denoles lhe who|e body ol judges

Nolory Pub|lc
A pub|lc olllcer oulhorlzed by |ow lo cerllly documenls,
loke ollldovlls, ond odmlnlsler oolhs. Under lhe 2004
Ru|es on Nolorlo| Procllce, o|| nolorles musl be |owyers.
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% @


So|lcllor
ln Lng|ond, o person prosecullng or delendlng sulls ln
Courls ol Choncery. ln lhe Phl|lpplnes, o Covernmenl
|owyer olloched wllh lhe Olllce ol lhe So|lcllor Cenero|.



:".'$( , ;$(#)*('<'/'.'$(
)0 249=$%(

3%5*3 %'=."0
ll ls lhol bronch ol moro| sclence whlch lreols ol lhe dulles
whlch on ollorney ol |ow owes lo hls c|lenls, lo lhe courls,
lo lhe bor ond lo lhe pub|lc. |C.A. Mo|co|m, leo| ooo
1uo|c|o| Ftb|cs 8, 949]

2+'.%0 #1 * 3*8:%,
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 20
(J) 1o molnloln o||eglonce lo lhe Repub|lc ol lhe Phl|s. ond
lo supporl lhe Conslllullon ond obey lhe |ows ol lhe Phl|s.,
(2) 1o observe ond molnloln lhe respecl due lo lhe courls
ol jusllce ond judlclo| olllcers,
(3) 1o counse| or molnloln such ocllons or proceedlngs
on|y os oppeor lo hlm lo be jusl, ond such delenses on|y os
he be|leves lo be honesl|y debolob|e under lhe |ow,
(4) 1o emp|oy, lor lhe purpose ol molnlolnlng lhe couses
conllded lo hlm, such meons on|y os ore conslslenl wllh
lrulh ond honor, ond never seek lo mls|eod lhe judge or
ony judlclo| olllcer by on orllllce or lo|se slolemenl ol locl
or |ow,
(5) 1o molnloln lnvlo|ole lhe conlldence, ond ol every perl|
lo hlmse|l, lo preserve lhe secrels ol hls c|lenl, ond lo
occepl no compensollon ln connecllon wllh hls c|lenl's
buslness excepl lrom hlm or wllh hls know|edge ond
opprovo|,
(6) 1o obsloln lrom o|| ollenslve persono|lly ond lo
odvonce no locl prejudlclo| lo lhe honor or repulollon ol o
porly or wllness, un|ess requlred by lhe jusllce ol lhe couse
wllh whlch he ls chorged,
(7) Nol lo encouroge ellher lhe commencemenl or lhe
conllnuonce ol on ocllon or proceedlng, or de|oy ony mon's
couse, lrom ony corrupl mollve or lnleresl,
(8) Never lo rejecl, lor ony conslderollon persono| lo
hlmse|l, lhe couse ol lhe delense|ess or oppressed,
(9) ln lhe delense ol o person occused ol crlme, by o|| lolr
ond honorob|e meons, regord|ess ol hls persono| oplnlon
os lo lhe gul|l ol lhe occused, lo presenl every delense lhol
lhe |ow permlls, lo lhe end lhol no person moy be deprlved
ol |lle or |lberly, bul by due process ol |ow.

'=% 1#+,91#32 2+'.%0 #1 * 3*8:%,
N&%, '=% "#2% #1 &,#1%00.#$*3 ,%0&#$0.7.3.':O
3*8:%,0 2+'.%0 '# 0#".%':
Coooo : Promole ond Respecl lhe Low ond Lego|
Process
Coooo 2: Provlde Llllclenl And Convenlenl Lego| Servlces
Coooo 3: lnlormollon On Lego| Servlces 1hol ls 1rue,
Honesl, |olr And Dlgnllled
Coooo 4 Supporl |or Lego| Relorms And Admlnlslrollon
Ol 1usllce
Coooo 5: Porllclpole ln Lego| Lducollon
Coooo 6: Conons App|y lo Lowyers ln Covernmenl
Servlce

3*8:%,0 2+'.%0 '# '=% 3%5*3 &,#1%00.#$
Coooo 7: Upho|d Dlgnlly And lnlegrlly ln 1he Prolesslon
Coooo 8: Courlesy, |olrness, Condor 1owords
Prolesslono| Co||eogues
Coooo 9: Unoulhorlzed Procllce Ol Low

3*8:%,0 2+'.%0 '# '=% "#+,'0
Coooo 0: Observe Condor, |olrness And Cood |ollh
Coooo : Respecl Courls And 1udlclo| Olllcers
Coooo 2: Asslsl ln Speedy And Llllclenl Admlnlslrollon ol
1usllce
Coooo 3: Relroln |rom Acl Clvlng Appeoronce ol
lnl|uence

3*8:%,0 2+'.%0 '# '=% "3.%$'
Coooo 4: Servlce 1o 1he Needy
Coooo 5: Observe Condor, |olrness, Loyo|ly
Coooo 6: Hold In Trust Clients Moneys And Properlles
Coooo 7: 1rusl And Conlldence
Coooo 8: Compelence And Dl|lgence
Coooo 9: Represenlollon Wllh Zeo|
Coooo 20 Attorneys Fees
Coooo 2: Preserve Clients Conlldence
Coooo 22 Wllhdrowo| Ol Servlces |or Cood Couse

2+'.%0 '# 0#".%':
,%0&%"' 1#, 3*8 *$2 3%5*3 &,#"%00%0
Coooo . A |owyer sho|| upho|d lhe conslllullon, obey lhe
|ows ol lhe |ond ond promole respecl lor |ow ol ond |ego|
processes.

Ru|e .0. A |owyer sho|| nol engoge ln un|owlu|, dlshonesl,
lmmoro| or decelllu| conducl.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec 27. Allorneys removed or
suspended by Supreme Courl on whol grounds. A
member ol lhe bor moy be removed or suspended lrom hls
olllce os ollorney by lhe Supreme Courl lor ony decell,
mo|procllce, or olher gross mlsconducl ln such olllce,
gross|y lmmoro| conducl, or by reoson ol hls convlcllon ol o
crlme lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude, or lor ony vlo|ollon ol lhe
oolh whlch he ls requlred lo loke belore lhe odmlsslon lo
procllce, or lor o wl||lu| dlsobedlence ol ony |owlu| order ol
o superlor courl, or lor corrupl|y or wl||lu| oppeorlng os on
ollorney lor o porly lo o cose wllhoul oulhorlly so lo do.
1he procllce ol so|lclllng coses ol |ow lor lhe purpose ol
goln, ellher persono||y or lhrough pold ogenls or brokers,
conslllules mo|procllce.

Un|owlu| conducl
An ocl or omlsslon whlch ls ogolnsl lhe |ow. Dlshonesly
lnvo|ves |ylng or cheollng. |Ao|o]

When |owyers ore convlcled ol lruslroled homlclde, lhe
ollendlng clrcumslonces, nol lhe mere locl ol lhelr
convlcllon wou|d demonslrole lhelr lllness lo remoln ln lhe
|ego| prolesslon. |Sot|ooo v. D|zoo, (2006)]

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% A

lmmoro| or decelllu| conducl
1hol whlch ls wl||lu|, l|ogronl or shome|ess ond whlch
shows o moro| lndlllerence lo lhe oplnlon ol lhe good ond
respeclob|e members ol lhe communlly. [Au|ttej

lmmoro|lly connoles conducl lhol shows lndlllerence lo
lhe moro| norms ol soclely. |or such conducl lo worronl
dlsclp|lnory ocllon, lhe some musl be gross|y lmmoro|, ll
musl be so corrupl ond lo|se os lo conslllule o crlmlno| ocl
or so unprlnclp|ed os lo be reprehenslb|e lo o hlgh degree.
|U| v. Boo|loc|o (2000)]

Moro| 1urpllude
Includes everything which is done contrary to justice,
honesty, modesty, or good morals. It involves an act of
boseness, vl|eness, or deprovlly ln lhe prlvole dulles whlch
o mon owed hls le||owmen, or lo soclely ln genero|,
conlrory lo lhe occepled ond cuslomory ru|e ol rlghl ond
duly belween mon ond womon, or conducl conlrory lo
jusllce, honesly, modesly, or good moro|s. |Bott|os v.
Mott|oez, (2004)]

Lxomp|es ol Crlmes lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude
Murder, eslolo, rope, vlo|ollon ol BP 22, brlbery, blgomy,
odu|lery, seducllon, obducllon, concublnoge, smugg|lng.

Lxomp|es ol gross|y-lmmoro| ocls
(J) Wonlon dlsregord lor lhe soncllly ol morrloge os
shown when respondenl pursued o morrled womon
ond lhereoller cohoblled wllh her. |Cuevotto v. Fo|o,
(2007}]
(2) 1he rope ol hls nelghbor's wlle consllluled serlous
moro| deprovlly even ll hls gul|l wos nol proved beyond
reosonob|e doubl ln lhe crlmlno| prosecullon lor rope.
|Co|ub v. Su||et (2000}]

Lxomp|es ol Acls whlch ore NO1 gross|y lmmoro|
(J) Mere lnllmocy belween o mon ond o womon, bolh ol
whom possess no lmpedlmenl lo morry, vo|unlorl|y
corrled ond devold ol decell on lhe porl ol lhe
respondenl, even ll o chl|d wos born oul ol wed|ock ol
such re|ollonshlp. lt moy suest o ooubtlu| moto|
cbotoctet but oot toss|y |mmoto|. |l|uetoo v. Bottooco,
(997)]
(2) Sleo|lng o klss lrom o c|lenl |Aov|ocu|o v. Mocoboto
(2007}]

Ru|e .02. A |owyer sho|| nol counse| or obel ocllvllles
olmed ol dellonce ol lhe |ow or ol |essenlng conlldence ln
lhe |ego| syslem.

1he SC does nol c|olm lnlo||lbl|lly, ll wl|| nol denounce
crlllclsm mode by onyone ogolnsl lhe Courl lor, ll we||
lounded con lru|y hove conslrucllve ellecls ln lhe losk ol
lhe Courl, bul wl|| nol counlenonce ony wrong dolng nor
o||ow eroslon ol lhe peop|e's lollh ln lhe judlclo| syslem.
|Fsttooo v. Sooo|ooboyoo (2003}j

1he promollon ol orgonlzollons, wllh know|edge ol lhelr
objecllves, lor lhe purpose ol vlo|ollng or evodlng lhe |ows
conslllules such mlsconducl ln hls olllce. |lo te 1ette||,
(903)]

Ru|e .03. A |owyer sho|| nol, lor ony corrupl mollve or
lnleresl, encouroge ony sull or proceedlng or de|oy ony
mon's couse.

Barratry or Maintenance
lnclllng or sllrrlng up quorre|s, |lllgollon or ground|ess
|owsulls

Fxom|es
(J) vo|unleerlng odvlce lo brlng |owsull, excepl ln rore
coses where lles ol b|ood, re|ollonshlp or lrusl moke ll
hls duly lo do so
(2) Hunllng up delecls ln lll|es or olher couses ol ocllon ln
order lo be emp|oyed lo brlng sull or breed |lllgollon

Ambu|ooce Cbos|o
Accldenl-slle so|lcllollon ol o|mosl ony klnd ol |ego|
buslness by |oymen emp|oyed by on ollorney lor lhe
purpose or by lhe ollorney hlmse|l.
(o) Supporls perjury, lhe delroudlng ol lnnocenl persons by
judgmenls, upon monuloclured couses ol ocllons ond
lhe delroudlng ol lnjured persons hovlng proper couses
ol ocllon bul lgnoronl ol |ego| rlghls ond courl
procedure.

A |owyer moy be dlsclp|lned ln hls prolesslono| ond prlvole
copoclly. 1he l|||o ol mu|t||e com|o|ots rel|ecls on hls
lllness lo be o member ol lhe |ego| prolesslon. Hls cooouct
ol v|oo|ct|veoess o declded|y undeslrob|e lroll especlo||y
when one resorls lo uslng lhe courl nol lo secure jusllce
bul mere|y lo exocl revenge worronls hls dlsmlsso| lrom
lhe judlclory. |Sobuto|oo v. Mootooo, (200}]

Ru|e .04. A |owyer sho|| encouroge hls c|lenls lo ovold,
end or sell|e o conlroversy ll ll wl|| odmll ol o lolr
sell|emenl.

1he luncllon ol o |owyer ls nol on|y lo conducl |lllgollon
bul lo ovold ll where posslb|e, by odvlslng sell|emenl or
wllhho|dlng sull. He musl ocl os medlolor lor compromlse
rolher lhon on lnsllgolor ond conl|lcl. |Ao|o]

1he |owyer obelled hls c|lenl ln uslng lhe courls lo subverl
lhe very ends ol jusllce by lnsllgollng conlroversy ond
conl|lcl o|lhough lhe c|lenl's couse ls wllhoul merll. ll ls
every duly ol o counse| lo odvlse hls c|lenl on lhe merll ol
hls cose. A |owyer musl reslsl lhe whlms ond coprlces ol hls
clients, and temper his clients propensity to litigate.
|Costooeoo v. Ao, (975}j

%11.".%$' *$2 "#$4%$.%$' 3%5*3 0%,4."%0
Coooo 2: A |owyer sho|| moke hls |ego| servlces ovol|ob|e ln
on elllclenl ond convenlenl monner compollb|e wllh lhe
lndependence, lnlegrlly ond ellecllveness ol lhe
prolesslon.

Ru|e 2.0. A |owyer sho|| nol rejecl, excepl lor vo|ld
reosons, lhe couse ol lhe delense|ess or lhe oppressed.



+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% F

Delense|ess
1hose who cou|d nol delend lhemse|ves lor vorlous
reosons such os poverly, lgnoronce or weokness

Oppressed
1hose who hove been subjecled lo crue|ly, domlnollon or
horsh lreolmenl

Lego| old ls nol o moller ol chorlly. ll ls o meons lor lhe
correcllon ol soclo| lmbo|once lhol moy ond ollen do |eod
lo lnjusllce, lor whlch reoson ll ls o pub|lc responslbl|lly ol
lhe Bor. |lBl looobook, Cu|oe||oes Coveto|o tbe
Fstob||sbmeot ooo Oetot|oo ol tbe leo| A|o Oll|ce, Att. ,
Sec. ]

vo|ld grounds lor reluso| |Ru|e 4.03]:
(J) He ls ln no poslllon lo corry oul lhe work ellecllve|y or
compelenl|y
(2) He |obors under o conl|lcl ol lnleresl belween hlm ond
lhe prospecllve c|lenl or belween o presenl c|lenl ond
lhe prospecllve c|lenl.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 3. Allorneys lor deslllule
|lllgonls A courl moy osslgn on ollorney lo render
prolesslono| old lree ol chorge lo ony porly ln o cose ll
upon lnvesllgollon ll oppeors lhol lhe porly ls deslllule
ond unob|e lo emp|oy on ollorney ond lhol lhe servlces ol
counse| ore necessory lo secure lhe ends ol jusllce ond lo
prolecl lhe rlghls ol lhe porly. ll sho|| be lhe duly ol lhe
ollorney so osslgned lo render lhe requlred servlce un|ess
he ls excused lherelrom by lhe courl lor sulllclenl couse
shown.

1he |ego| prolesslon ls o burdened prlvl|ege nol mony ore
quo|llled lo underloke. A |owyer owes llde|lly lo lhe duly
requlred ol lhe |ego| prolesslon. ln lhls cose, slnce lhere ls
no incompatibility between the defense of the appellants
c|lenl ond hls belng on e|ecllon reglslror, he shou|d nol
dec|lne hls oppolnlmenl os counse| de ollclo. |leoesmo v.
C||moco, (974)]

Bot Mottet No. 202 (2009}
ltooseo Ru|e oo Moooototy leo| A|o Setv|ce lot ltoct|c|o
lowyets

lutose. - lo enhonce lhe duly ol |owyers lo soclely os
ogenls ol soclo| chonge ond lo lhe courls os olllcers
lhereol by he|plng lmprove occess lo jusllce by lhe |ess
prlvl|eged members ol soclely ond expedlle lhe reso|ullon
ol coses lnvo|vlng lhem, 1o old lhe elllclenl ond ellecllve
odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce especlo||y ln coses lnvo|vlng
lndlgenl ond pouper |lllgonls.

Scoe. - 1hls Ru|e sho|| govern lhe mondolory requlremenl
lor procllclng |owyers lo render lree |ego| old servlces ln o||
coses (whelher, clvl|, crlmlno| or odmlnlslrollve) lnvo|vlng
lndlgenl ond pouper |lllgonls where lhe osslslonce ol o
|owyer ls needed. ll sho|| o|so govern lhe duly ol olher
members ol lhe |ego| prolesslon lo supporl lhe |ego| old
progrom ol lhe lnlegroled Bor ol lhe Phl|lpplnes.

(o) Procllclng |owyers ore members ol lhe Phl|. Bor who
oppeor lor ond ln beho|l ol porlles ln courls ol |ow ond
quosl-judlclo| ogencles, lnc|udlng bul nol |lmlled lo lhe
Nollono| Lobor Re|ollons Commlsslon, Nollono|
Concl|lollon ond Medlollon Boord, Deporlmenl ol Lobor
ond Lmp|oymenl Reglono| Olllces, Deporlmenl ol
Agrorlon Relorm Adjudlcollon Boord ond Nollono|
Commlsslon lor lndlgenous Peop|es. 1he lerm procllclng
|owyers sho|| exc|ude:
(l) Cov'l. emp|oyees ond lncumbenl e|ecllve olllclo|s
nol o||owed by |ow lo procllce,
(ll) Lowyers who by |ow ore nol o||owed lo oppeor ln
courl,
(lll) Supervlslng |owyers ol sludenls enro||ed ln |ow
sludenl procllce ln du|y occredlled |ego| c|lnlcs ol
|ow schoo|s ond |owyers ol non-Cov'l.o|
organizations (NGOs) and peoples organizations
(POs) |lke lhe |ree Lego| Asslslonce Croup who by
lhe nolure ol lhelr work o|reody render lree |ego|
old lo lndlgenl ond pouper |lllgonls ond
(lv) Lowyers nol covered under subporogrophs (l) lo (lll)
lnc|udlng lhose who ore emp|oyed ln lhe prlvole
seclor bul do nol oppeor lor ond ln beho|l ol porlles
ln courls ol |ow ond quosl-judlclo| ogencles.

(b) lndlgenl ond pouper |lllgonls ore lhose dellned under
Ru|e 4, Sect|oo 9 ol tbe ROC ond (A|uto v. 1be loco|
Cov't. Uo|t ol tbe C|ty ol Noo, 2006}

Sec. 9. lndlgenl |lllgonls exempl lrom poymenl ol |ego|
lees. lndlgenl |lllgonls
(o) whose gross lncome ond lhol ol lhelr lmmedlole loml|y
do nol exceed on omounl doub|e lhe monlh|y mlnlmum
woge ol on emp|oyee ond
(b) who do nol own reo| properly wllh o lolr morkel vo|ue
os sloled ln lhe currenl lox dec|orollon ol more lhon lhree
hundred lhousond (P300,000.00) pesos sho|| be exempl
lrom poymenl ol |ego| lees.

1he |ego| lees sho|| be o |len on ony judgmenl rendered ln
lhe cose lovorob|e lo lhe lndlgenl |lllgonl un|ess lhe courl
olherwlse provldes.

1o be enlll|ed lo lhe exempllon hereln provlded, lhe
|lllgonl sho|| execule on ollldovll lhol he ond hls
lmmedlole loml|y do nol eorn o gross lncome
obovemenlloned, ond lhey do nol own ony reo| properly
wllh lhe lolr vo|ue oloremenlloned, supporled by on
ollldovll ol o dlslnleresled person ollesllng lo lhe lrulh ol
lhe |lllgonl's ollldovll. 1he currenl lox dec|orollon, ll ony,
sho|| be olloched lo lhe |lllgonl's ollldovll.

Any lo|slly ln lhe ollldovll ol |lllgonl or dlslnleresled person
sho|| be sulllclenl couse lo dlsmlss lhe comp|olnl or ocllon
or lo slrlke oul lhe p|eodlng ol lhol porly, wllhoul prejudlce
lo wholever crlmlno| liability may have been incurred.

|ree occess lo lhe courls ond quosl-judlclo| bodles ond
odequole |ego| osslslonce sho|| nol be denled lo ony
person by reoson ol poverly. |Coost. Att. lll, Sec. ]

Requlremenls
Lvery procllclng |owyer ls requlred lo render o mlnlmum ol
slxly (60) hours ol lree |ego| old servlces lo lndlgenl
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% C

|lllgonls ln o yeor. Sold 60 hours sho|| be spreod wllhln o
perlod ol lwe|ve (J2) monlhs, wllh o mlnlmum ol llve (5)
hours ol lree |ego| old servlces eoch monlh. He sho||
coordlnole wllh lhe C|erk ol Courl lor coses where he moy
render lree |ego| old servlce ond sho|| be requlred lo secure
ond obloln o cerllllcole lrom lhe C|erk ol Courl ollesllng lo
lhe number ol hours spenl renderlng lree |ego| old servlces
ln o cose.

Peno|lles
A procllclng |owyer sho|| be requlred lo exp|oln why he wos
unob|e lo render lhe mlnlmum prescrlbed number ol
hours. ll no exp|onollon hos been glven or ll lhe Nollono|
Commlllee on Lego| Ald (NCLA) llnds lhe exp|onollon
unsollsloclory, lhe NCLA sho|| moke o reporl ond
recommendollon lo lhe lBP Boord ol Covernors lor lhe
errlng |owyer lo be dec|ored o member ol lhe lBP who ls
nol ln good slondlng.

Aller occeplonce ol lhe recommendollon, lhe |owyer sho||
be dec|ored o member nol ln good slondlng. He wl|| be
lurnlshed o nollce lhol lnc|udes o dlrecllve lo poy P4000
peno|ly whlch sho|| occrue lo lhe speclo| lund lor lhe |ego|
old progrom ol lhe lBP.

Any |owyer who lol|s lo comp|y wllh hls dulles under lhls
Ru|e lor ol |eosl lhree (3) consecullve yeors sho|| be lhe
subjecl ol dlsclp|lnory proceedlngs lo be lnsllluled motu
tot|o by lhe Commlllee on Bor Dlsclp|lne.

Ru|e 2.02. ln such coses, even ll lhe |owyer does nol occepl
o cose, he sho|| nol reluse lo render |ego| odvlce lo lhe
person concerned ll on|y lo lhe exlenl necessory lo
soleguord lhe |oller's rlghls.

Advlce moy be on whol pre|lmlnory sleps lo loke unll| lhe
c|lenl hos secured lhe servlces ol counse|. Bul he sho||
relroln lrom glvlng |ego| odvlce ll lhe reoson lor nol
occepllng lhe cose ls lhol lhere lnvo|ves o conl|lcl ol
lnleresl belween hlm ond o prospecllve c|lenl or belween o
presenl c|lenl ond o prospecllve c|lenl. |Ao|o]

Ru|e 2.03. A |owyer sho|| nol do or permll lo be done ony
ocl deslgned prlmorl|y lo so|lcll |ego| buslness.

1he |ego| procllce ls nol o buslness bul o prolesslon. Un|lke
o buslnessmon, lhe |owyer hos:
(J) Re|ollon lo lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce lnvo|vlng
sincerity, integrity and reliability as an officer of the
court;
(2) Duly ol pub|lc servlce,
(3) Re|ollon lo c|lenls wllh lhe hlghesl degree ol llduclory,
(4) Re|ollon lo co||eogues ol lhe bor choroclerlzed by
condor, lolrness ond unwl||lngness lo resorl lo buslness
melhods ol odverllslng ond encroochmenl on lhelr
procllce, or deo|lng dlrecl|y wllh lhelr c|lenls. |Ao|o]

Mo|procllce
1he procllce ol so|lclllng coses ol |ow lor lhe purpose ol
goln, ellher persono||y or lhrough pold ogenls or brokers,
conslllules mo|procllce. A member ol lhe bor moy be
dlsborred or suspended lrom hls olllce os ollorney by lhe
SC for any malpractice. [Ru|e 38, Sec. 27]

Ru|e 2.04. A |owyer sho|| nol chorge roles |ower lhon lhose
cuslomorl|y prescrlbed un|ess lhe clrcumslonces so
worronl.

1hls ru|e prohlblls lhe compellllon ln lhe moller ol
chorglng prolesslono| lees lor lhe purposed ol ollrocllng
c|lenls ln lovor ol lhe |owyer who ollers |ower roles. 1he
ru|e does nol prohlbll o |owyer lrom chorglng o reduced
lee or none ol o|| lo on lndlgenl or lo o person who wou|d
hove dllllcu|ly poylng lhe lee usuo||y chorged lor such
servlces. |Ao|o]

',+%6 =#$%0'6 1*.,6 2.5$.1.%2 *$2 #7B%"'.4% .$1#,/*'.#$ #$
3%5*3 0%,4."%0
Coooo 3. A |owyer ln moklng known hls |ego| servlces sho||
use on|y lrue, honesl, lolr, dlgnllled ond objecllve
lnlormollon or slolemenl ol locls.

Ru|e 3.0. A |owyer sho|| nol use or permll lhe use ol ony
lo|se, lroudu|enl, mls|eodlng, decepllve, undlgnllled, se|l
|oudolory or unlolr slolemenl or c|olm regordlng hls
quo|lllcollons or |ego| servlces.

1he mosl worlhy ond ellecllve odverllsemenl posslb|e ls
lhe eslob|lshmenl ol o we||-merlled repulollon lor
prolesslono| copoclly ond llde|lly lo lrusl. 1hls connol be
lorced, bul musl be lhe oulcome ol chorocler ond conducl.

A||owob|e odverllsemenl (Lxcepllons lo Ru|e 3.0J)
(J) Ordlnory prolesslono| cord
(2) Pub|lcollon ln repulob|e |ow |lsl wllh brlel blogrophlco|
ond olher lnlormollve dolo whlch moy lnc|ude:
(o) nome
(b) ossocloles
(c) oddress
(d) phone numbers
(e) bronches ol |ow procllced
(l) blrlhdoy
(g) doy odmllled lo lhe bor
(h) schoo|s ond doles ollended
(l) degrees ond dlsllncllons
(j) pub|lc or quosl-pub|lc olllces
(k) posls ol honor
(|) |ego| oulhorshlps
(m) leochlng poslllons
(n) ossoclollons
(o) |ego| lrolernllles ond soclelles
(p) relerences ond regu|or|y represenled c|lenls
musl be pub|lshed lor lhol purpose
(3) Pub|lcollon ol slmp|e onnouncemenl ol openlng ol |ow
llrm, chonge ol llrm
(4) Llsllng ln le|ephone dlreclory bul nol under
deslgnollon ol speclo| bronch ol |ow
(5) ll ocllng os on ossoclole (speclo|lzlng ln o bronch ol
|ow), moy pub|lsh o brlel ond dlgnllled onnouncemenl
lo |owyers (|ow |lsl, |ow journo|)
(6) ll ln medlo, lhose ocls lncldenlo| lo hls procllce ond nol
ol hls own lnlllollve
(7) Wrlllng |ego| orllc|es
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )D

(8) Acllvlly ol on ossoclollon lor lhe purpose ol |ego|
represenlollon

ll enlerlng lnlo olher buslnesses whlch ore nol lnconslslenl
with lawyers duties
ll ls odvlsob|e lhol lhey be enllre|y seporole ond oporl such
lhol o |oymon cou|d dlsllngulsh belween lhe lwo
luncllons.

Prohlblled odverllsemenl |Sec. 27, Coooo ol ltoless|ooo|
Ftb|cs]:
(J) 1hrough loulers ol ony klnd whelher o||led reo| eslole
llrms or lrusl componles odverllslng lo secure lhe
drowlng ol deeds or wl||s
(2) Ollerlng relolners ln exchonge lor execulorshlps or
lrusleeshlps lo be lnl|uenced by lhe |owyer
(3) |urnlshlng or lnsplrlng newspoper commenls
concernlng lhe monner ol lhelr conducl, lhe
mognllude ol lhe lnleresls lnvo|ved, lhe lmporlonce ol
lawyers position, and all other like self-|oudollon

A |owyer moy nol proper|y pub|lsh hls brlel blogrophlco|
ond lnlormollve dolo ln o dol|y poper, mogozlne, lrode
journo| or soclely progrom ln order lo so|lcll |ego| buslness.
|kboo v. S|mb|||o, (2003)]

ll ls hlgh|y unelhlco| lor on ollorney lo odverllse hls lo|enls
or skl|| os o merchonl odverllses hls wores. 1he |ow ls o
prolesslon nol o buslness. So|lcllollon ol coses by hlmse|l
or lhrough olhers ls unprolesslono| ond |owers lhe
slondords ol lhe |ego| prolesslon. |lo te 1ootoo, (929)]

Ru|e 3.02. ln lhe cholce ol o llrm nome, no lo|se,
mls|eodlng or ossumed nome sho|| be used. 1he conllnued
use ol lhe nome ol o deceosed porlner ls permlsslb|e
provlded lhol lhe llrm lndlcoles ln o|| lls communlcollons
lhol sold porlner ls deceosed.

Ceoeto| Ru|e |]: A|| porlners ln llrm nome musl be o|lve.

Fxcet|oo: 1he conllnued use ol lhe nome ol o deceosed
porlner ls permlsslb|e provlded lhol lhe llrm lndlcoles ln o||
lls communlcollons lhol sold porlner ls deceosed. [Ao|oj

Reosoo lot Fxcet|oo: A|| porlners by lhelr jolnl ellorls over
o perlod ol yeors conlrlbuled lo lhe goodwl|| olloched lo
the firm name, and the removal of the deceased partners
nome dlslurbs lhe c|lenl goodwl|| bul|l lhrough lhe yeors.

Ceoeto| Ru|e |2]: |l|lplno |owyers connol procllce |ow under
lhe nome ol o lorelgn |ow llrm.

|lrms moy nol use mls|eodlng nomes showlng ossoclollon
wllh olher llrms lo purporl |ego| servlces ol hlghesl quo|lly
ond lles wllh mu|llnollono| buslness enlerprlse especlo||y
when such llrm olloched os on ossoclole connol |ego||y
procllce |ow ln lhe Phl|s. |Docoooy v. Boket ooo Mckeoz|e,
(985)]

Ru|e 3.03. Where o porlner occepls pub|lc olllce, he sho||
wllhdrow lrom lhe llrm ond hls nome sho|| be dropped
lrom lhe llrm nome un|ess lhe |ow o||ows hlm lo procllce
|ow currenl|y.

1he purpose ol lhe ru|e ls lo prevenl lhe |ow llrm lrom
uslng hls nome lo ollrocl |ego| buslness ond lo ovold
susplclon ol undue lnl|uence. [Ao|oj

A clvl| servlce olllcer or emp|oyee whose duly or
responslbl|lly does nol requlre hls enllre llme lo be ol lhe
dlsposo| ol lhe governmenl moy nol engoge ln lhe prlvole
procllce ol |ow wllhoul lhe wrlllen permll lrom lhe heod ol
lhe deporlmenl concerned. [Ao|oj

ll ls un|owlu| lor o pub|lc olllclo| or emp|oyee lo, omong
olhers: engoge ln lhe prlvole procllce ol lhelr prolesslon,
un|ess oulhorlzed by lhe Conslllullon or |ow, provlded lhol
such procllce wl|| nol conl|lcl or lend lo conl|lcl wllh
olllclo| luncllons. |Somoote v. Cotou|o, (999)]

ll lhe unoulhorlzed procllce on lhe porl ol o person who
ossumes lo be on ollorney couses domoge lo o porly, lhe
lormer moy be he|d |lob|e lor eslolo.

Ru|e 3.04. A |owyer sho|| nol poy or glve onylhlng ol vo|ue
lo represenlollves ol lhe moss medlo ln onllclpollon ol, or
ln relurn lor, pub|lclly lo ollrocl |ego| buslness.

1he purpose ol lhls ru|e ls lo prevenl some |owyers lrom
golnlng on unlolr odvonloge over olhers lhrough lhe use ol
glmmlckry, press ogenlry or olher orllllclo| meons.

1hls ru|e prohlblls lrom moklng lndlrecl pub|lclly glmmlck,
such os lurnlshlng or lnsplrlng newspoper commenls,
procurlng hls phologroph lo be pub|lshed ln connecllon
wllh coses whlch he ls hond|lng, moklng o courlroom scene
lo ollrocl lhe ollenllon ol newspopermen, or orronglng lor
lhe purpose on lnlervlew wllh hlm by medlo peop|e.
|Ao|o]

&*,'.".&*'.#$ .$ '=% ./&,#4%/%$' *$2 ,%1#,/0 .$ 3%5*3
0:0'%/
Coooo 4. A |owyer sho|| porllclpole ln lhe deve|opmenl ol
lhe Lego| Syslem by lnlllollng or supporllng ellorls ln |ow
relorm ond ln lhe lmprovemenl ol lhe odmlnlslrollon ol
jusllce.

Lxomp|es
(J) Presenl os|t|oo oets ot teso|ut|oos lor lhe
lnlroducllon ol ett|oeot b|||s ln Cootess,
(2) Submll et|t|oos lo lhe SC lor lhe omeoomeot ol lhe
ROC.
(3) 1he Mlsomls Orlenlo| Chopler ol lhe lBP promu|gollng
a resolution wherein it requested the IBPs NCLA to ask
lor lhe exempllon lrom lhe poymenl ol ll|lng, dockel
ond olher lees ol c|lenls ol lhe |ego| old olllces ln lhe
vorlous lBP choplers |Re Request Ol Not|ooo|
Comm|ttee Oo leo| A|o 1o Fxemt leo| A|o C||eots
ltom loy|o l|||o, Docket Aoo Otbet lees, (2009)]


+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ))

&*,'.".&*'.#$ .$ 3%5*3 %2+"*'.#$ &,#5,*/
Coooo 5. A |owyer sho|| keep obreosl ol |ego|
deve|opmenls porllclpole ln conllnulng |ego| educollon
progroms supporl ellorls lo ochleve hlgh slondords ln |ow
schoo|s os we|| os ln lhe procllco| lrolnlng ol |ow sludenls
ond osslsl ln dlssemlnollng lhe |ow ond jurlsprudence.

Ob|lgollons
(J) 1o se|l lor conllnued lmprovemenl ol know|edge
(2) 1o hls prolesslon lor molnlenonce ol hlgh slondords ol
|ego| educollon
(3) 1o lhe pub|lc lor soclo| consclousness

Bot Mottet No. 850 (2000}
lutose: 1o ensure lhol |owyers lhroughoul lhelr coreer
keep obreosl wllh |ow ond jurlsprudence, molnloln lhe
elhlcs ol lhe prolesslon ond enhonce lhe slondords ol lhe
procllce ol |ow

Requlremenl:
Lvery 3 yeors ol |eosl 36 hours ol |ego| educollon ocllvllles.
Lego| elhlcs 6 hrs
1rlo| ond pre-lrlo| skl||s 4 hrs
A|lernollve dlspule reso|ullon 5 hrs
Updoles on subslonllve proceduro| |ows ond
jurlsprudence
9 hrs
Wrlllng ond oro| odvococy 4 hrs
lnlernollono| |ow ond lnlernollono|
convenllons
2 hrs
Olher subjecls os moy be prescrlbed by lhe
Commlllee on MCLL
6 hrs

Lego| Lducollon Acllvllles
(J) Porllclpolory
(o) Allendlng opproved educollon ocllvllles |lke
semlnors, conlerences, convenllons, symposlo, ln-
house educollon progroms, workshops, dlo|ogues
or round lob|e dlscusslon.
(b) Speoklng or |eclurlng, or ocllng os osslgned
pone|lsl, reoclor, commenlolor, resource speoker,
moderolor, coordlnolor or locl|llolor ln opproved
educollon ocllvllles.
(c) 1eochlng ln o |ow schoo| or |eclurlng ln o bor revlew
c|oss.

(2) Non-Porllclpolory
(o) Preporlng, os on oulhor or co-oulhor, wrlllen
molerlo|s pub|lshed or occepled lor pub|lcollon,
e.g., ln lhe lorm ol on orllc|e, chopler, book, or book
revlew whlch conlrlbule lo lhe |ego| educollon ol
lhe oulhor member, whlch were nol prepored ln lhe
ordinary course of the members practice or
emp|oymenl.
(b) Ldlllng o |ow book, |ow journo| or |ego| news|eller.

(3) Olher ocllvllles credlled lo MCLL Renderlng
Mondolory Lego| Ald Servlces |Bor Moller No. 20J2,
Sec 8]


Lxempllons
(J) Presldenl, vlce-presldenl, coblnel members
(2) Members ol Congress
(3) Chlel 1usllce ond lncumbenl ond rellred members ol
lhe judlclory
(4) Chlel slole counse|, proseculor ond osslslonl
secrelorles ol lhe Deporlmenl ol 1usllce
(5) So|lcllor Cenero| ond osslslonls
(6) Covl. Corporole Counse|, hls depulles ond osslslonls
(7) Cholrmon ond members ol Conslllullono|
Commlsslons
(8) Ombudsmon ond hls depulles
(9) Heods ol Covl. ogencles exerclslng quosl-judlclo|
luncllons
(J0) lncumbenl deons, bor revlewers ond prolessors ol |ow
who hove J0 yeor leochlng experlence
(JJ) Olllcers ond |eclurers ol lhe Phl|. 1udlclo| Acodemy
(J2) Covernors ond moyor
(J3) 1hose nol ln |ow procllce (speclo| exempllon)
(J4) 1hose who hove rellred lrom lhe |ow procllce (speclo|
exempllon)
(J5) A member moy ll|e o verllled requesl selllng lorlh
good couse lor exempllon (such os physlco| dlsobl|lly,
l||ness, posl groduole sludy obrood, proven experllse ln
|ow, elc.)

Peno|ly:
(J) Non-Comp|lonce |ee ol Php J,000.00.
(2) Llsllng os o de|lnquenl member ol lhe lBP

Bot Mottet No. 922 (2008}
Procllclng members ol lhe bor ore requlred lo lNDlCA1L ln
o|| p|eodlngs ll|ed belore lhe courls or quosl-judlclo|
bodles, lhe number ond dole ol lssue ol lhelr MCLL
Cerllllcole ol Comp|lonce or Cerllllcole ol Lxempllon, os
moy be opp|lcob|e, lor lhe lmmedlole|y precedlng
comp|lonce perlod.

leoo|ty: |ol|ure lo dlsc|ose lhe requlred lnlormollon wou|d
couse lhe dlsmlsso| ol lhe cose ond lhe expuncllon ol lhe
p|eodlngs lrom lhe records.

Coooo 6. 1hese conons sho|| opp|y lo |owyers ln Covl.
servlces ln lhe dlschorge ol lhelr losks.

A member ol lhe Bor who ossumes pub|lc olllce does nol
shed hls prolesslono| ob|lgollon. Lowyers ln Covl. ore
pub|lc servonls who owe lhe ulmosl llde|lly lo lhe pub|lc
servlce. A |owyer ln pub|lc servlce ls o keeper ol pub|lc lollh
ond ls burdened wllh o hlgh degree ol soclo| responslbl|lly,
perhops hlgher lhon her brelhren ln prlvole procllce.
|v|tt|o|o v. Dos|, (2003)]

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
RA 673, Sec. 4 (A} ot tbe Cooe ol Cooouct ooo Ftb|co|
Stooootos lot lub||c Oll|c|o|s ooo Fm|oyees.
Lvery pub|lc olllclo| ond emp|oyee sho|| observe lhe
lo||owlng os slondords ol persono| conducl ln lhe
dlschorge ond execullon ol olllclo| dulles:
(J) Commllmenl lo pub|lc lnleresl upho|d lhe pub|lc
lnleresl over ond obove persono| lnleresl.
(2) Prolesslono|lsm perlorm ond dlschorge lhelr dulles
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )E

wllh lhe hlghesl degree ol exce||ence, prolesslono|lsm,
lnle||lgence ond skl||
(3) 1uslness ond slncerlly nol dlscrlmlnole ogolnsl
onyone, especlo||y lhe poor ond lhe underprlvl|eged
(4) Po|lllco| neulro|lly - provlde servlce lo everyone wllhoul
unlolr dlscrlmlnollon ond regord|ess ol porly olll|lollon
or prelerence
(5) Responslveness lo lhe pub|lc- exlend prompl,
courleous, ond odequole servlce lo lhe pub|lc
(6) Nollono|lsm ond polrlollsm- be |oyo| lo lhe Repub|lc
ond lo lhe |l|lplno peop|e, promole lhe use ol |oco||y
produced goods, resources ond lechno|ogy ond
encouroge oppreclollon ond prlde ol counlry ond
peop|e.
(7) Commllmenl lo democrocy - commll lhemse|ves lo lhe
democrollc woy ol |lle ond vo|ues, molnloln lhe
prlnclp|e ol pub|lc occounlobl|lly, ond monllesl by
deeds lhe supremocy ol clvl|lon oulhorlly over lhe
ml|llory.
(8) Slmp|e |lvlng - |eod modesl |lves opproprlole lo lhelr
poslllons ond lncome

Ru|e 6.0. 1he prlmory duly ol o |owyer engoged ln pub|lc
prosecullon ls nol lo convlcl bul lo see lhol jusllce ls done.
1he suppresslon ol locls or lhe conceo|menl ol wllnesses
copob|e ol eslob|lshlng lhe lnnocence ol lhe occused ls
hlgh|y reprehenslb|e ond ls couse lor dlsclp|lnory ocllon.

A pub|lc proseculor ls o quosl-judlclo| olllcer wllh lhe lwo-
lo|d olm ol whlch ls lhol gul|l sho|| nol escope or
lnnocence suller. he shou|d nol hesllole lo recommend lo
lhe courl lhe occused's ocqulllo| ll lhe evldence ln hls
possesslon shows lhol lhe occused ls lnnocenl. |Ao|o]

ll ls upon lhe dlscrellon ol lhe proseculor lo declde whol
chorge lo ll|e upon proper oppreclollon ol locls ond
evldences. |lsco|s ore nol prec|uded lrom exerclslng lhelr
sound dlscrellon ln lnvesllgollon. Hls prlmory duly ls nol lo
convlcl bul lo see lhol jusllce ls served. |leo|e v. l|oeoo,
(967}]

Ru|e 6.02. A |owyer ln governmenl servlce sho|| nol use hls
pub|lc poslllon lo promole or odvonce hls prlvole lnleresls,
nor o||ow lhe |oller lo lnlerlere wllh hls pub|lc dulles.

ln re|ollon lo Ru|e 3.03, ll lhe |ow o||ows o pub|lc olllclo| lo
procllce |ow concurrenl|y, he musl nol use hls pub|lc
poslllon lo leolher hls |ow procllce. Moreover, he shou|d
nol on|y ovold o|| lmproprlely. Nellher shou|d he even
lnlerenllo||y creole o pub|lc lmoge lhol he ls ull|lzlng hls
pub|lc poslllon lo odvonce hls prolesslono| success or
persono| lnleresl ol lhe expense ol lhe pub|lc. [Ao|oj

ll beors slresslng o|so lhol Cov'l. |owyers who ore pub|lc
servonls owe llde|lly lo lhe pub|lc servlce, o pub|lc lrusl. As
such, Cov'l |owyers shou|d be more senslllve lo lhelr
prolesslono| ob|lgollons os lhelr dlsrepulob|e conducl ls
more |lke|y lo be mognllled ln lhe pub|lc eye. |luysseo vs
Cut|ettez (2006}]

Ru|e 6.03. A |owyer sho|| nol, oller |eovlng Cov'l. servlce,
occepl engogemenl or emp|oymenl ln connecllon wllh ony
moller ln whlch he hod lnlervened whl|e ln sold servlce.

How o Cov'l. Lowyer Leoves Cov'l. Servlce:
(J) Rellremenl
(2) Reslgnollon
(3) Lxplrollon ol lhe lerm ol olllce
(4) Dlsmlsso|
(5) Abondonmenl

Ceoeto| Ru|e Procllce ol prolesslon o||owed lmmedlole|y
oller |eovlng pub|lc servlce

Fxcet|oos ll |owyer hod connecllon wllh ony moller
durlng hls lerm, subjecl lo
(J) One yeor prohlblllon ll he hod nol lnlervened
(2) Permonenl prohlblllon ll he hod lnlervened

One eor Prohlblllon
RA 309 ot tbe Aot|-Ctolt ooo Cottut ltoct|ces Act. Sec.
3(o} - Corrupl procllces ol ony pub|lc olllcer lnc|ude:
(d) Accepllng or hovlng ony member ol hls loml|y occepl
emp|oymenl ln o prlvole enlerprlse whlch hos pendlng
olllclo| buslness wllh hlm durlng lhe pendency lhereol or
wllhln one yeor oller lls lermlnollon.

RA 673 ot tbe Cooe ol Cooouct ooo Ftb|co| Stooootos lot
lub||c Oll|c|o|s ooo Fm|oyees.
Sec. 7(b} - Oulslde emp|oymenl ond olher ocllvllles. Pub|lc
olllclo|s ond emp|oyees durlng lhelr lncumbency sho|| nol:
(J) Own, conlro|, monoge or occepl emp|oymenl os
olllcer emp|oyee, consu|lonl, counse|, broker, ogenl,
lruslee or nomlnee J ln ony prlvole enlerprlse
regu|oled, supervlsed or |lcensed by lhelr olllce J
un|ess express|y o||owed by |ow,
(2) Lngoge ln lhe prlvole procllce ol lhelr prolesslon
un|ess oulhorlzed by lhe Conslllullon or |ow,
provlded lhol such procllce wl|| nol conl|lcl or lend
lo conl|lcl wllh lhelr olllclo| luncllons,
(3) Recommend ony person lo ony poslllon ln o prlvole
enlerprlse whlch hos o regu|or or pendlng olllclo|
lronsocllon wllh lhelr olllce.

1hese prohlblllons sho|| conllnue lo opp|y lor o perlod ol
one yeor oller reslgnollon, rellremenl or seporollon lrom
pub|lc olllce, excepl ln cose ol subporogroph (2) obove, bul
lhe prolesslono| concerned connol procllce hls prolesslon
ln connecllon wllh ony moller belore lhe olllce he used lo
be wllh, ln whlch cose lhe one yeor prohlblllon sho||
|lkewlse opp|y.

Re|ollve Prohlblllon
Ret|teo 1uoes ooo 1ust|ces
RA 90 oo tet|temeot ol just|ces ooo juoes
Sec. . No rellrlng jusllce or judge ol o courl ol record or clly
or munlclpo| judge durlng lhe llme lhol he ls recelvlng sold
penslon sho|| oppeor os counse| ln ony courl ln ony clvl|
cose where
(J) lhe Cov'l. or ony ol lls subdlvlslons or lnslrumenlo|llles
ls on odverse porly
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% );

(2) ln o crlmlno| cose, where on olllcer or emp|oyee ol lhe
Cov'l. ls occused ol on ollense re|oled lo hls olllclo|
luncllon
(3) ln ony odmlnlslrollve proceedlng, connol co||ecl ony lee
lor hls oppeoronce lo molnloln on lnleresl odverse lo
lhe Cov'l.

Permonenl Prohlblllons on mollers whlch he hod
lnlervened
The matter contemplated in this rule are those that are
oovetse-|otetest cool||cts (subslonllo| re|oledness ond
odverslly between the Gov't. matter and the new client
moller ln lnleresl) ond cootueot-|otetest teteseotot|oo
cool||cts, while the intervention should be significant and
subslonllo| whlch con or hove ollecled lhe lnleresl ol
olhers. |lCCC v. Sooo|ooboyoo, (2005)]

On members ol lhe |egls|olure
987 Coost|tut|oo, Att. vl, Sec. 3. No member ol |egls|olure
moy occepl on oppolnlmenl ln on olllce whlch he creoled
or lncreosed emo|umenls lhereol.

'=% 3%5*3 &,#1%00.#$
0'*'+'#,: 7*0.0
Coooo 7: A |owyer sho|| ol o|| llmes upho|d lhe lnlegrlly
ond dlgnlly ol lhe |ego| prolesslon ond supporl lhe
ocllvllles ol lhe lnlegroled bor.

.$'%5,*'%2 7*, #1 '=% &=.3.&&.$%0
Slolulory Bosls
RA 6397. 1he Supreme Courl moy odopl ru|es ol courl lo
ellecl lhe lnlegrollon ol lhe Phl|lpplne Bor under such
condlllons os ll sho|| see lll ln order lo rolse lhe slondords
ol lhe |ego| prolesslon lmprove lhe odmlnlslrollon ol
jusllce ond enob|e lhe bor lo dlschorge lls pub|lc
responslbl|lly more ellecllve|y.

lnlegrollon does nol moke o |owyer o member ol ony group
ol whlch he ls nol o|reody o member. He become o
member ol lhe Bor when he possed lhe Bor exomlnollons.
A|| lhol lnlegrollon ocluo||y does ls lo provlde on olllclo|
nollono| orgonlzollon lor lhe we||-dellned bul unorgonlzed
ond lncoheslve group ol whlch every |owyer ls o|reody o
member. |lo tbe mottet ol tbe lotetot|oo ol tbe Bot ol tbe
lb||||oes, (973)]

1he lBP ls essenllo||y o seml-governmenlo| enllly, o prlvole
orgonlzollon endowed wllh cerloln governmenlo|
ollrlbules. Whl|e ll ls composed ol |owyers who ore prlvole
lndlvlduo|s, lhe lBP exlsls lo perlorm cerloln vllo| pub|lc
luncllons ond lo osslsl lhe governmenl porllcu|or|y ln lhe
lmprovemenl ol lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce, lhe
upgrodlng ol lhe slondords ol lhe |ego| prolesslon, ond lls
proper regu|ollon.

Cenero| Objecllves ol lhe lBP
(J) 1o e|evole lhe slondords ol lhe |ego| prolesslon
(2) 1o lmprove lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce
(3) 1o enob|e lhe Bor lo dlschorge lls pub|lc responslbl|lly
more ellecllve|y.


Purpose ol lhe lBP
(J) Asslsl ln lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce,
(2) |osler ond molnloln on lhe porl ol lls members hlgh
ldeo|s ol lnlegrlly, |eornlng, prolesslono| compelence,
pub|lc servlce ond conducl,
(3) Soleguord lhe prolesslono| lnleresl ol lls members,
(4) Cu|llvole omong lls members o splrll ol cordlo|lly ond
brolherhood,
(5) Provlde o lorum lor lhe dlscusslon ol |ow,
jurlsprudence, |ow relorm, p|eodlng, procllce ond
procedure, ond lhe re|ollons ol lhe Bor lo lhe Bench
ond lo lhe pub|lc, ond pub|lsh lnlormollon re|ollng
lherelo,
(6) Lncouroge ond losler |ego| educollon,
(7) Promole o conllnulng progrom ol |ego| reseorch ln
subslonllve ond odjecllve |ow, ond moke reporls ond
recommendollons lhereon.

1he boslc poslu|ole ol lhe lBP ls lhol ll ls non-po|lllco| ln
chorocler ond lhol lhere sho|| be nellher |obbylng nor
compolgnlng ln lhe cholce ol lhe lBP Olllcers. 1he
lundomenlo| ossumpllon ls lhol lhe olllcers wou|d be
chosen on lhe bosls ol prolesslono| merll ond wl||lngness
ond obl|lly lo serve. 1he unseem|y ordor wllh whlch lhe
condldoles pursued lhe presldency ol lhe ossoclollon
delrocled lrom lhe dlgnlly ol lhe |ego| prolesslon. 1he
specloc|e ol |owyers brlblng or belng brlbed lo vole dld nol
upho|d lhe honor ol lhe prolesslon nor e|evole ll ln lhe
publics esteem. [lo te 989 F|ect|oos ol tbe lBl, (J989)]

Membershlp ond Dues
Stotutoty Bos|s
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 39-A, Sect|oo 9. Membershlp dues.
Lvery member ol lhe lnlegroled Bor sho|| poy such onnuo|
dues os lhe Boord ol Covernors sho|| delermlne wllh lhe
opprovo| ol lhe Supreme Courl. A llxed sum equlvo|enl lo
len percenl (J0%) ol lhe co||ecllon lrom eoch Chopler sho||
be sel oslde os o We|lore |und lor dlsob|ed members ol
lhe Chopler ond lhe compu|sory helrs ol deceosed
members lhereol.

Sect|oo 0. Lllecl ol non-poymenl ol dues. Subjecl lo lhe
provlslons ol Secllon J2 ol lhls Ru|e, delou|l ln lhe poymenl
ol onnuo| dues lor slx monlhs sho|| worronl suspenslon ol
membershlp ln lhe lnlegroled Bor, ond delou|l ln such
poymenl lor one yeor sho|| be o ground lor lhe removo| ol
lhe nome ol lhe de|lnquenl member lrom lhe Ro|| ol
Allorneys.

A membershlp lee ln lhe lnlegroled Bor ls on exocllon lor
regu|ollon, whl|e lhe purpose ol o lox ls revenue. ll lhe
Courl hos lnherenl power lo regu|ole lhe Bor, ll lo||ows
lhol os on lncldenl lo regu|ollon, ll moy lmpose o
membershlp lee lor lhol purpose. ll wou|d nol be posslb|e
lo push lhrough on lnlegroled Bor progrom wllhoul meons
lo delroy lhe concomllonl expenses. 1he doclrlne ol
lmp|led powers necessorl|y lnc|udes lhe power lo lmpose
such on exocllon. |lo tbe mottet ol tbe lotetot|oo ol tbe Bot
ol tbe lb||||oes, (973)]

A |owyer con engoge ln lhe procllce ol |ow on|y by poylng
his dues, and it does not matter if his practice is limited.
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )<

Moreover, senlor clllzens ore nol exempled lrom poylng
membershlp dues. |Sootos v. l|omos, (2000}j

1here ls nolhlng ln lhe |ow or ru|es whlch o||ows exempllon
lrom poymenl ol membershlp dues |even ll lhe |owyer ls
sloylng obrood]. Al mosl, os correcl|y observed by lhe lBP,
he cou|d hove lnlormed lhe Secrelory ol lhe lnlegroled Bor
ol hls lnlenllon lo sloy obrood belore he |ell. ln such cose,
hls membershlp ln lhe lBP cou|d hove been lermlnoled
ond hls ob|lgollon lo poy dues cou|d hove been
dlsconllnued. |lettet ol Atty. Cec|||o Atevo|o (2005)]

+&=#32.$5 '=% 2.5$.': *$2 .$'%5,.': #1 '=% &,#1%00.#$
Slolulory Bosls
Ru|e 7.0 A |owyer sho|| be onswerob|e lor knowlng|y
moklng o lo|se slolemenl or suppresslng o molerlo| locl ln
connecllon wllh hls opp|lcollon lor odmlsslon lo lhe bor.

A |owyer musl be o dlsclp|e ol lrulh. Whl|e o |owyer hos lhe
solemn duty to defend his clients rights and is expected to
display the utmost zeal in defense of his clients cause, his
conducl musl never be ol lhe expense ol lrulh.

Peno|lles lor vlo|ollons ol lhls ru|e
(J) Ctouoo lot o|squo||l|cot|oo ol tbe o||coot to toke tbe
bot ll lhe conceo|menl ls dlscovered belore he lokes
lhe bor exom
(2) Not allowed to take the lawyers oath ll lhe
conceo|menl ls dlscovered oller lhe condldole hos
loken lhe bor exom
(3) Revocot|oo ol tbe ||ceose to toct|ce ll lhe
conceo|menl wos dlscovered oller he hos loken hls
lawyers oath [lo Re D|oo (963}j

A dec|orollon ln one's opp|lcollon lor odmlsslon lo lhe Bor
Lxomlnollons lhol lhe opp|lconl wos slng|e, when he wos
ln locl morrled, wos o gross mlsrepresenlollon ol o
molerlo| locl mode ln uller bod lollh, lor whlch lhe
opp|lconl shou|d be mode onswerob|e. ll lndubllob|y
exhlblls |ock ol good moro| chorocler. |leoo v. 1oboo
(992}]

Ru|e 7.02 A |owyer sho|| nol supporl lhe opp|lcollon lor
odmlsslon lo lhe bor ol ony person known by hlm lo be
unquo|llled ln respecl lo chorocler educollon or olher
equlvo|enl ollrlbule

A |owyer shou|d vo|unleer lnlormollon or cooperole ln ony
lnvesllgollon concernlng o||eged onomo|y ln lhe bor
exomlnollon so lhol lhose condldoles who lol|ed lhereln
con be lerreled oul ond lhose |owyers responslb|e lherelor
con be dlsborred. |lo te lotozo, (948)]

A |owyer shou|d nol reodl|y execule on ollldovll ol good
moro| chorocler ln lovor ol on opp|lconl who hos nol |lve
up lo lhe slondord sel by |ow. |Ao|o]

Ru|e 7.03 A |owyer sho|| nol engoge ln conducl lhol
odverse|y rel|ecls on hls lllness lo procllce |ow nor sho|| he
whelher ln pub|lc or prlvole |lle behove ln o scondo|ous
monner lo lhe dlscredll ol lhe |ego| prolesslon.

ll ls nol necessory lor o |owyer lo be convlcled lor on
ollense belore o |owyer con be dlsclp|lned lor gross
lmmoro|lly. |Ao|o]

Some acts which adversely reflect on a lawyers fitness:
(J) Hovlng odu|lerous re|ollonshlps or keeplng mlslresses.
1hol men by nolure ore po|ygomous ls nol on excuse.
Soylng lhol whol hoppened wos nolhlng bul muluo|
|usl ond deslre shows reprehenslb|e, omoro| ollllude
ol lhe |owyer |Zou|tte v. Cost|||o (2003)]
(2) Slrlng o chl|d wllh o womon olher lhon |ego| wlle (lo)
(3) Convlcllon ol o crlme lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude
(4) Commlsslon ol lroud or lo|sehood

"#+,'%0:6 1*.,$%00 *$2 "*$2#, '#8*,20 &,#1%00.#$*3
"#33%*5+%0
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo 8. A |owyer sho|| nol, ln hls prolesslono| deo|lngs,
use |onguoge whlch ls obuslve ollenslve or olherwlse
lmproper.

DOs:
(J) Reslroln c|lenl lrom lmproprlelles ond lo lermlnole
re|ollon wllh hlmJher shou|d lhe |oller perslsl.
(2) Honor lhe jusl c|olm ol o |oymon ogolnsl onolher
|owyer

DON'1s:
(J) 1oke odvonloge ol lhe excusob|e unpreporedness or
obsence ol counse| durlng lhe lrlo| ol o cose
(2) Make use, to his or to his clients benefit, the secrets of
lhe odverse porly ocqulred lhru deslgn or lnodverlence
(3) Crlllclze or lmpule l|| mollve lhe |owyer who occepls
whol ln hls oplnlon ls o weok cose.
(4) Proceed lo negollole wllh lhe c|lenlJs ol onolher
|owyer lo wolve o|| klnds ol c|olm when lhe |oller ls sll||
hond|lng lhe clvl| cose |Comocbo v. lou|oyoo et o|.
(2000)]

Ru|e 8.0. A |owyer sho|| nol ln prolesslono| deo|lngs use
|onguoge whlch ls obuslve ollenslve or olherwlse lmproper.

A |owyer shou|d lreol lhe opposlng counse| ond hls
brelhren ln lhe |ow prolesslon wllh courlesy, dlgnlly, ond
civility. They may do as adversarles do ln |ow: slrlve
mightily but eat and drink as friends. [vo|eoc|o v.
Coboot|o (99}j

Though a lawyers language may be forceful and emphatic,
ll shou|d o|woys be dlgnllled ond respecllu|, belllllng lhe
dlgnlly ol lhe |ego| prolesslon. 1he use ol lnlemperole
|onguoge ond unklnd oscrlpllons hos no p|oce ln lhe
dlgnlly ol lhe judlclo| lorum. |Botooooo v. lettet (2003}j

Lxomp|es ol lmproper Longuoge
(J) Behovlng wllhoul due regord lor lhe lrlo| courl ond lhe
opposlng counse| ond lhreolenlng lhe courl lhol he
wou|d ll|e o pellllon lor cerllororl |Buot|o v. Fsooo|
(200)]
(2) |l|lng ol o clvl| cose ogolnsl lhe opposlng counse|
wllhoul jusllllcollon bul on|y lo gel o |everoge ln lhe
pendlng cose |Reyes v Cb|oo (2003}]
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )>

(3) Co||lng on odverse counsel as bobo or using the word
ay que bobo in reference to the manner of offering
evldence |Cost|||o v. loo|||o (984)]

1he hlghesl reword lhol con come lo o |owyer: Lsleem ol
hlsJher brelhren.

Ru|e 8.02. A |owyer sho|| nol dlrecl|y or lndlrecl|y, encrooch
upon lhe prolesslono| emp|oymenl ol onolher |owyer,
however ll ls lhe rlghl ol ony |owyer wllhoul leor or lovor lo
glve proper odvlce ond osslslonce lo lhose seeklng re|lel
ogolnsl unlollhlu| or neg|ecllu| counse|.

DOs:
(J) Accepl emp|oymenl lo hond|e o moller prevlous|y
hond|ed by onolher |owyer,
(o) ltov|oeo lhe olher |owyer hos been glven nollce ol
lermlnollon ol servlce |esl ll omounls lo on
lmproper encroochmenl upon lhe prolesslono|
emp|oymenl ol lhe orlglno| counse| |lout v.
Remot|ue (J962)]
(b) ln lhe obsence ol o nollce ol lermlnollon lrom lhe
c|lenl, provlded he hos oblolned lhe conlormlly ol
lhe counse| whom he wou|d subslllule.
(c) ln lhe obsence ol such conlormlly, o |owyer musl ol
|eosl glve sulllclenl nollce lo orlglno| counse| so
lhol orlglno| counse| hos lhe opporlunlly lo prolecl
hls c|olm ogolnsl lhe c|lenl.

(2) Clve odvlce or osslslonce lo ony person who seeks re|lel
ogolnsl on unlollhlu| or neg|ecllu| |owyer

(3) Assoclollon os o co||eogue ln o cose: A 2
nd
|owyer
shou|d communlcole wllh lhe J
sl
belore moklng on
oppeoronce os co-counse|.
(o) Shou|d lhe J
sl
|owyer objecl, 2
nd
|owyer shou|d
dec|lne ossoclollon bul ll lhe J
sl
|owyer ls re|leved,
he moy come lnlo lhe cose.
(b) Ask c|lenl lo re|leve hlm shou|d ll be lmprocllcob|e
lor hlm whose judgmenl hos been overru|ed by hls
co-counse| lo cooperole ellecllve|y

DON'1s:
(J) Steal the other lawyers client
(2) lnduce c|lenl lo reloln hlm by promlse ol beller servlce,
good resu|l or reduced lees lor hls servlces.
(3) Dlsporoge onolher |owyer, moke comporlsons or
pub|lclze hls lo|enl os o meons lo lurlher hls |ow
procllce.
(4) In the absence of the adverse partys counsel, interview
lhe odverse porly ond quesllon hlm os lo lhe locls ol
lhe cose LvLN l| odverse porly wos wl||lng lo do so.
(5) Soncllon lhe ollempl ol hls c|lenl lo sell|e o |lllgoled
moller wllh lhe odverse porly wllhoul lhe consenl nor
knowledge of the latters counsel (cl. Coooo 9).

$# *00.0'*$"% .$ +$*+'=#,.?%2 &,*"'."% #1 3*8
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo 9. A |owyer sho|| nol osslsl, dlrecl|y or lndlrecl|y, ln
lhe unoulhorlzed procllce ol |ow.


Procllce ol Low
(J) Lego| odvlce ond lnslrucllons lo c|lenls lo lnlorm lhem
ol lhelr rlghls ond ob|lgollons
(2) Preporollon lor c|lenls ol documenls requlrlng
know|edge ol |ego| prlnclp|es nol possessed by
ordlnory |oymen
(3) Appeoronce lor c|lenls belore pub|lc lrlbuno|s,
whelher, odmlnlslrollve, quosl-judlclo| or |egls|ollve
ogency.

Ceoeto| Ru|e: Requlslles lo procllce |ow
(J) Admlsslon lo lhe Bor
(o) Sollsloclory Lego| Lducollon
(b) Posslng lhe Bor Lxoms
(c) 1oklng lhe Lowyer's Oolh
(d) Slgnlng lhe Ro|| ol Allorneys

(2) Be o |owyer ln good ond regu|or slondlng
(o) Remoln o member ol lhe lBP
(b) Regu|or|y poy lBP dues, ossessmenls ond prlvl|ege
lox
(c) |ollhlu||y observe ru|es ond |ego| elhlcs
(d) Be conllnuo||y subjecl lo judlclo| dlsclp|lnory
conlro|

ll ls lhe slgnlng ln lhe Ro|| ol Allorneys lhol llno||y mokes
one o lu||-l|edged |owyer posslng lhe bor ls nol lhe on|y
quo|lllcollon lo become on ollorney-ol-|ow. 1wo essenllo|
requlslles lor becomlng o |owyer sll|| hod lo be perlormed,
namely: his lawyers oath to be administered by this Court
ond hls slgnolure ln lhe Ro|| ol Allorneys. |Au|tte v. Rooo
(2003}]

Fxcet|oos: See secllon on Aeotooce ol ooo-|owyets.

Examples of Unauthorized Practice of Law:
(o) Appearing as counsel even before taking lawyers oath
|Au|tte v. Rooo (2003)].
(b) Using the title Atty. in his name even though he is a
Sharia lawyer [A|ow| v. A|ouyo (J997)]

A corporollon connol engoge ln lhe procllce |ow dlrecl|y or
lndlrecl|y. ll moy on|y hlre ln-house |owyers lo ollend lo lls
|ego| buslness. A corporollon connol emp|oy o |owyer lo
oppeor lor olhers lor lls benelll. A corporollon connol
perlorm lhe condlllons requlred membershlp lo lhe Bor. ln
oddlllon, lhe conlldenllo| ond lrusl re|ollon belween on
ollorney ond hls c|lenl connol orlse ll lhe ollorney ls
emp|oyed by o corporollon.

Lxomp|es:
(J) Aulomobl|e c|ub lhol so|lclls membershlp by
odverllslng lhol ll ollers lree |ego| servlces ol lls |ego|
deporlmenl lo members
(2) Co||ecllon ogency or credll exchonge lhol exp|olls
|owyer's servlces.
(3) Bonk uslng |owyer's nome os dlreclor ln odverllslng lls
servlces ln drowlng wl||s ond olher |ego| documenls.

Unoulhorlzed procllce ol |ow opp|les lo bolh non-|owyers
ond |owyers prohlblled lrom lhe prlvole procllce ol |ow.


+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )@

Lowyers ln Covernmenl Servlce
Prohlblled lo engoge, durlng lhelr lncumbency, ln lhe
prlvole procllce ol lhelr prolesslon.

Fxcet|oos
(J) Un|ess oulhorlzed by lhe conslllullon or |ow ond
provlded lhol such procllce wl|| nol conl|lcl or lend lo
conl|lcl wllh lhelr olllclo| luncllons.
(2) Pro-bono oppeoronces moy be o||owed by lhe Courl ln
speclo| lnslonces

lt|vote ltoct|ce - successlon ol ocls ol lhe some nolure ol
habitually or customarily holding ones self to the public as
o |owyer. |OCA v. loooo, 350 SCRA 326]

An ollorney who ls olherwlse dlsquo|llled lo procllce |ow,
or hos been dlsborred or suspended lrom procllce, con
vo|ld|y prosecule or delend hls own |lllgollon, he hovlng os
much rlghl os lhol ol o |oymon ln lhol regord |Doolottb v.
Foo (J920)]

Ru|e 9.0. A |owyer sho|| nol de|egole lo ony unquo|llled
person lhe perlormonce ol ony losk whlch by |ow moy on|y
be perlormed by o member ol lhe bor ln good slondlng.

Rot|ooo|e: 1he procllce ol |ow ls |lmlled on|y lo lndlvlduo|s
who hove lhe necessory educollono| quo|lllcollons ond
good moro| chorocler. Moreover, on ollorney-c|lenl
re|ollonshlp ls o slrlcl|y persono| one.

Lxomp|es ol losks whlch moy on|y be underloken by o
|owyer:
(J) 1he compulollon ond delermlnollon ol lhe perlod
wllhln whlch lo oppeo| on odverse judgmenl |Fco v.
Root|uez, 07 lb||. 62 (960}]
(2) 1he exomlnollon ol wllnesses or lhe presenlollon ol
evldence |Rob|osoo v. v|||oluette (9}]

A |owyer moy de|egole:
(J) 1he exomlnollon ol cose |ow
(2) |lndlng ond lnlervlewlng wllnesses
(3) Lxomlnlng courl records
(4) De|lverlng popers ond slml|or mollers

A |owyer, who ls under suspenslon lrom procllce ol |ow ls
nol o member ol lhe Bor ln good slondlng. A |owyer whose
oulhorlly lo procllce hos been wllhdrown due lo o chonge
ln clllzenshlp or o||eglonce lo lhe counlry connol oppeor
belore lhe courls. |Cubo||o v. Cou|oo, 78 SCRA 302]

Ru|e 9.02. A |owyer sho|| nol dlvlde or sllpu|ole lo dlvlde o
lee lor |ego| servlces wllh persons nol |lcensed lo procllce
|ow, excepl:
(J) Where lhere ls o pre-exlsllng ogreemenl wllh o porlner
or ossoclole lhol, upon lhe |oller's deolh, money sho||
be pold over o reosonob|e perlod ol llme lo hls eslole
or lo persons specllled ln lhe ogreemenl
(2) Where o |owyer underlokes lo comp|ele unllnlshed
|ego| buslness ol o deceosed |owyer, or
(3) Where o |owyer or |ow llrm lnc|udes non-|owyer
emp|oyees ln o rellremenl p|on even ll lhe p|on ls
bosed ln who|e or ln porl, on o prolll shorlng
ogreemenl.

Rot|ooo|e" A||owlng non-lawyers to get attorneys fees
wou|d conluse lhe pub|lc os lo whom lhey shou|d consu|l.
ll wou|d |eove lhe bor ln o choollc condlllon becouse non-
|owyers ore o|so nol subjecl lo dlsclp|lnory ocllon.

Ru|e 9.02(} ooo Ru|e 9.02(2}, does nol opp|y lo lulure
businesses of a law firm. The deceased lawyers estate of
hls helrs connol become porlner ol |ow llrm

ln Ru|e 9.02(3}, rellremenl benellls represenl oddlllono|
delerred woges or compensollon lor posl servlces ol
emp|oyees, nol o dlvlslon ol |ego| lees
An ogreemenl belween o unlon |owyer ond o |oymon
president of the union to divide equally the attorneys fees
lhol moy be oworded ln o |obor cose vlo|oles lhe ru|e ond
ls l||ego| ond lmmoro| |Amo|omoteo lobotets Asso. v. ClR
(J968)]

A donollon by o |owyer lo o |obor unlon ol porl ol hls
attorneys fees taken from the proceeds of a judgment
secured by hlm lor lhe |obor unlon ls lmproper becouse ll
omounls lo o rebole or commlsslon |lo|||| v. ClR (J965)]

A conlrocl belween o |owyer ond o |oymon gronllng lhe
|oller o percenloge ol lhe lees co||ecled lrom c|lenls
secured by lhe |oymon ond enjolnlng lhe |owyer nol lo deo|
dlrecl|y wllh sold c|lenls ls nu|| ond vold, ond lhe |owyer
moy be dlsclp|lned lor unelhlco| conducl |1oo 1ek Beo v.
Dov|o (983}j

Noo-|owyets moy oeot belote tbe NlRC ot ooy |obot
otb|tet. Ctooteo lhol lhey ocled os |ego| represenlollves,
lhey ore sll|| nol enlll|ed lo recelve prolesslono| lees. 1he
slolulory ru|e lhol on ollorney sho|| be enlll|ed lo hove ond
recover lrom hls c|lenl o reosonob|e compensollon or
remunerollon lor lhe servlces lhey hove rendered
presupposes lhe exlslence ol on ollorney-c|lenl
re|ollonshlp. Such o re|ollonshlp connol, however, exlsl
when the clients representative is a non-|owyer. |l|ve 1
1ox| v. NlRC (994}]

'=% "#+,'0
"*$2#,6 1*.,$%00 *$2 5##2 1*.'= '#8*,20 '=% "#+,'0
Coooo 0: A |owyer owes condor, lolrness ond good lollh lo
lhe courl.

A |owyer ls, llrsl ond loremosl, on olllcer ol lhe courl.
Accoto|o|y, sbou|o tbete be o cool||ct betweeo b|s outy to
b|s c||eot ooo tbot to tbe coutt, be sbou|o teso|ve tbe cool||ct
oo|ost tbe lotmet ooo |o lovot ol tbe |ottet, b|s t|moty
tesoos|b|||ty be|o to ubo|o tbe couse ol just|ce. |Cobb
letez v. loot|o, (968}]

Condor ln o|| hls deo|lngs ls ol lhe very essence ol
honorob|e membershlp ln lhe |ego| prolesslon. |Cuotesmo
v. Doqu|s, (975}]

A lawyers conduct before the court should be
choroclerlzed by condor ond lolrness. 1he odmlnlslrollon
ol jusllce wou|d grove|y suller ll |owyers do nol ocl wllh
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )A

comp|ele condor ond honesly belore lhe courls. |Seteoo v.
Sooo|ooboyoo (2008)]

A |owyer musl be o dlsclp|e ol lrulh. Whl|e o |owyer hos lhe
solemn duty to defend his clients cause, his conducl musl
never be ol lhe expense ol lrulh |oung v Boluegos,
(2003)]

Ru|e 0.0. A |owyer sho|| nol do ony lo|sehood, nor
consenl lo lhe dolng ol ony ln Courl, nor sho|| he mls|eod,
or o||ow lhe courl lo be mls|ed by ony orllllce.

A |owyer shou|d nol conceo| lhe lrulh lrom lhe courl, nor
mls|eod lhe courl ln ony monner no moller how
demondlng hls dulles lo c|lenls moy be. Hls dulles lo hls
c|lenl shou|d yle|d lo hls duly lo deo| condld|y wllh lhe
courl. lot oo c||eot |s eot|t|eo to tece|ve ltom tbe |owyet ooy
setv|ce |ovo|v|o o|sbooesty to tbe coutts (Commeots ol lBl
Comm|ttee tbot otolteo tbe Cooe, . 53)

Ru|e 0.02. A |owyer sho|| nol knowlng|y mlsquole or
mlsrepresenl lhe conlenls ol o poper, lhe |onguoge or lhe
orgumenl ol opposlng counse|, or lhe lexl ol o declslon or
oulhorlly, or knowlng|y clle os |ow o provlslon o|reody
rendered lnoperollve by repeo| or omendmenl, or osserl os
o locl lhol whlch hos nol been proved.

Rev|seo leoo| Cooe, Att. 84. Any person who sho||
knowlng|y oller ln evldence o lo|se wllness or lesllmony ln
ony judlclo| or olllclo| proceedlng sho|| be punlshed os
gul|ly ol lo|se lesllmony ond sho|| suller lhe respecllve
peno|lles provlded ln lhls secllon.

A |owyer who de|lberole|y mode ll oppeor lhol lhe
quolollons ln hls mollon lor reconslderollons were llndlngs
ol lhe Supreme Courl, when lhey were jusl porl ol lhe
memorondum ol lhe Courl Admlnlslrolor, ond who
mlsspe||ed lhe nome ol lhe comp|olnonl ond mode lhe
wrong cllollon ol oulhorlly ls gul|ly ol vlo|ollon ol Ru|e
0.02 ol tbe Cooe. |COMFlFC v. Noyooy, (998}]

ll ls lhe bounden duly ol courls, judges ond |owyers lo
reproduce or copy lhe some word-lor-word ond
puncluollon mork-lor-punctuation mark On|y lrom lhls
Tribunals decisions and rulings do all other courts, as well
as lawyers and litigants, take their bearingsLver presenl
ls lhe donger lhol ll nol lollhlu||y ond exocl|y quoled, lhe
declslons ond ru|lngs ol lhls Courl moy |ose lhelr proper
ond correcl meonlng, lo lhe delrlmenl ol olher courls,
|owyers ond lhe pub|lc who moy lhereby be mls|ed. |losu|ot
l|le Fm|oyees Co. v. losu|ot l|le Assoc|ot|oo, (97}]

1he |ego| prolesslon demonds lhol |owyers lhorough|y go
over p|eodlngs, mollons ond olher documenls dlcloled or
prepored by lhem, lyped or lronscrlbed by lhelr secrelorles
or c|erks, belore ll|lng lhem wllh lhe courl. ll o c|lenl ls
bound by lhe ocls ol hls counse|, wllh more reoson shou|d
counse| be bound by lhe ocls ol hls secrelory who mere|y
lo||ows hls orders. |Aoez Reo|ty, loc. v. CA, 25 SCRA 30
(992}j

Ru|e 0.03. A |owyer sho|| observe lhe ru|es ol procedure
ond sho|| nol mlsuse lhem lo deleol lhe ends ol jusllce.

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
Ru|e 38, Sec. 20(o} Dulles ol ollorneys. ll ls lhe duly ol on
ollorney:
(d) lo emp|oy, lor lhe purpose ol molnlolnlng lhe couses
conllded lo hlm, such meons on|y os ore conslslenl wllh
lrulh ond honor, ond never seek lo mls|eod lhe judge or
ony judlclo| olllcer by on orllllce or lo|se slolemenl ol locl
ol |ow.

Filing multiple actions constitutes an abuse of the Courts
processes. 1hose who ll|e mu|llp|e or repellllve ocllons
subjecl lhemse|ves lo dlsclp|lnory ocllon lor lncompelence
or wl||lu| vlo|ollon ol lhelr dulles os ollorneys lo ocl wllh
good llde|lly lo lhe courls, ond lo molnloln on|y such
ocllons lhol oppeor lo be jusl ond conslslenl wllh lrulh
ond honor. |O||votes v. v|||o|oo (2007)]

A |owyer shou|d nol obuse hls rlghl ol recourse lo lhe
courls lor lhe purpose ol orgulng o couse lhol hod been
repeoled|y rebulled. |Cotc|o v. ltooc|sco, (993}]

,%0&%"' 1#, "#+,'0 *$2 B+2.".*3 #11."%,0
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo . A |owyer sho|| observe ond molnloln lhe respecl
due lo lhe courls ond lo judlclo| olllcers ond shou|d lnslsl
on slml|or conducl by olhers.

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
Ru|e 38, Sec. 20(b} Dulles ol ollorneys. ll ls lhe duly ol on
ollorney:
(b) lo observe ond molnloln lhe respecl due lo lhe courls
ol jusllce ond judlclo| olllcers

1he Supreme Courl ol lhe Phl|lpplnes ls, under lhe
Conslllullon, lhe |osl bu|work lo whlch lhe |l|lplno peop|e
moy resorl lo obloln re|lel lor lhelr grlevonces or prolecllon
ol lhelr rlghls. ll lhe peop|e |ose lhelr conlldence ln lhe
honesly ond lnlegrlly ol lhe members ol lhe Courl ond
be|leve lhol lhey connol expecl jusllce lherelrom, lhey
mlghl be drlven lo loke lhe |ow lnlo lhelr own honds, ond
dlsorder ond perhops choos mlghl be lhe resu|l. Lowyers
ore duly bound lo upho|d lhe dlgnlly ond oulhorlly ol lhe
Courl lo promole lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce. Moreover,
respecl lo lhe courls guoronlees lhe slobl|lly ol olher
lnslllullons. |lo te Sotto (949}]

ll o p|eodlng conlolnlng derogolory, ollenslve ond
mo|lclous slolemenls ls submllled ln lhe some courl or
judge ln whlch lhe proceedlngs ore pendlng, ll ls o|tect
cootemt, equlvo|enl os ll ls lo o mlsbehovlor commllled ln
lhe presence ol or so neor o courl or judge os lo lnlerrupl
lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce. Dlrecl conlempl ls
punlshob|e summorl|y. |lo te |ettet ooteo 2 lebtuoty 2005
ol Atty. Noe| S. Sotteoo, (2006}]

Llbero||y lmpullng slnlsler ond devlous mollves ond
quesllonlng lhe lmporllo|lly, lnlegrlly, ond oulhorlly ol lhe
members ol lhe Courl resu|l ln lhe obslrucllon ond
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )F

perverslon ol lhe dlspensollon ol jusllce. |Fsttooo v.
Sooo|ooboyoo (2000}j

Observlng respecl due lo lhe courls meons lhol o |owyer
shou|d:
(J) Conducl hlmse|l loword judges wllh courlesy everyone
ls enlll|ed lo expecl |lotoos v Ctuz (965}]
(2) Wllh lhe tot|ety ooo o|o|ty tequ|teo by lhe courls.
|So|ceoo v letooooez (935}]

Ru|e .0. A |owyer sho|| oppeor ln courl proper|y olllred.

Respect begins with the lawyers outward physical
oppeoronce ln courl. S|oppy or lnlormo| olllre odverse|y
rel|ecls on lhe |owyer ond demeons lhe dlgnlly ond
so|emnlly ol courl proceedlngs. (Ao|o)

1rodlllono| olllres
(J) Mo|es: Long-s|eeve Borong 1ogo|og or cool ond lle
(2) |emo|es: Seml-lormo| olllres.
(3) 1udges o|so oppeor ln lhe some olllre ln oddlllon lo
b|ock robes.

Courls hove ordered o mo|e ollorney lo weor o necklle ond
hove prohlblled o lemo|e ollorney lrom weorlng o hol.
However, lhe permlsslon ol o dress wllh o hem|lne llve
lnches obove lhe knee wos he|d lo be occeplob|e os such
had become on occepled mode ol dress even ln p|oces ol
worship [Au|tte]

A |owyer who dresses lmproper|y moy be clled wllh
conlempl. |Ao|o]

Ru|e .02. A |owyer sho|| puncluo||y oppeor ol courl
heorlngs.

lnexcusob|e obsence lrom, or repeoled lordlness ln,
ollendlng o pre-lrlo| or heorlng moy subjecl lhe |owyer lo
dlsclp|lnory ocllon os hls ocllons show dlsrespecl lo lhe
courl ond ore lherelore consldered conlempluous
behovlor. |Ao|o]

Non-oppeoronce ol heorlngs on lhe ground lhol lhe lssue
lo be heord hos become mool ond ocodemlc |prlsoner hos
been re|eosed ln o pellllon lor hobeos corpus] ls o |opse ln
judlclo| proprlely. |De Ctoc|o v. wotoeo ol Mokot| (976}]

Ru|e .03. A |owyer sho|| obsloln lrom scondo|ous,
ollenslve or menoclng |onguoge or behovlor belore lhe
Courls.

A lawyers language should be forceful but dignified,
emphollc bul respecllu| os belllllng on odvocole ond ln
keeplng wllh lhe dlgnlly ol lhe |ego| prolesslon. |Sut|oo
M|oeto| Resetvot|oo Booto v. C|ot|be|, (970}]

Lowyers moy use sttoo |oouoe lo drlve home o polnl,
they have a right to be in pursuing a clients cause. [1be
Bt|t|sb Co. v De los Aoe|es (975}]

BU1: 1he use ol obuslve |onguoge by counse| ogolnsl lhe
opposlng counse| conslllules ol lhe some llme o
dlsrespecl lo lhe dlgnlly ol lhe courl jusllce. Moreover, lhe
use ol lmpossloned |onguoge |o |eoo|os, more ollen lhon
nol, creoles more heol lhon |lghl. |Bueooseoo v. l|ov|et
(993}]

1hey connol resorl lo scurrl|ous remorks lhol hove lhe
lendency lo degrode lhe courls ond deslroy lhe pub|lc
conlldence ln lhem. |lo te A|moceo (970}]

1he Courl does nol c|ose llse|l lo commenls ond ct|t|c|sms
so |oo os tbey ote lo|t ooo o|o|l|eo. Colng beyond lhe
|lmlls ol lolr commenls by uslng lnsu|llng, dlsporoglng
ond, lnlemperole |onguoge necesslloles ond worronls o
rebuke lrom lhe Courl. Whl|e ll ls expecled ol |owyers lo
advocate their clients cause, they are not ol |lberly lo
resorl lo orrogonce, lnllmldollon ond lnnuendo.
|Sooo|oo v. lAC (988}]

Ru|e .04. A |owyer sho|| nol ollrlbule lo o 1udge mollves
nol supporled by lhe record or hove no molerlo|lly lo lhe
cose.

1he ru|e o||ows such crlllclsm so |ong os ll ls supporled by
lhe record or ll ls molerlo| lo lhe cose. A lawyers right to
crlllclze lhe ocls ol courls ond judges ln o proper ond
respecllu| woy ond lhrough |eglllmole chonne|s ls we||
recognlzed. |Ao|o]

1he cordlno| condlllon ol o|| such crlllclsm ls lhol |t sbo|| be
booo l|oe, ooo sbo|| oot s||| ovet tbe wo|| ol oeceocy ooo
tot|ety. (Zo|o|vot v. Coozo|es (989}j

Any serlous occusollon ogolnsl o judlclo| olllcer lhol ls
uller|y bose|ess, unsubslonlloled ond unjuslllled sho|| nol
be counlenonced. |Co v. Abtoot, 485 SCRA 457]

Ru|e .05. A |owyer sho|| submll grlevonces ogolnsl o
1udge lo lhe proper oulhorllles on|y.

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
987 Coost|tut|oo, Att. vlll, Sec. 6. 1he Supreme Courl sho||
hove odmlnlslrollve supervlslon over o|| courls ond lhe
personne| lhereol.

1he duly lo respecl does nol prec|ude o |owyer lrom ll|lng
odmlnlslrollve comp|olnls ogolnsl errlng judges, or lrom
ocllng os counse| lor c|lenls who hove |eglllmole
grlevonces ogolnsl lhem.

1he |owyer sho|| nol ll|e on odmlnlslrollve cose unll| he hos
exhousled judlclo| remedles whlch resu|l ln o llndlng lhol
lhe judge hos grove|y erred. |Ao|o]

Where o crlmlno| comp|olnl ogolnsl o judge or olher courl
emp|oyees orlses lrom lhelr odmlnlslrollve dulles, lhe
Ombudsmon musl deler ocllon on sold comp|olnl ond
reler lhe some lo lhe SC lor delermlnollon whelher sold
judges or courl emp|oyees ocled wllhln lhe scope ol lhelr
odmlnlslrollve dulles. Olherwlse, |o tbe obseoce ol ooy
oom|o|sttot|ve oct|oo, tbe |ovest|ot|oo be|o coooucteo by
the Ombudsman encroaches into the Courts power of
oom|o|sttot|ve suetv|s|oo ovet o|| coutts ooo |ts etsoooe|,
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% )C

|o v|o|ot|oo ol tbe ooctt|oe ol seotot|oo ol owets. |Moceoo
v. vosquez (993}]

On Lawyers Freedom ol Speech
1he conslllullono| rlghl lo lreedom ol expresslon ol
members ol lhe Bor moy be clrcumscrlbed by lhelr elhlco|
dulles os |owyers lo glve due respecl lo lhe courls ond lo
uphold the publics faith in the legal profession and the
jusllce syslem. |Re: Leller ol UP |ocu|ly (20JJ)]

*00.0'*$"% .$ '=% 0&%%2: *$2 %11.".%$' *2/.$.0',*'.#$ #1
B+0'."%
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo 2: A |owyer sho|| exerl every ellorl ond conslder ll
hls duly lo osslsl ln lhe speedy ond elllclenl odmlnlslrollon
ol jusllce.

Re|oled Slolulory Boses
987 Coost|tut|oo, Att. lll, Sec 6. A|| persons sho|| hove lhe
rlghl lo o speedy dlsposlllon ol lhelr coses belore o||
judlclo|, quosl-judlclo|, or odmlnlslrollve bodles.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec 20(}. Dut|es ol ottotoeys. ll
is the duty of an attorney
g) nol lo encouroge ellher lhe commencemenl or lhe
continuance of an action or proceeding or delay any mans
couse lrom ony corrupl mollve or lnleresl.

1he ll|lng ol onolher ocllon conlolnlng lhe some subjecl
moller, ln vlo|ollon ol lhe doclrlne ol tes juo|coto, runs
conlrory lo lhls Conon. |S|y l|m v. Mootooo (2006}]

Ru|e 2.0. A |owyer sho|| nol oppeor lor lrlo| un|ess he hos
odequole|y prepored hlmse|l on lhe |ow ond lhe locls ol
hls cose, lhe evldence he wl|| odduce ond lhe order ol lls
prelerence. He shou|d o|so be reody wllh lhe orlglno|
documenls lor comporlson wllh lhe coples.

Wllhoul odequole preporollon, lhe |owyer moy nol be ob|e
lo ellecllve|y osslsl lhe courl ln lhe elllclenl odmlnlslrollon
ol jusllce. Noo-obsetvooce ol tb|s tu|e m|bt tesu|t |o:
(o) 1he poslponemenl ol lhe pre-lrlo| or heorlng, whlch
wou|d lhus enlol| de|oy ln lhe eor|y dlsposlllon ol lhe
cose
(b) 1he judge moy conslder lhe c|lenl non-sulled or ln
delou|l
(c) 1he judge moy conslder lhe cose deemed submllled
lor declslon wllhoul c|lenls evidence, to his prejudice.
|Ao|o]

Ho|l ol lhe work ol lhe |owyer ls done ln lhe olllce. ll ls
spenl ln lhe sludy ond reseorch. lnodequole preporollon
obslrucls lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce. |Mott|ns leo|
Ftb|cs, . 47, 988 eo.]

A new|y hlred counse| who oppeors ln o cose ln lhe
mldslreom ls presumed ond ob|lged lo ocquolnl hlmse|l
wllh o|| lhe onlecedenl processes ond proceedlngs lhol
hove lronsplred ln lhe record prlor lo hls lokeover. |v|||os|s
v. CA (974}]

Ru|e 2.02. A |owyer sho|| nol ll|e mu|llp|e ocllons orlslng
lrom lhe some couse.

Rollono|e
1here ls on olllrmollve duly ol o |owyer lo check ogolnsl
use|ess |lllgollons. l|s s|ootute |o evety |eoo|o
coost|tutes o cett|l|cote by b|m tbot to tbe best ol b|s
koow|eoe tbete |s o ooo touoo to suott |t ooo tbot |t |s
oot to |otetose lot oe|oy. 1he wl||lu| vlo|ollon ol lhls ru|e
moy subjecl hlm lo (J) opproprlole dlsclp|lnory ocllon or (2)
render hlm |lob|e lor lhe cosls ol |lllgollon. (Ao|o)

Lxcesslve de|oy couses:
(J) Hordshlps
(2) Moy lorce porlles lnlo unlolr sell|emenl
(3) Nurlure o sense ol lnjusllce ond breed cynlclsm oboul
lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce

|orum Shopplng
(J) Colng lrom one courl lo onolher ln lhe hope ol
securlng o lovorob|e re|lel ln one courl, whlch onolher
courl hos denled
(2) |l|lng repellllous sulls or proceedlng ln dlllerenl courls
concernlng lhe some subjecl moller oller one courl hos
declded lhe sull wllh llno|lly.
(3) |l|lng o slml|or cose ln o judlclo| courl oller recelvlng on
unlovorob|e judgmenl lrom on odmlnlslrollve lrlbuno|.

1here ls lorum shopplng where lhere ore ldenllly ol porlles
or lnleresls represenled, rlghls osserled ond re|lel soughl
ln dlllerenl lrlbuno|s. [Ao|oj

|orum shopplng exlsls where lhe e|emenls ol ||t|s
eooeot|o ore presenl or where o llno| judgmenl ln one
cose wl|| omounl lo tes juo|coto ln lhe olher. Res juo|coto
requlres lhol lhere be o declslon on lhe merlls, by o courl
ol compelenl jurlsdlcllon, lhe declslon ls llno|, ond lhe lwo
ocllons lnvo|ved ldenllco| porlles, subjecl moller ond
couses ol ocllon. ll one ol lhese e|emenls ls obsenl, lhere
ls no lorum shopplng. |A|ejooot|oo v CA (998}]

|orum shopplng ls prohlblled by Supreme Courl Clrcu|or
No. 28-9J, whlch ls now lnlegroled ln lhe Ru|es ol Clvl|
Procedure.

1he p|olnllll or prlnclpo| porly sho|| cerllly under oolh ln
lhe comp|olnlng or olher lnlllolory p|eodlng osserllng o
c|olm lor re|lel, or ln o sworn cerllllcollon onnexed lherelo
ond slmu|loneous|y ll|ed lherewllh lhol:
(J) he hos nol lherelolore commenced ony ocllon or ll|ed
ony c|olm lnvo|vlng lhe some lssues ln ony courl,
lrlbuno| or quosl-judlclo| ogency ond, lo lhe besl ol hls
know|edge, no such olher ocllon or c|olm ls pendlng
lhereln, ll lhere ls such olher pendlng ocllon or c|olm, o
comp|ele slolemenl ol lhe presenl slolus lhereol, ond
(2) ll he shou|d lhereoller |eorn lhol lhe some or slml|or
ocllon or c|olm hos been ll|ed or ls pendlng, he sho||
reporl lhol locl wllhln llve (5) doys lhere lrom lo lhe
courl whereln hls oloresold comp|olnl or lnlllolory
p|eodlng hos been ll|ed.

|ol|ure lo comp|y wllh lhe loregolng requlremenls sho||
nol be curob|e by me
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ED

re omendmenl ol lhe comp|olnl or olher lnlllolory p|eodlng
bul sho|| couse lor lhe dlsmlsso| ol lhe cose wllhoul
prejudlce, un|ess olherwlse provlded, upon mollon oller
heorlng. |Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 7, Sec. 5]

1he submlsslon ol o lo|se cerllllcollon or non-comp|lonce
wllh ony ol lhe underloklngs ln o cerllllcollon ol no lorum
shopplng -
(J) Sho|| conslllule lndlrecl conlempl ol courl
(2) Wllhoul prejudlce lo lhe correspondlng odmlnlslrollve
ond crlmlno| ocllons

ll lhe ocls ol lhe porly or hls counse| c|eor|y conslllule
wl||lu| ond de|lberole lorum shopplng, lhe some sho|| be:
(J) Cround lor summory dlsmlsso| wllh prejudlce,
(2) And sho|| conslllule dlrecl conlempl,
(3) Couse lor odmlnlslrollve soncllons

1he ru|e ogolnsl lorum shopplng ond lhe requlremenl lhol
o cerllllcollon lo lhol ellecl be comp|led wllh ln lhe ll|lng ol
comp|olnls, pellllons or olher lnlllolory p|eodlngs ln o||
courls ond ogencles o||es lo quosl-judlclo| bodles such
os lhe NLRC or Lobor Arbller. |Ao|o]

Ru|e 2.03. A |owyer sho|| nol, oller oblolnlng exlenslons ol
llme lo ll|e p|eodlngs, memorondo or brlels, |el lhe perlod
|opse wllhoul submllllng lhe some or ollerlng on
exp|onollon lor hls lol|ure lo do so.

1he courl censures lhe procllce ol counse|s who secures
repeoled exlenslons ol llme lo ll|e lhelr p|eodlngs ond
lhereoller slmp|y |el lhe perlod |opse wllhoul submllllng
lhe p|eodlng on even on exp|onollon or monlleslollon ol
lhelr lol|ure lo do so. 1bete ex|sts o bteocb ol outy oot oo|y
to tbe coutt but o|so to tbe c||eot. |Acbocoso v. Coutt ol
Aeo|s, (973}]

An ollorney ls bound lo prolecl hls c|lenl's lnleresl lo lhe
besl ol hls obl|lly ond wllh ulmosl dl|lgence. A lol|ure lo
ll|e brlel lor hls c|lenl cerloln|y conslllules lnexcusob|e
neg|lgence on hls porl. |loto v. Do|to| (995}]

Ru|e 2.04. A |owyer sho|| nol undu|y de|oy o cose, lmpede
lhe execullon ol o judgmenl or mlsuse Courl processes.

It is one thing to exert to the utmost ones abillly lo prolecl
the interest of ones client. lt |s qu|te oootbet tb|o to oe|oy
|l oot oeleot tbe tecovety ol wbot |s just|y oue ooo
oemoooob|e due lo lhe mls|eodlng ocls ol o |owyer.
|Moo||o lest Cootto| v. wCC (968)]

Once o judgmenl becomes llno| ond execulory, lhe
prevol|lng porly shou|d nol be denled lhe lrulls ol hls
vlclory by some sublerluge devlsed by lhe |oslng porl.
Unjuslllled de|oy ln lhe enlorcemenl ol o judgmenl sels ol
noughl lhe ro|e ol courls ln dlsposlng jusllclob|e
conlroversles wllh llno|lly. |Agul|or v. Monl|o Bonklng
Corporollon (2006)]

It is part of the lawyers duty to inform the court, within
lhlrly doys ol lhe deolh ol hls c|lenl ln o pendlng cose.


Proper Behovlor |Ru|e 2.05-2.07]
Ru|e 2.05. A |owyer sho|| relroln lrom lo|klng lo hls
wllness durlng o breok or recess ln lhe lrlo|, whl|e lhe
wllness ls sll|| under exomlnollon.

Rot|ooo|e
1he purpose ls lo prevenl lhe susplclon lhol he ls coochlng
lhe wllness whol lo soy durlng lhe resumpllon ol lhe
exomlnollon, lo upho|d ond molnloln lolr p|oy wllh lhe
olher porly ond lo prevenl lhe exomlnlng |owyer lrom
belng lempled lo cooch hls own wllness lo sull hls
purpose. |Co||ooto]

Ru|e 2.06. A |owyer sho|| nol knowlng|y osslsl o wllness lo
mlsrepresenl hlmse|l or lo lmpersonole onolher.

Crlmlno| Llobl|lly
Rev|seo leoo| Cooe, Att. 84. 1he |owyer who presenled o
wllness knowlng hlm lo be o lo|se wllness ls crlmlno||y
liable for Offering False Testimony In Evidence. The
|owyer ls bolh crlmlno||y ond odmlnlslrollve|y |lob|e.

Subornollon ol Perjury
Subornollon ol perjury ls commllled by o person who
knowlng|y ond wl||lu||y procures onolher lo sweor lo|se|y
ond lhe wllness suborned does lesllly under clrcumslonces
renderlng hlm gul|ly ol perjury. |US v. Bo||eoo (9}]

Ru|e 2.07. A |owyer sho|| nol obuse, browbeol or hoross o
wllness nor need|ess|y lnconvenlence hlm.

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 32, Sec. 3. Rlghls ond ob|lgollons ol o
wllness. A wllness musl onswer quesllons, o|lhough hls
onswer moy lend lo eslob|lsh o c|olm ogolnsl hlm.
However, ll ls lhe rlghl ol o wllness:
(o) 1o be prolecled lrom lrre|evonl, lmproper, or lnsu|llng
quesllons, ond lrom horsh or lnsu|llng demeonor,
(b) Nol lo be delolned |onger lhon lhe lnleresls ol jusllce
requlre,
(c) Nol lo be exomlned excepl on|y os lo mollers perllnenl
lo lhe lssue,
(d) Nol lo glve on onswer whlch wl|| lend lo subjecl hlm lo
o peno|ly lor on ollense un|ess olherwlse provlded by
|ow, or
(e) Nol lo glve on onswer whlch wl|| lend lo degrode hls
repulollon, un|ess ll be lo lhe very locl ol lssue or lo o
locl lrom whlch lhe locl ln lssue wou|d be presumed.
Bul o wllness musl onswer lo lhe locl ol hls prevlous
convlcllon lor on ollense.

lD829-leoo||z|o Obsttuct|oo ol 1ust|ce
(h) lhreolenlng dlrecl|y or lndlrecl|y onolher wllh lhe
lnl|lcllon ol ony wrong upon hls person, honor or properly
or lhol ol ony lmmedlole member or members ol hls loml|y
ln order lo prevenl such person lrom oppeorlng ln lhe
lnvesllgollon ol, or olllclo| proceedlngs ln, crlmlno| coses,
or lmposlng o condlllon, whelher |owlu| or un|owlu|, ln
order lo prevenl o person lrom oppeorlng ln lhe
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% E)

lnvesllgollon ol or ln olllclo| proceedlngs ln, crlmlno| coses,
(l) glvlng ol lo|se or lobrlcoled lnlormollon lo mls|eod or
prevenl lhe |ow enlorcemenl ogencles lrom opprehendlng
lhe ollender or lrom prolecllng lhe |lle or properly ol lhe
vlcllm, or lobrlcollng lnlormollon lrom lhe dolo golhered ln
conlldence by lnvesllgollng oulhorllles lor purposes ol
bockground lnlormollon ond nol lor pub|lcollon ond
pub|lshlng or dlssemlnollng lhe some lo mls|eod lhe
lnvesllgolor or lo lhe courl.

Ru|e 2.08 - A |owyer sho|| ovold leslllylng ln beho|l ol hls
c|lenl, excepl:
(o) on lormo| mollers, such os lhe mol|lng, oulhenllcollon
or cuslody ol on lnslrumenl, ond lhe |lke, or
(b) on subslonllo| mollers, ln coses where hls lesllmony ls
essenllo| lo lhe ends ol jusllce, ln whlch evenl he musl,
durlng hls lesllmony, enlrusl lhe lrlo| ol lhe cose lo
onolher counse|.

Ru|e 2.08 - A |owyer sho|| ovold leslllylng ln beho|l ol hls
c|lenl excepl:
(o) on lormo| mollers such os lhe mol|lng oulhenllcollon or
cuslody ol on lnslrumenl ond lhe |lke, or
(b) on subslonllo| mollers ln coses where hls lesllmony ls
essenllo| lo lhe ends ol jusllce ln whlch evenl he musl
durlng hls lesllmony enlrusl lhe lrlo| ol lhe cose lo
onolher counse|.

Rollono|e
1he under|ylng reoson lor lhe lmproprlely ol o |owyer
ocllng ln such duo| copoclly |les ln lhe dlllerence belween
lhe luncllon ol o wllness ond lhol ol on odvocole.
(J) luoct|oo ol o w|toess - lo le|| lhe locls os he reco||s lhen
ln onswer lo quesllons
(2) luoct|oo ol oo oovocote - ls lhol ol o porllson

ll ls dllllcu|l lo dlsllngulsh belween lhe zeo| ol on odvocole
ond lhe lolrness ond lmporllo|lly ol o dlslnleresled wllness.
1he |owyer wl|| llnd ll hord lo dlsossoclole hls re|ollon lo
hls c|lenl os on ollorney ond hls re|ollon lo lhe porly os o
wllness. |Ao|o]

When o |owyer ls o wllness lor hls c|lenl, excepl os lo
mere|y lormo| mollers, such os lhe olleslollon or cuslody
ol on lnslrumenl ond lhe |lke, he shou|d |eove lhe lrlo| ol
lhe cose lo olher counse|. Lxcepl when essenllo| lo lhe
ends ol jusllce, o |owyer shou|d ovold leslllylng ln courl ln
beho|l ol hls c|lenl. |lNB v. Uy 1eo l|oo (932}]

,%3.*$"% #$ /%,.'0 #1 =.0 "*+0%6
$#' 1,#/ ./&,#&%, .$13+%$"% +&#$ '=% "#+,'0
Coooo 3. A |owyer sho|| re|y upon lhe merlls ol hls couse
ond relroln lrom ony lmproprlely whlch lends lo lnl|uence
or glves lhe oppeoronce ol lnl|uenclng lhe courl.

Ru|e 3.0. A |owyer sho|| nol exlend exlroordlnory
ollenllon or hospllo|lly lo, nor seek opporlunlly lor
cu|llvollng loml|lorlly wllh 1udges.

Cooe ol ltoless|ooo| Ftb|cs, Coooo 3. A |owyer shou|d ovold
morked ollenllon ond unusuo| hospllo|lly lo o judge
unco||ed lor by lhe persono| re|ollons ol lhe porlles
becouse lhey subjecl hlm ond lhe judge lo mlsconcepllons
ol mollves.

ln order nol lo subjecl bolh lhe judge ond lhe |owyer lo
susplclon, lhe common procllce ol some |owyers ol moklng
judges ond proseculors godlolhers ol lhelr chl|dren lo
enhonce lhelr lnl|uence ond lhelr |ow procllce shou|d be
ovolded by judges ond |owyers o|lke |Reott ol lBl
Comm|ttee, . 70.]

ll ls lmproper lor o |lllgonl or counse| lo see o judge ln
chombers ond lo|k lo hlm oboul o moller re|oled lo lhe
cose pendlng ln lhe courl ol sold judge. |Austt|o v.
Mosoque| (967}]

Ru|e 3.02. A |owyer sho|| nol moke pub|lc slolemenls ln
lhe medlo regordlng o pendlng cose lendlng lo orouse
pub|lc oplnlon lor or ogolnsl o porly.

Rollono|e
Newspoper pub|lcollons regordlng o pendlng or
onllclpoled |lllgollon moy lnlerlere wllh o lolr lrlo|,
prejudlce lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce, or subjecl o
respondenl or o occused lo o lrlo| by pub|lclly ond creole o
pub|lc lnlerence ol gul|l ogolnsl hlm |Ao|o]

When pub|lc slolemenls ore conlempluous: 1he chorocler
ol lhe ocl done ond lls dlrecl lendency lo prevenl ond
obslrucl lhe dlschorge ol olllclo| duly.

Slolemenls oller |lllgollon
A |owyer enjoys wlder |olllude lo commenl or crlllclze lhe
ocllons ol lhe judge lhon pendlng |lllgollon. |lo te lozooo,
(930}]

RL: Requesl Rodlo-1v Coveroge
1rlo| shou|d nol lo be le|evlsed. 1he rlghl ol occused, who
ls ln donger ol |oslng hls |lle ond |lberly, lo o lolr lrlo|,
oulwelghs rlghl ol pub|lc lo lnlormollon. Medlo exposure
moy undu|y lnlerlere wllh lhe dlsposlllon ol lhe lrlo|.

Ru|e 3.03. A |owyer sho|| nol brook or lnvlle lnlerlerence
by onolher bronch or ogency ol lhe governmenl ln lhe
normo| course ol judlclo| proceedlngs.

Bosls
1he prlnclp|e ol seporollon ol powers (Au|tte}

A |owyer shou|d know lhol o comp|olnl ogolnsl lhe
jusllces ol lhe Courl's Second Dlvlslon connol be ll|ed wllh
lhe Olllce ol lhe Presldenl |Mo|osoo v. leo|e (990}]

Re|oled ru|e
Ru|e .05. A |owyer sho|| submll grlevonces ogolnsl o
1udge lo lhe proper oulhorllles on|y.



+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% EE

'=% "3.%$'0
$*'+,% #1 *''#,$%:9"3.%$' ,%3*'.#$0=.&
(J) Slrlcl|y Persono|
(2) Hlgh|y conlldenllo|
(3) |lduclory

1#,/0 #1 %/&3#:/%$' #1 '=% "#+$0%3
(J) Oro|
(2) Wrlllen
(3) lmp|led

A wt|tteo coottoct belween lhe counse| ond lhe c|lenl ls lhe
besl evldence lo show lhe presence ol on ollorney-c|lenl
re|ollonshlp. However, ll ls nol essenllo| lor lhe
emp|oymenl ol on ollorney.

*4*.3*7.3.': #1 0%,4."% 8.'=#+' 2.0",./.$*'.#$
Servlces regord|ess of Persons Status
Coooo 4. A |owyer sho|| nol reluse hls servlces lo lhe
needy.

Ru|e 4.0. A |owyer sho|| nol dec|lne lo represenl o person
solely on account of the latters race, sex, creed or status of
|lle, or becouse ol hls own oplnlon regordlng lhe gul|l ol
sold person.

Rot|ooo|e ll ls o dec|ored po|lcy ol lhe Slole lo vo|ue lhe
dlgnlly ol every humon person ond guoronlee lhe rlghls ol
every lndlvlduo|, porllcu|or|y lhose who connol ollord lhe
servlces ol counse|.(RA 9999, ltee leo| Ass|stooce Act ol
200}

loceot|ves lot C|v|o ltee leo| Setv|ces
A |owyer or prolesslono| porlnershlps renderlng ocluo| lree
|ego| servlces sho|| be enlll|ed lo on o||owob|e deducllon
lrom lhe gross lncome, lhe omounl lhol cou|d hove been
co||ecled lor lhe ocluo| lree |ego| servlces rendered or up
lo J0% ol lhe gross lncome derlved lrom lhe ocluo|
perlormonce ol |ego| prolesslon, whlchever ls |ower. 1he
lree |ego| old conlemp|oled here ls dlllerenl lrom lhe 60-
hr mondolory |ego| old servlces under BM 20J2.(RA 9999,
ltee leo| Ass|stooce Act ol 200}

Re|oteo Ru|es
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 20 (|}. Dulles ol ollorneys. ln
lhe delense ol o person occused ol o crlme by o|| lolr ond
honorob|e meons regord|ess ol hls persono| oplnlon os lo
lhe gul|l ol lhe occused lo presenl every delense lhol lhe
|ow permlls lo lhe end lhol no person moy be deprlved ol
|lle or |lberly bul by due process ol |ow.

Ru|e 4.02. A |owyer sho|| nol dec|lne, excepl lor serlous
ond sulllclenl couse, on oppolnlmenl os counse| de olllclo
or os omlcl curloe, or o requesl lrom lhe lnlegroled Bor ol
lhe Phl|lpplnes or ony ol lls choplers lor rendlllon ol lree
|ego| old.

Coooo 2, Ru|e 2.0. A |owyer sho|| nol rejecl excepl lor vo|ld
reosons lhe couse ol lhe delense|ess or lhe oppressed.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 20 (b}. Dulles ol ollorneys. ll
is the duty of an attorneynever to reject for any
conslderollon persono| lo hlmse|l lhe couse ol lhe
delense|ess or oppressed,

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 3. Allorneys lor deslllule
|lllgonls. A courl moy osslgn on ollorney lo render
prolesslono| old lree ol chorge lo ony porly ln o cose ll
upon lnvesllgollon ll oppeors lhol lhe porly ls deslllule
ond unob|e lo emp|oy on ollorney ond lhol lhe servlces ol
counse| ore necessory lo secure lhe ends ol jusllce ond lo
prolecl lhe rlghls ol lhe porly. ll sho|| be lhe duly ol lhe
ollorney so osslgned lo render lhe requlred servlce un|ess
he ls excused lherelrom by lhe courl lor sulllclenl couse
shown.

Servlces os Counse| de Olllclo
ll ls c|eor|y unworlhy ol membershlp ln lhe Bor whlch
requlres dedlcollon ond zeo| ln lhe delense ol hls c|lenl's
rlghls, o duly even more exocllng when one ls counse| de
olllclo. On such on occoslon, lhe honor ond respecl lo
whlch lhe |ego| prolesslon ls enlll|ed demond lhe slrlclesl
occounlobl|lly ol one co||ed upon lo delend on
lmpoverlshed |lllgonl. He who lo||s ln hls ob|lgollon lhen
hos monllesled o dlmlnlshed copoclly lo be enro||ed ln lls
ronks. |leo|e v. loco (97}j

Couose| oe Oll|c|o
A counse|, oppolnled or osslgned by lhe courl, lrom omong
such members ol lhe bor ln good slondlng who by reoson
ol lhelr experlence ond obl|lly, moy odequole|y delend lhe
occused.

A counse| de olllclo ls expecled lo render ellecllve servlce
ond lo exerl hls besl ellorls on beho|l ol on lndlgenl
occused.

Who moy be oppolnled
(J) o member ol lhe bor ln good slondlng
(2) ln |oco|llles wllhoul |owyers, ony person ol good repule
lor problly ond obl|lly

l.D. 543 (974) oulhorlzed lhe deslgnollon ol munlclpo|
judges ond |owyers ln ony bronch ol lhe governmenl
servlce lo ocl os counse| de olllclo lor lhe occused who ore
lndlgenl ln p|oces where lhere ore no ovol|ob|e procllclng
|owyers.

Appolnled by courl dependlng on:
(J) lhe grovlly ol lhe ollense
(2) lhe dllllcu|ly ol lhe quesllons lhol moy orlse
(3) lhe experlence ond obl|lly ol lhe oppolnlee.

Am|cus cut|oe
A friend of the court; a bystander usually a counselor
who lnlerposes or vo|unleers lnlormollon upon some
moller ol |ow ln regord lo whlch lhe judge ls doubllu| or
mlsloken. |Ao|o]

Lxperlenced ond lmporllo| ollorneys lnvlled by lhe Courl lo
he|p ln lhe dlsposlllon ol lssues submllled lo ll.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% E;

lo o ct|m|oo| oct|oo, tbe coutt moy oo|ot o couose| oe
oll|c|o |o ooy ol tbe lo||ow|o |ostooces
(J) Belore orrolgnmenl, lhe courl sho|| lnlorm lhe occused
ol hls rlghl lo counse| ond osk hlm ll he deslres lo hove
one. 1he courl musl osslgn o counse| de olllclo lo
delend hlm, un|ess lhe occused ls o||owed lo delend
hlmse|l ln person, or hos emp|oyed counse| ol hls
cholce.
(2) ll ls lhe duly ol lhe c|erk ol lhe lrlo| courl, upon ll|lng ol
o nollce ol oppeo|, lo oscerloln lrom lhe oppe||onl, ll
conllned ln prlson, whelher he deslres lhe R1C, CA or
lhe SC lo oppolnl o counse| de olllclo.
(3) ll ll oppeors lrom lhe record lhol: (o) lhe occused ls
conllned ln prlson, (b) ls wllhoul counse| de porle on
oppeo|, or (c) hos slgned lhe nollce ol oppeo| hlmse|l,
lhe c|erk ol CA sho|| deslgnole o counse| de olllclo.
(Ao|o)

An oppe||onl who ls nol conllned ln prlson moy, upon
requesl, be osslgned o counse| de olllclo wllhln J0 doys
lrom recelpl ol lhe nollce lo ll|e brlel ond he eslob|lshes hls
rlghl lherelo. |Sec. 2, Ru|e 24, Ru|es ol Coutt]

Ru|e J4.03 - A |owyer moy reluse lo occepl represenlollon
ol on lndlgenl c|lenl ll:
(o) he ls nol ln o poslllon lo corry oul lhe work ellecllve|y or
compelenl|y
(b) he |obors under o conl|lcl ol lnleresls belween hlm ond
lhe prospecllve c|lenl or belween o presenl c|lenl ond
lhe prospecllve c|lenl.

wbo |s oo |oo|eot?
(o) o person who hos no vlslb|e meons ol lncome or whose
lncome ls lnsulllclenl lor lhe subslslence ol hls loml|y,
lo be delermlned by lhe llsco| or judge, loklng lnlo
occounl lhe members ol hls loml|y dependenl upon
hlm lor subslslence.
(b) on lndlgenl or |ow lncome |lllgonl sho|| lnc|ude
onyone who hos no vlslb|e meons ol supporl or whose
lncome does nol exceed P300 per monlh or whose
lncome even ln excess ol P300 per monlh ls lnsulllclenl
lor lhe subslslence ol hls loml|y |RA 6035]

RA 6033
A|| courls sho|| glve prelerence lo lhe heorlng ondJor
dlsposlllon ol crlmlno| coses where on lndlgenl ls lnvo|ved
ellher os lhe ollended porly or occused.

RA 6034
Any lndlgenl |lllgonl moy, upon mollon, osk lhe Courl lor
odequole ttove| o||owooce lo enob|e hlm ond hls lndlgenl
wllnesses lo ollendonl lhe heorlng ol o crlmlno| cose
commenced by hls comp|olnl or ll|ed ogolnsl hlm. 1he
o||owonce sho|| cover ocluo| lronsporlollon expenses by
lhe cheopesl meons lrom hls p|oce ol resldence lo lhe
courl ond bock. When lhe heorlng ol lhe cose requlres lhe
presence ol lhe lndlgenl |lllgonl ondJor hls lndlgenl
wllnesses ln courl lhe who|e doy or lor lwo or more
consecullve doys, o||owonces moy, ln lhe dlscrellon ol lhe
Courl, o|so cover reosonob|e expenses lor meo| ond
|odglng.


RA 6035
A slenogropher who hos ollended o heorlng belore on
lnvesllgollng llsco| or lrlo| judge or heorlng commlssloner
ol ony quosl-judlclo| body or odmlnlslrollve lrlbuno| ond
hos olllclo||y loken noles ol lhe proceedlng lhereol sho||,
upon wrlllen requesl ol on lndlgenl or |ow lncome |lllgonl,
hls counse| or du|y oulhorlzed represenlollve ln lhe cose
concerned, glve wllhln o reosonob|e perlod lo be
delermlned by lhe llsco|, judge, commlssloner or lrlbuno|
heorlng lhe cose, o ltee cett|l|eo ttoosct|t ol ootes toke by
b|m oo tbe cose.

|or he dld belroy by hls moves hls |ock ol enlhuslosm lor
lhe losk enlrusled lo hlm, lo pul mollers ml|d|y. He dld
polnl lhough lo b|s tesoos|b|||ty os oo e|ect|oo te|sttot
[butj tbete |s oot ||ke|y ot teseot, ooo |o tbe |mmeo|ote
lutute, oo exotb|toot oemooo oo b|s t|me. ll moy |lkewlse be
ossumed, conslderlng whol hos been sel lorlh obove, lhol
pelllloner wou|d exerl hlmse|l sulllclenl|y lo perlorm hls
losk os delense counse| wllh compelence, ll nol wllh zeo|,
ll on|y lo erose doubls os lo hls lllness lo remoln o member
ol lhe prolesslon ln good slondlng. |leoesmo v. C||moco
(974}]

vo|ld Crounds lor Reluso|
A |owyer sho|| nol dec|lne on oppolnlmenl os counse| de
olllclo or os omlcus curloe, or o requesl lrom lhe lBP or ony
ol lls choplers lor rendlllon ol lree |ego| old excepl lor
serlous ond sulllclenl couse. 1he reoson ls lhol one ol lhe
burdens ol lhe prlvl|ege lo procllce |ow whlch on ollorney
vo|unlorl|y ossumed when he look hls oolh os o |owyer ls lo
render, when so requlred by lhe courl, lree |ego| servlces lo
lndlgenl |lllgonl.

Ru|e 4.04. A |owyer who occepls lhe couse ol o person
unob|e lo poy hls prolesslono| lees sho|| observe lhe some
slondord ol conducl governlng hls re|ollons wllh poylng
c|lenls.

ll o |owyer vo|unleers hls servlces lo o c|lenl, ond lherelore
not entitled to attorneys fees, nevertheless, he is bound to
attend to a clients case with all due diligence and zeal. By
vo|uoteet|o b|s setv|ces, be bos estob||sbeo o c||eot-|owyet
te|ot|oosb|. |B|oozo v. Atcooe| (967}]

ll tbe couose| ooes teluse (see obove just|l|cot|oos}, Ru|e 2.02
governs, wb|cb soys
Ru|e 2.02. ln such coses, even ll lhe |owyer does nol occepl
o cose, he sho|| nol reluse lo render |ego| odvlce lo lhe
person concerned |l oo|y to tbe exteot oecessoty to
soleuoto tbe |ottet's t|bts.

"*$2#,6 1*.,$%00 *$2 3#:*3': '# "3.%$'0
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo 5. Observe Condor, |olrness ond Loyo|ly ln o|| hls
Deo|lngs ond 1ronsocllons wllh hls C|lenls.






+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% E<

Conlldenllo|lly Ru|e
lt|v||eeo Commuo|cot|oos
Ru|e 5.0. A |owyer, ln conlerrlng wllh o prospecllve c|lenl,
sho|| oscerloln os soon os procllcob|e whelher lhe moller
wou|d lnvo|ve o conl|lcl wllh onolher c|lenl or hls own
lnleresl, ond ll so, sho|| lorlhwllh lnlorm lhe prospecllve
c|lenl.

Ru|e 5.02. A |owyer sho|| be bound by lhe ru|e on
prlvl|eged communlcollon ln respecl ol mollers dlsc|osed
lo hlm by o prospecllve c|lenl.

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
Rev|seo leoo| Cooe, Att. 209. Belroyo| ol lrusl by on
ollorney or so|lcllor. - Reve|ollon ol Secrels. ln oddlllon lo
lhe proper odmlnlslrollve ocllon x x x sho|| be lmposed
upon on ollorney ol |ow or so|lcllor (procurodor judlclo|)
who, by ony mo|lclous breoch ol prolesslono| duly or ol
lnexcusob|e neg|lgence or lgnoronce, sho|| prejudlce hls
c|lenl, or reveo| ony ol lhe secrels ol lhe |oller |eorned by
hlm ln hls prolesslono| copoclly.

Prlvl|eged Communlcollon
An ollorney connol, wllhoul lhe consenl ol hls c|lenl, be
exomlned os lo ony communlcollon mode by lhe c|lenl lo
hlm or hls odvlce glven lhereon ln lhe course ol
professional employment; nor can an attorneys secretary,
slenogropher, or c|erk be exomlned, wllhoul lhe consenl ol
lhe c|lenl ond hls emp|oyer, concernlng ony locl lhe
know|edge ol whlch hos been ocqulred ln such copoclly.

Requ|s|tes ol lt|v||eeo Commuo|cot|oo
|Ru|e 30, Sect|oo 24 (b} ol tbe RRC]
(J) 1here ls on ollorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp or o klnd ol
consu|loncy requlremenl wllh o prospecllve c|lenl,
(2) 1he communlcollon wos mode by lhe c|lenl lo lhe
lawyer in the course of the lawyers professional
emp|oymenl,
(3) 1he communlcollon musl be lnlended lo be
conlldenllo|.

Fxcet|oos to t|v||ee |Au|tte]:
(J) When o |owyer ls occused by lhe c|lenl ond he needs lo
reveo| lnlormollon lo delend hlmse|l
(2) When lhe c|lenl dlsc|oses lhe lnlenllon lo commll o
crlme or un|owlu| ocl. (|ulure crlme)

Doctt|oe ol |muteo koow|eoe ls bosed on lhe ossumpllon
lhol on ollorney, who hos nollce ol moller ollecllng hls
c|lenl, hos communlcoled lhe some lo hls prlnclpo| ln lhe
course ol prolesslono| deo|lngs. 1he doclrlne opp|les
regord|ess ol whelher or nol lhe |owyer ocluo||y
communlcoled lo lhe c|lenl whol he |eorned ln hls
prolesslono| copoclly, lhe ollorney ond hls c|lenl belng one
judlclo| person.

|or ollorney-c|lenl prlvl|ege lo opp|y, however, lhe perlod
lo be consldered ls lhe dole when lhe prlvl|eged
communlcollon wos mode by lhe c|lenl lo lhe ollorney ln
re|ollon lo ellher o crlme commllled ln lhe posl or wllh
respecl lo o crlme lnlended lo be commllled ln lhe lulure
(|l ost, t|v||ee o||es; |l lutute, ooes oot o|y}. ln order
lhol o communlcollon belween o |owyer ond hls c|lenl be
prlvl|eged, ll musl be lor o |owlu| purpose or ln lhe
lurlheronce ol o |owlu| end. |leo|e v. Sooo|ooboyoo
(996}]

Conl|lcl ol lnleresl
Ru|e 5.03. A |owyer sho|| nol represenl conl|lcllng
lnleresls excepl by wrlllen consenl ol o|| concerned glven
oller o lu|| dlsc|osure ol lhe locls.

1here ls conl|lcl ol lnleresl when o |owyer represenls
lnconslslenl lnleresls ol lwo or more opposlng porlles. 1he
lesl ls whelher or nol ln beho|l ol one c|lenl, ll ls lhe
lawyers duty to fight for an issue or c|olm, bul ll ls hls duly
lo oppose ll lor lhe olher c|lenl. ln brlel, ll he orgues lor
one c|lenl, lhls orgumenl wl|| be opposed by hlm when he
orgues lor lhe olher c|lenl. |loto|||o v. So|uoot (2003}]

Ceoeto| Ru|e |]: A |owyer moy nol represenl lwo opposlng
porlles ol ony polnl ln llme.

A |owyer need nol be lhe counse|-ol-record ol ellher porly.
He does nol hove lo pub|lc|y ho|d hlmse|l os lhe counse| ol
lhe odverse porly nor moke ellorls lo odvonce lhe odverse
partys conflicting interests of record. lt |s eooub tbot tbe
couose| boo o booo |o tbe teotot|oo ol tbe |eoo|o ol ooe
otty.

Fxcet|oo: When lhe porlles ogree, ond lor omlcob|e
sell|emenl |Ao|o]

Conl|lcl ol lnleresl
1here ls duly lo conlend lor lhol whlch duly lo onolher
c|lenl requlres hlm lo oppose.

1esls lo delermlne conl|lcl ol lnleresl
(J) When lhere ore cool||ct|o out|es
(2) When lhe occeplonce ol lhe new re|ollons |ov|tes ot
octuo||y |eoo to uolo|tblu|oess or doub|e-deo|lng lo
onolher c|lenl
(3) When lhe ollorney wl|| be co||ed upon lo use oo|ost
b|s l|tst c||eot ooy koow|eoe ocqulred ln lhe prevlous
emp|oymenl

Note: 1he lesl lo delermlne whelher lhere ls o conl|lcl ol
lnleresl ln lhe represenlollon ls probobl|lly, nol cerlolnly ol
conl|lcl

Lllecls ol represenllng odverse lnleresls
(J) Dlsquo|lllcollon os counse| on new cose
(2) ll prejudlclo| lo lnleresls ol |oller c|lenl, o judgmenl
ogolnsl moy be sel oslde
(3) Admlnlslrollve ond crlmlno| (lor belroyo| ol lrusl)
|lobl|lly
(4) |ees moy nol be pold

Ceoeto| Ru|e |2]: A |owyer musl nome lhe ldenllly ol o|| hls
c|lenls, when so demonded.
(J) 1he Courl hos o rlghl lo know lhol lhe c|lenl whose
prlvl|eged lnlormollon ls soughl lo be prolecled ls l|esh
ond b|ood.
(2) 1he monl|e ol prlvl|eged communlcollon beglns lo
exlsl on|y oller lhe ollorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp hos
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% E>

been eslob|lshed. 1he prlvl|ege does nol olloch unll|
lhere ls o c|lenl.
(3) 1he prlvl|ege perlolns lo lhe subjecl moller ol lhe
re|ollonshlp.
(4) Due process conslderollons requlre lhol lhe opposlng
porly shou|d know hls odversory. (Melophor: He connol
be ob|lged lo grope ln lhe dork ogolnsl unknown
lorces.)

Fxcet|oo: He moy reluse lo dlvu|ge lhe nome or ldenllly ol
hls c|lenl
(J) Where o slrong probobl|lly exlsls lhol reveo|lng lhe
clients name would implicate the client in the very
activity for which he sought the lawyers advice.
(2) Where dlsc|osure wou|d open lhe c|lenl lo clvl| |lobl|lly.
(3) Where the governments lawyers have no case against
an attorneys client unless by revealing the clients
nome, l.e., lhe sold nome wou|d lurnlsh lhe on|y |lnk
lhol wou|d lorm lhe choln ol lesllmony necessory lo
convlcl on lndlvlduo| ol o crlme.

lnlormollon re|ollng lo lhe ldenllly ol lhe c|lenl moy lo||
wllhln lhe ombll ol lhe prlvl|ege when the clients name
|tse|l bos oo |ooeeooeot s|o|l|cooce, sucb tbot o|sc|osute
wou|o tbeo teveo| c||eot cool|oeoces. |Reo|o v.
Sooo|ooboyoo (996}]

Ru|e 5.04. A |owyer moy, wllh lhe wrlllen consenl ol o||
concerned, ocl os medlolor, concl|lolor or orbllrolor ln
sell|lng dlspules.

An attorneys knowledge of the law and his reputation for
llde|lly moy moke ll eosy lor lhe dlspulonls lo sell|e lhelr
dlllerences omlcob|y. However, he sho|| nol ocl os counse|
lor ony ol lhem. |Ao|o]

Cenero||y on ollorney ls prohlblled lrom represenllng
porlles wllh conlendlng poslllons.

However ol o cerloln sloge ol lhe conlroversy, belore ll
reoches lhe courl, o |owyer moy represenl conl|lcllng
lnleresls wllh lhe consenl ol lhe porlles. |Dee v. CA (J989)]

Condld ond Honesl Advlce lo C|lenls
Ru|e 5.05. A |owyer, when odvlslng hls c|lenl sho|| glve o
condld ond honesl oplnlon on lhe merlls ond probob|e
results of the clients cose, nellher overslollng nor
underslondlng lhe prospecls ol lhe cose.

Re|oteo Stotutoty Bos|s
Cooe ol ltoless|ooo| Ftb|cs, Coooo 8. Belore onswerlng hls
clients question a lawyer should endeavor to obtain full
knowledge of his clients cause. It is only after he shall have
sludled lhe cose lhol he shou|d odvlse hls c|lenl on lhe
moller.

A |owyer ls bound lo glve condld ond honesl oplnlon on lhe
merit or lack of merit of clients case, neither overstating
nor underslollng lhe prospecl ol lhe cose. He shou|d o|so
glve on honesl oplnlon os lo lhe probob|e resu|ls ol lhe
cose, wllh lhe end ln vlew ol promollng respecl lor lhe |ow
ond lhe |ego| processes. |Ao|o]

Ru|e 5.06. A |owyer sho|| nol slole or lmp|y lhol he ls ob|e
lo lnl|uence ony pub|lc olllclo| lrlbuno| or |egls|ollve body.

1hls ru|e prolecls ogolnsl |ol|ueoce eoo||o. Some
prospecllve c|lenls secure lhe servlces ol o porllcu|or
|owyer or |ow llrm preclse|y becouse he con exerl o |ol ol
lnl|uence on o judge ond some |owyers exocl blg lees lor
such lnl|uence |Ao|o]

Comp|lonce wllh Lows
Ru|e 5.07. A |owyer sho|| lmpress upon hls c|lenl
comp|lonce wllh lhe |ows ond lhe prlnclp|es ol lolrness.

Re|oteo Stotutoty Bos|s
C|v|| Cooe, Att. 9. Lvery person musl ln lhe exerclse ol hls
rlghls ond ln lhe perlormonce ol hls dulles ocl wllh jusllce
glve everyone hls due ond observe honesly ond good lollh.

Concurrenl Procllce ol onolher Prolesslon
Ru|e 5.08. A |owyer who ls engoged ln onolher prolesslon
or occupollon concurrenl|y wllh lhe procllce ol |ow sho||
moke c|eor lo hls c|lenl whelher he ls ocllng os o |owyer or
ln onolher copoclly.

Ceoeto| Ru|e Lxerclse ol duo| prolesslon ls nol prohlblled
bul o |owyer musl moke ll c|eor when he ls ocllng os o
|owyer ond when he ls olherwlse, especlo||y ln occupollons
re|oled lo lhe procllce ol |ow.
Reoson: cerloln elhlco| conslderollons moy be operollve ln
one prolesslon ond nol ln lhe olher. |Ao|o]

A |owyer ls nol borred lrom deo|lng wllh hls c|lenl bul lhe
buslness lronsocllon musl be choroclerlzed wllh ulmosl
honesly ond good lollh. Buslness lronsocllons belween on
ollorney ond hls c|lenl ore dlslovored ond dlscouroged by
policy of law because by virtue of a lawyers office, he is an
eosy poslllon lo loke odvonloge ol lhe credu|lly ond
lgnoronce ol hls c|lenl. 1bus, tbete |s oo tesumt|oo ol
|oooceoce ot |mtobob|||ty ol wtoooo|o |o lovot ol |owyets.
|Nok|| v. vo|oez, 286 SCRA 758 (998}]

"3.%$'0 /#$%: *$2 &,#&%,'.%0
Coooo 6: A |owyer sho|| ho|d ln lrusl o|| moneys ond
properlles ol hls c|lenl lhol moy come lnlo hls possesslon.

Re|oled Slolulory Bosls
C|v|| Cooe, Att. 49. The following persons connol ocqulre
or purchose even ol pub|lc or judlclo| oucllon ellher ln
person or lhrough lhe medlollon ol onolher:
(5) |owyers wllh respecl lo lhe properly ond rlghls whlch
moy be lhe objecl ol ony |lllgollon ln whlch lhey loke porl
by vlrlue ol lhelr profession.

(o) Allorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp
(b) Properly or lnleresl ls ln |lllgollon
(c) Allorney lokes porl os counse| ln lhe cose
(d) Purchose, ocqulslllon by ollorney, by hlmse|l or
lhrough onolher, durlng pendency ol |lllgollon

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% E@

Prohlblllon lnc|udes morlgoge ol properly ln |lllgollon lo
lhe |owyer. ln lhls cose, ocqulslllon ls mere|y poslponed
unll| lorec|osure bul ellecl ls lhe some. ll o|so lnc|udes
osslgnmenl ol properly |Otooo|o v. Fouotte (992}]

1be utcbose by o |owyet ol tbe toetty |o ||t|ot|oo ltom
b|s c||eot |s coteot|co||y tob|b|teo by Att|c|e 49,
ototob (5} ol tbe lb||||oe C|v|| Cooe, ond lhol
consequenl|y, p|olnllll's purchose ol lhe properly ln
|lllgollon lrom hls c|lenl (ossumlng lhol hls c|lenl cou|d se||
lhe some slnce os o|reody shown obove, hls c|lenl's c|olm
lo lhe properly wos deleoled ond rejecled) wos vold ond
cou|d produce no |ego| ellecl, by vlrlue ol Att|c|e 409,
ototob (7} ol out C|v|| Cooe whlch provldes lhol
contracts expressly prohibited or declared vold by |ow' ore
"inexistent and that These contracts cannot be ratified.
Nellher con lhe rlghl lo sel up lhe delense ol l||ego|lly be
waived. x x x Att|c|e 49 ol out C|v|| Cooe (||ke Att|c|e 459
ol tbe Soo|sb C|v|| Cooe) prohlblls ln lls slx porogrophs
cerloln persons, by teosoo ol tbe te|ot|oo ol ttust ot tbe|t
ecu||ot cootto| ovet tbe toetty [Rub|os v. Bot|||et (973)]

Arllc|e J49J ls nol opp|lcob|e:
(J) When ollorney ls nol counse| ln cose lnvo|vlng lhe
some properly ol lhe llme ol ocqulslllon.
(2) When purchoser ls o corporollon, even ll lhe ollorney
wos on olllcer |1uozoo v. 1uozoo, 88 lb||. 42]
(3) When so|e look p|oce oller lermlnollon ol |lllgollon,
excepl ll lhere wos lroud or obuse ol conlldenllo|
lnlormollon or where |owyer exerclsed undue lnl|uence.
(4) Where properly ln quesllon ls sllpu|oled os porl ol
attorneys fees, provided that, the same is contingent
upon lhe lovorob|e oulcome ol |lllgollon ond, provlded
lurlher, lhol lhe lee musl be reosonob|e.

|lduclory Re|ollonshlp
Ru|e 6.0. A |owyer sho|| occounl lor o|| money or properly
co||ecled or recelved lor or lrom lhe c|lenl.

A |owyer, under hls oolh, p|edges hlmse|l nol lo de|oy ony
mon lor money or mo|lce ond ls bound lo conducl hlmse|l
wllh o|| good llde|lly lo hls c|lenls. He ls ob|lgoled lo reporl
prompl|y lhe money ol hls c|lenls lhol hos come lnlo hls
possesslon (olherwlse o vlo|ollon ol Sec. 25, Ru|e 38 ol
ROC). He should not commingle it without his clients
consenl. He shou|d molnloln o repulollon lor honesly ond
llde|lly lo prlvole lrusl. 1he locl lhol o |owyer hos o |len lor
lees on money ln hls honds wou|d nol re|leve hlm lrom lhe
duly ol prompl|y occounllng lor lhe lunds recelved. |Dotoy
v. leos| (975}]

Money co||ecled by o |owyer ln pursuonce ol o judgmenl ln
lovor ol hls c|lenls ls he|d ln lrusl ond musl be lmmedlole|y
lurned over lo lhem. |Bus|os v. R|colott (997}]

Co-Mlng|lng ol |unds
Ru|e 6.02. A |owyer sho|| keep lhe lunds ol eoch c|lenl
seporole ond oporl lrom hls own ond lhose ol olhers kepl
by hlm.



De|lvery ol |unds
Ru|e 6.03 - A |owyer sho|| de|lver lhe lunds ond properly
lo hls c|lenl when due or upon demond. However,
(o) he sho|| hove o |len over lhe lunds ond
(b) moy opp|y so much lhereol os moy be necessory lo
sollsly hls |owlu| lees ond dlsbursemenls,
(c) glvlng nollce prompl|y lhereoller lo hls c|lenl. He sho||
o|so hove o |len lo lhe some exlenl on o|| judgmenls
ond execullons he hos secured lor hls c|lenl os
provlded lor ln lhe Ru|es ol Courl.

Re|oteo stotutoty bos|s
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 37. Attorneys liens. An
ollorney sho|| hove o |len upon lhe lunds documenls ond
popers ol hls c|lenl whlch hove |owlu||y come lnlo hls
possesslon ond moy reloln lhe some unll| hls |owlu| lees
ond dlsbursemenls hove been pold ond moy opp|y such
lunds lo lhe sollslocllon lhereol.

Money co||ecled by o |owyer ln pursuonce ol o judgmenl ln
lovor ol hls c|lenls ls he|d ln lrusl ond musl be lmmedlole|y
lurned over lo lhem. |Bus|oos v. R|colott (997}]

The failure of an attorney to return the clients money upon
demond glves rlse lo lhe presumpllon lhol he hos
mlsopproprloled ll lor hls own use lo lhe prejudlce ol ond
ln vlo|ollon ol lhe lrusl reposed ln hlm by lhe c|lenl.

Reto|o|o ||eo. A rlghl mere|y lo reloln lhe lunds,
documenls ond popers ol hls c|lenl whlch hove |owlu||y
come lnlo hls possesslon ond moy reloln lhe some unll| hls
|owlu| lees ond dlsbursemenls hove been pold.

1be tequ|s|tes lot vo||o|ty ol o teto|o|o ||eo.
(J) Allorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp
(2) Lawful possession by lawyer of the clients lunds,
documenls ond popers ln hls prolesslono| copoclly
(3) Unsatisfied claim for attorneys fees or disbursements

Cbot|o ||eo. An equllob|e rlghl lo hove lhe lees ond
|owlu| dlsbursemenls due o |owyer lor hls servlces, secured
lo hlm oul ol o money judgmenl.

1be tequ|s|tes lot vo||o|ty ol o cbot|o ||eo.
(J) Allorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp
(2) Allorney hos rendered servlces
(3) Money judgmenl lovorob|e lo lhe c|lenl hos been
secured ln lhe ocllon
(4) Allorney hos o c|olm for attorneys fees or advances
slolemenl ol hls c|olm hos been du|y recorded ln lhe
cose wllh nollce lhereol served upon lhe c|lenl ond
odverse porly

Lvery |owyer hos lhe responslbl|lly lo prolecl ond odvonce
lhe lnleresls ol hls c|lenl such lhol he musl prompl|y
occounl lor wholever money or properly hls c|lenl moy
hove enlrusled lo hlm. As o mere lruslee ol sold money or
properly, he musl ho|d lhem seporole lrom lhol ol hls own
ond moke sure lhol lhey ore used lor lhelr lnlended
purpose. ll nol used, he musl relurn lhe money or properly
lmmedlole|y lo hls c|lenl upon demond, olherwlse lhe
|owyer sho|| be presumed lo hove mlsopproprloled lhe
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% EA

same in violation of the trust reposed on him. A lawyers
converslon ol lunds enlrusled lo hlm ls o gross vlo|ollon ol
prolesslono| elhlcs. |Ate||ooo Uo|vets|ty, loc. v. M|jotes lll
(2009}]

Borrowlng or Lendlng
Ru|e 6.04. A |owyer sho|| nol borrow money lrom hls
c|lenl unless the clients interests are fully protected by the
nolure ol lhe cose or by lndependenl odvlce. Nellher sho||
o |owyer |end money lo o c|lenl excepl when, ln lhe lnleresl
ol jusllce, he hos lo odvonce necessory expenses ln o |ego|
moller he ls hond|lng lor lhe c|lenl.

1he re|ollon ol ollorney ond c|lenl ls hlgh|y llduclory ln
nolure ond ls ol o very de|lcole, exocllng ond conlldenllo|
chorocler. A |owyer ls duly-bound lo observe condor,
lolrness ond |oyo|ly ln o|| hls deo|lngs ond lronsocllons
wllh hls c|lenls. 1he prolesslon, lherelore, demonds ol on
ollorney on obso|ule obdlcollon ol every persono|
odvonloge conl|lcllng ln ony woy, dlrecl|y or lndlrecl|y, wllh
lhe lnleresl ol hls c|lenl. |Botoocbeo v. Ou|cbo (2003}]

1.2%3.': '# "3.%$'0 "*+0%
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo 7. A |owyer owes llde|lly lo lhe couse ol hls c|lenl
ond he sho|| be mlndlu| ol lhe lrusl ond conlldence
reposed ln hlm.

When a lawyer takes a clients cause, he lhereby covenonls
lhol he wl|| exerl o|| ellorl lor lls prolecllon unll| lls llno|
conc|uslon. 1he lol|ure lo exerclse due dl|lgence ond lhe
abandonment of a clients cause moke such o |owyer
unworlhy ol lhe lrusl whlch lhe c|lenl hos reposed on hlm.
|Coot||||et v. loteoc|ooo (989}]

No |owyer ls ob|lged lo ocl ellher os odvlser or odvocole lor
every person who moy wlsh lo become hls c|lenl. He hos
lhe rlghl lo dec|lne emp|oymenl, excepl os prescrlbed ln
Conon J4 ol lhe Code ol Prolesslono| Responslbl|lly. Bul
once he agrees to take up the cause of the clientNo leot
ot juo|c|o| o|slovot ot ub||c uoou|ot|ty sbou|o testto|o b|m
ltom tbe lu|| o|scbote ol b|s outy. |Soot|oo v. lojos (995}]

"#/&%'%$"% *$2 2.3.5%$"%
Slolulory Bosls
Coooo 8: Serve c|lenl wllh compelence ond dl|lgence.

Adequole Prolecllon
Ru|e 8.02. A |owyer sho|| nol hond|e ony |ego| moller
wllhoul odequole preporollon.

Lawyer should safeguard his clients rights and interests by
lhorough sludy ond preporollon, moslerlng opp|lcob|e |ow
ond locls lnvo|ved ln o cose, regord|ess ol lhe nolure ol lhe
osslgnmenl, ond keeplng conslonl|y obreosl ol lhe |olesl
jurlsprudence ond deve|opmenls ln o|| bronches ol lhe |ow.
|Ao|o]

A |owyer shou|d glve odequole ollenllon, core ond llme lo
hls coses. 1hls ls lhe reoson why o toct|c|o |owyet sbou|o
occet oo|y so mooy coses be coo booo|e. Once he ogrees lo
hond|e o cose, he shou|d underloke lhe losk wllh
dedlcollon ond core. ll he shou|d do ony |ess lhen he ls nol
lrue lo hls oolh os o |owyer. |leotoo v. CA, (99)]


Neg|lgence
Ru|e 8.03. A |owyer sho|| nol neg|ecl o |ego| moller
enlrusled lo hlm, ond hls neg|lgence ln connecllon
lherewllh sho|| render hlm |lob|e.

If by reason of the lawyers negligence, octuo| |oss bos beeo
couseo to b|s c||eot, tbe |ottet bos o couse ol oct|oo oo|ost
b|m lot oomoes. However, lor lhe |owyer lo be he|d |lob|e,
hls lol|ure lo exerclse reosonob|e core, skl|| ond dl|lgence
musl be proxlmole couse ol lhe |oss. |Co||ooto]

Lvery cose o |owyer occepls deserves hls lu|| ollenllon,
dl|lgence, skl|| ond compelence, regord|ess ol lls
lmporlonce or whelher he occepls lor o lee or lree. By
agreeing to be someones counsel, he represents that he
wl|| exerclse ordlnory dl|lgence or lhol reosonob|e degree
ol core ond skl|| demonded ol lhe buslness he underlokes
lo do, lo prolecl lhe clients interests and take all steps or
do o|| ocls necessory lhereol |Uy v 1oos|o|o, AC No. 8252
(2009}].

A c|lenl ls enlll|ed lo lhe benelll ol ooy ooo evety temeoy
ooo oeleose outbot|zeo by |ow, ond ls expecled lo re|y on
lhe |owyer lo osserl every such remedy or delense |Cotc|o
v. Bo|o (2005}].

Lawyers Negligence
Ceoeto| Ru|e C|lenl ls bound by attorneys conduct,
neg|lgence ond mlsloke ln hond|lng cose or ln
monogemenl ol |lllgollon ond ln proceduro| lechnlque,
ond he connol be heord lo comp|oln lhol resu|l mlghl hove
been dlllerenl hod hls |owyer proceeded dlllerenl|y.

Fxcet|oos:
(J) Where ll resu|ls ln outt|bt oet|vot|oo of clients liberty
or properly or where lnleresl ol jusllce so requlres
(2) Where ettot by couose| |s ute|y tecbo|co| whlch does
not affect substantially clients cause
(3) lootooce, |ocometeoce ot |oexet|eoce ol |owyer ls so
greol ond error so serlous lhol c|lenl, who hos good
couse ls prejudlced ond denled o doy ln courl
(4) Ctoss oe||eoce ol |owyer
(5) lock ol ocquo|otooce w|tb tecbo|co| ott ol procedure.

Some exom|es ol oe||eoce ol ottotoeys.
(J) |ol|ure ol counse| lo osk lor oddlllono| llme lo onswer o
comp|olnl resu|llng ln o delou|l judgmenl ogolnsl hls
c|lenl |Mouo v. Meooozo (993}].
(2) |ol|ure lo brlng sull lmmedlole|y. When lhe be|oled
sull wos ll|ed, lhe delendonl hod o|reody become
lnso|venl ond recovery cou|d no |onger be hod. 1he
|owyer wos dec|ored |lob|e lo lhe c|lenl |l|||ovest looo
v. (990}]
(3) |ol|ure lo oscerloln dole ol recelpl lrom posl olllce ol
nollce ol declslon resu|llng ln lhe non-perlecllon ol lhe
appellants appeal [1oveo-De 1esus v. lNB (964}].
(4) |ol|ure lo ll|e brlels wllhln lhe reg|emenlory perlod
|leo|e v. Cow||| (970}]. |ol|ure lo ollend lo lrlo|
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% EF

wllhoul ll|lng o mollon lor poslponemenl or wllhoul
requesllng ellher ol hls lwo porlners ln lhe |ow olllce lo
loke hls p|oce ond oppeor lor lhe delendonls |Coet|oo
v. Betoo| (1oo. 28, 952}]. |ol|ure lo oppeor ol pre-lrlo|
|Atovoote v. lott|otco (990}].
(5) |ol|ure ol counse| lo nollly c|lenls ol lhe schedu|ed lrlo|
whlch prevenled lhe |oller lo |ook lo onolher |owyer lo
represenl lhem whl|e counse| wos ln lhe hospllo|
|veotuto v. Sootos (993}].
(6) |ol|ure lo oppeor slmp|y becouse lhe c|lenl dld nol go
to counsels office on the date of the trial as was
ogreed upon |A|cot|zo v. lumokoo, Aom. Cose No.
249, (978}].
(7) |ol|ure lo poy lhe oppe||ole dockel lee oller recelvlng
lhe omounl lor lhe purpose |Cou|oo v. A||oo (968}].

lnstances where the client is not bound by counsels
oe||eoce
(J) ln lhe cose ol on lrresponslb|e |owyer who lolo||y lorgol
oboul lhe cose ond lol|ed lo lnlorm hls c|lenl ol lhe
declslon, lhe Supreme Courl he|d lhol lhe c|lenl shou|d
nol be bound by lhe neg|lgence ol lhe counse|.
|Reub||c v. Atto (987}]
(2) A porly ls nol bound by lhe ocllons ol hls counse| ln
cose lhe gross neg|lgence ol lhe counse| resu|led ln lhe
clients deprivation of his property without due process
|leotoo v. CA (99}].
(3) Where there is something fishy and suspicious about
lhe ocluollons ol lhe lormer counse| ol pelllloners ln
lhe cose ol bor, ln lhe cose he dld nol glve ony
slgnlllconce ol o|| lo lhe processes ol lhe courl, whlch
hos proven prejudlclo| lo lhe rlghls ol sold c|lenls,
under o |ome ond l|lmsy exp|onollon lhol lhe courls
processes jusl escoped hls ollenllon, ll ls he|d lhol lhe
sold |owyer deprlved hls c|lenls ol lhelr doy ln courl
|lllC v. 1|ooco (964}].
(4) Application of the rule, results in the outright
deprivation of ones property through a technicality.
|Fscuoeto v. Du|oy (988}]
(5) ln lhe cose ol on lrresponslb|e |owyer who lolo||y lorgol
oboul lhe cose ond lol|ed lo lnlorm hls c|lenl ol lhe
declslon, lhe Supreme Courl he|d lhol lhe c|lenl shou|d
nol be bound by lhe neg|lgence ol lhe counse|.
|Reub||c vs. Atto, et o|.,(987}]

Co||oborollng Counse|
Ru|e 8.0. A |owyer sho|| nol underloke o |ego| servlce
whlch he knows or shou|d know lhol he ls nol quo|llled lo
render. However he moy render such servlce ll, wllh lhe
consenl ol hls c|lenl, he con obloln os co||oborollng
counse| o |owyer who ls compelenl on lhe moller.

When o |owyer occepls o cose, whelher lor o lee or nol, hls
occeplonce ls on lmp|led represenlollon:
(J) 1hol he possess lhe requlslle degree ol ocodemlc
|eornlng, skl|| ond obl|lly ln lhe procllce ol hls
prolesslon,
(2) 1hol he wl|| exerl hls besl judgmenl ln lhe prosecullon
or delense ol lhe |lllgollon enlrusled lo hlm,
(3) 1hol he wl|| exerclse reosonob|e ond ordlnory core ond
dl|lgence ln lhe pursull or delense ol lhe cose, ond
(4) 1hol he wl|| loke sleps os wl|| odequole|y soleguord hls
clients interests. [ls|os v. l|otoo, 47 lb||. 62]

However, wholever good lnlenllons he moy hove, o |owyet
coooot osk oootbet |owyet to co||obotote w|tb b|m |o o
ott|cu|ot cose w|tbout tbe cooseot ol tbe c||eot. 1he
llduclory nolure ol ollorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp prohlblls
lhls. |Au|tte]

Some coses lnvo|ve speclo|lzed lle|ds ol |ow ond requlre
speclo| lrolnlng. A |owyet sbou|o oot occet oo uooettok|o
|o sec|l|c oteo ol |ow wb|cb be koows ot sbou|o koow be |s
oot quo||l|eo to eotet. |Ao|o]

Duly lo Apprlse C|lenl
Ru|e 8.04. A |owyer sho|| keep lhe c|lenl lnlormed ol lhe
slolus ol hls cose ond sho|| respond wllhln o reosonob|e
period of time to the clients request for information.

ll wos unnecessory lo hove comp|olnonls woll, ond hope,
lor slx |ong yeors on lhelr penslon c|olms. Upon lhelr
reluso| lo co-operole, tesoooeot sbou|o bove lottbw|tb
tetm|ooteo tbe|t toless|ooo| te|ot|oosb| |osteoo ol kee|o
tbem boo|o |ooel|o|te|y. |B|oozo v. Atcooe| (967}]

,%&,%0%$'*'.#$ 8.'= ?%*3 8.'=.$ 3%5*3 7#+$20
Coooo 9: A |owyer sho|| represenl hls c|lenl wllh zeo|
wllhln lhe bounds ol |ow.

In the discharge of his duty of entire devotion to the clients
couse, o |owyer shou|d presenl every remedy or delense
oulhorlzed by law in support of his clients cause
regord|ess ol hls persono| vlews. |leotoo v. CA (99}j

Use ol |olr ond Honesl Meons
Ru|e 9.0. A |owyer sho|| emp|oy on|y lolr ond honesl
meons lo olloln lhe |owlu| objecllves ol hls c|lenl ond sho||
nol presenl, porllclpole ln presenllng or lhreolen lo
presenl unlounded crlmlno| chorges lo obloln on lmproper
odvonloge

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 20(o}. Dulles ol ollorneys. ll ls
lhe duly ol on ollorney: lo emp|oy lor lhe purpose ol
molnlolnlng lhe couses conllded lo hlm such meons on|y
os ore conslslenl wllh lrulh ond honor ond never seek lo
mls|eod lhe judge or ony judlclo| olllcer by on orllllce or
lo|se slolemenl ol locl or |ow.

Under lhls Ru|e, o |owyer shou|d nol ll|e or lhreolen lo ll|e
ony unlounded or bose|ess crlmlno| cose or coses ogolnsl
lhe odversorles ol hls c|lenl deslgned lo secure o |everoge
lo compe| odversorles lo yle|d or wllhdrow lhelr own coses
against the lawyers client. [leoo v Aot|c|o (2007}j

Clients Fraud
Ru|e 9.02. A |owyer who hos recelved lnlormollon lhol hls
c|lenl hos, ln lhe course ol lhe represenlollon, perpeluoled
o lroud upon o person or lrlbuno|, sho|| prompl|y co|| upon
lhe c|lenl lo recllly lhe some, ond lol|lng whlch he sho||
lermlnole lhe re|ollonshlp wllh such c|lenl ln occordonce
wllh lhe Ru|es ol Courl.


+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% EC


Re|oteo Ru|e
Coooo 2. A |owyer shou|d nol o||ow hls c|lenl lo
perpeluole lroud. However, lhe |owyer sho|| nol vo|unleer
the information about the clients commission of the fraud
lo onyone lor lhol wl|| run counler lo hls duly lo molnloln
at all times the clients confidences and secrets.

1hls ru|e mere|y requlres lhe |owyer lo lermlnole hls
re|ollonshlp wllh lhe c|lenl ln lhe evenl lhe |oller lol|s or
reluses lo recllly lhe lroud. |Ao|o]

Procedure ln Hond|lng lhe Cose
Ru|e 9.03. A |owyer sho|| nol o||ow hls c|lenl lo dlclole lhe
procedure ln hond|lng lhe cose.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 23. Aulhorlly ol ollorneys lo
blnd c|lenls. Allorneys hove oulhorlly lo blnd lhelr c|lenls
ln ony cose by ony ogreemenl ln re|ollon lherelo mode ln
wrlllng ond ln loklng oppeo|s ond ln o|| mollers ol ordlnory
judlclo| procedure. Bul lhey connol, wllhoul speclo|
oulhorlly, compromlse lhelr c|lenl's |lllgollon or recelve
onylhlng ln dlschorge ol o c|lenl's c|olm bul lhe lu||
omounl ln cosh.

As to substoot|o| mottet
Lmp|oymenl llse|l conlers upon lhe ollorney no lmp|led or
opporenl oulhorlly lo blnd lhe c|lenl on subslonllo|
mollers whlch lhe ollorney moy nol lmpolr, novole,
compromlse, sell|e, surrender or deslroy wllhoul lhe
clients consent or authority:
(J) Couse ol ocllon,
(2) C|olm or demond sued upon
(3) Subjecl moller ol lhe |lllgollon

As to mottets ol |ow
ln mollers ol |ow, lhe c|lenl shou|d yle|d lo lhe |owyer (nol
lhe |owyer lo lhe c|lenl) lor lhe |owyer ls beller lrolned ond
skl||ed ln |ow. A|so, proceedlngs lo enlorce remedles ore
wllhln lhe exc|uslve conlro| ol lhe ollorney.

A |owyer shou|d seek lnslrucllon lrom hls c|lenl on ony
subslonllo| moller concernlng lhe |lllgollon whlch requlres
declslon on lhe porl ol lhe c|lenl (l.e. whelher lo
compromlse lhe cose or lo oppeo| on unlovorob|e
judgmenl). ln proceduro| mollers, lhe c|lenl musl yle|d lo
lhe |owyer. [Ao|oj

*''#,$%:0 1%%0
Acceplonce |ees
Coooo 20: A |owyer sho|| chorge on|y lolr ond reosonob|e
lees.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 24. Compensollon ol
ollorneys. An ollorney sho|| be enlll|ed lo hove ond recover
lrom hls c|lenl no more lhon o reosonob|e compensollon
lor hls servlces wllh o vlew lo lhe lmporlonce ol lhe subjecl
moller ol lhe conlroversy lhe exlenl ol lhe servlces
rendered ond lhe prolesslono| slondlng ol lhe ollorney. No
courl sho|| be bound by lhe oplnlon ol ollorneys os experl
wllnesses os lo lhe proper compensollon bul moy
dlsregord such lesllmony ond bose lls conc|uslon on lls
own prolesslono| know|edge. A wrlllen conlrocl lor
servlces sho|| conlro| lhe omounl lo be pold lherelore
un|ess lound by lhe courl lo be unconsclonob|e or
unreosonob|e.

R|bt to comeosot|oo
In the absence of an express contract [for attorneys fee],
payment of attorneys fees may be justified by virtue of the
lnnomlnole conlrocl ol loclo ul des (l do ond you glve)
which is based on the principle that no one shall enrich
hlmse|l ol lhe expense of another [Cotuz v. CA (980)]

1he Counse| ll worlhy ol hls hlre, ls enlll|ed lo be lu||y
recompensed lor hls servlces. w|tb b|s co|to| coos|st|o
so|e|y ol b|s bto|os ooo b|s sk|||, ocqu|teo ot ttemeooous cost
oot oo|y |o mooey but |o tbe exeoo|tute ol t|me ooo eoety,
he ls enlll|ed lo lhe prolecllon ol ony judlclo| lrlbuno|
ogolnsl ony ollempl on lhe porl ol o c|lenl lo escope
poymenl ol hls lees. |A|booo v. Co|omo (967}]

Ru|e 20.0 - A |owyer sho|| be gulded by lhe lo||owlng
loclors ln delermlnlng hls lees:
(J) 1lme spenl ond lhe exlenl ol lhe servlces rendered or
requlred
(2) lmporlonce ol lhe subjecl moller
(3) Nove|ly ond dllllcu|ly ol lhe quesllons lnvo|ved,
(4) Skl|| demonded,
(5) Probobl|lly ol |oslng olher emp|oymenl os o resu|l ol
occeplonce ol lhe prolessed cose,
(6) Prolesslono| slondlng ol lhe |owyer,
(7) Amounl lnvo|ved ln lhe conlroversy ond lhe benellls
resu|llng lo lhe c|lenl lrom lhe servlce
(8) Cuslomory chorges lor slml|or servlces ond lhe
schedu|e ol lees ol lhe lBP Chorler lo whlch he
be|ongs, ond
(9) Conllngency or cerlolnly ol compensollon,
(J0) Chorocler ol lhe emp|oymenl, whelher occoslono| or
eslob|lshed.
(JJ) Copoclly ol lhe c|lenl lo poy.

Conllngency |ee Arrongemenls
Ouootum Metu|t
Means as much as a lawyer deserves. Its essential
requlslle ls occeplonce ol lhe benellls by one soughl lo be
chorged lor servlces rendered under clrcumslonces os
reosonob|y lo nollly hlm lhol |owyer expecls
compensollon.

Ouootum Metu|t |s outbot|zeo |o tbe lo||ow|o |ostooces.
(J) 1here is no express contract for attorneys fees agreed
upon belween lhe |owyer ond lhe c|lenl,
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;D

(2) When although there is a formal contract of attorneys
lees, lhe sllpu|oled lees ore lound unconsclonob|e or
unreosonob|e by lhe courl,
(3) When the contract for attorneys fees is void due to
pure|y lormo| mollers or delecls ol execullon,
(4) When lhe counse|, lor jusllllob|e couse, wos nol ob|e lo
llnlsh lhe cose lo lls conc|uslon,
(5) When |owyer ond c|lenl dlsregord lhe conlrocl ol
attorneys fees
(6) When lhere ls o conlrocl bul no sllpu|ollon os lo
attorneys fees

Guides in Determining Attorneys Fees in Quantum Meruit
Bos|s.
(J) 1|me seot ooo Fxteot ol tbe Setv|ces Reooeteo A
|owyer ls juslllled ln llxlng hlgher lees when lhe cose ls
so comp|lcoled ond requlres more llme ond ellorls lo
llnlsh ll.
(2) lmottooce ol Subject Mottet 1he more lmporlonl lhe
subjecl moller or lhe blgger vo|ue ol lhe lnleresl or
property in litigation, the higher is the attorneys fee.
(3) Nove|ty ooo D|ll|cu|ty ol Ouest|oos lovo|veo When lhe
quesllons ln o cose ore nove| ond dllllcu|l, greoler
ellorls, deeper sludy ond reseorch, ore bound lo burn
the lawyers time and stamina considering that there
ore no |oco| precedenls lo re|y upon.
(4) Sk||| oemoooeo ol tbe lowyet 1he lolo|lly ol lhe
lawyers experience provides him the skill and
compelence odmlred ln |owyers.

Cbomettous Coottoct
One where lhe |owyer sllpu|oles wllh hls c|lenl lhe
prosecullon ol lhe cose lhol he wl|| beor o|| lhe expenses
lor lhe recovery ol lhlngs or properly belng c|olmed, ond
lhe |oller poys on|y upon successlu| |lllgollon. vold lor
belng ogolnsl pub|lc po|lcy.

Coot|oeot Coottoct
ll ls on ogreemenl ln whlch lhe lawyers fee, usuo||y o llxed
percenloge ol whol moy be recovered ln lhe ocllon, ls
mode lo depend upon lhe success ln lhe ellorl lo enlorce
or defend the clients rlghl. ll ls o vo|ld ogreemenl. ll ls
dlllerenl lrom o chomperlous conlrocl ln lhol lhe |owyer
does nol underloke lo shou|der lhe expenses ol lhe
|lllgollon.

Coot|oeot Cbomettous
Conllngenl lee ls poyob|e ln
cosh
Poyob|e ln klnd on|y
Lowyers do nol underloke lo
poy o|| expenses ol |lllgollon
Lowyers underloke lo poy o||
expenses ol |lllgollon
Nol prohlblled vold

Attorneys Liens
Ru|e 20.02. A |owyer sho||, ln cose ol relerro|, wllh lhe
consenl ol lhe c|lenl, be enlll|ed lo o dlvlslon ol lees ln
proporllon lo lhe work perlormed ond responslbl|lly
ossumed.

Note: This is not in the nature of a brokers commission

Reto|o|o Cbot|o
Notute
Posslve |len. ll connol be
ocllve|y enlorced. ll ls o
genero| |len.
Acllve |len. ll con be enlorced
by execullon. ll ls o speclo|
|len.
Bos|s
Lowlu| possesslon ol lunds,
popers, documenls, properly
be|onglng lo c|lenl
Securlng ol o lovorob|e
money judgmenl lor c|lenl
Covetoe
Covers on|y lunds, popers,
documenls, ond properly ln
lhe |owlu| possesslon ol lhe
ollorney by reoson ol hls
prolesslono| emp|oymenl
Covers o|| judgmenls lor lhe
poymenl ol money ond
execullons lssued ln
pursuonce ol such judgmenl
Fllect|v|ty
As soon os lhe |owyer gels
possesslon ol lhe lunds,
popers, documenls, properly
As soon os lhe c|olm lor
attorneys fees had been
enlered lnlo lhe records ol
lhe cose
Not|ce
C|lenl need nol be nolllled lo
moke ll ellecllve
C|lenl ond odverse porly
need lo nolllled lo moke ll
ellecllve
A||cob|||ty
Moy be exerclsed belore
judgmenl or execullon, or
regord|ess lhereol
Cenero||y, ll ls exerclsob|e
on|y when lhe ollorney hod
o|reody secured o lovorob|e
judgmenl lor hls c|lenl

|ees ond Conlroversles wllh C|lenls
Ru|e 20.03. A |owyer sho|| nol, wllhoul lhe lu|| know|edge
ond consenl ol lhe c|lenl, occepl ony lee, reword, cosls,
commlsslon, lnleresl, rebole or lorwordlng o||owonces or
olher compensollon wholsoever re|oled lo hls prolesslono|
emp|oymenl lrom ony one olher lhon lhe c|lenl.

Re|oteo Stotutoty Bos|s
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 20(e}. Dulles ol ollorneys. ll ls
the duty of an attorney to accept no compensation in
connecllon wllh hls c|lenl's buslness excepl lrom hlm or
wllh hls know|edge ond opprovo|.

Rot|ooo|e
1hls ensures prolecllon ol |owyers ln co||ecllon ol lees. ll ls
also designed to secure the lawyers wholehearted fidelity
to the clients cause and to prevent that situation in which
lhe recelpl by hlm ol o rebole or commlsslon lrom onolher
in connection with the clients cause may interfere with the
lu|| dlschorge ol hls duly lo lhe c|lenl. 1he omounl recelved
by |owyer lrom opposlle porly or lhlrd persons ln lhe
servlce ol hls c|lenl be|ongs lo lhe c|lenl excepl when lhe
|oller hos lu|| know|edge ond approval of lawyers taking
|Ao|o]
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;)


Ru|e 20.04. A |owyer sho|| ovold conlroversles wllh c|lenls
concernlng hls compensollon ond sho|| resorl lo judlclo|
ocllon on|y lo prevenl lmposlllon, lnjusllce or lroud"

Judicial actions to recover attorneys fees
(J) |l|e on opproprlole mollon or pellllon os on lncldenl ln
lhe moln ocllon where he rendered |ego| servlces,
(2) |ile a separate civil action for collection of attorneys
lees.

Sulls lo co||ecl lees shou|d be ovolded ond on|y when lhe
clrcumslonces lmperollve|y requlre shou|d o |owyer resorl
lo |owsull lo enlorce poymenl ol lees. 1hls ls bul o |oglco|
consequence ol lhe |ego| prolesslon nol prlmorl|y belng lor
economlc compensollon. |Ao|o]

An ollorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp con be creoled by lmp|led
ogreemenl, os when lhe ollorney ocluo||y rendered |ego|
servlces lor o person who ls o c|ose lrlend. 1he ob|lgollon ol
such a person to pay attorneys fees is based on the law of
contracts concept of facio ut des (no one shall unjustly
enrlch hlmse|l ol lhe expense ol olhers. |Cotuz v. CA
(980}]

Concepl of Attorneys Fees
Oto|ooty Coocet
An attorneys fee is the reasonable compensation paid to a
|owyer lor lhe |ego| servlces he hos rendered lo o c|lenl.
1he bos|s ol tb|s comeosot|oo |s tbe loct ol em|oymeot by
tbe c||eot.

Fxttooto|ooty Coocet
An ollorneys fee is an indemnity for damages ordered by
lhe courl lo be pold by lhe |oslng porly lo lhe prevol|lng
porly ln o |lllgollon. 1he bosls ol lhls ls ony ol lhe coses
oulhorlzed by |ow ond ls poyob|e nol lo lhe |owyer bul lo
lhe c|lenl un|ess lhey hove ogreed lhol lhe oword sho||
perloln lo lhe |owyer os oddlllono| compensollon or os porl
lhereol. [1tooets Royo| Book Fm|oyees Uo|oo-looeeooeot
v. NlRC (997}j

|oclors ol lhe vo|ue |Ru|e 38, Sec, 24]
(J) lmporlonce ol lhe subjecl moller ol conlroversy,
(2) Lxlenl ol lhe servlces rendered, ond
(3) Prolesslono| slondlng ol lhe ollorney.

Addlllono||y, lhe courl ls nol bound by lhe oplnlon ol
attorneys as expert witness as to proper compensation
ond lhol wrlllen conlrocl sho|| conlro| lhe omounl pold
un|ess lound by lhe courl lo be unconsclonob|e or
reosonob|e.

Accordlng lo jurlsprudence, lhe courl moy o|so loke lnlo
consideration the clients capacity to pay.

Modes ol poymenl
(J) A l|xeo ot obso|ute lee whlch ls poyob|e regord|ess ol
lhe resu|l ol lhe cose
(2) A coot|oeot lee lhol ls condllloned lo lhe securlng ol o
lovorob|e judgmenl ond recovery ol money or properly
ond lhe omounl ol whlch moy be on o percenloge bosls
(3) A llxed lee poyob|e et oeotooce
(4) A llxed lee compuled by lhe oumbet ol bouts seot
(5) A llxed lee bosed on o |ece ol wotk
(6) A comb|oot|oo ol ony ol lhe obove sllpu|oled lees.

Compensollon lo whlch Lowyer ls Lnlll|ed Dependlng on
Hls Copoclly
Couose| oe lotte He ls enlll|ed to a reasonable attorneys
lees ogreed upon or ln lhe obsence lhereol, on quonlum
merull bosls.

Couose| oe Oll|c|o 1he counse| moy nol demond lrom lhe
accused attorneys fees even if he wins the case. He may
however co||ecl lrom lhe governmenl lunds ll ovol|ob|e
bosed on lhe omounl llxed by lhe courl.

Ru|e 38, Sec. 32. Compensollon lor ollorneys de olllclo.
Subjecl lo ovol|obl|lly ol lunds os moy be provlded by |ow
lhe courl moy, ln lls dlscrellon, order on ollorney emp|oyed
os counse| de olllclo lo be compensoled ln such sum os lhe
courl moy llx ln occordonce wllh secllon 24 ol lhls ru|e.
Whenever such compensollon ls o||owed, ll sho|| nol be
|ess lhon P30 ln ony cose, nor more lhon lhe lo||owlng
omounls:
(o) P50 ln |lghl le|onles,
(b) PJ00 ln |ess grove le|onles,
(c) P200 ln grove le|onles olher lhon copllo| ollenses,
(d) P500 ln copllo| ollenses.

Am|cus Cut|oe not entitled to attorneys fees.

Counse| Connol Recover |u|| Amounl desplle Wrlllen
Conlrocl
(J) When lhe servlces were nol perlormed, ond lhe |owyer
wllhdrew belore lhe cose wos llnlshed, he wl|| be
o||owed on|y reosonob|e lees
(2) When lhere ls juslllled dlsmlsso| ol on ollorney, lhe
conlrocl wl|| be nu||llled ond poymenl wl|| be on
quonlum merull bosls
(3) When lhe sllpu|oled lees ore unconsclonob|e
(4) When lhe sllpu|oled lees ore ln excess ol whol ls
express|y provlded by |ow
(5) When lhe |owyer ls gul|ly ol lroud or bod lollh ln lhe
monner ol hls emp|oymenl
(6) When the counsels services are worthless because of
neg|lgence
(7) When lhe conlrocl ls conlrory lo |ows, moro|s, ond
good po|lcles

1he mere locl lhol on ogreemenl hod been reoched
belween ollorney ond c|lenl llxlng lhe omounl ol lhe
ollorney's lees, does nol lnsu|ole such ogreemenl lrom
revlew ond modlllcollon by lhe Courl where lhe lees c|eor|y
oppeor lo be excesslve or unreosonob|e. |1oobueco v. De
Dumo (989}]

&,%0%,4*'.#$ #1 "3.%$'0 "#$1.2%$"%0
Coooo 2. A |owyer sho|| preserve lhe conlldence ond
secrels ol hls c|lenl even oller lhe ollorney c|lenl
re|ollonshlp ls lermlnoled.



+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;E

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, 20(e}. Dulles ol ollorneys.ll ls lhe
duly ol on ollorney:
(e) 1o molnloln lnvlo|ole lhe conlldence ond ol every perl|
lo hlmse|l lo preserve lhe secrels ol hls c|lenl ond lo
occepl no compensollon ln connecllon wllh hls c|lenl's
buslness excepl lrom hlm or wllh hls know|edge ond
opprovo|,

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 30, Sec. 2(b}. Prlvl|eged
communlcollon. An ollorney connol, wllhoul lhe consenl
ol hls c|lenl, be exomlned os lo ony communlcollon mode
by lhe c|lenl lo hlm or hls odvlce glven lhereon ln lhe
course ol prolesslono| emp|oymenl, nor con on ollorney's
secrelory slenogropher or c|erk be exomlned wllhoul lhe
consenl ol lhe c|lenl ond hls emp|oyer concernlng ony locl
lhe know|edge ol whlch hos been ocqulred ln such
copoclly.

Rev|seo leoo| Cooe, Att. 209. Belroyo| ol lrusl by on
ollorney or so|lcllorReve|ollon ol secrels.ln oddlllon lo
lhe proper odmlnlslrollve ocllon, lhe peno|ly ol prlslon
correcclono| ln lls mlnlmum perlod, or o llne ronglng lrom
200 lo J,000 pesos, or bolh, sho|| be lmposed upon ony
ollorney-ol-|ow or so|lcllor (procurodor judlclo|) who, by
ony mo|lclous breoch ol prolesslono| duly or ol lnexcusob|e
neg|lgence or lgnoronce, sho|| prejudlce hls c|lenl, or reveo|
ony ol lhe secrels ol lhe |oller |eorned by hlm ln hls
prolesslono| copoclly.

1he some peno|ly sho|| be lmposed upon on ollorney-ol-
|ow or so|lcllor (procurodor judlclo|) who, hovlng
underloken lhe delense ol o c|lenl or hovlng recelved
conlldenllo| lnlormollon lrom sold c|lenl ln o cose, sho||
underloke lhe delense ol lhe opposlng porly ln lhe some
cose, wllhoul lhe consenl ol hls llrsl c|lenl.

Duly lo preserve c|lenl's conlldence
(J) Nellher ollorney nor c|lenl nor onyone who slonds ln o
pecu|lor re|ollon ol conlldence wllh ellher ol lhem con
be compe||ed lo dlsc|ose ony prlvl|eged
communlcollon.
(2) 1hls conon o|so opp|les lo prospecllve c|lenls.
|ormer|y, ln order lhol o communlcollon sho|| be
prlvl|eged, lhe ollorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp shou|d exlsl
ol lhe llme ol communlcollon. Bul ol presenl,
communlcollon mode by prospecllve c|lenl ls covered
lor os |ong os ll ls mode lo lhe |owyer ln hls
prolesslono| copoclly.

Durollon ol duly
The lawyers duty to maintain inviolate his clients
conlldence is perpetual. It outlasts even the lawyers
emp|oymenl. He moy nol do onylhlng whlch wl|| lnjurlous|y
ollecl hls lormer c|lenl nor moy he ol ony llme dlsc|ose or
use ogolnsl hlm ony know|edge or lnlormollon ocqulred by
vlrlue ol prolesslono| re|ollonshlp. Nellher does nol ceose
wllh lhe lermlnollon ol lhe |lllgollon nor ls ll ollecled by
the partys ceasing to employ the attorney and retaining
onolher, or by ony olher chonge ol re|ollon belween lhem.
ll even survlves lhe deolh ol lhe c|lenl. [Ceooto v. S||ooo
(2003}j

1he work producl ol lhe |owyer, lnc|udlng hls ellorl ond
reseorches, conlolned ln hls ll|es ls conlldenllo| even oller
his death. Contents of lawyers files may not be disclosed
without a clients consent.

Lxcepllons:
(J) Some prlvl|eged communlcollons |ose lhelr prlvl|eged
chorocler by some supervenlng ocl done pursuonl lo
lhe purpose ol lhe communlcollon (e.g. o
communlcollon lnlended by lhe c|lenl lo be senl lo o
lhlrd person lhrough hls ollorney |oses conlldenllo|
chorocler once ll reoched lhe lhlrd porly).
(2) 1he prlvl|ege ogolnsl dlsc|osure ol conlldenllo|
communlcollons or lnlormollon ls |lmlled on|y lo
communlcollons whlch ore |eglllmole|y ond proper|y
wllhln lhe scope ol o |owlu| emp|oymenl ol o |owyer. ll
does nol exlend lo lhose mode ln conlemp|ollon ol o
crlme or perpelrollon ol o lroud. ll ls nol wllhln lhe
prolesslon ol o |owyer lo odvlse o c|lenl os lo how he
moy commll o crlme. 1hus, lhe ollorney-c|lenl prlvl|ege
does nol olloch, lhere belng no prolesslono|
emp|oymenl ln lhe slrlcl sense.

Reoson lor lhe ru|e
(J) 1hls duly exlsls becouse un|ess lhe c|lenl knows lhol
hls ollorney connol be compe||ed lo reveo| whol ls lo|d
lo hlm, he wl|| suppress whol he lhlnks lo be
unlovorob|e ond lhe odvlce whlch lo||ows wl|| be
use|ess ll nol mls|eodlng.
(2) 1he purpose ol lhe ollorney-c|lenl prlvl|ege ls lo
encouroge o c|lenl lo moke lu|| dlsc|osure lo hls
ollorney ond lo p|oce uneslrlcled conlldence ln hlm ln
mollers ollecllng hls rlghls or ob|lgollons.

Conlldenllo|lly
(J) A conlldenllo| communlcollon relers lo lnlormollon
lronsmllled by vo|unlory ocl ol dlsc|osure belween
ollorney ond c|lenl ln conlldence ond by meons whlch
so lor os lhe c|lenl ls owore, dlsc|oses lhe lnlormollon
lo no lhlrd person olher lhon one reosonob|y necessory
lor lhe lronsmlsslon ol lhe lnlormollon or lhe
occomp|lshmenl ol lhe purpose lor whlch ll wos glven.
(2) 1here ls o dlllerence belween conlldences ond secrels
ol c|lenls. Whl|e conlldences reler lo lnlormollon
prolecled by ollorney-c|lenl prlvl|ege under lhe
Revlsed Ru|es ol Courl (lnlormollon perllnenl lo lhe
cose belng hond|ed), secrels ore lhose olher
lnlormollon golned ln lhe prolesslono| re|ollonshlp lhol
lhe c|lenl hos requesled lo be he|d lnvlo|ole or lhe
dlsc|osure ol whlch wou|d be emborrosslng or wou|d
|lke|y be delrlmenlo| lo c|lenl (lnlormollon nol exocl|y
perllnenl lo cose).
(3) 1he lnlenl ol c|lenl lo moke communlcollon
conlldenllo| musl be opporenl. Bul once conveyed lo
|owyer, conlldenllo|lly olloches nol on|y lo slolemenls
bul o|so lo olher lorms ol communlcollon.
(4) Lmbroces nol on|y oro| or wrlllen slolemenls bul
ocllons, slgns or olher meons ol communlcollons.
(5) Communlcollon moy be lronsmllled by ony lorm ol
ogency, such os o messenger, on lnlerpreler or ony
olher lorm ol lronsmlsslon. ll ls lmmolerlo| whelher lhe
ogenl ls lhe ogenl ol lhe ollorney, lhe c|lenl or bolh.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;;

Requlslles lor Prlvl|eged Communlcollon lo Alloch
(J) 1he person lo whom lnlormollon ls glven ls o |owyer.
No ollorney-c|lenl re|ollon when person ls nol o |owyer,
even ll such person underlokes lo perlorm |ego|
servlces. Fxcet|oo: ll o person ls prelendlng lo be o
|owyer ond c|lenl dlsc|oses conlldenllo|
communlcollons, lhe ollorney-c|lenl prlvl|ege opp|les.
(2) 1here ls |ego| re|ollonshlp exlsllng (moy be dlsregorded
lor prospecllve c|lenls)
(3) Lego| odvlce musl be soughl lrom lhe ollorney ln hls
prolesslono| copoclly wllh respecl lo communlcollons
re|ollng lo lhol purpose. Nol prlvl|eged ll odvlce ls nol
within lawyers professional capacity
(4) Some prlvl|eged communlcollon moy |ose prlvl|eged
chorocler. C|lenl musl lnlend lhe communlcollon be
conlldenllo|.
(5) Ouesllon ol prlvl|ege delermlned by courl. 1he burden
ol prool ls on lhe porly who osserls lhe prlvl|ege.

Persons Lnlll|ed lo c|olm Prlvl|ege
(J) Cenero||y, lhe ollorney-c|lenl prlvl|ege covers lhe
|owyer, c|lenl ond lhlrd persons who by reoson ol lhelr
work hove ocqulred lnlormollon oboul lhe cose belng
hond|ed. 1hls lnc|udes lhe lo||owlng:
(o) attorneys secrelory, slenogropher ond c|erk,
(b) lnlerpreler, messengers, or ogenls lronsmllllng
communlcollon
(c) on occounlonl, sclenllsl, physlclon, englneer who
hos been hlred lor ellecllve consu|lollon.
(2) Asslgnee ol lhe c|lenl's lnleresl moy c|olm lhe prlvl|ege
os lor os lhe communlcollon ollecls lhe reo|lzollon ol
lhe osslgned lnleresl.
(3) ldenllllcollon ol c|lenl prlvl|ege exlends when lhe ll ore
nol presenl"
(o) commencemenl ol |lllgollon on beho|l ol lhe c|lenl,
(b) ldenllllcollon re|ollng lo emp|oymenl ol 3
rd
person,
(c) emp|oymenl ol ollorney wllh respecl lo lulure
crlmlno|J lroudu|enl lronsocllon,
(d) prosecullon ol o |owyer lor o crlmlno| ollense
(4) 1hls ru|e does nol cover lhose kepl lor cuslodlo|
purposes only nor contracts relating to attorneys fees

Lxomp|es ol prlvl|eged mollers
(J) work producl ol |owyer (hls ellorl, reseorch ond
lhoughl conlolned ln hls ll|e)
(2) o reporl ol o physlclon, on occounlonl, on englneer or o
lechnlclon, whose servlces hove been secured by o
c|lenl os porl ol hls communlcollon lo hls ollorney or
by lhe ollorney lo osslsl hlm render ellecllve |ego|
osslslonce lo hls c|lenl
(3) records concernlng on occldenl ln whlch o porly ls
lnvo|ve
(4) consu|lollon whlch hos lo do lhe preporollon ol o c|lenl
lo loke lhe wllness slond

wbeo A||oweo
Ru|e 2.0. A |owyer sho|| nol reveo| lhe conlldence or
secrels ol hls c|lenl excepl:
(o) When oulhorlzed by lhe c|lenl oller ocquolnllng hlm ol
lhe consequences ol lhe dlsc|osure,
(b) When requlred by |ow,
(c) When necessory lo co||ecl hls lees or lo delend hlmse|l,
hls emp|oyees or ossocloles or by judlclo| ocllon.

A |owyer becomes loml|lor wllh o|| lhe locls connecled
with his clients case. Such knowledge must be considered
socred ond musl be guorded wllh core lo ensure lhe
conlldence ol lhe c|lenl ls nol obused. On|y when c|lenl
consenls wl|| o |owyer be o||owed lo moke use ol sold
lnlormollon. Use ol sold lnlormollon, whelher prlvl|eged or
nol, ls prohlblled ll ll ls lo lhe:
(J) dlsodvonloge ol lhe c|lenl,
(2) lawyers advantage;
(3) odvonloge ol lhlrd persons.

(o) A |owyer moy nol dlsc|ose ony lnlormollon concernlng
the clients case, which he acquired from the client in
conlldence, olher lhon whol moy be necessory lo
prosecute or defend his clients cause.
(b) ln locl, |oyo|ly lo lhe courl moy nol overrlde lhls
prlvl|ege os sold |oyo|ly lnvo|ves sleodlosl molnlenonce
ol prlnclp|es whlch lhe courls lhemse|ves hove evo|ved
lor lhe ellecllve odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce, one ol lhese
principles is that of preservation of clients confidence
communlcoled lo |owyer ln hls prolesslono| copoclly.
Breoch ol lhls llde|lly ls sulllclenl lo worronl
dlsclp|lnory soncllon ogolnsl lhe |owyer.
(c) ll o |owyer monoges lo ocqulre lnlormollon regordlng
the opposing partys cause, he must withdraw
(d) C|lenl moy nol moke communlcollons lo opposlng
counse| lo sl|ence hlm (such communlcollon ls nol
prlvl|eged)
(e) ll corporole c|lenl, secrel ol J corporole olllcer moy be
dlsc|osed lo dlreclors bul nol lo olhers
(l) lnvo|ves o bo|onclng ol |oyo|lles (e.g. c|lenl commllled
perjury, shou|d |owyer dlsc|ose?)

1be Fxcet|oos to tbe Ceoeto| Ru|e.
(1bese excet|oos to tbe eoeto| tu|e ote louoo |o Ru|e 2.0.}
(J) When oulhorlzed by lhe c|lenl oller ocquonllng hlm ol
lhe consequences ol lhe dlsc|osure
(o) A wolver ol lhe prlvl|ege musl be mode ln enllrely.
A c|lenl moy wolve prolecllon ol prlvl|ege lhrough
|owyer excepl where lhe conlroversy lnvo|ves lhe
attorneys relation with his client. In such case, only
lhe c|lenl moy wolve prlvl|ege.
(b) Consent given by client to lawyers secretary
(slollJemp|oyees) wl|| nol glve hlmJher lhe rlghl lo
reveal confidences. Lawyers consent is necessary.

(2) When requlred by |ow
(o) A |owyer moy dlsc|ose commlsslon ol conlemp|oled
crlmes or perpeluollon ol lroud conslderlng lhol
prolesslono| re|ollonshlp shou|d on|y be lor |owlu|
purposes. A person who ls commllllng o crlme or ls
oboul lo commll o crlme con hove no prlvl|eged
wllness. |or lhe opp|lcollon ol lhe prlvl|ege lo
olloch, lhe perlod lo be consldered ls lhe dole
when lhe prlvl|eged communlcollon wos mode by
lhe c|lenl lo lhe ollorney ln re|ollon lo ellher o
crlme commllled ln lhe posl or wllh respecl lo o
crlme lnlended lo be commllled ln lhe lulure.

(3) When necessory lo co||ecl ollorney's lees or lo delend
hlmse|l, hls emp|oyees or ossocloles or by judlclo|
ocllon
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;<

(o) ln cose c|lenl ll|es comp|olnl ogolnsl hls |owyer or
unreosonob|y reluses lo poy hls lees, c|lenl wolves
prlvl|ege ln lovor ol |owyer who moy dlsc|ose so
much of clients confidences as may be necessary
lo prolecl hlmse|l or lo co||ecl lees. ll musl be
noled lhol o c|lenl moy nol be permllled lo loke
odvonloge ol lhe ollorney-c|lenl re|ollon lo deleol
lhe jusl c|olm ol hls |owyer.

ltob|b|teo D|sc|osutes ooo Use
Ru|e 2.02. A |owyer sho|| nol, lo lhe dlsodvonloge ol hls
c|lenl, use lnlormollon ocqulred ln lhe course ol
emp|oymenl nor sho|| he use lhe some lo hls odvonloge or
lhol ol o lhlrd person un|ess lhe c|lenl wllh lu|| know|edge
ol lhe clrcumslonces consenls lherelo.

A |owyer musl hove lhe lu||esl conlldence ol hls c|lenl. ll
conlldence ls obused, os by lhe use by lhe |owyer ol lhe
c|lenl's secrels ogolnsl hls c|lenl, lhe prolesslon wl|| suller
by lhe |oss lhereol.

Ru|e 2.03. A |owyer sho|| nol, wllhoul lhe wrlllen consenl
ol hls c|lenl, glve lnlormollon lrom hls ll|es lo on oulslde
ogency seeklng such lnlormollon lor oudlllng, slollsllco|,
bookkeeplng, occounllng, dolo processlng, or ony slml|or
purpose.

(o) 1he reoson lor lhe ru|e ls lhol lhe work ond producl ol
o |owyer, such os hls ellorl, reseorch, ond lhoughl, ond
lhe records ol hls c|lenl, conlolned ln hls ll|es ore
prlvl|eged mollers.
(b) Nellher lhe |owyer nor, oller hls deolh, hls helr, or |ego|
represenlollve moy proper|y dlsc|ose lhe conlenls ol
such file cabinet without clients consent

Ru|e 2.04. A |owyer moy dlsc|ose lhe ollolrs ol o c|lenl ol
lhe llrm lo porlners or ossocloles lhereol un|ess prohlblled
by lhe c|lenl.

Ru|e 2.05. A |owyer sho|| odopl such meosures os moy be
requlred lo prevenl lhose whose servlces ore ull|lzed by
hlm lrom dlsc|oslng or uslng conlldences or secrels ol lhe
c|lenl.

(o) Prolesslono| emp|oymenl ol o |ow llrm ls equlvo|enl lo
relolner ol lhe members lhereol even lhough on|y one
porlner ls consu|led. When one porlner le||s onolher
oboul lhe delol|s ol lhe cose, ll ls nol consldered os
dlsc|osure lo lhlrd persons becouse members ol o |ow
llrm ore consldered os one enllly.

(b) The clients secrets which clerical aids of lawyers learn
ol ln lhe perlormonce ol lhelr servlces ore covered by
prlvl|eged communlcollon. ll ls lhe duly ol |owyer lo
ensure lhol lhls ls belng lo||owed. 1he prohlblllon
ogolnsl o |owyer lrom dlvu|glng lhe conlldences ond
secrels ol hls c|lenls wl|| become lull|e exerclse ll hls
c|erlco| olds ore glven |lberly lo do whol ls prohlblled ol
lhe |owyer. (LX. Slgnlng ol conlldenllo|lly conlrocl)

Ru|e 2.06. A |owyer sho|| ovold lndlscreel conversollon
about a clients affairs even with members of his family.

A |owyer musl nol on|y preserve lhe conlldences ond
secrels ol hls c|lenls ln hls |ow olllce bul o|so oulslde
lnc|udlng hls home. He shou|d ovold commllllng
co|cu|oled lndlscrellon, lhol ls, occldenlo| reve|ollon ol
secrels oblolned ln hls prolesslono| emp|oymenl. Reck|ess
or lmprudenl dlsc|osure ol lhe ollolrs ol hls c|lenls moy
jeopordlze them. Not every member of the lawyers family
has the proper orientation and training for keeping clients
conlldences ond secrels.

Ru|e 2.07 A |owyer sho|| nol reveo| lhol he hos been
consu|led oboul o porllcu|or cose excepl lo ovold posslb|e
conl|lcl ol lnleresls.

Ru|e 5.0. A |owyer, ln conlerrlng wllh o prospecllve c|lenl,
sho|| oscerloln os soon os procllcob|e whelher lhe moller
wou|d lnvo|ve o conl|lcl wllh onolher c|lenl or hls own
lnleresl, ond ll so, sho|| lorlhwllh lnlorm lhe prospecllve
c|lenl.

Ru|e 4.03. A |owyer moy reluse lo occepl represenlollon ol
on lndlgenl c|lenl ll:
(c) he ls nol ln o poslllon lo corry oul lhe work ellecllve|y or
compelenl|y
(d) he |obors under o conl|lcl ol lnleresls belween hlm ond
lhe prospecllve c|lenl or belween o presenl c|lenl ond lhe
prospecllve c|lenl.

1hls ru|e c|orllles lhol t|v||ee commuo|cot|oo o||es eveo
to tosect|ve c||eots. 1he dlsc|osure ond lhe |owyer's
oplnlon lhereon creole on ollorney-c|lenl re|ollonshlp,
even lhough lhe |owyer does nol evenluo||y occepl lhe
emp|oymenl or lhe prospecllve c|lenl dld nol lhereoller
ocluo||y engoge lhe |owyer. By lhe consu|lollon, lhe |owyer
o|reody |eorned ol lhe secrels ol prospecllve c|lenl. ll ls nol
lolr ll he wl|| nol be bound by lhe ru|e on prlvl|eged
communlcollon ln respecl ol mollers dlsc|osed lo hlm by o
prospecllve c|lenl. 1hls ru|e, ol course, ls subjecl lo
excepllon ol represenlollon ol conl|lcllng lnleresls.

ln re|ollon lo conl|lcl ol lnleresl, lhe |owyer shou|d
oscerloln os soon os procllcob|e whelher lhe moller wou|d
lnvo|ve o conl|lcl ol lnleresl wllh hls olher c|lenl or wllh hls
own.

A |owyer sho|| nol reveo| lhe conlldence or secrels ol hls
c|lenl excepl:
(o) When oulhorlzed by lhe c|lenl oller ocquolnllng hlm ol
lhe consequences ol lhe dlsc|osure,
(b) When requlred by |ow,
(c) When necessory lo co||ecl hls lees or lo delend hlmse|l,
hls emp|oyees or ossocloles or by judlclo| ocllon.

8.'=2,*8*3 #1 0%,4."%0
Coooo 22. A |owyer sho|| wllhdrow hls servlces on|y lor
good couse ond upon nollce opproprlole ln lhe
clrcumslonces.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;>

1ermlnollon ol Allorney-C|lenl Re|ollon
(J) Wllhdrowo| ol |owyer under Ru|e 22.0J
(2) Deolh ol lhe |owyer
(3) Dlsbormenl or suspenslon ol lhe |owyer lrom lhe
procllce ol |ow
(4) Dec|orollon ol presumpllve deolh ol |owyer
(5) Convlcllon ol o crlme ond lmprlsonmenl ol |owyer
(6) Dlschorge or dlsmlsso| ol lhe |owyer by lhe c|lenl
(7) Appolnlmenl or e|ecllon ol o |owyer lo o governmenl
poslllon whlch prohlblls prlvole procllce ol |ow
(8) Deolh ol c|lenl
(9) lnlervenlng lncopoclly or lncompelence ol lhe c|lenl
durlng pendency ol cose
(J0) |u|| lermlnollon ol lhe cose

Ceoeto| Ru|e 1he c|lenl hos lhe rlghl lo lermlnole ol ony
llme wllh or wllhoul jusl couse.

l|m|tot|oos
(J) C|lenl connol deprlve counse| ol rlghl lo be pold servlces
ll dlsmlsso| ls wllhoul couse
(2) C|lenl connol dlschorge counse| os on excuse lo secure
repeoled exlenslons ol llme
(3) Nollce ol dlschorge ls requlred lor bolh courl ond
odverse porly

A|lhough o |owyer moy wllhdrow hls servlces when lhe
c|lenl oe||betote|y lol|s lo poy lhe lees lor lhe servlces,
wllhdrowo| ls unjuslllled ll c|lenl dld nol de|lberole|y lol| lo
poy |Mootooo v. lBl (200}]

Ru|e 22.0. A |owyer moy wllhdrow hls servlces ln ony ol lhe
lo||owlng cose:
(J) When lhe c|lenl pursues on l||ego| or lmmoro| course ol
conducl ln connecllon wllh lhe moller he ls hond|lng,
(2) When lhe c|lenl lnslsls lhol lhe |owyer pursue conducl
vlo|ollve ol lhese conons ond ru|es,
(3) When hls lnobl|lly lo work wllh co-counse| wl|| nol
promole lhe besl lnleresl ol lhe c|lenl,
(4) When lhe menlo| or physlco| condlllon ol lhe |owyer
renders ll dllllcu|l lor hlm lo corry oul lhe emp|oymenl
ellecllve|y,
(5) When lhe c|lenl de|lberole|y lol|s lo poy lhe lees lor lhe
servlces or lol|s lo comp|y wllh lhe relolner ogreemenl,
(6) When lhe |owyer ls e|ecled or oppolnled lo pub|lc
olllce, ond
(7) Olher slml|or coses.

Ru|e 22.02. A |owyer who wllhdrows or ls dlschorged sho||,
subjecl lo o relolner |len, lmmedlole|y lurn over o|| popers
ond properly lo whlch lhe c|lenl ls enlll|ed, ond sho||
cooperole wllh hls successor ln lhe order|y lronsler ol lhe
moller, lnc|udlng o|| lnlormollon necessory lor lhe proper
hond|lng ol lhe moller.

Condlllons lor lhe Subslllullon ol Counse|
(J) Wrlllen requesl lor subslllullon
(2) Wrlllen consenl ol c|lenl
(3) Wrlllen consenl ol lhe ollorney lo be subsllluled or ln
lhe obsence, prool ol servlce ol nollce ol sold mollon lo
lhe ollorney lo be subsllluled

Al lhe dlscrellon ol lhe courl, o |owyer who hos been
dlsmlssed by o c|lenl ls o||owed lo lnlervene ln o cose ln
order to protect the clients rights. [Oboooo v. l|uetos
(2000}]



!"(#$*(')*? :'(<4%@$*.
, :'(8'#/'*$ )0 249=$%(

$*'+,% *$2 "=*,*"'%,.0'."0 #1 2.0".&3.$*,:
*"'.#$0 *5*.$0' 3*8:%,0
(o) Sul Cenerls
(b) Prescrlpllon

2.0".&3.$*,: &,#"%%2.$50 *5*.$0' 3*8:%,0 *,% 0+. 5%$%,.0:
oe|tbet ute|y c|v|| oot ute|y ct|m|oo|. ll ls nolond does
nol lnvo|veo lrlo| ol on ocllon or o sull, bul ls rolher on
lnvesllgollon by lhe Courl ln lhe conducl ol lls olllcers. Nol
belng lnlended lo lnl|lcl punlshmenl, ll ls no sense o
crlmlno| prosecullon. Accordlng|y, lhere ls nellher o
p|olnllll nor o proseculor. x x x Pub|lc lnleresl ls lls prlmory
objecllve, ond lhe reo| quesllon lor delermlnollon ls
whelher or nol lhe ollorney ls sll|| o lll person lo be
o||owed lhe prlvl|eges os such. |lo Re A|moceo, suto]

1he wllhdrowo| ol comp|olnls CANNO1 dlvesl lhe Courl ol
its jurisdiction The Courts interest in the affairs of the
1udlclory ls ol poromounl concern. |or sure, ub||c |otetest
|s ot stoke |o tbe cooouct ooo octuot|oos ol oll|c|o|s ooo
em|oyees ol tbe 1uo|c|oty. |Cboo v. A|et|o (200}]

ll beors lo slress lhol o cose ol suspenslon or dlsbormenl ls
sul generls nol meonl lo gronl re|lel lo o comp|olnonl ln o
clvl| cose bul ls lnlended to c|eoose tbe tooks ol tbe |eo|
toless|oo ol |ts uooes|tob|e membets |o otoet to totect tbe
ub||c ooo tbe coutts. |ltoo v. l|oteo|oo, (20}]

$*'+,% #1 &,#"%%2.$50
Nellher o clvl| ocllon nor o crlmlno| proceedlng,
(J) Sul generls, ll ls o c|oss ol lls own slnce ll ls nellher clvl|
nor crlmlno|, bul rolher ore |ovest|ot|oos by lhe Courl
lnlo lhe conducl ol one ol lls olllcers
(2) Conlldenllo| ln nolure

'=,%%91#32 &+,&#0% #1 '=% "#$1.2%$'.*3.':
(J) 1o enob|e lhe courl lo moke lls lnvesllgollon lree lrom
ony exlroneous lnl|uence or lnlerlerence
(2) 1o prolecl lhe persono| ond prolesslono| repulollon ol
ollorneys lrom bose|ess chorges ol dlsgrunl|ed,
vlndlcllve, ond lrresponslb|e persons or c|lenls by
prohlblllng lhe pub|lcollon ol such chorges pendlng
lhelr llno| reso|ullon |A|booo v. Co|omo, AC No. (967}]
(3) 1o deler lhe press lrom pub|lshlng lhe chorges or
proceedlngs bosed lhereon lor even o verbollm
reproducllon ol lhe comp|olnl ogolnsl on ollorney ln o
newspoper moy be ocllonob|e

1he conlldenllo|lly ol lhe proceedlngs ls o prlvl|ege whlch
MA BL WAlvLD by lhe |owyer ln whom ond lor lhe
prolecllon ol whose persono| ond prolesslono| repulollon ll
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;@

ls vesled, os by presenllng lhe lesllmony ln o dlsbormenl
cose or uslng ll os lmpeochlng evldence ln o clvl| sull
|v|||o|o v. lAC (986}]

(o) Delense ol doub|e jeopordy ls nol ovol|ob|e
(b) Con be lnllloled by lhe SC, molu proplo, or by lhe lBP.
ll con be lnllloled wllhoul o comp|olnl
(c) Con proceed regord|ess ol lnleresl ol lhe comp|olnonls
(d) lmprescrlpllb|e
(e) ll ls llse|l due process ol |ow
(l) ln porl de|lclo ru|e ls nol opp|lcob|e
(g) No prejudlclo| quesllon ln dlsbormenl proceedlngs
(h) Peno|ly ln o dlsbormenl cose connol be ln lhe
o|lernollve
(l) Monelory c|olms connol be gronled excepl reslllullon
ond relurn ol monles ond properlles ol lhe c|lenl glven
ln lhe course ol lhe |owyer-c|lenl re|ollonshlp

#7B%"'.4%0 #1 0+0&%$0.#$ *$2 2.07*,/%$'
(J) 1o compe| lhe ollorney lo deo| lolr|y ond honesl|y wllh
lhe courl ond hls c|lenl, requlrlng hlm lo be compelenl,
honorob|e, ond re|lob|e,
(2) 1o remove lrom lhe prolesslon o person whose
mlsconducl hos proven hlmse|l unlll lor lhe dulles ond
responslbl|llles be|onglng lo lhe olllce ol on ollorney,
(3) 1o punlsh lhe |owyer,
(4) 1o sel on exomp|e or wornlng lor lhe olher members ol
lhe bor,
(5) 1o soleguord lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce lrom
dlshonesl ond lncompelenl |owyers,
(6) 1o prolecl lhe pub|lc ond lhe courl lrom lhe
mlsbehovlor ol lls olllcers

5,#+$20
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sect|oo 27. Allorneys removed or
suspended by Supreme Courl on whol grounds. A
member ol lhe bor moy be removed or suspended lrom hls
olllce os ollorney by lhe Supreme Courl lor ony decell,
mo|procllce, or olher gross mlsconducl ln such olllce,
gross|y lmmoro| conducl, or by reoson ol hls convlcllon ol o
crlme lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude or lor ony vlo|ollon ol lhe
oolh whlch he ls requlred lo loke belore lhe odmlsslon lo
procllce or lor o wl||lu| dlsobedlence ol ony |owlu| order ol
o superlor courl or lor corrupl|y or wl||lu| oppeorlng os on
ollorney lor o porly lo o cose wllhoul oulhorlly so lo do.
1he procllce ol so|lclllng coses ol |ow lor lhe purpose ol
goln, ellher persono||y or lhrough pold ogenls or brokers,
conslllules mo|procllce.

Crounds lor Dlsbormenl
Ru|e 38, Sec. 27, Rev|seo Ru|es ol Coutt
(J) Decell - lroudu|enl ond decepllve mlsrepresenlollon,
orllllce, or devlce used by one or more persons lo
decelve ond lrlck onolher. 1here musl be lo|se
represenlollon os o moller ol locl.
(2) Mo|procllce, or olher gross mlsconducl ln olllce

leo| Mo|toct|ce - conslsls ol lol|ure ol on ollorney lo use
such skl||, prudence, ond dl|lgence os |owyers ol ordlnory
skl|| ond copoclly common|y possess ond exerclse ln lhe
perlormonce ol losks whlch lhey underloke, ond when
such lol|ure proxlmole|y couses domoge, ll glves rlse lo on
ocllon ln lorl |1on 1ek Beng v. Dovld, AC No. J26J]

Ctoss M|scooouct - ony lnexcusob|e, shomelu|, or l|ogronl
un|owlu| conducl on lhe porl ol lhe person concerned ln
lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce whlch ls prejudlclo| lo lhe
rlghls ol lhe porlles or lo lhe rlghl delermlnollon ol o
couse, o conducl lhol ls genero||y mollvoled by o
predelermlned, obsllnole, or lnlenllono| purpose |umo| v.
|errer Sr.(2005)]

(3) Cross|y lmmoro| conducl (See Chopler J)
(4) Convlcllon ol o crlme lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude

1here musl be o convlcllon. Hence, lhe mere exlslence ol
crlmlno| chorges ogolnsl lhe |owyer connol be o ground lor
hls dlsbormenl or suspenslon

(5) Violation of lawyers oath
(6) Wl||lu| dlsobedlence ol ony |owlu| order ol o superlor
courl
(7) Corrupl|y or wl||lu||y oppeorlng os on ollorney lor o
porly lo cose wllhoul on oulhorlly lo do so

Otbet Stotutoty Ctouoos
(J) Acqulslllon ol on lnleresl ln lhe subjecl moller ol lhe
|lllgollon, ellher lhrough purchose or osslgnmenl |Att
49, New C|v|| Cooe]
(2) Breoch ol prolesslono| duly, lnexcusob|e neg|lgence, or
ignorance, or for the revelation of the clients secrets
|Att. 208, Rev|seo leoo| Cooe]
(3) Represenllng conl|lcllng lnleresls |Att. 209, Rev|seo
leoo| Cooe]

1he slolulory enumerollon ol lhe grounds lor dlsbormenl
or suspenslon ls nol lo be loken os o |lmllollon on lhe
genero| power ol courls lo suspend or dlsbor o |owyer. 1he
lnherenl power ol lhe courl over lls olllcers connol be
reslrlcled. |Ou|owo v. luoo (967}j

Lawyers Misconduct in his Private Capacity
A |owyer moy be dlsborred lor ony mlsconducl, whelher ln
hls prolesslono| or prlvole copoclly. Any lnleresled person
or lhe courl molu proplo moy lnlllole dlsclp|lnory
proceedlngs. |Motce|o v. 1ov|et, A.C. No. 3248, (992}]

Mlsconducl Belore or lncldenl lo Admlsslon
1he locl lhol he |ocked ony ol lhe quo|lllcollons lor
membershlp ln lhe bor os lhe llme he look hls oolh ls o
ground lor hls dlsbormenl [l|m v. Aotoo|o, (97}j

Mlsconducl Commllled Oulslde Phl|lpplne 1urlsdlcllon
ll he commlls mlsconducl oulslde Phl|lpplne jurlsdlcllon,
whlch ls o|so o ground lor dlsclp|lnory ocllon under
Phl|lpplne |ow, he moy be suspended or dlsborred ln lhls
counlry |Agpo|o]

Oll|cets Autbot|zeo to lovest|ote D|sbotmeot Coses
(J) Supreme Courl
(2) lBP lhrough lls Commlsslon on Bor Dlsclp|lne or
oulhorlzed lnvesllgolors
(3) Olllce ol lhe So|lcllor Cenero|

A|| chorges ogolnsl 1usllces ol lhe Courl ol Appeo|s ond
lhe Sondlgonboyon, ond 1udges ol lhe Courl ol 1ox
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;A

Appeo|s ond |ower courls, even ll |owyers ore jolnl|y
chorged wllh lhem, sho|| be ll|ed wllh lhe Supreme Courl.
ll ll|ed wllh lhe lBP, ll sho|| lmmedlole|y be lorworded lo
lhe Supreme Courl

1he power lo DlSBAR o |owyer ls exc|uslve|y vesled ln lhe
Supreme Courl

Comp|olnls lor dlsbormenl moy nol |le ogolnsl
lmpeochob|e olllcers ol lhe governmenl durlng lhelr
lenure. 1hey moy on|y be removed lrom olllce by
lmpeochmenl lor ond convlcllon ol cerloln ollenses.

Dlsbormenl shou|d nol be decreed where ony punlshmenl
|ess severe such os reprlmond, suspenslon or llne wou|d
occomp|lsh lhe end deslred. |Amoyo v. 1ecsoo, 450 SCRA
50]

Suseos|oo ooo D|sbotmeot ol lowyets lo|o|o Covetomeot
Oll|ces
Ceoeto| Ru|e: A |owyer who ho|ds o governmenl olllce MA
NO1 be dlsclp|lned os o member ol lhe Bor lor mlsconducl
ln lhe dlschorge ol hls dulles os o governmenl olllclo|.

Fxcet|oo: ll lhe mlsconducl ol lhe governmenl olllclo| ls ol
such o chorocler os lo ollecl hls quo|lllcollon os o |owyer or
lo show moro| de|lnquency, lhen he moy be dlsclp|lned os
o member ol lhe Bor upon such ground.

Ouootum ol ltool; A||cob|||ty ol ltesumt|oo ol loooceoce
1he Courl hos conslslenl|y he|d lhol ln suspenslon or
dlsbormenl proceedlngs ogolnsl |owyers, lhe |owyer enjoys
lhe presumpllon ol lnnocence, ond lhe burden ol prool
resls upon lhe comp|olnonl. 1he evldence requlred ln lhe
suspenslon or dlsbormenl proceedlngs ls teoooetooce ol
ev|oeoce. ln cose lhe evldence ol lhe porlles ore equo||y
bo|onced, lhe equlpolse doclrlne mondoles o declslon ln
lovor ol lhe delendonl. (S|oo Abo et o| v. Atty. De Cuzmoo
1t et o| (20})

&,#"%%2.$50
&,#"%2+,% 1#, 0+0&%$0.#$ #, 2.07*,/%$' #1 *''#,$%:0 7:
'=% .7& &,#"%2+,% 1#, 0+0&%$0.#$ #, 2.07*,/%$' #1
*''#,$%:0 N,+3% );C97O 7: '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,' /#'+ &,#&.#
Suseos|oo
By dlvlslon one yeor or |ess
Ln bonc more lhon one yeor
l|oe
Dlvlslon PJ0,000 or |ess
Ln bonc more lhon PJ0,000
Suseos|oo
ooo l|oe
Ln bonc - ll suspenslon exceeds J yeor
OR llne exceeds PJ0,000

ln cose ol lwo or more suspenslons: Servlce wl|| be
successlve, nol slmu|loneous

An lnvesllgollng judge connol dlsmlss o cose. 1he
investigating judges authority is only to investigate, make
o reporl ond recommendollon on lhe cose lo be submllled
lo lhe SC lor llno| delermlnollon |Cotc|ooo v. Sebost|oo
(994}]


*&&3."*'.#$ #1 '=% 2#"',.$% #1 ,%0 .&0* 3#-+.'#,
1hls prlnclp|e opp|les lo bolh judges ond |owyers. 1udges
hod been dlsmlssed lorm lhe servlce w|tbout tbe oeeo ol o
lotmo| |ovest|ot|oo becouse boseo oo tbe tecotos, lhe
gross mlsconducl or lnelllcocy ol lhe judges c|eor|y
oppeors |Uy v. Metcooo (987}]

The same principle applies to lawyers when it appears
lhol lhe |owyer conducled hlmse|l ln o monner whlch
exhlblls hls b|olonl dlsrespecl lo lhe courl, or hls wonl ol
good moral character may be disbarred or suspended
wllhoul need ol o lrlo|-lype proceedlng. |ltuoeot|o| Book v.
Costto, (986}]

*4*.3*73% 2%1%$0%0
1he purpose ond nolure ol dlsbormenl proceedlngs moke
lhe number ol delenses ovol|ob|e ln clvl| ond crlmlno| coses
lNAPPLlCABLL ln dlsclp|lnory proceedlngs. 1he Slolule ol
Llmllollons ls NO1 o delense lhereln.

&,%0",.&'.#$
1he lwo yeor prescrlpllve perlod lor lnlllollng o suspenslon
or dlsbormenl proceedlng ogolnsl o |owyer shou|d be
conslrued lo meon lwo yeors lrom dole ol dlscovery ol lhe
prolesslono| mlsconducl |lseobotot v. Atty. Reo|, (202}j

2.0".&3.$% #1 1.3.&.$# 3*8:%,0 &,*"'."% .$
1#,%.5$ B+,.02."'.#$0
1he ru|e ls lhol o Phl|lpplne |owyer moy procllce |ow on|y ln
lhe counlry. He moy, however, be odmllled lo lhe bor ln o
lorelgn counlry, where he procllces |ow ln bolh counlrles. ll
he commlls o mlsconducl oulslde Phl|lpplne jurlsdlcllon,
whlch ls o|so o ground lor dlsclp|lnory ocllon under
Phl|lpplne |ow, he moy be suspended or dlsborred ln lhls
counlry.

".4.3 3.*7.3.':
(J) Client is prejudiced by lawyers negligence and
mlsconducl.
(2) Breoch ol llduclory ob|lgollon
(3) Clvl| |lobl|lly lo lhlrd persons
(4) Llbe|ous words ln p|eodlngs, vlo|ollon ol
communlcollon prlvl|ege
(5) Llobl|lly lor cosls ol sull (lreb|e cosls) when |owyer ls
made liable for insisting on clients patently
unmerllorlous cose or lnlerposlng oppeo| mere|y lo
de|oy |lllgollon

",./.$*3 3.*7.3.':
(J) Prejudlclng c|lenl lhrough mo|lclous breoch ol
prolesslono| duly
(2) Reveo|lng c|lenl secrels
(3) Represenllng odverse lnleresls
(4) lnlroduclng lo|se evldence
(5) Misappropriating clients funds (estafa)
(6) Llbe| excepl ll slolemenls ore connecled wllh lhe
re|evonl, perllnenl, ond molerlo| lo lhe couse ln hond
or lhe subjecl ol lhe lnqulry

"#0'0 #1 0+.'
Ceoeto| Ru|e: Loslng c|lenl ond nol lhe |owyer ls |lob|e lor
cosls, slnce lhe |owyer ls nol o porly-|lllgonl

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;F

Fxcet|oo: When the lawyer insisted on clients patently
unmerllorlous cose lhe courl moy odjudge |owyer lo poy
lreb|e cosls ol sull

"#$'%/&' #1 "#+,'
ll ls exerclsed on preservollve ond nol on vlndlcllve
prlnclp|es ond on correcllve rolher lhon lhe relo|lolory ldeo
ol punlshmenl. ll ls crlmlno| ln nolure.

1he power lo punlsh lor conlempl ls lnherenl ln o|| courls.
ll ls essenllo| ln lhe observonce ol order ln judlclo|
proceedlngs ond lo enlorce judgmenl, orders ond wrlls.

G.$20 #1 "#$'%/&'
(J) D|tect Cootemt - Conslsls ol mlsbehovlor ln lhe
presence ol or neor o courl or judge os lo lnlerrupl or
obslrucl lhe proceedlngs belore lhe courl or lhe
odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce.
(2) loo|tect ot Coosttuct|ve Cootemt - One commllled
owoy lrom lhe courl lnvo|vlng dlsobedlence ol or
reslslonce lo o |owlu| wrll, process, order, judgmenl or
commond ol lhe courl, lendlng lo be|lll|e, degrode,
obslrucl, lnlerrupl or emborross lhe courl.
(3) C|v|| cootemt - |ol|ure lo do somelhlng ordered by lhe
courl whlch ls lor lhe benelll ol lhe porly.
(4) Ct|m|oo| cootemt - Conslsls ol ony conducl dlrecled
ogolnsl lhe oulhorlly or dlgnlly ol lhe courl.

*"'0 #1 * 3*8:%, "#$0'.'+'.$5 "#$'%/&'
(J) Mlsbehovlor os olllcer ol courl
(2) Dlsobedlence or reslslonce lo courl order
(3) Abuse or lnlerlerence wllh judlclo| proceedlngs
(4) Obslrucllon ln odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce
(5) Mls|eodlng courls
(6) Moklng lo|se o||egollons, crlllclsms, lnsu|ls, vel|ed
lhreols ogolnsl lhe courls
(7) Aldlng ln unoulhorlzed procllce ol |ow (suspended or
dlsborred)
(8) Unlawful retention of clients funds
(9) Advlse c|lenl lo commll conlempluous ocls

&#8%, '# 2.0".&3.$% %,,*$' 3*8:%,0
Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 38, Sec. 27. A member ol lhe bor moy
be removed or suspended lrom hls olllce os ollorney by lhe
Supreme Courl lor ony decell, mo|procllce. or olher gross
mlsconducl ln such olllce, gross|y lmmoro| conducl, or by
reoson ol hls convlcllon ol o crlme lnvo|vlng moro|
lurpllude, or lor ony vlo|ollon ol lhe oolh whlch he ls
requlred lo loke belore lhe odmlsslon lo procllce or lor o
wl||lu| dlsobedlence ol ony |owlu| order ol o superlor courl
or lor corrupl|y or wl||lu| oppeorlng os on ollorney lor o
porly lo o cose wllhoul oulhorlly so lo do. 1he procllce ol
so|lclllng coses ol |ow lor lhe purpose ol goln ellher
persono||y or lhrough pold ogenls or brokers conslllules
mo|procllce.

Ru|es ol Coutt, Ru|e 39 B, Sec. 6. Suspenslon ol ollorney
by lhe Courl ol Appeo|s or o Reglono| 1rlo| Courl.
1be Coutt ol Aeo|s ot Re|ooo| 1t|o| Coutt moy suseoo
oo ottotoey ltom toct|ce lor ony ol lhe couses nomed ln
Ru|e 38, Sect|oo 27 unll| lurlher ocllon ol lhe Supreme
Courl ln lhe cose.

1#,/0 #1 2.0".&3.$*,: /%*0+,%0
(J) woto|o on ocl or locl ol pulllng one on hls guord
ogolnsl on lmpendlng donger, evl| consequences or
peno|lles.
(2) Aomoo|t|oo o genl|e or lrlend|y reprool, ml|d rebuke,
wornlng or remlnder, counse|lng, on o lou|l, error or
overslghl, on expresslon ol oulhorllollve odvlce.
(3) Ret|mooo o pub|lc ond lormo| censure or severe
reprool, odmlnlslered lo o person ln lou|l by hls
superlor olllcer or o body lo whlch he be|ongs. ll ls
imposed on a minor infraction of the lawyers duty to
lhe courl or c|lenl
(4) Suseos|oo a temporary withholding of a lawyers
rlghl lo procllce hls prolesslon os o |owyer lor o cerloln
perlod or lor on lndellnlle perlod ol llme.
(o) Dellnlle
(b) lndellnlle quo|llled dlsbormenl, |owyer
delermlnes lor hlmse|l lor how |ong or how shorl
hls suspenslon sho|| |osl by provlng lo courl lhol he
ls once ogoln lll lo resume procllce ol |ow.
(5) Ceosute olllclo| reprlmond.
(6) D|sbotmeot lhe ocl ol lhe Phl|lpplne Supreme Courl
ln wllhdrowlng lrom on ollorney lhe prlvl|ege lo
procllce |ow. 1he nome ol lhe |owyer ls slrlcken oul
lrom lhe ro|| ol ollorneys.
(7) lotet|m Suseos|oo lhe lemporory suspenslon ol o
|owyer lrom lhe procllce ol |ow pendlng lmposlllon ol
llno| dlsclp|lne. ll lnc|udes:
(o) Suspenslon upon convlcllon ol o serlous crlme.
(b) Suspension when the lawyers continuing conduct
ls |lke|y lo couse lmmedlole ond serlous lnjury lo o
c|lenl or pub|lc.
(8) ltobot|oo o soncllon lhol o||ows o |owyer lo procllce
|ow under specllled condlllons.

#'=%, 0*$"'.#$0 *$2 ,%/%2.%0
(J) Reslllullon
(2) Assessmenl ol cosls
(3) Llmllollon upon procllce
(4) Appolnlmenl ol o recelver
(5) Requlremenl lhol o |owyer loke lhe bor exomlnollon or
prolesslono| responslbl|lly exomlnollon
(6) Requlremenl lhol o |owyer ollend conllnulng
educollon courses
(7) Olher requlremenls lhol lhe supreme courl or
dlsclp|lnory boord deems conslslenl wllh lhe purposes
ol soncllons

/#2.1:.$5 ".,"+/0'*$"%0
Lxlenl ol dlsclp|lnory ocllon depends on ollendonce ol
mlllgollng or oggrovollng clrcumslonce.
(J) 1he presence ol mlllgollng clrcumslonces moy jusllly
suspenslon lnsleod ol dlsbormenl, ond censure or
reprlmond lnsleod ol suspenslon.
(2) lnverse ru|e opp|les where oggrovollng clrcumslonces
ore presenl.

/.'.5*'.$5 ".,"+/0'*$"%0
(J) Absence ol o prlor dlsclp|lnory record
(2) Absence ol o dlshonesl or se|llsh mollve,
(3) Persono| or emollono| prob|ems,
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ;C

(4) 1lme|y good lollh ellorl lo moke reslllullon or lo recllly
consequences ol mlsconducl,
(5) |u|| ond lree dlsc|osure lo dlsclp|lnory boord or
cooperollve ollllude loword proceedlngs,
(6) lnexperlence ln lhe procllce ol |ow,
(7) Chorocler or repulollon,
(8) Physlco| or menlo| dlsobl|lly or lmpolrmenl,
(9) De|oy ln dlsclp|lnory proceedlngs,
(J0) lnlerlm rehobl|llollon,
(JJ) lmposlllon ol olher peno|lles or soncllons,
(J2) Remorse,
(J3) Remoleness ol prlor ollenses. (lBP Culde|lnes 9.32)
(J4) Olhers:
(o) Cood |ollh,
(b) Wonl ol lnlenllon lo commll o wrong,
(c) Lock ol molerlo| domoge lo lhe comp|olnlng
wllness,
(d) Deslslonce ol comp|olnonl,
(e) Lrror ln judgmenl,
(l) Honesl ond elllclenl servlce ln vorlous governmenl
poslllons,
(g) Reody odmlsslon ol lhe lnlrocllon coup|ed wllh
exp|onollon ond p|eo lor lorglveness,
(h) C|eon record ol prolesslono| servlce ln lhe posl,
(l) Rendered prolesslono| servlces oul ol pure
generoslly,
(j) Punlshed ln onolher copoclly lor o mlsconducl lor
whlch he now loces o dlsbormenl proceedlng,
(k) O|d Age 8 |ong membershlp (moy o|so be on
oggrovollon dependlng on lhe clrcumslonce),

*55,*4*'.$5 ".,"+/0'*$"%0
(J) Prlor dlsclp|lnory ollenses,
(2) Dlshonesl or se|llsh mollve,
(3) A pollern ol mlsconducl,
(4) Mu|llp|e ollenses,
(5) Bod lollh obslrucllon ol lhe dlsclp|lnory proceedlng by
lnlenllono||y lol|lng lo comp|y wllh ru|es or orders ol
lhe dlsclp|lnory ogency,
(6) Submlsslon ol lo|se evldence, lo|se slolemenls, or
olher decepllve procllces durlng lhe dlsclp|lnory
process,
(7) Reluso| lo ocknow|edge wronglu| nolure ol conducl,
(8) vu|nerobl|lly ol vlcllm,
(9) Subslonllo| experlence ln lhe procllce ol |ow,
(J0) lndlllerence lo moklng reslllullon. (lBl Cu|oe||oes 9.22)
(JJ) Olhers:
(o) Abuse ol oulhorlly or ol ollorney-c|lenl
re|ollonshlp,
(b) Sexuo| lnlercourse wllh o re|ollve,
(c) Moklng lhe lnslllullon ol morrloge o mockery,
(d) Chorge ol gross lmmoro|lly,
(e) Prevlous punlshmenl os member ol lhe bor,
(l) Delroud upon lhe governmenl,
(g) Use ol know|edge or lnlormollon, ocqulred ln lhe
course ol o prevlous prolesslono| emp|oymenl,
ogolnsl o lormer c|lenl.

%11%"' #1 %H%"+'.4% &*,2#$
(J) Cooo|t|ooo| 1he dlsbormenl cose wl|| nol be
dlsmlssed on lhe bosls lhereol.
(2) Abso|ute, belote coov|ct|oo 1he dlsbormenl cose wl||
be dlsmlssed. Abso|ule pordon by lhe Presldenl moy
wlpe oul convlcllon os we|| os ollense llse|l ond lhe
gronl lhereol ln lovor ol o |owyer ls o bor lo o
proceedlng lor dlsbormenl ogolnsl hlm bosed so|e|y on
commlsslon ol such ollense.
(o) 1he reoson ls lhol lhe respondenl |owyer, oller lhe
obso|ule pordon, ls os gul|l|ess ond lnnocenl os ll
he never commllled lhe ollense ol o||.
(3) Abso|ute, oltet coov|ct|oo ll obso|ule pordon ls glven
lo |owyer oller belng dlsborred lor convlcllon ol o
crlme, ll does nol oulomollco||y enlll|e hlm lo
relnslolemenl lo lhe bor. ll musl be shown by evldence
oslde lrom obso|ule pordon lhol he ls now o person ol
good moro| chorocler ond lll ond proper person lo
procllce |ow. ln cose ol o condlllono| pordon, lhere wl||
be o remlsslon ol unexplred perlod ol senlence.

%11%"' #1 0+0&%$0.#$ #, 2.07*,/%$'
(J) Connol procllce |ow wllhoul belng he|d |lob|e lor
conlempl ol courl
(2) Dlsborred lor vlo|ollon ol lhe suspenslon order
(3) ll ho|dlng o governmenl olllce whlch requlres
membershlp ln lhe bor, dlsmlsso| lrom such olllce bul
lhls ru|e does nol opp|y lo lmpeochob|e olllclo|s

However, lhe suspended or dlsborred |owyer moy oppeor
os counse| lor hlmse|l, lhe some nol belng procllce ol |ow
bul lhe exerclse ol o rlghl.

A judgmenl ol suspenslon or dlsbormenl ls o|woys subjecl
lo chonge or modlllcollon by lhe courl.

%11%"' #1 2%0.0'*$"% #1 "#/&3*.$*$'
1he comp|olnl ls nol dlsmlssed excepl ll lhe reoson ol lhe
wllhdrowo| or deslslonce ls lhe lnsulllclency ol evldence.
Nellher does deslslonce or wllhdrowo| ol lhe chorges
deprlve lhe courl ol lhe oulhorlly lo proceed or delermlne
lhe moller.

%11%"'0 #1 "#/&,#/.0% *5,%%/%$'0
Dlsmlsso| ol lhe odmlnlslrollve cose ls nol worronled
desplle o compromlse ogreemenl or ol lhe locl lhol o
comp|olnonl lorgove o respondenl |owyer.

Rollono|e:
(J) The Courts disciplinary authority is not dependent on
or connol be lruslroled by lhe prlvole orrongemenls
enlered lnlo by lhe porlles, olherwlse, lhe prompl ond
lolr odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce, os we|| os lhe dlsclp|lne ol
courl personne|, wl|| be undermlned.
(2) Pub|lc lnleresl ls ol sloke ln lhe conducl ond ocluollons
ol lhe olllclo|s ond emp|oyees ol lhe 1udlclory.
(3) The Courts interest in the affairs of the Judiciary is a
poromounl concern lhol bows lo no |lmlls. |Beo|oo
Reos v. Cot|os Re|oc|oo, (20}j

%11%"' #1 2%*'= #1 3*8:%, 2+,.$5 &%$2%$": #1 2.0".&3.$*,:
*"'.#$ *5*.$0' =./
(J) Acllon rendered mool ond ocodemlc.
(2) Courl moy sll|| reso|ve lhe cose on lls merll ln order lo
c|eor pub|lc|y lhe nome ol lhe |owyer.



+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <D

;$4C@'((')* .) .1$ D4%

,%*2/.00.#$ '# '=% 7*,
ll ls lhe reslorollon ln dlsbormenl proceedlngs lo o
dlsborred |owyer lhe prlvl|ege lo procllce |ow.

1he so|e objecl ol lhe courl ls to oetetm|oe wbetbet ot oot
tbe o||coot bos sot|sl|eo ooo coov|oceo tbe coutt by
os|t|ve ev|oeoce lhol lhe ellorl he hos mode loword lhe
rehobl|llollon ol hls chorocler hos been successlu|. |lo te
Rus|ooo,(974}]

0'*'+'#,: 7*0.0
987 Coost|tut|oo, Att. vlll, Sec. 5(5}. 1he Supreme Courl
shall have the following powers:
(5) Promu|gole ru|es concernlng lhe prolecllon ond
enlorcemenl ol conslllullono| rlghls, p|eodlng, procllce
ond procedure ln o|| courls, lhe odmlsslon lo lhe procllce
ol |ow, lhe lnlegroled bor ond |ego| osslslonce lo lhe
under-prlvl|eged. Such ru|es sho|| provlde o slmp|llled ond
lnexpenslve procedure lor lhe speedy dlsposlllon ol coses
sho|| be unllorm lor o|| courls ol lhe some grode ond sho||
nol dlmlnlsh, lncreose, or modlly subslonllve rlghls. Ru|es
ol procedure ol speclo| courls ond quosl-judlclo| bodles
sho|| remoln ellecllve un|ess dlsopproved by lhe Supreme
Courl.

ln order lhol lhere ls relnslolemenl, lhe lo||owlng musl be
loken lnlo conslderollon:
(J) 1he applicants character and standing prior to
dlsbormenl,
(2) 1he nolure or chorocler ol lhe mlsconducl lor whlch he
ls dlsborred,
(3) Hls conducl subsequenl lo dlsbormenl |Cu| v. Cu|,
964]
(4) Hls elllclenl governmenl servlce |lo Re Aot|ot|co,(90}]
(5) 1he llme lhol hos e|opsed belween dlsbormenl ond
lhe opp|lcollon lor relnslolemenl ond lhe
clrcumslonces lhol he hos been sulllclenl|y punlshed
ond dlsclp|lned |ltuoeot|o| Book v. Beojom|o Ctec|o,
(986}]
(6) Applicants appreciation of significance of his
dere|lcllon ond hls ossuronce lhol he now possesses
lhe requlslle problly ond lnlegrlly,
(7) |ovorob|e endorsemenl ol lhe lBP ond |oco|
governmenl olllclo|s ond clllzens ol hls communlly,
p|eos ol hls |oved ones |Yo 1oo v. Soboooo|, 989j

3*8:%,0 8=# =*4% 7%%$ 0+0&%$2%2
5+.2%3.$%0 1#, 3.1'.$5 '=% #,2%, #1 0+0&%$0.#$
xxx
(3) Upon explrollon ol lhe perlod ol suspenslon,
respondenl sho|| ll|e o Sworn Slolemenl wllh lhe
Courl, lhrough lhe Olllce ol lhe Bor Conlldonl, slollng
lhereln lhol he or she hos deslsled lrom lhe procllce ol
|ow ond hos nol oppeored ln ony courl durlng lhe
perlod ol hls or her suspenslon,
(4) Coples ol lhe Sworn Slolemenl sho|| be lurnlshed lo
lhe Loco| Chopler ol lhe lBP ond lo lhe Lxecullve
1udge ol lhe courls where lhe respondenl hos pendlng
coses hond|ed by hlm or her, ondJor where he or she
hos oppeored os counse|,
(5) 1he Sworn Slolemenl sho|| be consldered os prool ol
respondents compliance with the order of suspension.
xxx |Moo|oo v. De D|os, (200)]

3*8:%,0 8=# =*4% 7%%$ 2.07*,,%2
Culde|lnes ln reso|vlng requesls lor judlclo| c|emency ol
dlsborred |oywers
(J) 1here musl be prool ol remorse ond relormollon.
1hese lnc|ude lesllmonlo|s ol credlb|e lnslllullons ond
persono|llles.
(2) Sulllclenl llme musl hove |opsed lrom lhe lmposlllon
ol lhe peno|ly lo ensure o perlod ol relormollon.
(3) 1he oge ol lhe person osklng lor c|emency musl show
lhol he sll|| hos producllve yeors oheod ol hlm lhol con
be pul lo good use by glvlng hlm o chonce lo redeem
hlmse|l.
(4) 1here musl be o showlng ol promlse (lnle||ecluo|
oplllude, conlrlbullon lo |ego| scho|orshlp, elc), ond
polenllo| lor pub|lc servlce.
(5) Olher re|evonl loclors lo jusllly c|emency. |Re: Leller ol
1udge Dloz (2007)]

A tev|ous|y o|sbotteo |owyet who ls glven obso|ule pordon
by lhe Presldenl ls nol oulomollco||y relnsloled, he musl
sll|| ll|e o pellllon lor relnslolemenl wllh lhe SC.

3*8:%,0 8=# =*4% 7%%$ ,%&*',.*'%2
Lowyers who reocqulre lhelr Phl|lpplne clllzenshlp shou|d
opp|y lo lhe SC lor |lcense or permll lo procllce lhelr
prolesslon. |Sec. 5(4}, RA 9225]

%11%"'0 #1 ,%.$0'*'%/%$'
(J) Recognlllon ol moro| rehobl|llollon ond menlo| lllness
lo procllce |ow,
(2) Lowyer sho|| be subjecl lo some |ow, ru|es ond
regu|ollons os lhose opp|lcob|e lo ony olher |owyer,
(3) Lowyer musl comp|y wllh lhe condlllons lmposed on
hls reodmlsslon.

Note Cooo moto| cbotoctet ls nol on|y o condlllon
precedenl lo odmlsslon lo lhe procllce ol |ow bul |s o
coot|ou|o tequ|temeot.



G4*C4.)%= -)*.'*"'*3
2$34/ HC"84.')*

&+,&#0%
&+,&#0% #1 '=% /"3%
Conllnulng |ego| educollon ls requlred lo ensure lhol,
lhroughoul lhelr coreer, members ol lhe lnlegroled Bor
wl||:
(J) Keep obreosl wllh |ow ond jurlsprudence
(2 Molnloln lhe elhlcs ol lhe prolesslon
(3) Lnhonce lhe slondords ol lhe procllce ol |ow (Ru|e ,
Sect|oo )

,%-+.,%/%$'0 #1 "#/&3%'.#$ #1 '=% /"3%
Members ol lhe lBP nol exempl under Ru|e 7 sho||
comp|ele every lhree (3) yeors ol |eosl lhlrly-slx (36) hours
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <)

ol conllnulng |ego| educollon ocllvllles opproved by lhe
MCLL Commlllee. 1he 36 hours sho|| be o||ocoled
occordlng lo lhe lo||owlng:

Subject Numbet ol louts
Lego| Llhlcs Al |eosl slx
(6) hours
1rlo| ond Prelrlo| Skl||s Al |eosl lour (4) hours
A|lernollve Dlspule
Reso|ullon
Al |eosl llve (5) hours
Updoles on Subslonllve ond
Proceduro| Low, ond
1urlsprudence
Al |eosl nlne (9) hours
Lego| Wrlllng ond Oro|
Advococy
Al |eosl lour (4) hours
lnlernollono| Low ond
lnlernollono| Convenllons
Al |eosl lwo (2) hours
Such subjecls os moy be
prescrlbed by lhe MCLL
Commlllee
Slx (6) hours

|Slolulory Bosls: Bot Mottet 850, Ru|e 2, Sect|oo 2]

"#/&3.*$"%
.$.'.*3 "#/&3.*$"% &%,.#2
1he lnlllo| comp|lonce perlod sho|| begln nol |oler lhon
lhree (3) monlhs lrom lhe odopllon ol Bor Moller 850.

Lxcepl lor lhe lnlllo| comp|lonce perlod lor members
odmllled or reodmllled oller lhe eslob|lshmenl ol lhe
progrom, o|| comp|lonce perlods sho|| be lor lhlrly-slx (36)
monlhs ond sho|| begln lhe doy oller lhe end ol lhe
prevlous comp|lonce perlod. (Ru|e 3, Sect|oo )

"#/&3.*$"% 5,#+&0
Members ol lhe lBP nol exempl lrom lhe MCLL
requlremenl sho|| be dlvlded lnlo lhree (3) comp|lonce
groups, nome|y:
(o) Comp|lonce Croup J. - Members ln lhe Nollono| Copllo|
Reglon (NCR) or Melro Monl|o ore osslgned lo
Comp|lonce Croup J.
(b) Comp|lonce Croup 2. - Members ln Luzon oulslde NCR
ore osslgned lo Comp|lonce Croup 2.
(c) Comp|lonce Croup 3. - Members ln vlsoyos ond
Mlndonoo ore osslgned lo Comp|lonce Croup 3.

Neverlhe|ess, members moy porllclpole ln ony |ego|
educollon ocllvlly wherever ll moy be ovol|ob|e lo eorn
credll unll loword comp|lonce wllh lhe MCLL requlremenl.
(Ru|e 3, Sect|oo 2)

"#/&3.*$"% &%,.#2 #1 /%/7%,0 *2/.''%2 #, ,%*2/.''%2
*1'%, %0'*73.0=/%$' #1 '=% &,#5,*/
Members odmllled or reodmllled lo lhe Bor oller lhe
eslob|lshmenl ol lhe progrom sho|| be osslgned lo lhe
opproprlole Comp|lonce Croup bosed on lhelr Chopler
membershlp on lhe dole ol odmlsslon or reodmlsslon.

1he lnlllo| comp|lonce perlod oller odmlsslon or
reodmlsslon sho|| begln on lhe llrsl doy ol lhe monlh ol
odmlsslon or reodmlsslon ond sho|| end on lhe some doy
os lhol ol o|| olher members ln lhe some Comp|lonce
Croup.

(o) Where lour (4) monlhs or |ess remoln ol lhe lnlllo|
comp|lonce perlod oller odmlsslon or reodmlsslon, lhe
member ls nol requlred lo comp|y wllh lhe progrom
requlremenl lor lhe lnlllo| comp|lonce.
(b) Where more lhon lour (4) monlhs remoln ol lhe lnlllo|
comp|lonce perlod oller odmlsslon or reodmlsslon, lhe
member sho|| be requlred lo comp|ele o number ol
hours ol opproved conllnulng |ego| educollon ocllvllles
equo| lo lhe number ol monlhs remolnlng ln lhe
comp|lonce perlod ln whlch lhe member ls odmllled or
reodmllled. Such member sho|| be requlred lo
comp|ele o number ol hours ol educollon ln |ego|
elhlcs ln proporllon lo lhe number ol monlhs
remolnlng ln lhe comp|lonce perlod. |rocllons ol hours
sho|| be rounded up lo lhe nexl who|e number. (Ru|e 3,
Sect|oo 3)

%H%/&'.#$0
Some members ol lhe Bor such os lhe Presldenl, vlce
Presldenl, Senolors, Members ol lhe House ol
Represenlollves, jusllces ol lhe Supreme Courl, omong
olhers, ore exempled lrom lhe MCLL requlremenl. (See
Ru|e 7, Sec. J)

#'=%, &*,'.%0 %H%/&'%2 1,#/ '=% /"3%
1he lo||owlng Members ol lhe Bor ore |lkewlse exempl:
(o) 1hose who ore nol ln |ow procllce, prlvole or pub|lc.
(b) 1hose who hove rellred lrom |ow procllce wllh opprovo|
ol lhe lBP Boord ol Covernors. (Ru|e 7, Sect|oo 2)

5##2 "*+0% 1#, %H%/&'.#$ 1,#/ #, /#2.1."*'.#$
#1 ,%-+.,%/%$'
A member moy ll|e o verllled requesl selllng lorlh good
couse lor exempllon (such os physlco| dlsobl|lly, l||ness,
posl groduole sludy obrood, proven experllse ln |ow, elc.)
lrom comp|lonce wllh or modlllcollon ol ony ol lhe
requlremenls, lnc|udlng on exlenslon ol llme lor
comp|lonce, ln occordonce wllh o procedure lo be
eslob|lshed by lhe MCLL Commlllee. (Ru|e 7, Sect|oo 3)

"=*$5% #1 0'*'+0
1he comp|lonce perlod sho|| begln on lhe llrsl doy ol lhe
monlh ln whlch o member ceoses lo be exempl under
Secllons J, 2, or 3 ol lhls Ru|e ond sho|| end on lhe some
doy os lhol ol o|| olher members ln lhe some Comp|lonce
Croup. (Ru|e 7, Sect|oo 4)

&,##1 #1 %H%/&'.#$
App|lcollons lor exempllon lrom or modlllcollon ol lhe
MCLL requlremenl sho|| be under oolh ond supporled by
documenls. (Ru|e 7, Sect|oo 5)

0*$"'.#$0
$#$9"#/&3.*$"% 1%%
A member who, lor wholever reoson, ls ln non-comp|lonce
ol lhe end ol lhe comp|lonce perlod sho|| poy o non-
comp|lonce lee. (Ru|e 3, Sect|oo )
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <E


3.0'.$5 *0 2%3.$-+%$' /%/7%,
A member who lol|s lo comp|y wllh lhe requlremenls oller
lhe slxly (60) doy perlod lor comp|lonce hos explred, sho||
be |lsled os o de|lnquenl member ol lhe lBP upon lhe
recommendollon ol lhe MCLL Commlllee.

1he lnvesllgollon ol o member lor non-comp|lonce sho|| be
conducled by lhe lBP's Commlsslon on Bor Dlsclp|lne os o
locl-llndlng orm ol lhe MCLL Commlllee. (Ru|e 3, Sect|oo
2)

*"",+*3 #1 /%/7%,0=.& 1%%
Membershlp lees sho|| conllnue lo occrue ol lhe ocllve role
ogolnsl o member durlng lhe perlod heJshe ls |lsled os o
de|lnquenl member. (Sect|oo 3)

Note Bot Mottet No. 922 - Re Recommeooot|oo ol tbe
Moooototy Coot|ou|o leo| Foucot|oo (MClF} Booto to
loo|cote |o A|| l|eoo|os l||eo w|tb tbe Coutts tbe Couose|'s
MClF Cett|l|cote ol Com||ooce ot Cett|l|cote ol Fxemt|oo.
(J) Due lo lhe dlmlnlshlng lnleresl ol lhe members ol lhe
Bor ln lhe MCLL requlremenl progrom os noled ln lhe
Leller ol 1usllce Lduordo Nochuro, lhe Courl reso|ved,
upon lhe recommendollon ol lhe Commlllee on Lego|
Lducollon ond Bor Mollers, lo RFOUlRF toct|c|o
membets ol tbe bot to lNDlCA1F |o o|| |eoo|os l||eo
belote tbe coutts ol quos|-juo|c|o| boo|es, tbe oumbet
ooo oote ol |ssue ol tbe|t MClF Cett|l|cote ol Com||ooce
ot Cett|l|cote ol Fxemt|oo, os moy be opp|lcob|e, lor
lhe lmmedlole|y precedlng comp|lonce perlod.
(2) lo||ute to o|sc|ose lhe requlred lnlormollon wou|d couse
tbe o|sm|sso| ol tbe cose ooo tbe exuoct|oo ol tbe
|eoo|os lrom lhe records.


I).4%'4/ 5%48.'8$

Nototy lub||c or o nolory ls ony person commlssloned lo
perlorm olllclo| ocls
(J) Acknow|edgemenls,
(2) Oolhs ond olllrmollons,
(3) 1urols,
(4) Slgnolure wllnesslng,
(5) Copy cerllllcollons, ond
(6) Any olher ocl oulhorlzes ln lhe ru|es

lutose 1o verlly lhe persono| oppeoronce ol olllonl ond
lhe genulneness ol slgnolure

1o oulhenllcole documenl ond verlly due execullon,
moklng documenl odmlsslb|e ln evldence wllhoul prool ol
oulhenllclly

Nolorlzollon ls nol on emply, meonlng|ess, roullnory ocl. ll
ls lnvesled wllh subslonllve pub|lc lnleresl, such lhol on|y
lhose who ore quo|llled or oulhorlzed moy ocl os nolorles
publicA notarial document is by law entitled to full faith
ond credll upon lls loce. Coutts, oom|o|sttot|ve oeoc|es
ooo tbe ub||c ot |ote must be ob|e to te|y uoo tbe
ockoow|eoemeot executeo by o oototy ub||c. |Boy|oo v.
A|mo, (2008}j

-+*3.1."*'.#$0 #1 $#'*,: &+73."
(J) Clllzen ol lhe Phl|lpplnes
(2) Over 2J yeors ol oge
(3) Phl|lpplne resldenl lor ol |eosl J yeor ond molnlolns o
regu|or p|oce ol work or buslness ln lhe clly or provlnce
where lhe commlsslon ls lo be lssued
(4) Member ol lhe Phl|lpplne Bor ln good slondlng, wllh
c|eoronces lrom lhe Bor Conlldonl ol lhe SC ond lhe
lBP
(5) No convlcllon ln lhe llrsl lnslonce lor ony crlme
lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude

Note When lhere ore no persons wllh lhe necessory
quo|lllcollons OR where lhere ore quo|llled persons bul
lhey reluse oppolnlmenl, o nolory pub|lc does NO1 hove lo
be o |owyer. 1he lo||owlng persons moy be oppolnled os
nolorles:
(J) 1hose who hove possed lhe sludles ol |ow ln o
repulob|e unlverslly
(2) A c|erk or depuly c|erk ol courl lor o perlod ol nol |ess
lhon lwo yeors

'%,/ #1 #11."% #1 $#'*,: &+73."
A nolorlo| commlsslon ls gronled by on execut|ve juoe
oller et|t|oo ol lhe |owyer, ond ls good lor two yeots
commeoc|o oo tbe
st
ooy ol 1oouoty ol tbe yeot |o wb|cb
tbe comm|ss|oo |s mooe UNlFSS eot||et tevokeo ot tbe
oototy ub||c bos tes|oeo occoto|o to tbese Ru|es ooo tbe
Ru|es ol Coutt. |Ru|e lll, Sec. ].

Lvery pellllon undergoes o heorlng ond opproved oller:
(J) Pellllon ls proven sulllclenl ln lorm ond subslonce
(2) Pelllloner proves o||egollons ln pellllon
(3) Pelllloner eslob|lshes lo lhe sollslocllon ol lhe courl
lhol he hos reod ond underslood lhe Ru|es on Nolorlo|
Procllce

&#8%,0 *$2 3./.'*'.#$0
*+'=#,.': #1 '=% $#'*,:
wbot coo be ootot|zeo: A nolory con nolorlze ony
documenl, upon requesl ol olllonl.

Sec. . lowets. A nolory pub|lc ls
(o) Lmpowered lo perlorm lhe lo||owlng molerlo| ocls:
(J) Acknow|edgmenls,
(2) Oolhs ond olllrmollons,
(3) 1urols,
(4) Slgnolure wllnesslngs,
(5) Copy cerllllcollons, ond
(6) Any olher ocl oulhorlzed by lhese ru|es
(b) Aulhorlzed lo cerllly lhe olllxlng ol o slgnolure by
lhumb or mork on on lnslrumenl or documenl
presenled lor nolorlzollon ll:
(J) 1he lhumb or olher mork ls olllxed ln lhe presence
ol lhe nolory pub|lc ond lwo (2) dlslnleresled ond
unollecled wllnesses lo lhe lnslrumenl or
documenl,
(2) Bolh wllnesses slgn lhelr own nomes ln oddlllon ol
lhe lhumb or olher mork,
(3) 1he nolory pub|lc wrlles be|ow lhe lhumb or olher
mark: Thumb or Other Mark affixed by (name and
oddresses ol wllnesses) ond underslgned nolory
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <;

public; and
(4) 1he nolory pub|lc nolorlzes lhe slgnolure by lhumb
or olher mork lhrough on ocknow|edgemenl, jurol,
or slgnolure wllnesslng
(c) Aulhorlzed lo slgn on beho|l ol o person who ls
physlco||y unob|e lo slgn or moke o mork on on
lnslrumenl or documenl ll:
(J) 1he nolory pub|lc ls dlrecled by lhe person unob|e
lo slgn or moke o mork lo slgn on hls beho|l,
(2) 1he slgnolure ol lhe nolory pub|lc ls olllxed ln lhe
presence ol lwo dlslnleresled ond unollecled
wllnesses lo lhe lnslrumenl or documenl,
(3) Bolh wllnesses slgn lhelr own nomes,
(4) 1he nolory pub|lc wrlles be|ow hls slgnolure:
Signature affixed by notary in presence of (names
and addresses of person and two (2) witnesses) ;
ond
(5) 1he nolory pub|lc nolorlzes hls slgnolure by
ocknow|edgemenl or jurol

lrregu|orlly ln person
D|squo||l|cot|oos
(J) ll nolory ls persono||y o porly lo lhe lnslrumenl |vl||orln
v Sobole, AC No. 3224, |eb. 2000]
(2) ll he wl|| recelve os on lndlrecl ond dlrecl resu|l ony
commlsslon, lee, odvonloge, rlghl, lll|e, lnleresl, cosh,
properly, or olher conslderollon ln excess ol whol ls
provlded ln lhese ru|es
(3) ll nolory ls o spouse, common-|ow porlner, onceslor,
descendonl, or re|ollve by olllnlly or consongulnlly ol
lhe prlnclpo| up lo lhe lourlh degree |Ru|e lv, Sec. 3]

Mondolory reluso| lo nolorlze
(J) ll lhe lronsocllon ls un|owlu| or lmmoro|
(2) ll lhe slgnolory shows slgns lhol he does nol
understand consequences of the act, per the notarys
judgmenl
(3) ll lhe slgnolory oppeors nol lo ocl ol hls own lree wl||,
per the notarys judgment
(4) ll lhe documenl or lnslrumenl lo be nolorlzed ls
consldered os on lmproper documenl by lhese Ru|es

Note: lmproper lnslrumenlJDocumenl ls o b|onk or
lncomp|ele lnslrumenl or documenl wllhoul opproprlole
nolorlo| cerllllcollon |Ru|e lv, Sec. 6]

Clllng A|booo v. Muo. 1uoe Cousoo, A.M. No. 022-M1,
(976}, lhe Courl ru|ed lhol o nolory pub|lc shou|d nol
locl|llole lhe dlslnlegrollon ol morrloge ond lhe loml|y by
encouroglng lhe seporollon ol lhe spouses ond
exlrojudlclo||y dlsso|vlng lhe conjugo| porlnershlp lhrough
the notarization of a Kasunduan Ng Paghihiwalay.
|Fs|ooso v. Omoo (20}]

%11%"'0 #1 $#'*,.?*'.#$
(J) 1he nolory ln ellecl proc|olms lo lhe wor|d:
(o) 1hol o|| porlles lhereln persono||y oppeored belore
hlm
(b) 1hol lhey ore persono||y known lo hlm
(c) 1hol lhey ore lhe some persons who execuled lhe
lnslrumenl
(d) 1hol he lnqulred lnlo lhe vo|unlorlness ol lhe
execullon ol lhe lnslrumenl, ond
(e) 1hol lhey ocknow|edged persono||y belore hlm lhol
lhey vo|unlorl|y ond lree|y execuled lhe some
(2) Converls o prlvole documenl lnlo o pub|lc one ond
renders ll odmlsslb|e ln courl wllhoul lurlher prool ol
lls oulhenllclly
(3) Documenls enjoy o presumpllon ol regu|orlly. ll
conslllules prlmo locle evldence ol locls whlch glve rlse
lo lhelr execullon ond ol lhe dole ol sold execullon, bul
nol ol lhe lrulhlu|ness ol lhe slolemenls

Reosoo: 1he |ow ossumes lhol lhe ocl whlch lhe olllcer
wllnessed ond cerlllled lo or lhe dole wrlllen by hlm ls nol
shown lo be lo|se slnce nolorles ore pub|lc olllcers

&+$.0=*73% *"'0
1he Lxecullve 1udge sho|| couse lhe prosecullon ol ony
person who:
(J) Knowlng|y ocls or olherwlse lmpersonoles o nolory
pub|lc
(2) Knowlng|y oblolns, conceo|s, deloces, or deslroys lhe
seo|, nolory reglsler, or olllclo| records ol o nolory
pub|lc
(3) Knowlng|y so|lclls, coerces, or ln ony woy lnl|uences o
nolory pub|lc lo commll olllclo| mlsconducl |Ru|e Xll,
Sec. ]

By respondents reckless act of notarizing the Deed of
Abso|ule So|e wllhoul oscerlolnlng lhe vendors slgnolorles
lherelo were lhe very some persons who execuled ll ond
persono||y oppeored belore hlm lo ollesl lo lhe conlenls
ond lhe lrulh ol whol were sloled lhereln. |Aqu|oo v.
Mooese (2003)]

Respondenl nolorlzed lhe Speclo| Power ol Allorney,
purporled|y beorlng lhe slgnolure ol Benllez, on 1on. 4,
2001 or more than two months after the latters death.
C|eor|y, lhe respondenl |led ond lnlenllono||y perpeluoled
on unlrulhlu| slolemenl. |S|cot v At|o|o (2005}]

Respondenl onledoled o documenl ln order lo excu|pole
someone lrom belng convlcled ol lhe Anll-Dummy Low,
whlch ls o vlo|ollon ol Ru|e J.0J ol Conon J ol lhe Code ol
Prolesslono| Responslbl|lly os we|| os lhe 2004 Ru|es on
Nolorlo| Procllce. |Moooejot v. Rub|o (2006}j

$#'*,.*3 ,%5.0'%,
A chrono|oglco| olllclo| nolorlo| reglsler ol nolorlo| ocls
conslsllng ol o permonenl|y bound book wllh numbered
poges. 1here musl on|y be one ocllve reglsler oy ony glven
llme.

%$',.%0 .$ '=% $#'*,.*3 ,%5.0'%,
(J) 1he lo||owlng:
(o) Lnlry number ond poge number,
(b) Dole ond llme ol doy ol lhe nolorlo| ocl,
(c) 1ype ol nolorlo| ocl, lhe lll|e or descrlpllon ol lhe
lnslrumenl, documenl or proceedlng,
(d) 1he nome ond oddress ol eoch prlnclpo|,
(e) 1he compelenl evldence ol ldenllly os dellned by
lhese Ru|es ll lhe slgnolory ls nol persono||y known
lo lhe nolory,
(l) 1he nome ond oddress ol eoch credlb|e wllness
sweorlng lo or olllrmlng lhe person's ldenllly,
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <<

(g) 1he lee chorged lor lhe nolorlo| ocl,
(h) 1he oddress where lhe nolorlzollon wos perlormed
ll nol ln lhe nolory's regu|or p|oce ol work or
buslness, ond
(l) Any olher clrcumslonce lhe nolory pub|lc moy
deem ol slgnlllconce or re|evonce.

(2) Clrcumslonces ol ony requesl lo lnspecl or copy on
enlry ln lhe nolorlo| reglsler, lnc|udlng
(o) 1he requesler's nome,
(b) Address
(c) Slgnolure
(d) 1humb mork or olher recognlzed ldenllller, ond
(e) Lvldence ol ldenllly.

1he reosons lor reluso| lo o||ow lnspecllon or copylng ol o
journo| enlry sho|| o|so be recorded.

(3) When lhe lnslrumenl or documenl ls o conlrocl, lhe
nolory pub|lc sho|| keep on orlglno| copy lhereol os
porl ol hls records ond enler ln sold records o brlel
descrlpllon ol lhe subslonce lhereol ond sho|| glve lo
eoch enlry o consecullve number, beglnnlng wllh
number one ln eoch co|endor yeor. He sho|| o|so reloln
o dup|lcole orlglno| copy lor lhe C|erk ol Courl.

(4) 1he nolory pub|lc sho|| glve lo eoch lnslrumenl or
documenl execuled, sworn lo, or ocknow|edged belore
hlm o number correspondlng lo lhe one ln hls reglsler,
ond sho|| o|so slole on lhe lnslrumenl or documenl lhe
pogeJs ol hls reglsler on whlch lhe some ls recorded.
No b|onk |lne sho|| be |ell belween enlrles.

(5) ln cose ol o prolesl ol ony droll, bl|| ol exchonge or
promlssory nole, lhe nolory pub|lc sho||
(o) Moke o lu|| ond lrue record ol o|| proceedlngs ln
re|ollon lherelo ond
(b) Sho|| nole lhereln whelher lhe demond lor lhe sum
ol money wos mode, by whom, when, ond where,
whelher he presenled such droll, bl|| or nol,
whelher nollces were glven, lo whom ond ln whol
monner, where lhe some wos mode, when ond lo
whom ond where dlrecled, ond ol every olher locl
louchlng lhe some.

(6) Al lhe end ol eoch week, lhe nolory pub|lc sho|| cerllly
ln hls nolorlo| reglsler lhe number ol lnslrumenls or
documenls execuled, sworn lo, ocknow|edged, or
prolesled belore hlm, or ll none, lhls cerllllcole sho||
show lhls locl.

(7) A cerlllled copy ol eoch monlh's enlrles ond o dup|lcole
orlglno| copy ol ony lnslrumenl ocknow|edged belore
lhe nolory pub|lc sho||, wllhln lhe llrsl len (J0) doys ol
lhe monlh lo||owlng, be lorworded lo lhe C|erk ol
Courl ond sho|| be under lhe responslbl|lly ol such
olllcer. ll lhere ls no enlry lo cerllly lor lhe monlh, lhe
nolory sho|| lorword o slolemenl lo lhls ellecl ln |leu ol
cerlllled coples hereln requlred.

Oll|c|o| s|ootute slgned by hond, nol by locslml|e slomp
or prlnllng devlce, ond ol lhe llme ol lhe nolorlzollon

Oll|c|o| seo| lwo-lnch dlomeler seo| wllh lhe words
Philippines, attorneys name at the margin and the roll of
attorneys number.

|or vendors, lhe so|e ol lhe seo| moy on|y be upon judlclo|
oulhorlly, lor o perlod ol 4 yeors.

|or buyers, o cerlllled copy ol lhe commlsslon ls necessory
lor purchose. One seo| per cerllllcole.

1he ocl ol o |owyer nolorlzlng o Speclo| Power ol Allorney
koow|o tbot tbe etsoo wbo o||eeo|y executeo |t |s oeoo |s
o set|ous bteocb ol lhe socred ob|lgollon lmposed upon
hlm by lhe Code ol Prolesslono| Responslbl|lly, speclllco||y
Ru|e J.0J ol Conon J. |S|cot v. Att|o|o, (2005}]

A |owyer ls gul|ly ol mlsconducl ln lhe perlormonce ol hls
out|es |l be lo||s to te|stet |o b|s ootot|o| te|stet lhe
ollldovlls-comp|olnls whlch were ll|ed ln on odmlnlslrollve
cose belore lhe Clvl| Servlce Commlsslon. |Aqu|oo v.
loscuo, (2007}]

B+,.02."'.#$ #1 $#'*,: &+73." *$2 &3*"% #1
$#'*,.?*'.#$
lo ooy |oce w|tb|o tbe tett|tot|o| jut|so|ct|oo ol tbe
comm|ss|oo|o coutt lot o et|oo ol two (2} yeots
commeoc|o tbe l|tst ooy ol 1oouoty ol tbe yeot |o wb|cb tbe
comm|ss|oo|o |s mooe, un|ess eor|ler revoked or lhe
nolory pub|lc hos reslgned under lhese Ru|es ond lhe
Ru|es ol Courl.

Ceoeto| Ru|e: Nolorlzollon ol documenl musl be ol lhe
notary publics regular place of work.

Fxcet|oos
(J) ln pub|lc olllces, convenllon ho||s ond olher p|oces
where oolhs ol olllce ore odmlnlslered, pub|lc luncllon
oreos ln hole|s ond slml|or oreos used lor lhe slgnlng ol
lnslrumenls or documenls requlrlng nolorlzollon
(2) Hospllo|s ond olher medlco| lnslllullons where o porl
lo on lnslrumenl ls conllned lor lreolmenl
(3) Any p|oce where o porly lo lhe lnslrumenl requlrlng
nolorlzollon ls under delenllon

,%4#"*'.#$ #1 "#//.00.#$
RUlF Xl Sec. . Revocollon ond Admlnlslrollve Soncllons.
(o) 1he Lxecullve 1udge sho|| revoke o nolorlo| commlsslon
lor ony ground on whlch on opp|lcollon lor o
commlsslon moy be denled.
(b) ln oddlllon, lhe Lxecullve 1udge moy revoke lhe
commlsslon ol, or lmpose opproprlole odmlnlslrollve
soncllons upon, ony nolory pub|lc who:
(J) lol|s lo keep o nolorlo| reglsler,
(2) lol|s lo moke lhe proper enlry or enlrles ln hls
nolorlo| reglsler concernlng hls nolorlo| ocls,
(3) lol|s lo send lhe copy ol lhe enlrles lo lhe Lxecullve
1udge wllhln lhe llrsl len (J0) doys ol lhe monlh
lo||owlng,
(4) lol|s lo olllx lo ocknow|edgmenls lhe dole ol
explrollon ol hls commlsslon,
(5) lol|s lo submll hls nolorlo| reglsler, when ll||ed, lo
lhe Lxecullve 1udge,
(6) lol|s lo moke hls reporl, wllhln o reosonob|e llme, lo
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 3%5*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <>

lhe Lxecullve 1udge concernlng lhe perlormonce ol
hls dulles, os moy be requlred by lhe judge,
(7) lol|s lo requlre lhe presence ol o prlnclpo| ol lhe
llme ol lhe nolorlo| ocl,
(8) lol|s lo ldenllly o prlnclpo| on lhe bosls ol persono|
know|edge or compelenl evldence,
(9) execules o lo|se or lncomp|ele cerllllcole under
Secllon 5, Ru|e lv,
(J0) knowlng|y perlorms or lol|s lo perlorm ony olher
ocl prohlblled or mondoled by lhese Ru|es, ond
(JJ) commlls ony olher dere|lcllon or ocl whlch ln lhe
judgmenl ol lhe Lxecullve 1udge conslllules good
couse lor revocollon ol commlsslon or lmposlllon ol
odmlnlslrollve soncllon.

"#/&%'%$' %4.2%$"% #1 .2%$'.':
Cometeot Fv|oeoce ol loeot|ty. - relers lo lhe ldenllllcollon
ol on lndlvlduo| bosed on:
(J) Al |eosl ooe cutteot |oeot|l|cot|oo oocumeot lssued by
on olllclo| ogency beorlng lhe phologroph ond
slgnolure ol lhe lndlvlduo|, or
(2) 1he ootb ot oll|tmot|oo ol:
(o) One credlb|e wllness nol prlvy lo lhe lnslrumenl,
documenl or lronsocllon who ls persono||y known
lo lhe nolory pub|lc ond who persono||y knows lhe
lndlvlduo|,
(b) 1wo credlb|e wllnesses nellher ol whom ls prlvy lo
lhe lnslrumenl, documenl or lronsocllon who eoch
persono||y knows lhe lndlvlduo| ond shows lo lhe
nolory pub|lc documenlory ldenllllcollon.

Nolorles pub|lc musl observe ulmosl core ln comp|ylng
wllh lormo|llles lnlended lo ensure lhe lnlegrlly ol lhe
nolorlzed documenl ond lhe ocl ll embodles. ln lhls cose,
lhe respondenl vlo|oled lhe Ru|es on Nolorlo| Procllce
when he nolorlzed lhree documenls presenled lo hlm by o
comp|olnonl whose ldenllly ls nol persono||y known lo hlm
ond yel he dld nol requlre prool ol ldenllly lrom lhe sold
person. |Coozo|es v. loo|etoos (2008}]

A |owyer commlssloned os nolory pub|lc ls mondoled lo
subscrlbe lo lhe socred dulles opperlolnlng lo hls olllce,
such dulles belng dlcloled by pub|lc po|lcy ond lmpressed
wllh pub|lc lnleresl. |ollhlu| observonce ond ulmosl
respecl ol lhe |ego| so|emnlly ol on oolh ln on
ocknow|edgmenl or jurol ls socrosoncl. |Mo||so v.
Cotoot|o (997}]

0*$"'.#$0
RUlF Xl Sec. . Revocollon ond Admlnlslrollve Soncllons.
xxx
(c) Upon verllled comp|olnl by on lnleresled, ollecled or
oggrleved person, lhe nolory pub|lc sho||
(J) be requlred lo ll|e o verllled onswer lo lhe
comp|olnl.
(2) ll lhe onswer ol lhe nolory pub|lc ls nol sollsloclory,
lhe Lxecullve 1udge sho|| conducl o summory
heorlng.
(3) ll lhe o||egollons ol lhe comp|olnl ore nol proven,
lhe comp|olnl sho|| be dlsmlssed.
(4) ll lhe chorges ore du|y eslob|lshed, lhe Lxecullve
1udge sho|| lmpose lhe opproprlole odmlnlslrollve
soncllons.
(5) ln ellher cose, lhe oggrleved porly moy oppeo| lhe
declslon lo lhe Supreme Courl lor revlew. Pendlng
lhe oppeo|, on order lmposlng dlsclp|lnory
soncllons sho|| be lmmedlole|y execulory, un|ess
olherwlse ordered by lhe Supreme Courl.

(d) 1he Lxecullve 1udge moy molu proprlo lnlllole
odmlnlslrollve proceedlngs ogolnsl o nolory pub|lc,
subjecl lo lhe procedures prescrlbed ln porogroph (c)
obove ond lmpose lhe opproprlole odmlnlslrollve
soncllons on lhe grounds menlloned ln lhe precedlng
porogrophs (o) ond (b).

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <@

;"/$( )* K"C'8'4/ H.1'8(

(J) New Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl lor lhe Phl|lpplne
1udlclory (Booo|ote Droll)
(2) Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl

B+2.".*3 %'=."0
Bronch ol moro| sclence whlch lreols ol lhe rlghl ond
proper conducl lo be observed by o|| judges ond
moglslroles ln lrylng ond decldlng conlroversles broughl
lo lhem lor odjudlcollon whlch conducl musl be
demonslrollve ol lmporllo|lly, lnlegrlly, compelence,
lndependence ond lreedom lrom lmproprlelles.

B+25%
A pub|lc olllcer who, by vlrlue ol hls olllce, ls c|olhed wllh
judlclo| oulhorlly, o pub|lc olllcer |owlu||y oppolnled lo
declde |lllgoled quesllons ln occordonce wllh |ow.

2% B+,% B+25%
One who ls exerclslng lhe olllce ol judge os o moller ol
rlghl, on olllcer ol o courl who hos been du|y ond |ego||y
oppolnled, quo|llled ond whose lerm hos nol explred.

2% 1*"'# B+25%
An olllcer who ls nol lu||y lnvesled wllh o|| lhe powers ond
dulles conceded lo judges, bul ls exerclslng lhe olllce ol o
judge under some co|or ol rlghl.

-+*3.1."*'.#$0 #1 0" /%/7%,0
(o) Noluro| born clllzen
(b) Al |eosl 40 yeors ol oge
(c) Musl hove been lor ol |eosl J5 yeors o judge ol o |ower
courl or engoged ln lhe procllce ol |ow |Sec. 7 (}, Att.
vlll, 987 Coost|tut|oo]

-+*3.1."*'.#$0 #1 ,'" B+25%0
(o) |l|lplno clllzenshlp (noluro| born or noluro|lzed)
(b) Al |eosl 35 yeors ol oge
(c) |or ol |eosl J0 yeors hos been engoged ln lhe procllce
ol |ow ln lhe Phl|lpplnes or hos he|d pub|lc olllce
requlrlng odmlsslon lo lhe procllce ol |ow os on
lndlspensob|e requlslle

-+*3.1."*'.#$0 #1 /'" B+25%0
(o) |l|lplno clllzenshlp (noluro| born or noluro|lzed)
(b) Al |eosl 30 yeors ol oge,
(c) |or ol |eosl llve yeors hos been engoged ln lhe procllce
ol |ow ln lhe Phl|lpplnes or hos he|d pub|lc olllce
requlrlng odmlsslon lo lhe procllce ol |ow os on
lndlspensob|e requlslle.

$%8 "#2% #1 B+2.".*3 "#$2+"' N7*$5*3#,%
2,*1'O
lndependence
lnlegrlly
lmporllo|lly
Proprlely
Lquo|lly
Compelence ond Dl|lgence
L"4/'.'$(

.$2%&%$2%$"%
Coooo . 1udlclo| lndependence ls o prerequlslle lo lhe ru|e
ol |ow ond o lundomenlo| guoronlee ol o lolr lrlo|. A judge
sho|| lherelore upho|d ond exemp|lly judlclo|
lndependence ln bolh lls lndlvlduo| ond lnslllullono|
ospecls.

/%/#,: *.2 1#, 0%"'.#$0 +$2%, "*$#$ )M
(o) lndependenl judlclo| luncllon (Sec. J)
(b) Oulslde pressure (Sec. 2)
(c) lnl|uenclng oulcome ol |lllgollon (Sec. 3)
(d) lnl|uence on judlclo| conducl (Sec. 4)
(e) lndependence lrom execullve ond |egls|ollve (Sec. 5)
(l) lndependence lrom soclely ond porllcu|or porlles (Sec.
6)
(g) Soleguords lor judlclo| lndependence (Sec. 7)
(h) Promole Pub|lc conlldence (Sec. 8)

.$2%&%$2%$' B+2.".*3 1+$"'.#$
Sec. 1udges sho|| exerclse lhe judlclo| luncllon
lndependenl|y on lhe bosls ol lhelr ossessmenl ol lhe locls
ond ln occordonce wllh o consclenllous underslondlng ol
lhe |ow, lree ol ony exlroneous lnl|uence, lnducemenl,
pressure, lhreol or lnlerlerence, dlrecl or lndlrecl, lrom ony
quorler or lor ony reoson.

A judge lound delendonls gul|ly beyond reosonob|e doubl
ol lhe crlme ol Rope wllh Homlclde. However, he
senlenced lhe occused wllh rec|uslon perpeluo lnsleod ol
lhe deolh, os unequlvoco||y requlred by RA 7659. A coutt ol
|ow |s oo |oce lot o tottocteo oebote oo tbe moto||ty ot
tot|ety ol tbe seoteoce, wbete tbe |ow |tse|l tov|oes lot tbe
seoteoce ol oeotb os o eoo|ty |o sec|l|c ooo we||-oel|oeo
|ostooces. |leo|e v. veoetoc|oo (995}]

Moss medlo hos lls duly lo leor|ess|y bul lollhlu||y lnlorm
lhe pub|lc oboul evenls ond persons. lowevet, wbeo o cose
bos tece|veo w|oe ooo seosot|ooo| ub||c|ty, tbe tt|o| coutt
sbou|o be ooub|y cotelu| oot oo|y to be lo|t ooo |mott|o| but
o|so to |ve tbe oeotooce ol com|ete object|v|ty ln lls
hond|lng ol lhe cose. |Co v. CA, 206 SCRA 65]

#+'0.2% &,%00+,%
Sec. 2. ln perlormlng judlclo| dulles, 1udges sho|| be
lndependenl lrom judlclo| co||eogues ln respecl ol
declslons whlch lhe judge ls ob|lged lo moke
lndependenl|y.

1he dlscrellon ol lhe Courl lo gronl bol| musl be bosed on
the Courts determination as to whether or not the
evldence ol gul|l ls slrong.

1hls dlscrellon moy be exerclsed on|y oller lhe evldence
hos been submllled ol lhe summory heorlng conducled
pursuant to Sec. 7 of Rule 114 of the Rules. Respondents
odmlsslon lhol he gronled bol| lo on occused upon lhe
requesl ol o Congressmon, desplle hls be|lel lhol lhe
evldence ol gul|l ogolnsl sold ls slrong, ls lndeed
reprehenslb|e. |1ob|| v. F|smo (975}]
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <A


.$13+%$".$5 #+'"#/% #1 3.'.5*'.#$
Sec. 3. 1udges sho|| relroln lrom lnl|uenclng ln ony monner
lhe oulcome ol |lllgollon or dlspule pendlng belore
onolher courl or odmlnlslrollve ogency.

lnlerlerence by members ol lhe bench ln pendlng sulls
wllh lhe purpose ol lnl|uenclng lhe course or lhe resu|l ol
lhe |lllgollon subverl lhe lndependence ol lhe judlclory.
|Sob|tsooo, 1t. v. v|||omot, 202 SCRA 445 (99}]

.$13+%$"% #$ B+2.".*3 "#$2+"'
Sec. 4. 1udges sho|| nol o||ow loml|y, soclo| or olher
re|ollonshlps lo lnl|uence judlclo| conducl or judgmenl.
1he presllge ol judlclo| olllce sho|| nol be used or |enl lo
odvonce lhe prlvole lnleresls ol olhers, nor convey or
permll olhers lo convey lhe lmpresslon lhol lhey ore ln o
speclo| poslllon lo lnl|uence lhe judge.

Judges family includes a judges spouse, son, daughter,
son-ln-|ow, doughler-ln-|ow, ond ony olher re|ollve by
consongulnlly or olllnlly w|tb|o tbe s|xtb c|v|| oetee, or
person who ls o componlon or emp|oyee ol lhe judge ond
who |lves in the judges household. [Del|o|t|oos, Booo|ote
Dtolt]

Conslonl compony wllh o |owyer lends lo breed lnllmocy
ond comoroderle lo lhe polnl lhol lovors ln lhe lulure moy
be osked lrom respondenl judge whlch he moy llnd hord lo
reslsl. 1he ocluollon ol respondenl 1udge ol eollng ond
drlnklng ln pub|lc p|oces wllh o |owyer who hos pendlng
coses ln hls so|o moy we|| orouse susplclon ln lhe pub|lc
mlnd, lhus lendlng lo erode lhe lrusl ol lhe |lllgonls ln lhe
lmporllo|lly ol lhe judge. |loo|||o v. Zootuo (994}]

.$2%&%$2%$"% 1,#/ %H%"+'.4% *$2 3%5.03*'.4%
Sec. 5. 1udges sho|| nol on|y be lree lrom lnopproprlole
connecllons wllh ond lnl|uence by lhe execullve ond
|egls|ollve bronches ol governmenl bul musl o|so oppeor
lo be lree lherelrom lo o reosonob|e observer.

Whl|e ll ls lrue lhol 1usllce Soblo cou|d nol hove posslb|y
known prlor lo hls brolher's co|| lhol hls brolher lnlended
lo speok lo hlm oboul lhe Mero|co-CSlS cose, lhe locl
remolns lhol 1usllce Soblo conllnued lo enlerloln o co||
lrom hls brolher, who o|so hoppens lo be on olllcer ol lhe
execullve bronch, desplle reo|lzlng lhol lhe conversollon
wos golng lo lnvo|ve o pendlng cose. 1usllce Soblo osks lhe
Courl ll he shou|d hove lmmedlole|y s|ommed lhe phone
on hls brolher. Cerloln|y, such boorlsh behovlor ls nol
requlred. However, os soon os 1usllce Soblo reo|lzed lhol
hls brolher lnlended lo dlscuss o cose pendlng belore hlm
or ln hls dlvlslon, 1usllce Soblo shou|d hove respecllu||y bul
llrm|y ended lhe discussion.That Justice Sabio did not do
os hls brolher osked ls ol no momenl. Secllon 5, Conon J ol
lhe Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl molnlolns such o b|b bot ol
etb|co| cooouct tbot octuo| |ol|ueoce |s oot o tetequ|s|te
belote o v|o|ot|oo |s oeemeo comm|tteo. ll o moglslrole's
ocllons o||ow even jusl lhe oppeoronce ol belng lnl|uenced,
ll ls deemed o vlo|ollon. |Re lettet ol ltes|o|o 1ust|ce
Cootooo M. vosquez, 1t. A.M. No. 08-8--CA]

.$2%&%$2%$"% 1,#/ 0#".%': *$2 &*,'."+3*, &*,'.%0
Sec. 6. 1udges sho|| be lndependenl ln re|ollon lo soclely ln
genero| ond ln re|ollon lo lhe porllcu|or porlles lo o
dlspule whlch he or she hos lo odjudlcole.

[Respondents] act of sending a member of his staff to talk
wllh comp|olnonl ond show coples ol hls droll declslons,
ond hls ocl ol meellng wllh |lllgonls oulslde lhe olllce
premlses beyond olllce hours vlo|ole lhe slondord ol
judlclo| conducl requlred lo be observed by members ol
lhe Bench. |1oo v. Rosete (2004}]

0*1%5+*,20 1#, B+2.".*3 .$2%&%$2%$"%
Sec. 7. 1udges sho|| encouroge ond upho|d soleguords lor
lhe dlschorge ol judlclo| dulles ln order lo molnloln ond
enhonce lhe lnslllullono| ond operollono| lndependence ol
lhe judlclory.

1he Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl mondoles judges lo
odmlnlsler jusllce wllhoul de|oy ond dlrecls every judge lo
dispose of the courts business promptly within the period
prescribed by the law and the rules Delay ultimately
ollecls lhe lmoge ol lhe judlclory. |ol|ure lo comp|y wllh
lhe mondole ol lhe Conslllullon ond ol lhe Code ol 1udlclo|
Conducl conslllules serlous mlsconducl, whlch ls
delrlmenlo| lo lhe honor ond lnlegrlly ol o judlclo| olllce.
lnobl|lly lo declde o cose desplle lhe omp|e llme
prescrlbed ls lnexcusob|e, conslllules gross lnelllclency,
ond worronls odmlnlslrollve soncllon ol lhe delou|llng
judge. |So|uo v. A|umbtes, (2003}]

&,#/#'% &+73." "#$1.2%$"%
Sec. 8. 1udges sho|| exhlbll ond promole hlgh slondords ol
judlclo| conducl ln order lo relnlorce pub|lc conlldence ln
lhe judlclory whlch ls lundomenlo| lo lhe molnlenonce ol
judlclo| lndependence.

|A judge] shou|d o|woys be lmbued wllh o hlgh sense ol
duly ond responslbl|lly ln lhe dlschorge ol hls ob|lgollon lo
prompl|y ond proper|y odmlnlsler jusllce. He musl vlew
hlmse|l os o prlesl lor lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce ls okln
lo o re|lglous crusode. |D|motu|oc et o| v. v|||oo, (998}j

.$'%5,.':
Coooo 2. lnlegrlly ls essenllo| nol on|y lo lhe proper
dlschorge ol lhe judlclo| olllce bul o|so lo lhe persono|
demeonor ol judges.

/%/#,: *.2 1#, 0%"'.#$0 +$2%, "*$#$ E
(o) Conducl obove reprooch (Sec. J)
(b) Reaffirm peoples faith (Sec. 2)
(c) Dlsclp|lnory ocllon (Sec. 3)

Whl|e lhe J989 Code grouped lhe vo|ues ol lnlegrlly ond
lndependence logelher, lhe New Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl
hos seporoled lhem, emphoslzlng lhe need lor judges lo
molnloln o |lle ol persono| ond prolesslono| lnlegrlly ln
order lo proper|y corry oul lhelr judlclo| luncllons.




+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <F

"#$2+"' *7#4% ,%&,#*"=
Sec. . 1udges sho|| ensure lhol nol on|y ls lhelr conducl
obove reprooch, bul lhol ll ls percelved lo be so ln lhe vlew
ol o reosonob|e observer.

|W]e hove repeoled|y odmonlshed our judges lo odhere lo
lhe hlghesl lenels ol judlclo| conducl. 1hey musl be lhe
embodlmenl ol compelence, lnlegrlly ond lndependence.
1he exocllng slondords ol conducl demonded lrom judges
ore deslgned lo promole pub|lc conlldence ln lhe lnlegrlly
ond lmporllo|lly ol lhe judlclory becouse lhe peop|e's
conlldence ln lhe judlclo| syslem ls lounded nol on|y on lhe
mognllude ol |ego| know|edge ond lhe dl|lgence ol lhe
members ol lhe bench, bul o|so on lhe hlghesl slondord ol
lnlegrlly ond moro| uprlghlness lhey ore expecled lo
possess. When o judge becomes lhe lronsgressor ol ony
|ow whlch he ls sworn lo opp|y, he p|oces hls olllce ln
dlsrepule, encouroges dlsrespecl lor lhe |ow ond lmpolrs
pub|lc conlldence ln lhe lnlegrlly ond lmporllo|lly ol lhe
judlclory llse|l. ll ls lherelore poromounl lhol o judge's
persono| behovlor bolh ln lhe perlormonce ol hls dulles
ond dol|y |lle, be lree lrom ony oppeoronce ol lmproprlely
os lo be beyond reprooch. |1oo v. Rosete (2004}]

1udges hove been peno|lzed lor:
(o) Demondlng ondJor occepllng brlbes
(b) |rolernlzlng wllh |lllgonls ondJor |owyers
(c) A|lerlng orders
(d) De|oy ln renderlng
(e) Sexuo| horossmenl ol emp|oyees
(l) lgnoronce ol lhe |ow
(g) Keeplng ondJor l|ounllng o mlslress
(h) lnebrloled behovlor
(l) |requenllng coslnos ond cock llghls
(j) lncompelence
(k) Conducllng heorlngs ln lhelr resldence
(|) Uslng lnlemperole |onguoge

lgnoronce ol lhe |ow ls o mork ol lncompelence
When lhe lnelllclency sprlngs lrom o lol|ure lo conslder so
boslc ond e|emenlo| o ru|e, o |ow or prlnclp|e ln lhe
dlschorge ol hls dulles, o judge ls ellher loo lncompelenl
ond undeservlng ol lhe poslllon ond lll|e he ho|ds, or he ls
loo vlclous lhol lhe overslghl or omlsslon wos de|lberole|y
done ln bod lollh ond ln grove obuse ol judlclo| oulhorlly.
ln bolh lnslonces, lhe judge's dlsmlsso| ls ln order.
|Moco||oto| v. 1eb (997)]

,%*11.,/ &%#&3%0 1*.'=
Sec. 2. 1he behovlor ond conducl ol judges musl reolllrm
lhe peop|e's lollh ln lhe lnlegrlly ol lhe judlclory. 1usllce
musl nol mere|y be done bul musl o|so be seen lo be
done.

1usllce musl nol mere|y be done bul musl o|so be seen lo
be done
1hls phrose emphoslzes lhe lmporlonce ol lhe pub|lc
percepllon ol lhe judlclory, nol becouse lhe judlclo|
deporlmenl lnlends lo be lnl|uenced lhereby, bul becouse
ll ls essenllo| lhol pub|lc conlldence ls o|woys reposed ln
lhe judlclo| syslems ond processes.

|A] judge's olllclo| conducl ond hls behovlor ln lhe
perlormonce ol judlclo| dulles shou|d be lree lrom lhe
oppeoronce ol lmproprlely ond musl be beyond reprooch.
One who occuples on exo|led poslllon ln lhe
odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce musl poy o hlgh prlce lor lhe
honor beslowed upon hlm, lor hls prlvole os we|| os hls
olllclo| conducl musl ol o|| llmes be lree lrom lhe
oppeoronce ol lmproprlely. Becouse oppeoronce ls os
lmporlonl os reo|lly ln lhe perlormonce ol judlclo|
luncllons, |lke Coesor's wlle, o judge musl nol on|y be pure
bul o|so beyond susplclon. A judge hos lhe duly lo nol on|y
render o jusl ond lmporllo| declslon, bul o|so render ll ln
such o monner os lo be lree lrom ony susplclon os lo lls
lolrness ond lmporllo|lly, ond o|so os lo lhe judge's
lnlegrlly. * * * ll ls obvlous, lherelore, lhol whl|e judges
shou|d possess prollclency ln |ow ln order lhol lhey con
compelenl|y conslrue ond enlorce lhe |ow, ll ls more
lmporlonl lhol lhey shou|d ocl ond behove ln such o
monner lhol lhe porlles belore lhem shou|d hove
conlldence ln lhelr lmporllo|lly. |S|boyoo-1ooqu|o v.
1ove||ooo (200]

A judge musl nol on|y be honesl bul o|so oppeor lo be so,
nol on|y be o good judge, bul o|so o good person. |Dowo v.
De Aso (998}]

A judge musl be lree ol o whlll ol lmproprlely nol on|y wllh
respecl lo hls perlormonce ol hls judlclo| dulles, bul o|so lo
hls behovlor oulslde hls so|o ond os o prlvole lndlvlduo|.
1here ls no dlcholomy ol moro|lly: o pub|lc olllclo| ls o|so
judged by hls prlvole moro|s. |Cost|||o v. Co|ooo (99}]

2.0".&3.$*,: *"'.#$
Sec. 3. 1udges shou|d loke or lnlllole opproprlole
dlsclp|lnory meosures ogolnsl |owyers or courl personne|
lor unprolesslono| conducl ol whlch lhe judge moy hove
become owore.

Oftentimesleniency provides the court employees the
opporlunlly lo commll mlnor lronsgresslons ol lhe |ows
ond s|lghl breoches ol olllclo| duly u|llmole|y |eodlng lo
vlclous de|lnquencles. 1he respondenl judge shou|d
conslonl|y keep o wolchlu| eye on lhe conducl ol hls
emp|oyees. He shou|d reo|lze lhol blg llres slorl smo||. Hls
conslonl scrullny ol lhe behovlor ol hls emp|oyees wou|d
deler ony obuse on lhe porl ol lhe |oller ln lhe exerclse ol
lhelr dulles. 1hen, hls subordlnoles wou|d check lhol ony
mlsdemeonor wl|| nol remoln unchecked. 1he s|lghlesl
semb|once ol lmproprlely on lhe porl ol lhe emp|oyees ol
lhe courl ln lhe perlormonce ol lhelr olllclo| dulles sllrs
rlpp|es ol pub|lc susplclon ond pub|lc dlslrusl ol lhe
judlclo| odmlnlslrolors. 1he s|lghlesl breoch ol duly by ond
lhe s|lghlesl lrregu|orlly ln lhe conducl ol courl olllcers
ond emp|oyees delrocl lrom lhe dlgnlly ol lhe courls ond
erode lhe lollh ol lhe peop|e ln lhe judlclory. |Bueooveotuto
v. Beoeo|cto (97}j

./&*,'.*3.':
Coooo 3. lmporllo|lly ls essenllo| lo lhe proper dlschorge ol
lhe judlclo| olllce. ll opp|les nol on|y lo lhe declslon llse|l
bul o|so lo lhe process by whlch lhe declslon ls mode.


+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% <C

/%/#,: *.2 1#, 0%"'.#$0 +$2%, "*$#$ ;
(o) 1udlclo| dulles lree lrom blos (Sec. J)
(b) Promole conlldence, lmporllo|lly (Sec. 2)
(c) Mlnlmlze lnslonces ol dlsquo|lllcollon (Sec. 3)
(d) Pub|lc commenls, pendlng ond lmpendlng cose (Sec.
4)
(e) Dlsquo|lllcollons (Sec. 5)
(l) Remlllo| ol dlsquo|lllcollons (Sec.6)

B+2.".*3 2+'.%0 1,%% 1,#/ 7.*0
Sec. . 1udges sho|| perlorm lhelr judlclo| dulles wllhoul
lovor, blos or prejudlce.

1o susloln o c|olm ol blos or prejudlce, lhe resu|llng
oplnlon musl be bosed upon on exttojuo|c|o| soutce: lhol ls,
some lnl|uence olher lhon lhe locls ond |ow presenled ln
lhe courlroom. lo tbe Uo|teo Stotes, tb|s |s koowo os tbe
Fxtto-1uo|c|o| Soutce Ru|e.

Becouse o||egollons ol blos ore qulle serlous, lhe person
brlnglng lhe o||egollon musl prove blos sulllclenl lo
requlre lnhlblllon (o|so co||ed recuso| or dlsquo|lllcollon)
wllh c|eor ond convlnclng evldence. Bore o||egollons ol
porllo|lly ond prejudgmenl wl|| nol sulllce. |D|mo Reo|ty 8
Dev. loc. v. D|mocu|oooo (2004}]

A judge's conducl musl be c|eor|y lndlcollve ol
orbllrorlness ond prejudlce belore ll con be sllgmollzed os
blosed ond porllo|. |Ctuz v. ltutto|oe, (2003}]

&,#/#'% "#$1.2%$"%6 ./&*,'.*3.':
Sec. 2. 1udges sho|| ensure lhol hls or her conducl bolh ln
ond oul ol courl, molnlolns ond enhonces lhe conlldence
ol lhe pub|lc, lhe |ego| prolesslon ond |lllgonls ln lhe
lmporllo|lly ol lhe judge ond ol lhe judlclory.

1hls provlslon ls deslgned lo molnloln ond lmprove pub|lc
conlldence ln lhe enllre judlclory os on lmporllo| dlspenser
ol jusllce.

1he lnlendmenl ol lhe obove provlslon ol lhe Ru|es ol
Courl ls nol dllllcu|l lo llnd. lls rollono|e ls predlcoled ln
lhe |ong slondlng precepl lhol no judge shou|d hond|e o
cose ln whlch he mlghl be percelved, rlghl|y or wrong|y, lo
be suscepllb|e lo blos ond lmporllo|lly. Hls judgmenl musl
nol be lolnled by even lhe s|lghlesl susplclon ol lmproblly
or preconcelved lnleresl. 1he ru|e ls olmed ol preservlng ol
o|| llmes lhe lollh ond conlldence ln courls ol jusllce by ony
porly lo lhe |lllgollon. |Utbooes, 1t. v.CA (200}]

A judge shou|d behove ol o|| llmes ln o woy lhol promoles
pub|lc conlldence ln lhe lnlegrlly ond lmporllo|lly ol lhe
judlclory. 1he oppeoronce ol blos or prejudlce con be os
domoglng lo pub|lc conlldence ond lhe odmlnlslrollon ol
jusllce os ocluo| blos or prejudlce. |Mootemoyot v. Betmejo,
1t. (2004)]

ln dlsposlng ol o crlmlno| cose, o judge shou|d ovold
oppeorlng |lke on odvocole lor ellher porly. ll ls o|so
lmproper lor lhe judge lo push ocllve|y lor omlcob|e
sell|emenl ogolnsl lhe wlshes ol lhe comp|olnonl. A
judges unwelcome persistence makes the judge
vu|nerob|e lo susplclons ol lovorlllsm. |Mootemoyot v.
Betmejo, 1t. (2004}]

/.$./.?% .$0'*$"%0 #1 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$0
Sec. 3. 1udges sho||, so lor os ls reosonob|e, so conducl
lhemse|ves os lo mlnlmlze lhe occoslons on whlch ll wl|| be
necessory lor lhem lo be dlsquo|llled lrom heorlng or
decldlng coses.

1udges moy, ln lhelr exetc|se ol souoo o|sctet|oo, reslrlcl
lhemse|ves vo|unlorl|y lrom sllllng ln o cose, bul such o
declslon shou|d be boseo oo ooo, souoo ot etb|co|
touoos, ot lot just ooo vo||o teosoos. ll ls nol enough lhol o
porly cosls some lenuous o||egollons ol porllo|lly ol lhe
judge. No |ess lhon lmperollve ls lhol ll ls lhe judge's
socred duly lo odmlnlsler jusllce wllhoul leor or lovor.

1he mojorlly vlew ls lhol lhe ru|e ol o|squo||l|cot|oo ol
juoes must y|e|o to oemooos ol oecess|ty. Slmp|y sloled,
lhe ru|e ol necesslly meons lhol o juoe |s oot o|squo||l|eo
to s|t |o o cose |l tbete |s oo otbet juoe ovo||ob|e to beot ooo
oec|oe tbe cose. |or exomp|e, members ol lhe Supreme
Courl were enlll|ed lo odjudlcole lhe vo|ldlly ol o slolue
p|oclng o |lmll ol 5 percenl ln lhe cosls ol |lvlng lncreose
lor judges, where ll wos opporenl lhol o|| slole judges hod
at least an involuntarily financial interest in the case
Acluo| dlsquo|lllcollon ol o member ol o courl ol |osl resorl
wl|| nol excuse lhe member lrom perlormlng hls olllclo|
duly ll lol|ure lo do so wou|d resu|l ln o denlo| ol o |lllgonl's
conslllullono| rlghl lo hove o quesllon, proper|y presenled
lo lhe courl, odjudlcoled. ln olher words, when o|| judges
wou|d be dlsquo|llled, dlsquo|lllcollon wl|| nol be
permllled lo deslroy lhe on|y lrlbuno| wllh power ln lhe
premlses. 1he doclrlne operoles on tbe t|oc||e tbot o
bos|c juoe |s bettet tboo oo juoe ot o||. Under such
clrcumslonces, ll ls lhe duly ol lhe dlsquo|llled judge lo
heor ond declde lhe conlroversy, however dlsogreeob|e ll
moy be. |lotoyoo v. Meoeses, (994)]

&+73." "#//%$'0J &%$2.$5 *$2 ./&%$2.$5 "*0%
Sec. 4. 1udges sho|| nol knowlng|y, whl|e o proceedlng ls
belore or cou|d come belore lhem, moke ony commenl
lhol mlghl reosonob|y be expecled lo ollecl lhe oulcome
ol such proceedlng or lmpolr lhe monllesl lolrness ol lhe
process. Nor sho|| judges moke ony commenl ln pub|lc or
olherwlse lhol mlghl ollecl lhe lolr lrlo| ol ony person or
lssue.

1hls Secllon worns judges ogolnsl moklng ony commenl
lhol mlghl reosonob|y be expecled lo ollecl lhe oulcome
ol lhe proceedlngs belore lhem or lmpolr lhe monllesl
fairness of the process.

1udges shou|d ovold slde remorks, hosly conc|uslons, |oose
slolemenls or grolullous ulleronces lhol suggesl lhey ore
prejudglng o cose. 1udges shou|d be owore lhol lhe medlo
mlghl conslder lhem o good ond credlb|e source ol oplnlon
or ldeos, ond lherelore shou|d relroln lrom moklng ony
commenl on o pendlng cose. Nol on|y ls lhere oooet ol
be|o m|squoteo, but o|so ol comtom|s|o tbe t|bts ol tbe
||t|oots ln lhe cose.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >D

1he Supreme Courl hos recenl|y he|d lhol judges ond
jusllces ore nol dlsquo|llled lrom porllclpollng ln o cose
slmp|y becouse lhey hove wrlllen |ego| orllc|es on lhe |ow
lnvo|ved ln lhe cose. |Cbovez v. lub||c Fstotes Autbot|ty
(2003}]

2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$0
Sec. 5. 1udges sho|| dlsquo|lly lhemse|ves lrom
porllclpollng ln ony proceedlngs ln whlch lhey ore unob|e
lo declde lhe moller lmporllo||y or ln whlch ll moy oppeor
lo o reosonob|e observer lhol lhey ore unob|e lo declde lhe
moller lmporllo||y. Such proceedlngs lnc|ude, bul ore nol
|lmlled lo, lnslonces where:
(o) 1he judge hos ocluo| blos or prejudlce concernlng o
porly or persono| know|edge ol dlspuled evldenllory
locls concernlng lhe proceedlngs,
(b) 1he judge prevlous|y served os o |owyer or wos o
molerlo| wllness ln lhe moller ln conlroversy,
(c) 1he judge, or o member ol hls or her loml|y, hos on
economlc lnleresl ln lhe oulcome ol lhe moller ln
conlroversy,
(d) 1he judge served os execulor, odmlnlslrolor, guordlon,
lruslee or |owyer ln lhe cose or moller ln conlroversy,
or o lormer ossoclole ol lhe judge served os counse|
durlng lhelr ossoclollon, or lhe judge or |owyer wos o
molerlo| wllness lhereln,
(e) 1he judge's ru|lng ln o |ower courl ls lhe subjecl ol
revlew,
(l) 1he judge ls re|oled by consongulnlly or olllnlly lo o
porly |lllgonl wllhln lhe slxlh clvl| degree or lo counse|
wllhln lhe lourlh clvl| degree, or
(g) 1he judge knows lhol hls or her spouse or chl|d hos o
llnonclo| lnleresl, os helr, |egolee, credllor, llduclory, or
olherwlse, ln lhe subjecl moller ln conlroversy or ln o
porly lo lhe proceedlng, or ony olher lnleresl lhol cou|d
be subslonllo||y ollecled by lhe oulcome ol lhe
proceedlngs

Crounds lor Dlsquo|lllcollon ond lnhlblllon ol 1udges under
lhe Ru|es ol Courl
Moooototy ot Comu|soty D|squo||l|cot|oo |Ru|e 3, ROC]
(o) He or hls wlle or hls chl|d ls pecunlorl|y lnleresled os
helr, |egolee, credllor or olherwlse,
(b) Re|ollon lo ellher porly wllhln lhe slxlh degree ol
consongulnlly or olllnlly or lo counse| wllhln lhe 4lh
clvl| degree
(c) When he hos been on execulor, guordlon,
odmlnlslrolor, lruslee or counse|,
(d) When he hos preslded ln on lnlerlor courl where hls
ru|lng or declslon ls subjecl lo revlew.

vo|uototy lob|b|t|oo
A judge moy, ln lhe exerclse ol hls sound dlscrellon
dlsquo|lly hlmse|l, lor jusl ond vo|ld reosons olher lhon
lhose menlloned obove. |Ru|e 37, Sect|oo ]

1hls |eoves lhe dlscrellon lo lhe judge lo declde lor hlmse|l
quesllons os lo whelher he wl|| deslsl lrom sllllng ln cose
lor olher jusl ond vo|ld reosons wllh on|y hls consclence lo
gulde hlm, un|ess he connol dlscern lor hlmse|l hls lnobl|lly
lo meel lhe lesl ol lhe co|d neulro|lly requlred ol hlm, ln
whlch evenl lhe oppe||ole courl wl|| see lo ll lhol he
dlsquo|llles hlmse|l.

A declslon lo dlsquo|lly hlmse|l ls nol conc|uslve ond hls
compelency moy be delermlned on opp|lcollon lor
mandamus to compel him to act. Judges decision to
conllnue heorlng o cose ln whlch he ls nol |ego||y
prohlblled lrom lrylng nolwllhslondlng cho||enge lo hls
objecllvlly moy nol conslllule reverslb|e error.

1he ll|lng ol on odmlnlslrollve cose ogolnsl o judge does
nol dlsquo|lly hlm lrom heorlng o cose. 1be coutt bos to be
sbowo otbet tboo tbe l|||o ol oom|o|sttot|ve com|o|ot, oct
ot cooouct ol juoe |oo|cot|ve ol otb|ttot|oess ot tejuo|ce
belote tbe |ottet be|o btoooeo os tbe st|mo ol be|o
b|oseo ot ott|o|. |loteozo v. Motquez (988}]

D|squo||l|cot|oo lob|b|t|oo
Bos|s
Speclllc ond Lxc|uslve No speclllc grounds BU1
lhere ls o brood bosls lor
such, l.e. good, sound elhlco|
grounds
Ro|e ol tbe 1uo|c|o| Otoet
1udlclo| olllcer hos no
dlscrellon lo sll or lry lhe
cose
1he moller ls |ell lo lhe
sound dlscrellon ol lhe judge

,%/.''*3 #1 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$0
Sec. 6. A judge dlsquo|llled os sloled obove moy, lnsleod ol
wllhdrowlng lrom lhe proceedlng, dlsc|ose on lhe records
lhe bosls ol dlsquo|lllcollon. ll bosed on such dlsc|osure,
lhe porlles ond |owyers lndependenl|y ol lhe judge's
porllclpollon, o|| ogree ln wrlllng lhol lhe reoson lor lhe
lnhlblllon ls lmmolerlo| or unsubslonllo|, lhe judge moy
lhen porllclpole ln lhe proceedlng. 1he ogreemenl slgned
by o|| porlles ond |owyers sho|| be lncorporoled ln lhe
record ol lhe proceedlngs.

1he declslon lo conllnue heorlng lhe cose, desplle lhe
exlslence ol reosons lor dlsquo|lllcollon shou|d be:
(o) coup|ed wllh o booo l|oe o|sc|osute to tbe ott|es-|o-
||t|ot|oo, ond
(b) subjecl lo extess occetooce by o|| tbe ott|es ol lhe
clled reoson os nol molerlo| or subslonllo|. Absenl such
ogreemenl, lhe judge moy nol conllnue lo heor lhe cose.

&,#&,.%':
Coooo 4. Proprlely ond lhe oppeoronce ol proprlely ore
essenllo| lo lhe perlormonce ol o|| lhe ocllvllles ol o.
1udge.

/%/#,: *.2 1#, 0%"'.#$0 +$2%, "*$#$ <
(o) Avoldonce ol lmproprlely (Sec. J)
(b) Acceplonce ol Persono| Reslrlcllons (Sec. 2)
(c) Avoldonce ol Conlroversy (Sec. 3)
(d) Nol porllclpole ln coses where he moy be lmporllo|
(Sec. 4)
(e) Nol lo o||ow lhe use ol hls resldence by olher |owyers
(Sec. 5)
(l) |reedom ol Lxpresslon (Sec. 6)
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >)

(g) Be lnlormed ol hls llnonclo| lnleresls (Sec. 7)
(h) lnl|uence ol 1udlclo| Conducl (Sec. 8)
(l) Conlldenllo| lnlormollon (Sec. 9)
(l) Lngoge ln olher ocllvllles (Sec. J0)
(k) Procllce ol Prolesslon (Sec. JJ)
(|) |orm ossoclollons (Sec. J2)
(m) Cllls, Requesls, Loons (Sec. J3)
(n) Cllls, Requesls, Loons by sloll (Sec. J4)
(o) Permlsslb|e lokens ond owords (Sec. J5)

*4#.2*$"% #1 ./&,#&,.%':
Sec. . 1udges sho|| ovold lmproprlely ond lhe oppeoronce
ol lmproprlely ln o|| ol lhelr ocllvllles.

1he requlremenl lhol judges be lree lrom lmproprlely or
ony oppeoronce lhereol ls c|ose|y re|oled lo lhe
molnlenonce ol lnlegrlly ond promollon ol conlldence ln
lhe judlclory.

By prohlblllng nol on|y lmproprlely bul even lhe
oppeoronce ol lmproprlely, lhe Code recognlzes lhol even
ocls lhol ore nol per se lmproper con neverlhe|ess be
percelved by lhe |orger communlly os such. 1hls ls so
becouse lhe communlly ho|ds judges lo hlgher slondords
ol lnlegrlly ond elhlco| conducl lhon ollorneys ond olher
persons nol lnvesled wllh pub|lc lrusl.

Acls done by o judge whlch ore nol l||ego| bul ore sll||
vlo|ollons ol lhe Code ol 1udlclo| Llhlcs
(o) Heorlng coses on o doy when lhe judge wos supposed
lo be on olllclo| |eove
(b) Hearing a motion while on vacation, in the judges
room dressed ln o po|o jockel
(c) Pholos showlng lhe judge ond one ol hls subordlnoles
comlng oul ol o hole| logelher, desplle obsence ol
c|eor evldence ol sexuo| congress
(d) Moklng o joklng remork lo o |lllgonl suggesllng lhol
lhe |oller prove he horbored no l|| lee|lngs lowords lhe
judge
(e) Moklng o commenl oller conducllng o morrloge
ceremony lhol lhe brlde ond groom shou|d sexuo||y
sollsly eoch olher so lhol lhey wl|| nol go oslroy

Wholever lhe mollve moy hove been, lhe v|o|eot oct|oo ol
tbe tesoooeot ln o pub|lc p|oce conslllules serlous
mlsconducl ond lhe resu|lonl oulroge ol lhe communlly
|Atboo v. Botjo (989}]

ll wos hlgh|y lmproper lor o judge lo hove wle|ded o hlgh-
powered llreorm ln pub|lc ond besleged lhe house ol o
percelved delomer ol chorocler ond honor ln wor|lke
loshlon ond beroled lhe objecl ol hls lre, wllh hls llreorm
olmed ol lhe vlcllm |Sobuto|oo v. Mootooo (200}]

*""%&'*$"% #1 &%,0#$*3 ,%0',."'.#$0
Sec. 2. As o subjecl ol conslonl pub|lc scrullny, judges
musl occepl persono| reslrlcllons lhol mlghl be vlewed os
burdensome by lhe ordlnory clllzen ond shou|d do so lree|y
ond wl||lng|y. ln porllcu|or, judges sho|| conducl
lhemse|ves ln o woy lhol ls conslslenl wllh lhe dlgnlly ol
lhe judlclo| olllce.

Whl|e judges ore on|y humon, lhelr occeplonce ol lhe
judlclo| poslllon meons lhol more ls expecled lrom lhem
lhon lrom ordlnory clllzens, os lhelr ocls, bolh pub|lc ond
private, color the publics perception of the judiciary as a
who|e. |Re Aoooymous Com|o|ot Ao|ost 1uoe Fomuooo
1. Acuo A.M. No R11-04-89, (2005}]

D|o|l|eo cooouct ls besl descrlbed os conducl belllllng
men ond women possessed ol temetooce ooo tesect lot
tbe |ow ooo lot otbets.

*4#.2*$"% #1 "#$',#4%,0:
Sec. 3. 1udges sho||, ln lhelr persono| re|ollons wllh
lndlvlduo| members ol lhe |ego| prolesslon who procllce
regu|or|y ln lhelr courl, ovold slluollons whlch mlghl
reosonob|y glve rlse lo lhe susplclon or oppeoronce ol
lovorlllsm or porllo|lly.

Lssenllo| lo lhe ovoldonce ol lmproprlely ond lls
oppeoronce ls lhe molnlenonce ol co|o oeutto||ty ooo
|mott|o||ty. 1hls secllon ls squore|y dlrecled ol bo|slerlng
lhls prlnclp|e os ll requlres judges lo scrupu|ous|y guord
ogolnsl ony ocl lhol moy be conslrued os on expresslon ol
blos ln lovor ol o |lllgonl.

A judge ls commonded ol o|| llmes lo be mlndlu| ol lhe
hlgh co||lng ol o dlsposslonole ond lmporllo| orbller
expected at all times to be a cerebral man who
de|lberole|y ho|ds ln check lhe lug ond pu|| ol pure|y
persono| prelerences whlch he shores wllh hls le||ow
morlo|s. |Oll|ce ol tbe Coutt Aom|o|sttotot v. looetooo,
A.M. No. R11-0-660 (2005}]

$#' &*,'.".&*'% .$ "*0%0 8=%,% =% /*: 7% ./&*,'.*3
Sec. 4. 1udges sho|| nol porllclpole ln lhe delermlnollon ol
o cose ln whlch ony member ol lhelr loml|y represenls o
|lllgonl or ls ossocloled ln ony monner wllh lhe cose.

1hls ru|e resls on lhe prlnclp|e lhol no judge shou|d
preslde ln o cose ln whlch lhe judge ls nol who||y lree,
dlslnleresled, lmporllo| ond lndependenl. A judge hos bolh
lhe duly ol renderlng o jusl declslon ond lhe duly ol dolng
ll ln o monner comp|ele|y lree lrom susplclon os lo lolrness
and integrity. The purpose is to preserve the peoples faith
ond conlldence ln lhe courls ol jusllce. (Phl|1o)

$#' *33#8 '=% +0% #1 =.0 ,%0.2%$"% 7: #'=%, 3*8:%,0
Sec. 5. 1udges sho|| nol o||ow lhe use ol lhelr resldence by
o member ol lhe |ego| prolesslon lo recelve c|lenls ol lhe
|oller or ol olher members ol lhe |ego| prolesslon.

1he rollono|e lor lhls secllon ls lhe some os lhol ol Sect|oo
3.

1,%%2#/ #1 %H&,%00.#$
Sec. 6. 1udges, |lke ony olher clllzen, ore enlll|ed lo
lreedom ol expresslon, be|lel, ossoclollon ond ossemb|y,
bul ln exerclslng such rlghls, lhey sho|| o|woys conducl
lhemse|ves ln such o monner os lo preserve lhe dlgnlly ol
lhe judlclo| olllce ond lhe lmporllo|lly ond lndependence ol
lhe judlclory.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >E

Whl|e judges ore nol expecled lo |lve o hermll-|lke
exlslence or ceose luncllonlng os clllzens ol lhe Repub|lc,
tbey sbou|o temembet tbot tbey oo oot o|stobe tbemse|ves
ol tbe|t juo|c|o| oll|ce uoo |eov|o tbe|t so|os. ln lhe exerclse
ol lhelr clvl| |lberlles, lhey shou|d be clrcumspecl ond ever
mlndlu| lhol lhelr conllnulng commllmenl lo upho|dlng
lhe judlclory ond lls vo|ues p|oces upon lhem cerloln
lmp|led reslrolnls lo lhelr lreedom. |S|soo v. Coo|bes, 1t.
(2004}]

A judge wos odmonlshed lor lhe oppeoronce ol engoglng
ln porllson po|lllcs when he porllclpoled ln o po|lllco| ro||y
sponsored by one porly, even lhough he on|y exp|olned lhe
mechonlcs ol b|ock vollng lo lhe oudlence. |Moc|os v. Atu|o
(982}]

7% .$1#,/%2 #1 =.0 1.$*$".*3 .$'%,%0'0
Sec. 7. 1udges sho|| lnlorm lhemse|ves oboul lhelr persono|
llduclory ond llnonclo| lnleresls ond sho|| moke reosonob|e
ellorls lo be lnlormed oboul lhe llnonclo| lnleresls ol
members ol lhelr loml|y.

1hls secllon ol lhe New Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl shou|d be
reod ln conjuncllon wllh Secllon 7 ol lhe Repub|lc Acl 67J3,
whlch prohlblls cerloln persono| llduclory ond llnonclo|
conl|lcls.

[A] judge shall refrain from financial and business
deo|lngs lhol lend lo rel|ecl odverse|y on lhe courl's
lmporllo|lly, lnlerlere wllh lhe proper perlormonce ol
judlclo| ocllvllles, or lncreose lnvo|vemenl wllh |owyers or
persons likely to come before the court. [Cotbooo v.
Botte (2005}]

.$13+%$"% #1 B+2.".*3 "#$2+"'
Sec. 8. 1udges sho|| nol use or |end lhe presllge ol lhe
judlclo| olllce lo odvonce lhelr prlvole lnleresls, or lhose ol
o member ol lhelr loml|y or ol onyone e|se, nor sho|| lhey
convey or permll olhers lo convey lhe lmpresslon lhol
onyone ls ln o speclo| poslllon lmproper|y lo lnl|uence
lhem ln lhe perlormonce ol judlclo| dulles.

1hls ru|e hos lwo porls:
(o) A judge moy nol use judlclo| olllce lo odvonce prlvole
lnleresls
(b) A judge moy nol glve lhe lmpresslon lhol he or she con
be lnl|uenced lo use lhe judlclo| olllce lo odvonce lhe
prlvole lnleresls ol olhers

1lckel-llxlng
Mlsconducl ln whlch judges lmpermlsslb|y loke odvonloge
ol lhelr poslllon lo ovold lrolllc vlo|ollons.

"#$1.2%$'.*3 .$1#,/*'.#$
Sec. 9. Conlldenllo| lnlormollon ocqulred by judges ln lhelr
judlclo| copoclly sho|| nol be used or dlsc|osed lor ony
olher purpose re|oled lo lhelr judlclo| dulles.

When o judge re|eosed o droll ol her declslon lo o porly,
lhol conducl wos lound lo be nol jusl o slmp|e breoch ol
confidentiality but a scheme to make the party negotiate
lor lncreoses ln lhe monelory owords lo be glven by lhe
judge. |Ceottum At|-Bus|oess Reo|ty Cot. v. koto|bos-
Moscotooo (995}]

A judge's ocl ol persono||y lurnlshlng o porly coples ol
orders lssued, wllhoul posslng lhem lhrough lhe courl
dockel, wos consldered lo be hlgh|y lrregu|or, glvlng rlse lo
lhe susplclon lhol lhe judge wos porllo| lo one ol lhe
porlles ln lhe cose. |Co v. Co||mo (2000}]

ll ls lmproper lor o judge lo o||ow hls wlle lo hove occess lo
courl records whlch ore necessorl|y conlldenllo|, os lhls
procllce moy convey lhe lmpresslon lhol she ls lhe one
who con lnl|uence lhe judge's olllclo| luncllons. |Cotooo v.
l||ooo (200}]

Where respondenl oppe||ole jusllce onnounced on
le|evlslon lhol he |osl o conlldenllo| droll ol on order ond
pub|lc|y osked lhe Nollono| Bureou ol lnvesllgollon lo
lnvesllgole, he wos he|d by lhe Supreme Courl lo hove
been gul|ly ol conducl unbecomlng o judge. |lo Re 1ust|ce
Aooc|eto Boooy (2003}]

%$5*5% .$ #'=%, *"'.4.'.%0
Sec. 0. Subjecl lo lhe proper perlormonce ol judlclo|
dulles, judges moy
(o) Wrlle, |eclure, leoch ond porllclpole ln ocllvllles
concernlng lhe |ow, lhe |ego| syslem, lhe
odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce or re|oled mollers,
(b) Appeor ol o pub|lc heorlng belore on olllclo| body
concerned wllh mollers re|ollng lo lhe |ow, lhe |ego|
syslem, lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce or re|oled mollers,
(c) Lngoge ln olher ocllvllles ll such ocllvllles do nol
delrocl lrom lhe dlgnlly ol lhe judlclo| olllce or
olherwlse lnlerlere wllh lhe perlormonce ol judlclo|
dulles.

1hls secllon o||ows lhe judge lo porllclpole ln |ego|
ocodemlo ond pub|lc dlscourse on |ego| mollers wllh lhe
provlso lhol lhere sho|| be no lnlerlerence ln lhe
performance of the judges primary functions with respect
lo hls or her jurlsdlcllon.

ln deo|lng wllh lhe medlo, lhe lb||||oe 1uo|c|o| Acooemy
suggesls lhol o judge or courl shou|d ovo|o oct|moo|ous
oebote w|tb teottets ooo tbe ub||c, lor o knee jerk reocllon
lrom lhe courl or judge moy on|y provoke negollve lo||ow-
up reporls ond orllc|es.

This sections tolerance of judicially-re|oled ocllvllles ls
||m|teo by Sect|oo 2, Att|c|e vlll ol tbe Coost|tut|oo, wb|cb
prohibits judges from being designated to any agency
etlotm|o quos| juo|c|o| ot oom|o|sttot|ve luoct|oos.

1hls dec|orollon does nol meon lhol R1C judges shou|d
odopl on ollllude ol monosllc lnsenslbl|lly or unbecomlng
lndlllerence lo lhe ProvlnceJClly Commlllee on 1usllce. As
lncumbenl R1C judges, lhey lorm porl ol lhe slruclure ol
governmentEven as non-membersRTC judges should
render osslslonce lo sold Commlllees lo he|p promole lhe
|oudob|e purposes lor whlch lhey exlsl, bul on|y when such
osslslonce moy be reosonob|y lncldenlo| lo lhe lu|ll||menl
ol lhelr judlclo| dulles. |lo Re Des|oot|oo ol 1uoe Rooo|lo
U. Moozooo, (988}]
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >;


&,*"'."% #1 &,#1%00.#$
Sec. . 1udges sho|| nol procllce |ow whl|sl lhe ho|der ol
judlclo| olllce.

1hls prohlblllon ls bosed on lhe lnherenl lncompollbl|lly ol
lhe rlghls, dulles ond luncllons ol lhe olllce ol on ollorney
wllh lhe powers, dulles ond luncllons ol o judge. |Cotuo| v.
Btuso|o (999}]

Whl|e munlclpo| judges con odmlnlsler oolhs or execule
cerllllcoles on mollers re|oled lo lhelr olllclo| luncllons,
lhey connol nolorlze prlvole documenls. |1oboo v. As|s
(996}]

However, ll shou|d be noled lhol judges osslgned lo
munlclpo|llles ond clrculls moy ocl os nolorles pub|lc
provlded lhol: (J) o|| ootot|o| lees cboteo be to tbe
governments account, ond (2) cett|l|cot|oo be mooe |o tbe
ootot|o| oocumeots ottest|o to tbe |ock ol |owyets ot oototy
|o tbe muo|c|o||ty ot c|tcu|t. |Doub|os v. loez 1t. (2000}]

1#,/ *00#".*'.#$0
Sec. 2. 1udges moy lorm or joln ossoclollons ol judges or
porllclpole ln olher orgonlzollons represenllng lhe
lnleresls ol judges.

1hls ru|e o|so recognlzes lhe dlllerence belween
membershlp ln ossoclollons ol judges ond membershlp ln
ossoclollons ol olher |ego| prolesslono|s. Whl|e ollendonce
ol |ovlsh evenls hosled by |owyers mlghl creole on
oppeoronce ol lmproprlely, porllclpollon ln judges-on|y
orgonlzollons does nol. (lb||1o)

5.1'06 ,%-+%0'06 3#*$0
Sec. 3. 1udges ond members ol lhelr loml|les sho|| nellher
osk lor, nor occepl, ony glll, bequesl, |oon or lovor ln
re|ollon lo onylhlng done or lo be done or omllled lo be
done by hlm or her ln connecllon wllh lhe perlormonce ol
judlclo| dulles.

1hls secllon shou|d be reod ln conjuncllon wllh Secllon
7(d) ol R.A. 67J3 whlch prohlblls pub|lc olllclo|s lrom
so|lclllng or occepllng gllls.

Rece|v|o mooey ltom o otty ||t|oot |s tbe k|oo ol toss
ooo l|ouot|o m|scooouct on lhe porl ol lhe judge, who ls
chorged wllh lhe responslbl|lly ol odmlnlslerlng lhe |ow
ond renderlng jusllce. |Omoc v. 1otte (989}]

5.1'06 ,%-+%0'06 3#*$0 7: 0'*11
Sec. 4. 1udges sho|| nol knowlng|y permll courl sloll or
olhers subjecl lo lhelr lnl|uence, dlrecllon or oulhorlly, lo
osk lor, or occepl, ony glll, bequesl, |oon or lovor ln re|ollon
lo onylhlng done or lo be done or omllled lo be done ln
connecllon wllh lhelr dulles or luncllons.

1hls secllon comp|emenls lhe prevlous secllon ond ossures
lhol wbot tbe juoe coooot oo o|tect|y, moy oot be oooe
|oo|tect|y lhrough lhe use ol emp|oyees or sloll members.

&%,/.00.73% '#G%$0 *$2 *8*,20
Sec. 5. Subjecl lo |ow ond lo ony |ego| requlremenls ol
pub|lc dlsc|osure, judges moy recelve o loken glll, oword or
benelll os opproprlole lo lhe occoslon on whlch ll ls mode,
provlded lhol such glll, oword or benelll mlghl nol be
reosonob|y percelved os lnlended lo lnl|uence lhe judge ln
lhe perlormonce ol olllclo| dulles or olherwlse glve rlse lo
on oppeoronce ol porllo|lly.

Ceoeto| Ru|e: 1udges ond members ol lhelr loml|les connol
occepl gllls, elc.

Fxcet|oo: Subjecl lo |ego| requlremenls |lke pub|lc
dlsc|osure, moy occepl gllls provlded lhol ll mlghl nol
reosonob|y be percelved os lnlended lo lnl|uence judge.

Secllon 7(d) ol R.A. 67J3 o||ows lhe lo||owlng:
(o) Clll ol nomlno| vo|ue lendered ond recelved os o
souvenlr or mork ol courlesy
(b) Scho|orshlp or le||owshlp gronl or medlco| lreolmenl
(c) 1rove| gronls or expenses lor lrove| loklng p|oce
enllre|y oulslde lhe Phl|lpplnes (such os o||owonces,
lronsporlollon, lood ond |odglng) ol more lhon
nomlno| vo|ue ll such occeplonce ls opproprlole or
conslslenl wllh lhe lnleresl ol lhe Phl|lpplnes, ond
permllled by lhe heod olllce, bronch or ogency lo
whlch lhe judge be|ongs.

%-+*3.':
Coooo 5. Lnsurlng equo|lly ol lreolmenl lo o|| belore lhe
courls ls essenllo| lo lhe due perlormonce ol lhe judlclo|
olllce.

/%/#,: *.2 1#, 0%"'.#$0 +$2%, "*$#$ >
(o) Underslond lhe dlverslly ln soclely (Sec. J)
(b) Nol lo monllesl blos or prejudlce (Sec. 2)
(c) Nol lo dlllerenllole (Sec. 3)
(d) Nol lo lnl|uence sloll (Sec. 4)
(e) Allllude lo porlles oppeorlng ln courl (Sec. 5)

1hls ls o new Conon nol lound ln lhe prevlous lwo
Phl|lpplne Codes ol 1udlclo| Conducl. ll exponds lhe
meosures lo promole equo|lly requlred by lnlernollono|
humon rlghls ogreemenls. 1hose ogreemenls odvocole o
unlverso| opp|lcollon ol |ow ond non-dlscrlmlnollon
belween lhe sexes. (Phl|1o)

+$2%,0'*$2 '=% 2.4%,0.': .$ 0#".%':
Sec. . 1udges sho|| be owore ol ond underslond dlverslly ln
soclely ond dlllerences orlslng lrom vorlous sources,
lnc|udlng, bul nol |lmlled lo, roce, co|or, sex, re|lglon,
nollono| orlgln, cosle, dlsobl|lly, oge, morllo| slolus, sexuo|
orlenlollon, soclo| ond economlc slolus, ond olher |lke
couses.

1o render subslonllo| jusllce ond molnloln pub|lc
conlldence ln lhe judlclo| syslem, judges ore expecled lo
be owore ol lhe dlverslly ln soclely lhol resu|ls lrom on
lncreosed wor|dwlde exchonge ol peop|e ond ldeos. 1udges
musl be ob|e lo ovold lhe lnll|lrollon ol preconcepllons
lnlo lhelr declslons. 1hey shou|d be mlndlu| ol lhe vorlous
lnlernollono| lnslrumenls ond lreolles rolllled by lhe
Phl|lpplnes, whlch olllrm lhe equo|lly ol o|| humon belngs
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% ><

ond eslob|lsh o norm ol non-dlscrlmlnollon wllhoul
dlsllncllon os lo roce, sex, |onguoge or re|lglon.

$#' '# /*$.1%0' 7.*0 #, &,%B+2."%
Sec. 2. 1udges sho|| nol, ln lhe perlormonce ol judlclo|
dulles, by words or conducl, monllesl blos or prejudlce
lowords ony person or group on lrre|evonl grounds.

Ru|e 37, Sec. ol tbe Ru|es ol Coutt express|y sloles lhol no
judge sho|| sll ln ony cose whlch he hos been counse| (lor o
porly) wllhoul lhe wrlllen consenl ol o|| porlles ln lnleresl,
slgned by lhem ond enlered upon lhe record. 1he
prohlblllon ls nol |lmlled lo coses ln whlch o judge heors
lhe evldence bul lnc|udes os we|| coses where he ocls by
reso|vlng mollons, lssulng orders ond lhe |lke. |lo Re 1uoe
Rojos (998}]

$#' '# 2.11%,%$'.*'%
Sec. 3. 1udges sho|| corry oul judlclo| dulles wllh
opproprlole conslderollon lor o|| persons, such os lhe
porlles, wllnesses, |owyers, courl sloll ond judlclo|
co||eogues, wllhoul dlllerenllollon on ony lrre|evonl
ground, lmmolerlo| lo lhe proper perlormonce ol such
dulles.

1hls provlslon ls loken lrom Conons J, 9 ond J0 ol lhe
Conons ol 1udlclo| Llhlcs ond Ru|e 3.04, Conon 3 ol lhe
J989 Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl.

$#' '# .$13+%$"% 0'*11
Sec. 4. 1udges sho|| nol knowlng|y permll courl sloll or
olhers subjecl lo hls or her lnl|uence, dlrecllon or conlro| lo
dlllerenllole belween persons concerned, ln o moller
belore lhe judge, on ony lrre|evonl ground.

1udges shou|d orgonlze lhelr courls lo ensure lhe prompl
ond convenlenl dlspolch ol buslness ond shou|d nol
lo|erole mlsconducl by c|erks, sherllls ond olher osslslonls
who ore somellmes prone lo expecl lovors or speclo|
lreolmenl due lo lhelr prolesslono| re|ollonshlp wllh lhe
judge. |Coooos ol 1uo|c|o| Ftb|cs, 8; 989 Cooe ol 1uo|c|o|
Cooouct, Coooo 3, Ru|e 3.09]

*''.'+2% '# &*,'.%0 *&&%*,.$5 .$ "#+,'
Sec. 5. 1udges sho|| requlre |owyers ln proceedlngs belore
lhe courl lo relroln lrom monllesllng, by words or conducl,
blos or prejudlce bosed on lrre|evonl grounds, excepl such
os ore |ego||y re|evonl lo on lssue ln proceedlngs ond moy
be lhe subjecl ol |eglllmole odvococy.

1udges shou|d conducl proceedlngs ln courl wllh dlgnlly
ond ln o monner lhol rel|ecls lhe lmporlonce ond
serlousness ol proceedlngs. 1hey shou|d molnloln order
ond proper decorum ln lhe courl. |989 Cooe ol 1uo|c|o|
Cooouct, Coooo 3, Ru|e 3.03]

1udges hove lhe duly lo prevenl |owyers lrom obuslng
wllnesses wllh unlolr lreolmenl.



Rlghls ond Ob|lgollons ol Wllnesses |Ru|e 32, Sect|oo 3 ol
tbe Rev|seo Ru|es ol Coutt]:
(o) 1o be prolecled lrom lrre|evonl, lmproper or lnsu|llng
quesllons ond lrom o horsh or lnsu|llng demeonor,
(b) Nol lo be delolned |onger lhon lhe lnleresls ol jusllce
requlre
(c) Nol lo be exomlned excepl os lo mollers perllnenl lo
lhe lssues belore lhe courl,
(d) Nol lo glve on onswer whlch wl|| lend lo subjecl hlm lo
o peno|ly lor on ollense un|ess olherwlse provlded by
|ow,
(e) Nol lo glve on onswer whlch wl|| lend lo degrode lhe
witness reputation, but a witness must answer the fact
ol ony prevlous llno| convlcllon lor o crlmlno| ollense.

Women oppeorlng os wllnesses or |lllgonls hove lound
lhemse|ves subjecled lo lnopproprlole, over|y loml|lor ond
demeonlng lorms ol oddress, commenls on lhelr persono|
appearance, sexist remarks, jokes and unwelcome
odvonces. As courls ore expecled lo ensure equo|lly, ony
|owyer who mokes on lnsenslllve or demeonlng commenl
ln courl shou|d be odmonlshed. (Phl|1o)

1he ocllon ol lhe judge ln selzlng lhe wllness, A|berlo
Ange|, by lhe shou|der ond lurnlng hlm oboul wos
uowottooteo ooo oo |otetleteoce w|tb tbot lteeoom ltom
uo|owlu| etsooo| v|o|eoce to wb|cb evety w|toess |s eot|t|eo
whl|e glvlng lesllmony ln o courl ol jusllce. Agolnsl such
conducl lhe oppe||onl hod lhe rlghl lo prolesl ond lo
demond lhol lhe lncldenl be mode o moller ol record. 1hol
he dld so wos nol conlempl, provldlng prolesl ond demond
were respecllu||y mode ond wllh due regord lor lhe dlgnlly
ol lhe courl. |lo Re Auos (90}]

"#/&%'%$"% *$2 2.3.5%$"%
Coooo 6. Compelence ond dl|lgence ore prerequlslles lo
lhe due perlormonce ol judlclo| olllce.

/%/#,: *.2 1#, 0%"'.#$0 +$2%, "*$#$ @
(o) Dulles loke precedence (Sec. J)
(b) Perlorm odmlnlslrollve dulles (Sec. 2)
(c) Molnloln prolesslono| compelence (Sec. 3)
(d) Be lnlormed oboul lhe |ow (Sec. 4)
(e) Prompl declslon moklng (Sec. 5)
(l) Molnloln order ln proceedlngs (Sec. 6)
(g) Nol lo engoge ln conducl conlrory lo dulles (Sec. 7)

1udlclo| olllce demonds compelence ond dl|lgence.
The administration of justice ls o socred losk ... ond |u]pon
ossumpllon lo olllce, o judge ceoses lo be on ordlnory
morlo|. He becomes lhe vlslb|e represenlollon ol lhe |ow
and more importantly, of justice. [Oll|ce ol tbe Coutt
Aom|o|sttotot v. C|oes (993}]

2+'.%0 '*G% &,%"%2%$"%
Sec. . 1he judlclo| dulles ol o judge loke precedence over
o|| olher ocllvllles.

Though a judge has a duty to not sit where disqualified, a
judge hos on equo||y slrong duly nol lo recuse hlmse|l
when the circumstances do not require recusal. [ABA
Annololed Mode| Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl (2004),
Commenlory, Conon 3B(J), clllng lo|to v. 1otum, (972}]
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >>



&%,1#,/ *2/.$.0',*'.4% 2+'.%0
Sec. 2. 1udges sho|| devole lhelr prolesslono| ocllvlly lo
judlclo| dulles, whlch lnc|ude nol on|y lhe perlormonce ol
judlclo| luncllons ond responslbl|llles ln courl ond lhe
moklng ol declslons, bul o|so olher losks re|evonl lo lhe
judicial office or the courts operations.

ln lhe lnslonl cose, respondenl judge lmpeded lhe speedy
dlsposlllon ol coses by hls successor on occounl ol mlsslng
records ol coses. 1hls locl rel|ecls on lnelllclenl ond
dlsorder|y syslem ln lhe recordlng ol coses osslgned lo hls
so|o. ltoet ooo ell|c|eot coutt moooemeot |s os mucb tbe
juoe's tesoos|b|||ty lot tbe Coutt etsoooe| ote oot tbe
uoto|oos ol o 1uoe's tesoos|b|||t|es. A judge ls expecled
lo ensure lhol lhe records ol coses osslgned lo hls so|o ore
lnlocl. 1here ls no jusllllcollon lor mlsslng records sove
lorlullous evenls. 1he |oss ol nol one bul elghl records ls
lndlcollve ol gross mlsconducl ond lnexcusob|e neg|lgence
unbecomlng ol o judge. |loobooo v. lo|| (990}]

/*.$'*.$ &,#1%00.#$*3 "#/&%'%$"%
Sec. 3. 1udges sho|| loke reosonob|e sleps lo molnloln ond
enhonce lhelr know|edge, skl||s ond persono| quo|llles
necessory lor lhe proper perlormonce ol judlclo| dulles,
loklng odvonloge lor lhls purpose lhe lrolnlng ond olher
locl|llles whlch shou|d be mode ovol|ob|e, under judlclo|
conlro|, lo judges.

1udges ore regorded os etsoos |eotoeo |o tbe |ow ond ll ls
ln porl lhelr moslerlu| grosp ol lhe |ow lhol suslolns pub|lc
lrusl ln lhelr work ond ln lhe conlldence ol lhe peop|e ond
lhe |ego| prolesslon ln lhe odmlnlslrollon ol jusllce.

Fveo |o tbe temo|o|o yeots ol b|s stoy |o tbe juo|c|oty, be
sbou|o kee obteost w|tb tbe cbooes |o tbe |ow ooo w|tb
tbe |otest oec|s|oos ooo teceoeots. A|lhough o judge ls
neorlng rellremenl, he shou|d nol re|ox ln hls sludy ol lhe
|ow ond courl declslons. |Aboo v. B|ezo (986}]

1udges ore nol, however, expecled lo be lnlo||lb|e, nol
every error or lrregu|orlly commllled by judges ln lhe
perlormonce ol olllclo| dulles ls subjecl lo odmlnlslrollve
soncllon. ln lhe obsence ol bod lollh, lroud, dlshonesly, or
de|lberole lnlenl lo do lnjusllce, lncorrecl ru|lngs do nol
conslllule mlsconducl ond moy nol glve rlse lo o chorge ol
gross lgnoronce ol lhe |ow. |Ctuz v. ltutto|oe (2003}j

1o conslllule gross lgnoronce ol lhe |ow, on error or
lrregu|orlly on lhe porl ol lhe judge ln lhe opp|lcollon or
interpretation of the law must not only be contrary to
exlsllng |ow ond jurlsprudence but mot|voteo by boo
lo|tb, ltouo, o|sbooesty ooo cottut|oo. [Duouoco v.
loqu|ooooum (2005}]

Now, lhe eslob|lshed doclrlne ond po|lcy ls lhol
dlsclp|lnory proceedlngs ond crlmlno| ocllons ogolnsl
1udges ore nol comp|emenlory or supp|elory ol, nor o
subslllule lor, lhese judlclo| remedles, whelher ordlnory or
exlroordlnory. Resorl lo ond exhousllon ol lhese judlclo|
remedies are prerequisites for the taking of other
meosures ogolnsl lhe persons ol lhe judges concerned,
whelher ol clvl|, odmlnlslrollve, or crlmlno| nolure. lt |s oo|y
oltet tbe ovo||ob|e juo|c|o| temeo|es bove beeo exbousteo
ooo tbe oe||ote tt|buoo|s bove sokeo w|tb l|oo||ty tbot tbe
ooot to oo |oqu|ty |oto b|s ct|m|oo|, c|v||, ot oom|o|sttot|ve
||ob|||ty moy be so|o to bove oeoeo, ot c|oseo. |Moqu|too v.
Ctoeoo (2005}]

7% .$1#,/%2 *7#+' '=% 3*8
Sec. 4. 1udges sho|| keep lhemse|ves lnlormed oboul
re|evonl deve|opmenls ol lnlernollono| |ow, lnc|udlng
lnlernollono| convenllons ond olher lnslrumenls
eslob|lshlng humon rlghls norms.

&,#/&' 2%".0.#$ /*G.$5
Sec. 5. 1udges sho|| perlorm o|| judlclo| dulles, lnc|udlng
lhe de|lvery ol reserved declslons, elllclenl|y, lolr|y ond wllh
reosonob|e promplness.

1he essence ol lhe judlclo| luncllon ls expressed ln Sect|oo
, Ru|e 24 ol tbe Rev|seo Ru|es ol Coutt whlch provldes lhol
[j]ustice shall be impartially administered without
unnecessary delay. This principle permeates the whole
syslem ol judlcolure, ond supporls lhe |eglllmocy ol lhe
decrees ol judlclo| lrlbuno|s.

/*.$'*.$ #,2%, .$ &,#"%%2.$50
Sec. 6. 1udges sho|| molnloln order ond decorum ln o||
proceedlngs belore lhe courl ond be pollenl, dlgnllled ond
courleous ln re|ollon lo |lllgonls, wllnesses, |owyers ond
olhers wllh whom lhe judge deo|s ln on olllclo| copoclly.
1udges sho|| requlre slml|or conducl ol |ego|
represenlollves, courl sloll ond olhers subjecl lo lhelr
lnl|uence, dlrecllon or conlro|.

1he respondenl judge wos gul|ly ol commllllng ocls
unbecomlng ol o judge ond obuse ol oulhorlly when he
shouled lnvecllves ond lhrew o cholr ol lhe comp|olnonl,
resu|llng ln wrlsl ond olher lnjurles lo lhe comp|olnonl.
|Bt|ooes v. Aote, 1t. (2002}]

1he respondenl judge wos lound gul|ly ol serlous
mlsconducl ond lnelllclency by reoson ol hoblluo|
lordlness. He wos llned ond suspended lor judlclo|
lndo|ence. |Yu-Aseos| v. v|||oouevo (2000}]

$#' '# %$5*5% .$ "#$2+"' "#$',*,: '# 2+'.%0
Sec. 7. 1udges sho|| nol engoge ln conducl lncompollb|e
wllh lhe dl|lgenl dlschorge ol judlclo| dulles.

A judge neg|ecled hls duly when he lol|ed lo exerclse exlro
core ln ensurlng lhol records ol lhe coses ond olllclo|
documenls ln hls cuslody were lnlocl. 1he Supreme Courl
reiterated that judges must adopt a system of record
monogemenl ond orgonlze lhelr dockels ln order lo bo|sler
lhe prompl ond elllclenl dlspolch ol buslness. |Beso v.
Doumoo (2000}]

By lssulng orders lndellnlle|y poslponlng lhe heorlng ol
e|ecllon prolesl, lhe judge ln De |o Ctuz v. loscuo
monllesled lnelllclency ln lhe dlsposlllon ol on e|ecllon
prolesl cose ond lhus overl|y lronsgressed bos|c
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >@

moooototy tu|es lot exeo|t|ous teso|ut|oo ol coses. |De |o
Ctuz v. loscuo (200}]



:'(8'#/'*$ )0 G$@<$%(
)0 .1$ K"C'8'4%=

/%/7%,0 #1 '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,'
./&%*"=/%$'
Slolulory Bosls
987 Coost|tut|oo, Att. X, Sect|oo 2. 1he Presldenl, lhe vlce-
Presldenl, lhe Members ol lhe Supreme Courl, lhe
Members ol lhe Conslllullono| Commlsslons, ond lhe
Ombudsmon moy be removed lrom olllce on
lmpeochmenl lor, ond convlcllon ol, cu|pob|e vlo|ollon ol
lhe Conslllullon, lreoson, brlbery, groll ond corrupllon,
olher hlgh crlmes, or belroyo| ol pub|lc lrusl. A|| olher
pub|lc olllcers ond emp|oyees moy be removed lrom olllce
os provlded by |ow, bul nol by lmpeochmenl.

Llhlco| Lessons lrom |ormer Chlel 1usllce Corono
Overview of Chief Justice Coronas impeachment
Decembet 2, 20. 1he House ol Represenlollves voled lo
lmpeoch C1 Corono. 1hey chorged hlm wllh elghl orllc|es
ol lmpeochmenl o||eglng (J) belroyo| ol pub|lc lrusl, (2)
groll ond corrupllon, ond (3) cu|pob|e vlo|ollon ol lhe
Conslllullon

Att|c|es ol lmeocbmeot l||eo by tbe louse ol
Reteseotot|ves
Att|c|e l: Porllo|lly ond subservlence ln coses lnvo|vlng lhe
Arroyo odmlnlslrollon

Att|c|e ll: |ol|ure lo dlsc|ose lo lhe pub|lc hls Slolemenl ol
Assels ond Llobl|llles

Att|c|e lll: ||lp-l|opplng declslons ln llno| ond execulory
coses, creollng excesslve enlong|emenl wllh |ormer
Presldenl Arroyo, ond dlscusslng wllh |lllgonls regordlng
lhe coses pendlng belore lhe Supreme Courl

Att|c|e lv: lrregu|orllles ln lssulng o quo-onle order ogolnsl
lhe HoR ln lhe lmpeochmenl ol lhen Ombudsmon
Mercedllos Cullerrez

Att|c|e v: Cerrymonderlng ln lhe cose ol lhe J6-new|y
creoled cllles ond promollon ol Dlnogol lnlo o provlnce

Att|c|e vl: lmproper lnvesllgollon ln lhe p|oglorlsm cose ol
Assoclole 1usllce Morlono de| Cosll||o

Att|c|e vll: Ctoot|o o temototy testto|o|o otoet to lotmet
ltes|oeot Attoyo ooo busbooo M|ke Attoyo oltet tbe DO1
teveoteo tbem to o out ol tbe couotty

Att|c|e vlll: Ctolt ooo cottut|oo wbeo be lo||eo ooo teluseo
to occouot lot tbe juo|c|oty oeve|omeot luoo ooo sec|o|
o||owooce lot tbe juo|c|oty co||ect|oos

(o) 1oouoty 6, 202. 1he Senole, sllllng os on
lmpeochmenl courl begon lhe lrlo|.
(b) 1he prosecullon dropped orllc|es l, lv, v, vl, vll, vlll,
|eovlng on|y Arllc|es ll ond lll os lhelr grounds lor
lmpeochmenl.
(c) Moy 29, 202. 1he Senole lound C1 Corono gul|ly under
Arllc|e ll ol lhe Arllc|es ol lmpeochmenl lor hls lol|ure lo
dec|ore hls lrue slolemenls ol ossels, |lobl|llles ond nel
worlh. Aller 20 senolors voled ln lovor ol lmpeochmenl
under lhls ground, lhe Senole no |onger voled under
Arllc|e lll. 1hree senolors voled lo ocqull Corono on lhol
ground.

Ouonlum ol Lvldence Used
1he lmpeochmenl ls su| eoet|s, ll ls nellher pure|y po|lllco|
or crlmlno| so ll does nol requlre prool beyond reosonob|e
doubl. ln lhe course ol lhe lmpeochmenl lrlo|, lhe senolor-
judges expressed dlllerlng vlews. Some orgued lhol ll
requires clear and convincing proof, while some argued
that it needs preponderance of evidence.

Yale professor Charles Black however wrote that the
Senole hos lrodlllono||y |ell lhe cholce ol lhe opp|lcob|e
standard of proof to each individual senator.

Pub|lc Proceedlngs
A|| proceedlngs ol lhe lmpeochmenl lrlo| ore pub|lc
becouse ol lhe nollono| lnleresl lnvo|ved ln lhe lssue. 1he
peop|e lhrough lhelr represenlollves ore lo declde lor lhe
oulcome ol lhe lmpeochmenl. |Bo-oo]

3#8%, "#+,' B+25%0 *$2 B+0'."%0
0'*'+'#,: 7*0.0
987 Coost|tut|oo, Att. vlll, Sect|oo . 1he members ol lhe
Supreme Courl ond judges ol |ower courls sho|| ho|d olllce
durlng o good behovlor unll| lhey reoch lhe oge ol sevenly
yeors or become lncopoclloled lo dlschorge lhe dulles ol
lhelr olllce. 1he Supreme Courl en bonc sho|| hove lhe
power lo dlsclp|lne judges ol |ower courls, or order lhelr
dlsmlsso| by o vole ol mojorlly ol lhe Members who
ocluo||y look porl ln lhe de|lberollons on lhe lssues ln lhe
cose ond voled lhereon.

Ceoeto| Ru|e: A judge ls nol |lob|e odmlnlslrollve|y, clvl||y or
crlmlno||y when he ocls wllhln hls power ond jurlsdlcllon.

1hls lrees lhe judge lrom opprehenslon ol persono|
consequences lo hlmse|l ond lo preserve lhe lnlegrlly ond
lndependence ol lhe judlclory.

Fxcet|oo: Serlous mlsconducl, lnelllclency, gross ond
polenl, or de|lberole ond mo|lclous error, bod lollh

/.0"#$2+"'
Wronglu| lnlenllon ond nol mere error ln judgmenl
|Roqu|zo vs. Costooeoo (978}]

0%,.#+0 /.0"#$2+"'
Lxlsls when lhe judlclo| ocl comp|olned ol ls corrupl or
lnsplred by on lnlenllon lo vlo|ole lhe |ow or o perslslenl
dlsregord ol we||-known |ego| ru|es. |Co|oo| v. Moc||-|o,
Aom. Mottet No. 75-D1 (978}]

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >A



0%,.#+0 .$%11.".%$":
An exomp|e ls neg|lgence ln lhe perlormonce ol duly, ll
reck|ess ln chorocler |loeoo v. Co||ooo, (977}]

%,,#, #, .5$#,*$"% #1 3*8
Lrror or mlsloke musl be gross or polenl, mo|lclous,
de|lberole or ln bod lollh.
Musl ocl lroudu|enl|y, corrupl|y or wllh gross lgnoronce.

Coveot Nol every error or mlsloke ol o judge ln lhe
perlormonce ol hls dulles mokes hlm |lob|e. 1o ho|d lhe
judge odmlnlslrollve|y occounlob|e lor every erroneous
ru|lng or declslon he renders, ossumlng he hos erred,
wou|d be nolhlng shorl ol horossmenl ond wou|d moke hls
poslllon unbeorob|e. |Sectetoty ol 1ust|ce v. Motcos, (977}]

Mlsconducl lmp|les mo|lce or o wronglu| lnlenl, nol o mere
error of judgment. For serious misconduct to exist, there
musl be o re|lob|e evldence showlng lhol lhe judlclo| ocls
comp|olned ol were corrupl or were lnsplred by on
lnlenllon lo vlo|ole lhe |ow, or were ln perslslenl dlsregord
ol we||-known legal rules. [lo te lmeocbmeot ol lot|||eoo,
(922}]

lnelllclency lmp|les neg|lgence, lgnoronce ond
core|essness. A judge wou|d be lnexcusob|y neg|lgenl ll he
lol|ed lo observe ln lhe perlormonce ol hls dulles lhol
dl|lgence, prudence ond clrcumspecllon whlch lhe |ow
requlres ln lhe rendlllon ol ony pub|lc servlce. |lo te
C||moco, (974}]

,+3% )<DM 2.0".&3.$% #1 B+25%0 #1 ,%5+3*, *$2 0&%".*3
"#+,'0 *$2 B+0'."%0 #1 '=% "#+,' #1 *&&%*30 *$2 '=%
0*$2.5*$7*:*$
Sec. . low |ost|tuteo. Proceedlngs lor lhe dlsclp|lne ol
judges ol regu|or ond speclo| courls ond 1usllces ol lhe
Courl ol Appeo|s ond lhe Sondlgonboyon moy be
lnsllluled molu proprlo by lhe Supreme Courl or upon o
verllled comp|olnl, supporled by ollldovlls ol person who
hove persono| know|edge ol lhe locls o||eged lhereln or by
documenls whlch moy subslonllole sold o||egollons, or
upon on ononymous comp|olnl, supporled by pub|lc
records ol lndubllob|e lnlegrlly. 1he comp|olnl sho|| be ln
wrlllng ond sho|| slole c|eor|y ond conclse|y lhe ocls ond
omlsslons conslllullng vlo|ollons ol slondords ol conducl
prescrlbed lor 1udges by |ow, lhe Ru|es ol Courl, or lhe
Code ol 1udlclo| Conducl.

Sec. 2. Act|oo oo tbe com|o|ot. ll lhe comp|olnl ls
sulllclenl ln lorm ond subslonce, o copy lhereol sho|| be
served upon lhe respondenl, ond he sho|| be requlred lo
commenl wllhln len (J0) doys lrom lhe dole ol servlce.
Olherwlse, lhe some sho|| be dlsmlssed.

Sec. 3. By wbom com|o|ot |ovest|oteo. Upon lhe ll|lng
of the respondents comment, or upon the expiration of the
llme lor ll|lng lhe some ond un|ess olher p|eodlngs or
documenls ore requlred, lhe Courl sho|| reler lhe moller lo
lhe Olllce ol lhe Courl Admlnlslrolor lor evo|uollon, reporl,
ond recommendollon or osslgn lhe cose lor lnvesllgollon,
reporl, ond recommendollon lo o rellred member ol lhe
Supreme Courl, ll lhe respondenl ls o 1usllce ol lhe Courl
ol Appeo|s ond lhe Sondlgonboyon, or lo o 1usllce ol lhe
Courl ol Appeo|s, ll lhe respondenl ls o 1udge ol o
Reglono| 1rlo| Courl or ol o speclo| courl ol equlvo|enl
ronk, or lo o 1udge ol lhe Reglono| 1rlo| Courl ll lhe
respondenl ls o 1udge ol on lnlerlor courl

Sec. 4. leot|o. 1he lnvesllgollng 1usllce or 1udge sho||
sel o doy ol lhe heorlng ond send nollce lhereol lo bolh
porlles. Al such heorlng lhe porlles moy presenl oro| ond
documenlory evldence. ll, oller due nollce, lhe respondenl
lol|s lo oppeor, lhe lnvesllgollon sho|| proceed ex porle.
1he lnvesllgollng 1usllce or 1udge sho|| lermlnole lhe
lnvesllgollon wllhln nlnely (90) doys lrom lhe dole ol lls
commencemenl or wllhln such exlenslon os lhe Supreme
Courl moy gronl.

Sec. 5. Reott. Wllhln lhlrly (30) doys lrom lhe
lermlnollon ol lhe lnvesllgollon, lhe lnvesllgollng 1usllce
or 1udge sho|| submll lo lhe Supreme Courl o reporl
conlolnlng llndlngs ol locl ond recommendollon. 1he
reporl sho|| be occomponled by lhe record conlolnlng lhe
evldence ond lhe p|eodlngs ll|ed by lhe porlles. 1he reporl
sho|| be conlldenllo| ond sho|| be lor lhe exc|uslve use ol
lhe Courl.

Sec. 6. Act|oo. 1he Courl sho|| loke such ocllon on lhe
reporl os lhe locls ond lhe |ow moy worronl.

Sec. 2. Cool|oeot|o||ty ol toceeo|os. Proceedlngs
ogolnsl 1udges ol regu|or ond speclo| courls ond 1usllces
ol lhe Courl ol Appeo|s ond lhe Sondlgonboyon sho|| be
prlvole ond conlldenllo|, bul o copy ol lhe declslon or
reso|ullon ol lhe courl sho|| be olloched lo lhe record ol
lhe respondenl ln lhe Olllce ol lhe Courl Admlnlslrolor.

5,#+$20
Sec. 7. C|oss|l|cot|oo ol cbotes. Admlnlslrollve chorges
ore c|ossllled os serlous, |ess serlous, or |lghl.

Sec. 8. Set|ous cbotes. Serlous chorges lnc|ude:
(J) Brlbery, dlrecl or lndlrecl,
(2) Dlshonesly ond vlo|ollons ol lhe Anll-Croll ond Corrupl
Procllces Low (R.A. No. 30J9),
(3) Cross mlsconducl conslllullng vlo|ollons ol lhe Code ol
1udlclo| Conducl,
(4) Knowlng|y renderlng on unjusl judgmenl or order os
delermlned by o compelenl courl ln on opproprlole
proceedlng,
(5) Convlcllon ol o crlme lnvo|vlng moro| lurpllude,
(6) Wl||lu| lol|ure lo poy o jusl debl,
(7) Borrowlng money or properly lrom |owyers ond |lllgonls
ln o cose pendlng belore lhe courl,
(8) lmmoro|lly,
(9) Cross lgnoronce ol lhe |ow or procedure,
(J0) Porllson po|lllco| ocllvllles, ond
(JJ) A|coho|lsm ondJor vlclous hoblls.

Sec. 9. less Set|ous Cbotes. Less serlous chorges
lnc|ude:
(J) Undue de|oy ln renderlng o declslon or order, or
ln lronsmllllng lhe records ol o cose,
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >F

(2) |requenl|y ond unjuslllled obsences wllhoul |eove or
hoblluo| lordlness,
(3) Unoulhorlzed procllce ol |ow,
(4) vlo|ollon ol Supreme Courl ru|es, dlrecllves, ond
clrcu|ors,
(5) Recelvlng oddlllono| or doub|e compensollon un|ess
speclllco||y oulhorlzed by |ow,
(6) Unlrulhlu| slolemenls ln lhe cerllllcole ol servlce, ond
(7) Slmp|e Mlsconducl.

Sec. 0. l|bt Cbotes. Llghl chorges lnc|ude:
(J) vu|gor ond unbecomlng conducl,
(2) Comb|lng ln pub|lc,
(3) |rolernlzlng wllh |owyers ond |lllgonls wllh pendlng
coseJcoses ln hls courl, ond
(4) Undue de|oy ln lhe submlsslon ol monlh|y reporls.

*+'#/*'." "#$4%,0.#$ #1 *2/.$.0',*'.4%
"*0%0 *5*.$0' "* *$2 0*$2.5*$7*:*$ B+0'."%0
*$2 3#8%, "#+,' B+25%0
Admlnlslrollve coses ogolnsl CA, Sondlgonboyon jusllces,
ond |ower courl judges where lhe chorges conslllule
mlsconducl lor members ol lhe Bor, sho|| o|so be
consldered os dlsclp|lnory ocllon ogolnsl lhe judge. 1he
respondenl sho|| be requlred lo commenl or show couse
why he shou|d nol be suspended, dlsborred or sonclloned
os o member ol lhe Bor. |A.M. NO. 02-9-02 SC]

./&%*"=/%$' %'=."*3 *0&%"'0
Chlel 1usllce Corono wos lhe llrsl jusllce ol lhe Supreme
Courl lo be lmpeoched ond convlcled. He wos lound gul|ly
lor cu|pob|e vlo|ollon ol lhe Conslllullon ondJor belroyo| ol
pub|lc lrusl lor nol correcl|y dec|orlng hls Slolemenls ol
Assels, Llobl|llles ond Nel worlh (SALN).
1he tosecut|oo o||eges lhol he lnoccurole|y dec|ored hls
peso ond do||or deporls, ond reo| eslole properlles.
1he oeleose orgues lhol C1 Corono dld nol dec|ore hls
do||or deposlls (oround $2.4M) ond peso deposlls (PJ05 M)
becouse ol lhe bonklng secrecy ond lorelgn currency
deposll unlls |ows. Corono o|so sold lhol some undec|ored
ossels ore o|so co-mlng|ed lunds lhol he does nol own
so|e|y.
0*$"'.#$0 ./&#0%2 7: '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,' #$
%,,.$5 /%/7%,0 #1 '=% B+2.".*,:
Sec. . Sooct|oos.
(A) ll lhe respondenl ls gul|ly ol o serlous chorge, ony ol lhe
lo||owlng soncllons moy be lmposed:
(J) Dlsmlsso| lrom lhe servlce, lorlellure ol o|| or porl
ol lhe benellls os lhe Courl moy delermlne, ond
dlsquo|lllcollon lrom relnslolemenl or oppolnlmenl
lo ony pub|lc olllce, lnc|udlng governmenl-owned
or conlro||ed corporollons. Provlded, however, lhol
lhe lorlellure ol benellls sho|| ln no cose lnc|ude
occrued |eove credlls,
(2) Suspenslon lrom olllce wllhoul so|ory ond olher
benellls lor more lhon lhree (3) bul nol exceedlng
slx (6) monlhs, or
(3) A llne ol more lhon P20,000.00 bul nol exceedlng
P40,000.00

(B) ll lhe respondenl ls gul|ly ol o |ess serlous chorge, ony
ol lhe lo||owlng soncllons sho|| be lmposed:
(J) Suspenslon lrom olllce wllhoul so|ory ond olher
benellls lor nol |ess lhon one (J) nor more lhon
lhree (3) monlhs, or
(2) A llne ol more lhon PJ0,000.00 bul nol exceedlng
P20,000.00.

(C) ll lhe respondenl ls gul|ly ol o |lghl chorge, ony ol lhe
lo||owlng soncllons sho|| be lmposed:
(J) A llne ol nol |ess lhon PJ,000.00 bul nol exceedlng
PJ0,000.00 ondJor
(2) Censure,
(3) Reprlmond,
(4) Admonlllon wllh wornlng.

.$0'*$"%0 #1 0%,.#+0 /.0"#$2+"' 8=."= /%,.'%2 2.0".&3.$%
7: '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,'M
(o) |ol|ure lo deposll lunds wllh lhe munlclpo| lreosurer or
produce lhem desplle hls promlse lo do so
|Mootemoyot v. Co||ooo (98}]
(b) Mlsopproprlollon ol llduclory lunds (proceeds ol cosh
bol| bond) by deposlllng lhe check ln hls persono|
occounl, lhus converllng lhe lrusl lund lnlo hls own
use |Botjo v. Betoc|o (976}].
(c) Lxlorllng money lrom o porly-|lllgonl who hos o cose
belore hls courl |low 1oy v. S|ooyoo (988}].
(d) So|lcllollon ol donollon lor olllce equlpmenl |lecotoz v.
Cotc|o (98}].
(e) |requenl unoulhorlzed obsences ln olllce |Muo|c|o|
Couoc|| ol Cos|utuboo, Ouezoo v. Moto|es (974}j.

.$0'*$"%0 #1 5,#00 .$%11.".%$": 8=."= /%,.'%2 2.0".&3.$% 7:
'=% 0+&,%/% "#+,'
(o) De|oy ln lhe dlsposlllon ol coses ln vlo|ollon ol lhe
Conon lhol o judge musl prompl|y dlspose ol o||
mollers submllled lo hlm. Wllh or wllhoul lhe
lronscrlpls ol slenogrophlc noles, lhe 90-doy perlod lor
decldlng coses or reso|vlng mollons musl be odhered
lo |Bo|oot v. O|o|oo (99}].
(b) Undu|y gronllng repeoled mollons lor poslponemenl
ol o cose |Atozo v. Reyes (975}].
(c) Unoworeness ol or unloml|lorlly wllh lhe opp|lcollon ol
lhe lndelermlnole Senlence Low ond lhe durollon ond
groduollon ol peno|lles |lo te lou||o (980}].
(d) Reduclng lo o rldlcu|ous omounl (P6,000.00) lhe bol|
bond ol lhe occused ln o murder cose lhus enob|lng
hlm lo escope lhe lol|s ol lhe |ow |Sot|ooo v. Mobboyoo
(975}].
(e) lmposlng lhe peno|ly ol subsldlory lmprlsonmenl on o
porly lor lol|ure lo poy clvl| lndemnlly ln vlo|ollon ol
R.A. 5465 |Moosooto v. lo|otco (983}].

"#$2+"'M
Admlnlslrollve coses ogolnsl |ower courl judges ond
jusllces ore oulomollco||y lreoled os dlsbormenl coses

-+*$'+/ #1 %4.2%$"% ,%-+.,%2M Beyond reosonob|e doubl.

,+3%0 1#, %4.2%$"%: Some ru|es os ln crlmlno| lrlo|s

%11%"' #1 8.'=2,*8*36 2%0.0'*$"%6 ,%'.,%/%$' #, &*,2#$
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% >C

1he w|tbotowo| ol tbe cose by tbe com|o|ooot, ot tbe l|||o
of an affidavit of desistance or the complainants loss of
|otetest ooes oot oecessot||y couse tbe o|sm|sso| tbeteol.
Reoson: 1o condlllon odmlnlslrollve ocllons upon lhe wl||
ol every comp|olnonl who lor one reoson or onolher,
condones o deleslob|e ocl ls lo slrlp lhe Supreme Courl ol
lls supervlsory power lo dlsclp|lne errlng members ol lhe
judlclory. |Aou|uoo v. 1oubo, (979}]

Deslslonce wl|| nol jusllly lhe dlsmlsso| ol on
odmlnlslrollve cose ll lhe records wl|| reveo| lhol lhe judge
hod nol perlormed hls dulles. |Fsoyos v. lee (979}]



:'(M"4/'0'84.')*(
)0 K"(.'8$( , K"C3$(

"#/&+30#,: 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$
|Sect|oo (}, Ru|e 37, ROC]
No judge or judlclo| olllcer sho|| sll ln ony cose ln whlch:
(o) He, or hls wlle or chl|d, ls pecunlorl|y lnleresled os helr,
|egolee, credllor or olherwlse, or
(b) He ls re|oled lo ellher porly wllhln lhe slxlh degree ol
consongulnlly or olllnlly, or lo counse| wllhln lhe lourlh
degree, compuled occordlng lo lhe ru|es ol lhe clvl|
|ow, or
(c) He hos been execulor, odmlnlslrolor, guordlon, lruslee
or counse|, or
(d) He hos preslded ln ony lnlerlor courl when hls ru|lng or
declslon ls lhe subjecl ol revlew, wllhoul lhe wrlllen
consenl ol o|| porlles ln lnleresl, slgned by lhem ond
enlered upon lhe record.

1he re|ollonshlp ol lhe judge wllh one ol lhe porlles moy
co|or lhe locls ond dlslorl lhe |ow lo lhe prejudlce ol o jusl
declslon. Where lhls ls probob|e or even on|y posslb|e, due
process demonds lhol lhe judge lnhlbll hlmse|l, ll on|y oul
ol o sense ol oe||cooezo. |1ov|et v. Comm|ss|oo oo F|ect|oos
(996}]

1he rollono|e behlnd Sec. J, Ru|e J37 on dlsquo|lllcollon ol
judges ls lo preserve pub|lc lollh ln lhe judlciarys fairness
ond objecllvlly lo o||y susplclons ond dlslrusl os lo o
posslb|e blos ond prejudlce ln lovor or o porly comlng lnlo
p|oy. |loc|eooo Beo|to, loc. v. Coutt ol Aeo|s (987)]

4#3+$'*,: 2.0-+*3.1."*'.#$
|Sect|oo (2}, Ru|e 37, ROC]
A judge moy, ln lhe exerclse ol hls sound dlscrellon,
dlsquo|lly hlmse|l lrom sllllng ln o cose, lor jusl or vo|ld
reosons olher lhon lhose menlloned obove.

A judge moy nol be |ego||y prohlblled lrom sllllng ln o
|lllgollon, bul when clrcumslonces oppeor lhol wl|| lnduce
doubl os lo hls honesl ocluollons ond problly ln lovor ol
ellher porly, or lnclle such slole ol mlnd, he shou|d
conducl o corelu| exomlnollon. He shou|d exerclse hls
discretion in a way that peoples faith in the Courts of
1usllce ls nol lmpolred. 1he beller course lor lhe judge
under such clrcumslonces ls lo dlsquo|lly hlmse|l.
|Bottomeo-letteto v. Bottomeo (987}j

lnllmocy or lrlendshlp belween o judge ond on ollorney ol
record ol one ol lhe porlles lo o sull ls no ground lor
dlsquo|lllcollon. 1hol one ol lhe counse|s ln o cose wos o
c|ossmole ol lhe lrlo| judge ls nol o |ego| ground lor lhe
dlsquo|lllcollon ol lhe sold judge. 1o o||ow ll wou|d
unnecessorl|y burden olher lrlo| judges lo whom lhe cose
would be transferred But if the relationship belween lhe
judge ond on ollorney lor o porly ls such lhol lhere wou|d
be o noluro| lnc|lnollon lo prejudlce lhe cose, lhe judge
shou|d be dlsquo|llled ln order lo guoronly o lolr lrlo|.
|Ouety ol Fxecut|ve 1uoe Fsttooo (987}]



5)9$%( 4*C :".'$(
)0 -)"%.( , K"C'8'4/ O00'8$%(

$*'+,% #1 #11."% #1 '=% B+25%
1usllces ond judges musl ever reo|lze lhol lhey hove no
consllluency, serve no mojorlly or mlnorlly bul serve on|y
lhe pub|lc lnleresl os lhey see ll ln occordonce wllh lhelr
oolh ol olllce, gulded on|y by lhe Conslllullon ond lhelr
own consclence ond honor. |Co|moo v. Sooo|ooboyoo
(986)]

&,#/&' *$2 ./&*,'.*3 *2/.$.0',*'.#$ #1
B+0'."%
|Sec. , Ru|e 35 ROC]

Ceoeto| Ru|e: Courls ol jusllce sho|| o|woys be open lor lhe
ll|lng ol ony p|eodlng, mollon or olher popers, lor lhe lrlo|
ol coses, heorlng ol mollons, ond lor lhe lssuonce ol orders
or rendlllon ol judgmenls. 1usllce sho|| be lmporllo||y
odmlnlslered wllhoul necessory de|oy.

Fxcet|oo: Lego| ho|ldoys

Att. vlll, Sec. 5, 987 Coost|tut|oo
(J) A|| coses or mollers ll|ed oller lhe ellecllvlly ol lhls
Conslllullon musl be declded or reso|ved wllhln
lwenly-lour monlhs lrom dole ol submlsslon lor lhe
Supreme Courl, ond, un|ess reduced by lhe Supreme
Courl, lwe|ve monlhs lor o|| |ower co||eglole courls,
ond lhree monlhs lor o|| |ower courls.
xxx
(3) Upon explrollon ol lhe correspondlng perlod, o
cerllllcollon lo lhls ellecl slgned by lhe Chlel 1usllce or
lhe presldlng judge sho|| lorlhwllh be lssued ond o
copy lhereol olloched lo lhe record ol lhe cose or
moller, ond served upon lhe porlles. 1he cerllllcollon
sho|| slole why o declslon or reso|ullon hos nol been
rendered or lssued wllhln sold perlod.
(4) Desplle lhe explrollon ol lhe opp|lcob|e mondolory
perlod, lhe courl, wllhoul prejudlce lo such
responslbl|lly os moy hove lncurred ln consequence
lhereol, sho|| declde or reso|ve lhe cose or moller
submllled lherelo lor delermlnollon, wllhoul lurlher
de|oy.

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% @D

1udges shou|d declde coses even ll lhe porlles lol|ed lo
submll memorondo wllhln lhe glven perlod. Non-
submlsslon ol memorondo ls nol o jusllllcollon lor lol|ure
lo declde coses. |So|vooot v. So|omooco (986)]



&+73.".': #1 &,#"%%2.$50 *$2 ,%"#,20
1he sllllng ol every courl ol jusllce sho|| be pub|lc, bul ony
courl moy, ln lls dlscrellon, exc|ude lhe pub|lc when lhe
evldence lo be odduced ls ol such nolure os lo requlre lhelr
exc|uslon ln lhe lnleresl ol moro|lly or decency. 1he
records ol every courl ol jusllce sho|| be pub|lc records ond
sho|| be ovol|ob|e lor lhe lnspecllon ol ony lnleresled
person, ol o|| proper buslness hours, under lhe supervlslon
ol lhe c|erk hovlng cuslody ol such records, un|ess lhe
courl sho||, ln ony speclo| cose, hove lorbldden lhelr
pub|lclly, ln lhe lnleresl ol moro|lly or decency. |Sec. 2, Ru|e
35 ROC]

&,#"%00 #1 0+&%,.#, "#+,'0
Process lssued lrom o superlor courl ln whlch o cose ls
pendlng lo brlng ln o delendonl, or lor lhe orresl ol ony
occused persons, or lo execule ony order or judgmenl ol
lhe courl, moy be enlorced ln ony porl ol lhe Phl|lpplnes.
|Sec. 3, Ru|e 35 ROC]

&,#"%00 #1 .$1%,.#, "#+,'0
|Sec. 4, Ru|e 35 ROC]
Ceoeto| Ru|e 1he process ol lnlerlor courls sho|| be
enlorceob|e wllhln lhe provlnce where lhe munlclpo|lly or
clly |les. ll sho|| nol be served oulslde lhe boundorles ol lhe
provlnce ln whlch lhey ore comprlsed

Fxcet|oos
(J) Lxcepl wllh lhe opprovo| ol lhe judge ol llrsl lnslonce
ol sold provlnce, ond
(2) On|y ln lhe lo||owlng coses:
(o) An order lor lhe de|lvery ol persono| properly |ylng
oulslde lhe provlnce ls lo be comp|led wllh,
(b) An ollochmenl ol reo| or persono| properly |ylng
oulslde lhe provlnce ls lo be mode
(c) 1he ocllon ls ogolnsl lwo or more delendonls
resldlng ln dlllerenl provlnces, ond
(d) 1he p|oce where lhe cose hos been broughl ls lhol
specllled ln o conlrocl ln wrlllng belween lhe
porlles, or ls lhe p|oce ol lhe execullon ol such
conlrocl os oppeors lherelrom.

Wrlls ol execullon lssued by lnlerlor courls moy be
enlorced ln ony porl ol lhe Phl|lpplnes wllhoul ony
prevlous opprovo| ol lhe judge ol llrsl lnslonce.

Crlmlno| process moy be lssued by o jusllce ol lhe peoce or
olher lnlerlor courl, lo be served oulslde hls provlnce, when
lhe dlslrlcl judge, or ln hls obsence lhe provlnclo| llsco|,
sho|| cerllly lhol ln hls oplnlon lhe lnleresls ol jusllce
requlre such servlce.

.$=%,%$' &#8%,0 #1 '=% "#+,'0
Lvery courl sho|| hove power:
(o) 1o preserve ond enlorce order ln lls lmmedlole
presence
(b) 1o enlorce order ln proceedlngs belore ll, or belore o
person or persons empowered lo conducl o judlclo|
lnvesllgollon under lls oulhorlly,
(c) 1o compe| obedlence lo lls judgmenls, orders ond
processes, ond lo lhe |owlu| orders ol o judge oul ol
courl, ln o cose pendlng lhereln,
(d) 1o conlro|, ln lurlheronce ol jusllce, lhe conducl ol lls
mlnlslerlo| olllcers, ond ol o|| olher persons ln ony
monner connecled wllh o cose belore ll, ln every
monner opperlolnlng lherelo,
(e) 1o compe| lhe ollendonce ol persons lo lesllly ln o
cose pendlng lhereln,
(l) 1o odmlnlsler or couse lo be odmlnlslered oolhs ln o
cose pendlng lhereln, ond ln o|| olher coses where ll
moy be necessory ln lhe exerclse ol lls powers,
(g) 1o omend ond conlro| lls process ond orders so os lo
moke lhem conlormob|e lo |ow ond jusllce,
(h) 1o oulhorlze o copy ol o |osl or deslroyed p|eodlng or
olher poper lo be ll|ed ond used lnsleod ol lhe orlglno|,
ond lo reslore, ond supp|y dellclencles ln lls records
ond proceedlngs. |Sec. 5, Ru|e 35 ROC]

/%*$0 '# "*,,: B+,.02."'.#$ .$'# %11%"'
When by |ow jurlsdlcllon ls conlerred on o courl or judlclo|
olllcer, o|| ouxl|lory wrlls, processes ond olher meons
necessory lo corry ll lnlo ellecl moy be emp|oyed by such
courl or olllcer, ond ll lhe procedure lo be lo||owed ln lhe
exerclse ol such jurlsdlcllon ls nol speclllco||y polnled oul
by |ow or by lhese ru|es, ony sullob|e process or mode ol
proceedlng moy be odopled whlch oppeors conlormob|e lo
lhe splrll ol sold |ow or ru|es. |Sec. 6, Ru|e 35 ROC]

',.*30 *$2 =%*,.$50J #,2%,0 .$ "=*/7%,0
A|| lrlo|s upon lhe merlls sho|| be conducled ln open courl
ond so lor os convenlenl ln o regu|or courl room. A|| olher
ocls or proceedlngs moy be done or conducled by o judge
ln chombers, wllhoul lhe ollendonce ol lhe c|erk or olher
courl olllclo|s. |Sec. 7, Ru|e 35 ROC]

.$'%,3#"+'#,: #,2%,0 #+' #1 &,#4.$"%
A judge ol llrsl lnslonce sho|| hove power lo heor ond
delermlne, when wllhln lhe dlslrlcl lhrough wllhoul hls
provlnce, ony lnler|oculory mollon or lssue oller due ond
reosonob|e nollce lo lhe porlles. On lhe ll|lng ol o pellllon
lor lhe wrll ol hobeos corpus or lor re|eose upon bol| or
reducllon ol bol| ln ony C|l, lhe heorlngs moy be hod ol
ony p|oce ln lhe judlclo| dlslrlcl whlch lhe judge sho|| deem
convenlenl. |Sec. 8, Ru|e 35 ROC]

0.5$.$5 B+25/%$'0 #+' #1 &,#4.$"%
Whenever o judge oppolnled or osslgned ln ony provlnce or
bronch ol o Courl ol |lrsl lnslonce ln o provlnce sho|| |eove
lhe provlnce by lronsler or osslgnmenl lo onolher courl ol
equo| jurlsdlcllon, or by explrollon ol hls lemporory
osslgnmenl, wllhoul hovlng declded o cose lolo||y heord
by hlm ond whlch wos orgued or on opporlunlly glven lor
orgumenl lo lhe porlles or lhelr counse|, ll sho|| be |owlu|
lor hlm lo prepore ond slgn hls declslon ln sold cose
onywhere wllhln lhe Phl|lpplnes. He sho|| send lhe some
by reglslered mol| lo lhe c|erk ol lhe courl where lhe cose
wos heord or orgued lo be ll|ed lhereln os ol lhe dole when
lhe some wos recelved by lhe c|erk, ln lhe some monner os
ll he hod been presenl ln courl lo dlrecl lhe ll|lng lhe ol lhe
judgmenl. ll o cose hos been heord on|y ln porl, lhe
+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% @)

Supreme Courl, upon pellllon ol ony ol lhe porlles lo lhe
cose ond lhe recommendollon ol lhe respecllve dlslrlcl
judge, moy o|so oulhorlze lhe judge who hos porl|y heord
lhe cose, ll no olher judge hod heord lhe cose ln porl, lo
conllnue heorlng ond lo declde sold cose nolwllhslondlng
hls lronsler or oppolnlmenl lo onolher courl ol equo|
jurlsdlcllon. |Sec. 9, Ru|e 35 ROC]



-)"%. ;$8)%C( , P$*$%4/
:".'$( )0 -/$%Q !.$*)3%4#1$%

*,/0 *$2 5,%*' 0%*3 #1 '=% 0+&,%/% "#+,'
|Sec. , Ru|e 36 ROC]
Arms - Po|ewoys ol lwo pleces ozute ond u|es
superlmposed o bo|once or cenler wllh lwo lob|els
conlolnlng lhe commondmenls ol Cod or on ellher slde, o
chlel oteot wllh lhree mu||els or equldlslonl lrom eoch
olher, ln polnl ol honor, ovold oteot over o|| lhe sun,
royonnonl or wllh elghl mojor ond mlnor roys.

Creol Seo| - Clrcu|or ln lorm, wllh lhe orms os descrlbed
obove ond o scro|| oteot wllh lhe lo||owlng lnscrlpllon: lex
lou|esque, ond surroundlng lhe who|e o gor|ond ol |oure|
|eoves ln or, oround lhe gor|ond lhe lexl Supreme Courl,
Repub|lc ol lhe Phl|lpplnes.

*,/0 *$2 0%*3 #1 '=% "#+,' #1 *&&%*30
Some os lhol ol lhe Supreme Courl, on|y dlllerence ls lhol
lhe seo| sho|| beor oround lhe gor|ond lhe lexl Courl ol
Appeo|s, Repub|lc ol lhe Phl|lpplnes.

*,/0 *$2 0%*3 #1 '=% "#+,' #1 1.,0' .$0'*$"%
Some os lhol ol lhe Supreme Courl, on|y dlllerence ls lhol
lhe seo| sho|| beor oround lhe gor|ond lhe lexl Courl ol
|lrsl lnslonce, lhe nome ol lhe provlnce, Repub|lc ol lhe
Phl|lpplnes.

0':3% #1 &,#"%00
Process sho|| be under lhe seo| ol lhe courl lrom whlch ll
lssues, be sly|ed Repub|lc ol lhe Phl|lpplnes, Provlnce or
Clly ol _____________ lo be slgned by lhe c|erk ond beor dole
lhol doy ll ocluo||y lssued. |Sec. 2, Ru|e 36 ROC]

CLERKS #11."%
The clerks office, with the clerk or his deputy in
ollendonce, sho|| be oeo out|o bus|oess bouts oo o|| ooys
excet Suoooys ooo |eo| bo||ooys. 1he c|erk ol lhe
Supreme Courl ond lhol ol lhe Courl ol Appeo|s sho|| keep
olllce ol Monl|o ond o|| popers oulhorlzed or requlred lo be
lle|d, lhereln sho|| be ll|ed ol Monl|o. |Sec. 3, Ru|e 36 ROC]

.00+*$"% 7: "3%,G #1 &,#"%00
1he c|erk ol o superlor courl sho|| lssue under lhe seo| ol
lhe courl o|| ordlnory wrlls ond process lncldenl lo pendlng
coses, lhe lssuonce ol whlch does nol lnvo|ve lhe exerclse
ol luncllons opperlolnlng lo lhe courl or judge on|y, ond
moy, under lhe dlrecllon ol lhe courl or judge, moke oul
ond slgn |ellers ol odmlnlslrollon, oppolnlmenls ol
guordlons, lruslees, ond recelvers, ond o|| wrlls ond
process lssulng lrom lhe courl. |Sec. 4, Ru|e 36 ROC]

2+'.%0 #1 '=% "3%,G .$ '=% *70%$"% #, 7:
2.,%"'.#$ #1 '=% B+25%
ln lhe obsence ol lhe judge, lhe c|erk moy perlorm o|| lhe
dulles ol lhe judge ln recelvlng opp|lcollons, pellllons,
lnvenlorles, reporls, ond lhe lssuonce ol o|| orders ond
nollces lhol lo||ow os o moller ol course under lhese ru|es,
ond moy o|so, when dlrecled so lo do by lhe judge, recelve
lhe occounls ol execulors, odmlnlslrolors, guordlons,
lruslees, ond recelvers, ond o|| evldence re|ollng lo lhem,
or lo lhe sell|emenl ol lhe esloles ol deceosed persons, or
lo guordlonshlps, lrusleeshlps, or recelvershlps, ond
lorlhwllh lronsmll such reporls, occounls, ond evldence lo
lhe judge, logelher wllh hls llndlngs ln re|ollon lo lhe
some, ll lhe judge sho|| dlrecl hlm lo moke llndlngs ond
lnc|ude lhe some ln hls reporl. |Sec. 5, Ru|e 36 ROC]

"3%,G 0=*33 ,%"%.4% &*&%,0 *$2 &,%&*,%
/.$+'%0
1he c|erk ol eoch superlor courl sho|| recelve ond ll|e o||
p|eodlngs ond olher popers proper|y presenled, endorslng
on eoch such poper lhe llme when ll wos ll|ed, ond sho||
ollend o|| ol lhe sesslons ol lhe courl ond enler lls
proceedlngs lor eoch doy ln o mlnule book lo be kepl by
hlm. |Sec. 6, Ru|e 36 ROC]

0*1%G%%&.$5 #1 &,#&%,':
1he c|erk sho|| sole|y kee o|| tecotos, oets, l||es, exb|b|ts
ooo ub||c toetty comm|tteo to b|s cbote, lnc|udlng lhe
|lbrory ol lhe courl, ond lhe seo|s ond lurnllure be|onglng
lo hls olllce. |Sec. 7, Ru|e 36 ROC]

5%$%,*3 2#"G%'
1he c|erk sho|| keep o genero| dockel, eoch poge ol whlch
sho|| be numbered ond prepored lor recelvlng o|| lhe
enlrles ln o slng|e cose, ond sho|| enler lhereln o|| coses,
numbered consecullve|y ln lhe order ln whlch lhey were
recelved, ond, under lhe heodlng ol eoch cose ond o
comp|ele lll|e lhereol, lhe dole ol eoch poper ll|ed or
lssued, ol eoch order or judgmenl enlered, ond ol eoch
olher slep loken ln lhe cose so lhol by relerence lo o slng|e
poge lhe hlslory ol lhe cose moy be seen. |Sec. 8, Ru|e 36
ROC]

B+25/%$' *$2 %$',.%0 7##G
1he c|erk sho|| keep o judgmenl book conlolnlng o copy ol
eoch judgmenl rendered by lhe courl ln order ol lls dole,
ond o book ol enlrles ol judgmenls conlolnlng ol |englh ln
chrono|oglco| order enlrles ol o|| llno| judgmenls or orders
ol lhe courl. |Sec. 9, Ru|e 36 ROC]

%H%"+'.#$ 7##G
1he c|erk sho|| keep on execullon book ln whlch he or hls
depuly sho|| record ol |englh ln chrono|oglco| eoch
execution, and the officers return thereon, by virtue of
whlch reo| properly hos been so|d. |Sec. 0, Ru|e 36 ROC]

"%,'.1.%2 "#&.%0
1he c|erk sho|| prepore, lor ony person demondlng lhe
some, o copy cerlllled under lhe seo| ol lhe courl ol ony
poper, record, order, judgmenl, or enlry ln hls olllce, proper
lo be cerlllled, lor lhe lees prescrlbed by lhese ru|es. |Sec.
, Ru|e 36 ROC]

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% @E

#'=%, 7##G0 *$2 2+'.%0
1he c|erk sho|| keep such olher books ond perlorm such
olher dulles os lhe courl moy dlrecl. |Sec. 2, Ru|e 36 ROC]

.$2%H
1he genero| dockel, judgmenl book, enlrles book ond
execullon book sho|| be lndexed ln o|phobellco| order ln
lhe nomes ol lhe porlles, ond eoch ol lhem. ll lhe courl so
dlrecls, lhe c|erk sho|| keep lwo or more ol ellher or o|| ol
lhe books ond dockels obove-menlloned, seporollng clvl|
lrom crlmlno| coses, or ocllons lrom speclo| proceedlngs,
or olherwlse keeplng coses seporoled by c|osses os lhe
courl sho|| deem besl. |Sec. 3, Ru|e 36 ROC]

'*G.$5 #1 ,%"#,2 1,#/ '=% CLERKS #11."%
|Sec. 4, Ru|e 36 ROC]
Ceoeto| Ru|e: No record shall be taken from the clerks
olllce wllhoul on order ol lhe courl excepl os olherwlse
provlded by lhese ru|es.

Fxcet|oo: 1he So|lcllor Cenero| or ony ol hls osslslonls,
lhe provlnclo| llsco| or hls depuly, ond lhe ollorneys de
olllclo sho|| be permllled, upon proper recelpl, lo wllhdrow
from the clerks office the record of any cases in which they
ore lnleresled.

+$&,.$'%2 &*&%,0
A|| unprlnled documenls presenled lo lhe superlor courls
ol lhe Phl|lpplnes sho|| be wrlllen on poper:
(o) Ol good quo|lly
(b) J2 ond 3J8 lnches |ong
(c) 8 lnches wlde
(d) Nol |ess lhon J lnch lop ond |ell-hond slde morglns

loe| coto|oo, ol lhe llrsl ond second c|osses, |ego| cop,
ond lypewrlllng poper ol such welghl os nol lo permll lhe
wrlllng ol more lhon one orlglno| ond lwo corbons ol one
llme, wl|| be occepled, provlded lhol such poper ls ol lhe
requlred slze ond ol good quo|lly.

Documenls wrlllen wllh lnk sho|| nol be ol more lhon
lwenly-llve |lnes lo one poge.

1ypewrlllen documenls sho|| be wrlllen doub|e-spoced.
One slde on|y ol lhe poge wl|| be wrlllen upon, ond lhe
dlllerenl sheels wl|| be sewn logelher, llrm|y, by llve
slllches ln lhe |ell-hond border lo locl|llole lhe lormollon
ol lhe exeo|eote, ond lhey musl nol be doub|ed. |Sec. J5,
Ru|e J36 ROC]

&,.$'%2 &*&%,0
A|| popers requlred by lhese ru|es lo be prlnled sho|| be
prlnled wllh:
(o) B|ock lnk
(b) On ung|ozed poper
(c) Poges 6 lnches wlde, 9 lnches
(d) ln pomph|el lorm

1he lype used sho|| nol be smo||er lhon J2 pls.

1he poper used sho|| be ol sulllclenl welghl lo prevenl lhe
prlnllng upon one slde lrom belng vlslb|e upon lhe olher.
|Sec. 6, Ru|e 36 ROC]

0'%$#5,*&=%,
ll sho|| be lhe duly ol lhe slenogropher who hos ollended
o sesslon ol o courl ellher ln lhe mornlng or ln lhe
ollernoon, lo de|lver lo lhe c|erk ol courl, lmmedlole|y ol
lhe c|ose ol such mornlng or ollernoon sesslon, o|| lhe
noles he hos loken, lo be olloched lo lhe record ol lhe
cose, ond ll sho|| |lkewlse be lhe duly ol lhe c|erk lo
demond lhol lhe slenogropher comp|y wllh sold duly. 1he
c|erk ol courl sho|| slomp lhe dole on whlch such noles ore
recelved by hlm. When such noles ore lronscrlbed lhe
lronscrlpl sho|| be de|lvered lo lhe c|erk, du|y lnlllo|ed on
eoch poge lhereol, lo be olloched lo lhe record ol lhe cose.

Whenever requesled by o porly, ony slolemenl mode by o
judge ol |lrsl lnslonce, or by o commlssloner, wllh
relerence lo o cose belng lrled by hlm, or lo ony ol lhe
porlles lherelo, or lo ony wllness or ollorney, durlng lhe
heorlng ol such cose, sho|| be mode ol record ln lhe
slenogrophlc noles. |Sec. 7, Ru|e 36 ROC]

2#"G%' *$2 #'=%, ,%"#,20 #1 .$1%,.#,
"#+,'0.
Lvery munlclpo| ond clly judge sho|| keep o we||-bound
book |obe|ed dockel, ln whlch he sho|| enler lor eoch cose:

(o) 1he lll|e ol lhe cose lnc|udlng lhe nomes ol o|| lhe
porlles,
(b) 1he nolure ol lhe cose, whelher clvl| or crlmlno|, ond ll
lhe |oller, lhe ollense chorged,
(c) 1he dole ol lssulng pre|lmlnory ond lnlermedlole
process lnc|udlng orders ol orresl ond subpoenos, ond
lhe dole ond nolure ol lhe relurn lhereon,
(d) 1he dole ol lhe oppeoronce or delou|l ol lhe
delendonl,
(e) 1he dole ol presenllng lhe p|eo, onswer, or mollon lo
quosh, ond lhe nolure ol lhe some,
(l) 1he mlnules ol lhe lrlo|, lnc|udlng lhe dole lhereol ond
ol o|| odjournmenls,
(g) 1he nomes ond oddresses ol o|| wllnesses,
(h) 1he dole ond nolure ol lhe judgmenl, ond, ln o clvl|
cose, lhe re|lel gronled,
(l) An llemlzed slolemenl ol lhe cosls
(j) 1he dole ol ony execullon lssued, ond lhe dole ond
conlenls ol lhe relurn lhereon,
(k) 1he dole ol ony nollce ol oppeo| ll|ed, ond lhe nome ol
lhe porly ll|lng lhe some.

A munlclpo| (or clly) judge moy keep lwo dockels, one lor
clvl| ond one lor crlmlno| coses. He sho|| o|so keep o|| lhe
p|eodlngs ond olher popers ond exhlblls ln coses pendlng
ln hls courl, ond sho|| cerllly coples ol hls dockel enlrles
ond olher records proper lo be cerlllled, lor lhe lees
prescrlbed by lhese ru|es. ll sho|| nol be necessory lor lhe
munlclpo| (or clly) judge lo reduce lo wrlllng lhe lesllmony
ol wllnesses, excepl lhol ol lhe occused ln pre|lmlnory
lnvesllgollons. |Sec. 8, Ru|e 36 ROC]

%$',: #$ 2#"G%' #1 .$1%,.#, "#+,'0(
|Sec. 9, Ru|e 36 ROC]

Loch munlclpo| (or clly) judge sho||, ol lhe beglnnlng ond
ln lronl ol o|| hls enlrles ln hls dockel, moke ond subscrlbe
subslonllo||y lhe lo||owlng enlry:

+& "#33%5% #1 3*8 B+2.".*3 %'=."0 7*, #&%,*'.#$0 "#//.00.#$

&*5% @;

A dockel ol proceedlngs ln coses belore
, munlclpo| judge (or clly judge) ol lhe
munlclpo|lly (or clly) ol , ln lhe
provlnce ol , Repub|lc ol lhe
Phl|lpplnes.

Wllness my slgnolure,


Munlclpo| 1udge
(or Clly 1udge)



2$34/ R$$(

/*$$%, #1 &*:/%$'
Upon ll|lng ol lhe p|eodlng or olher opp|lcollon whlch
lnllloles on ocllon or proceedlng, lhe lees prescrlbed
lherelor sho|| be pold ln lu||. |Sec. , Ru|e 4 ROC]

1%%0 .$ 3.%$
Where lhe courl ln lls llno| judgmenl owords o c|olm nol
o||eged, or o re|lel dlllerenl lrom, or more lhon lhol
c|olmed ln lhe p|eodlng, lhe porly concerned sho|| poy lhe
oddlllono| lees whlch sho|| conslllule o |len on lhe
judgmenl ln sollslocllon ol sold |len. 1he c|erk ol courl
sho|| ossess ond co||ecl lhe correspondlng lees. |Sec. 2,
Ru|e 4 ROC]

&%,0#$0 *+'=#,.?%2 '# "#33%"' 3%5*3 1%%0
|Sec. 3, Ru|e J4J ROC]

Lxcepl os olherwlse provlded ln lhls ru|e, lhe olllcers ond
persons herelnoller menlloned, logelher wllh lhelr
osslslonls ond depulles, moy demond, recelve, ond loke
lhe severo| lees herelnoller menlloned ond o||owed lor ony
buslness by lhem respecllve|y done by vlrlue ol lhelr
severo| olllces, ond no more. A|| lees so co||ecled sho|| be
lorlhwllh remllled lo lhe Supreme Courl. 1he persons
hereln oulhorlzed lo co||ecl |ego| lees sho|| be occounlob|e
olllcers ond sho|| be requlred lo posl bond ln such omounl
os prescrlbed by lhe |ow.

(o) C|erks ol lhe Supreme Courl, CA, C1A, ond
Sondlgonboyon (Sec.4)
(b) C|erks ol R1Cs (Sec. 7)
(c) C|erks ol Courl ol |lrsl Leve| Courls (Sec. 8)
(d) Sherllls, Process Servers ond olher persons servlng
processes (Sec. J0)
(e) Slenogrophers (Sec. JJ)
(l) Nolorles (Sec. J2)
(g) Olher olllcers loklng deposlllons (Sec. J3)

ll ls nol slmp|y lhe ll|lng ol lhe comp|olnl or opproprlole
lnlllolory p|eodlng, bul lhe poymenl ol lhe prescrlbed
dockel lee, lhol vesls o lrlo| courl wllh jurlsdlcllon over lhe
subjecl moller or nolure ol lhe ocllon. Where lhe ll|lng ol
lhe lnlllolory p|eodlng ls nol occomponled by poymenl ol
lhe dockel lee, lhe courl moy o||ow poymenl ol lhe lee
wllhln o reosonob|e llme bul ln no cose beyond lhe
opp|lcob|e prescrlpllve or reg|emenlory perlod. |Suo l|le
losutooce Oll|ce l1D., v. Asuoc|oo (989)]



-)(.(

,%"#4%,: #1 "#0'0 K,+3% )<EL
&,%4*.3.$5 &*,':
Un|ess olherwlse provlded ln lhese ru|es, cosls sho|| be
o||owed lo lhe prevol|lng porly os o moller ol course, bul
lhe courl sho|| hove power, lor speclo| reosons, odjudge
lhol ellher porly sho|| poy lhe cosls ol on ocllon, or lhol lhe
some be dlvlded, os moy be equllob|e. No cosls sho|| be
o||owed ogolnsl lhe Repub|lc ol lhe Phl|lpplnes un|ess
olherwlse provlded by |ow. |Sec. , Ru|e 42 ROC]

2.0/.00%2 *&&%*3 #, *"'.#$
ll on ocllon or oppeo| ls dlsmlssed lor wonl ol jurlsdlcllon
or olherwlse, lhe courl neverlhe|ess sho|| hove lhe power
lo render judgmenl lor cosls, os jusllce moy requlre. |Sec.
2, Ru|e 42 ROC]

1,.4#3#+0 *&&%*3
Where on ocllon or on oppeo| ls lound lo be lrlvo|ous,
doub|e or lreb|e cosls moy be lmposed on lhe p|olnllll or
oppe||onls, whlch sho|| be pold by hls ollorney, ll so
ordered by lhe courl. |Sec. 3, Ru|e 42 ROC]

1*30% *33%5*'.#$0
An overmenl ln o p|eodlng mode wllhoul reosonob|e couse
ond lound unlrue sho|| subjecl lhe ollendlng porly lo lhe
poymenl ol such reosonob|e expenses os moy hove been
necessorl|y lncurred by lhe olher porly by reoson ol such
unlrue p|eodlng. 1he omounl ol expenses so poyob|e sho||
be llxed by lhe judge ln lhe lrlo|, ond loxed os cosls. |Sec.
4, Ru|e 42 ROC]

$#$9*&&%*,*$"% #1 8.'$%00
ll o wllness lol|s lo oppeor ol lhe llme ond p|oce specllled
ln lhe subpoeno lssued by ony lnlerlor courl, lhe cosls ol
lhe worronl ol orresl ond ol lhe orresl ol lhe wllness sho||
be pold by lhe wllness ll lhe courl sho|| delermlne lhol hls
lol|ure lo onswer lhe subpoeno wos wl||lu| or wllhoul jusl
excuse. |Sec. 2, Ru|e 42 ROC]

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