M2 Bk1 Sol Ch07 E PDF

Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co.
178
New Progress in Senior Mathematics Module 2 Book 1 (Extended Part) Solution Guide
7 77 7
7 77 7

pp.233 239

p.233
(a) Even function
(b) Odd function
(c) Odd function
(d) Neither even nor odd
(e) Even function
(f) Odd function

p.234
(a) x-intercepts , 6 = 1; y-intercept 6 =
(b) x-intercepts , 1 = 2; y-intercept 4 =
(c) x-intercept = 3; y-intercept
4
9
=
(d) x-intercept = 4; y-intercepts , 4 = 4
(e) x-intercepts , 6 = 6; y-intercepts , 3 = 3
(f) no x-intercept; no y-intercept

p.239
(a) 4 = x
(b) , 1 = x 7 = x
(c) , 8 = x 4 = x

pp.218 263

7.1 7 2 + = x y p.218

3
1
7 ) 1 ( 2
1
7 2
1
) 2 (
7 2 2
1
1
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
= x
dx
dy
x
x
dx
d
x
dx
dy

The equation of the tangent is
) 1 (
3
1
3 = x y
0 8 3 = + y x
7.2
x dx
dy 1
= p.219
1
1
=
= x
dx
dy

Slope of the normal 1 =
The equation of the normal is
) 1 )( 1 ( 4 = x y
0 5 = + y x

7.3 9
2
= + x xy p.220

x
x
y
2
9
=

2
2
2
2 2
9
) ( ) 9 ( ) 9 (
x
x
x
x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
x
dx
dy
=

=

Slope of the line 0 12 3 4 = y x is .
3
4
) 3 (
4
=

4
3 9
2
2
=
=
x
x
dx
dy

6 or 6
36
3 4 36
2
2 2
=
=
=
x
x
x x

When , 6 = x .
2
15
6
) 6 ( 9
2
=

= y
When , 6 = x .
2
15
6
6 9
2
=

= y
The points of tangency are |
\
|
2
15
, 6 and
.
2
15
, 6 |
\
|

At the point ,
2
15
, 6 |
\
|
the equation of the tangent is
)] 6 ( [
4
3
2
15
= |
\
|
x y
0 12 4 3 = + y x
At the point ,
2
15
, 6 |
\
|
) 6 (
4
3
2
15
= |
\
|
x y
0 12 4 3 = + + y x

Applications of
Differentiation

179 Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co.
Applications of Differentiation
7.4 ) 36 ( ) 2 (
2 2
dx
d
y x
dx
d
= + p.221

y
x
dx
dy
dx
dy
y x
2
0 4 2
=
= +

Let ) , (
1 1
y x be the point of tangency.
Slope of the tangent at
) , (
1 1
1 1
) , (
y x
dx
dy
y x =

1
1
2y
x
=
Slope of the normal at
1
1
1 1
2
) , (
x
y
y x =
On the other hand, the slope of the normal is
also equal to .
1
0
1
1
x
y

1
0 2
1
1
1
1
=
x
y
x
y

0 ) 2 (
2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
=
=
x y
y x y y x

0
1
= y or 2
1
= x
When , 0
1
= y 6 0 36
1
= = x
) 1 (
6
) 0 ( 2
0 = x y and ) 1 (
6
) 0 ( 2
0
= x y
0 = y
When , 2
1
= x 4
2
2 36
1
=
= y
The equations of the normal are
) 1 (
2
) 4 ( 2
0 = x y and ) 1 (
4
) 4 ( 2
0
= x y
0 4 4 = y x and 0 4 4 = + y x

7.5
5 7
4 6

+ = x x
dx
dy
p.223

7
2
7
2
7 5
) 3 2 ( 2
6 4
6 4
x
x
x
x
x x
=
=

Since when , 1 0 < < x , 1
2
< x 0 3 2
2
< x and
, 0
7
> x we have 0 <
dx
dy

4 6
1 1
x x
y = is decreasing within the interval
. 1 0 < < x

7.6 24 18 6
2
+ = x x
dx
dy
p.226
) 1 )( 4 ( 6 + = x x
For stationary points, 0 =
dx
dy

0 ) 1 )( 4 ( 6 = + x x
1 or 4 = x
When , 4 = x 96 ) 4 ( 24 ) 4 ( 9 ) 4 ( 2
2 3
+ = y
16 =
When , 1 = x 96 24 9 2 + = y
109 =
x 4 < x 1 4 < < x 1 > x
dx
dy

+ +
Since the sign of
dx
dy
changes from + to as x
increases through , 4
) 16 , 4 ( is a maximum point.
Since the sign of
dx
dy
changes from to + as x
increases through 1,
) 109 , 1 ( is a minimum point.

7.7 (a) Since ) 4 , 2 ( P is a point on the curve, p.227

) 1 ......( .......... 1 2
4 4 8
4 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 3
=
= +
= +
b a
b a
b a

bx ax
dx
dy
2 3
2
+ =
Since 0 =
dx
dy
at P,

) 2 ..( .......... .......... 0 3
0 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 3
2
=
= +
b a
b a

Solving (1) and (2), we have a = 1 and b = 3.

(b) (i) By (a),
2 3
3x x y + =

) 2 ( 3
6 3
2
+ =
+ =
x x
x x
dx
dy

When , 0 >
dx
dy
0 ) 2 ( 3 > + x x
2 < x or 0 > x
y is increasing when 2 < x
or . 0 > x

(ii) When , 0 <
dx
dy
0 ) 2 ( 3 > + x x
0 2 < < x
y is decreasing when . 0 2 < < x

Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co. 180
7 77 7
7.8 1 =
x
e
dx
dy
p.229

x
e
dx
y d
=
2
2

0 1= =
x
e
dx
dy

0 1
0
1
0
0
2
2
> =
=
=
=
=
e
dx
y d
x
e
x
x

(0, 1) is a minimum point.

7.9
2 3
12 4 x x
dy
dy
+ = p.231
x x
dx
y d
24 12
2
2
2
+ =
For turning points, . 0 =
dx
dy

0 12 4
2 3
= + x x

0 or 3
0 ) 3 ( 4
2
=
= +
x
x x

Consider the second derivative.
0 36
3
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

0
0
2
2
=
= x
dx
y d

The Second Derivative Test cannot be
applied when x = 0.
Apply the First Derivative Test,
x 0 2 < < x 0 > x
dx
dy

+ +
(0, 0) is not a turning point.

7.10 (a) When x = 0, y = 0 p.236
The y-intercept is 0.
When y = 0,

3 3 or 0
0 ) 27 (
0 27
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

The x-intercepts are 0, . 3 3

(b) 27 3
2
= x
dx
dy

For turning points, 0 =
dx
dy

3
0 27 3
2
=
=
x
x

x
dx
y d
6
2
2
=
0 18
3
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 18
3
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

(c) Since
), ( ) 27 ( ) ( 27 ) ( ) (
3 3
x f x x x x x f = = =
the graph is rotational symmetrical about the
origin.

7.11 x x
dx
dy
6 3
2
+ = p.237

) 1 ( 6
6 6
2
2
+ =
+ =
x
x
dx
y d

0
2
2
=
dx
y d
when 1 = x
Check the sign of
2
2
dx
y d
around this point.
x 1 < x 1 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+
Since
2
2
dx
y d
changes sign around this point, it is a
point of inflexion.
When , 1 = x 5 7 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 (
2 3
= + = y
The point of inflexion is ). 5 , 1 (

7.12 Since 0 2 = x when , 2 = x and , 0 4 ) 2 ( 9 + p.240
2 = x is a vertical asymptote.
When 4 9 + x is divided by , 2 x the quotient is 9
and the remainder is 22.

2
22
9
2
4 9
+ =
+
x x
x

Hence 9 = y is a horizontal asymptote.

7.13 (a) When x = 0, y = 0. p.242
When y = 0, 0
2
= x
x = 0
The x-intercept is 0.
(b) ) (
2 2
) (
) (
2 2
x f
x
x
x
x
x f
+
=
+
= and ) (x f
) (x f is neither odd nor even.
(c)
2
2 2
) 2 (
) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 (
+
+ +
=
x
x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
x
dx
dy

2
2
2
2
) 2 (
4
) 2 (
) 2 ( 2
+
+
=
+
+
=
x
x x
x
x x x

3
4
2 2
4
2 2
4
2 2 2 2
2
2
) 2 (
8
) 2 (
) 8 2 8 8 2 )( 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 )( 4 ( 2 ) 4 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
) 2 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2 (
+
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ + + +
=
+
+ + + +
=
x
x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x
x
x
dx
d
x x x x
dx
d
x
dx
y d

(d) When , 0 =
dx
dy

0 4
2
= + x x
4 = x or 0
0 1
) 2 4 (
8
3
4
2
2
< =
+
=
= x
dx
y d

) 8 , 4 ( is a local maximum point.
0 1
0
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

(0, 0) is a local minimum point.
(e) By (b), ,
) 2 (
8
3 2
2
+
=
x dx
y d

the second derivative is not equal to zero for all
real numbers x.
There is no point of inflexion.
(f)
2
2
+
=
x
x
y

2
4
2
2
4 ) 2 )( 2 (
2
4 4
2
+
+ =
+
+ +
=
+
+
=
x
x
x
x x
x
x

2 = x y is an oblique asymptote.

(g)

7.14 (a) Substituting y = 2 into ,
5
8 2
2
2
+
+ +
=
x
x x
y p.245
we have

2
10 2 8 2
2
5
8 2
2 2
2
2
=
+ = + +
=
+
+ +
x
x x x
x
x x

2) , 2 ( = P

(b) When x = 0, .
5
8
= y
The y-intercept is .
5
8

When y = 0, 0 8 2
2
= + + x x
Consider the discriminant of . 0 8 2
2
= + + x x

0 63
) 8 )( 2 ( 4 ) 1 (
2
< =
=

There is no real root for . 0 8 2
2
= + + x x
There is no x-intercept.

7 77 7
(c)
5
2
2
5
2 ) 5 ( 2
2 2
2
+
+ =
+
+ +
=
x
x
x
x x
y

2 2
2
2 2
2
) 5 (
4 5
) 5 (
) 2 )( 2 ( ) 5 (
0
+
+
=
+
+
+ =
x
x x
x
x x x
dx
dy

When , 0 =
dx
dy
we have

5 or 1
0 ) 5 )( 1 (
0 4 5
2
=
= +
= +
x
x x
x x

Consider the signs of the first derivative.
x 1 < x 5 1 < < x 5 > x
dx
dy

+
The slope of the curve is positive for
. 5 1 < < x

(d) As shown in (c) and using the First Derivative
Test,
|
\
|
2
3
, 1 is a minimum point and |
\
|
10
21
, 5
is a maximum point.

(e) Since 5
2
+ x is always greater than 0, the curve
has no vertical asymptote.
By (c), y can be expressed as
5
2
2
2
+
+ =
x
x
y
y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote.

(f)

7.15 9 8 ) (
3 4
+ = x x x f p.248

) 6 ( 4
24 4 ) (
2
2 3
=
=
x x
x x x f

For stationary points, , 0 ) ( = x f i.e.,
0
2
= x or 0 6 = x
0 = x or 6 (rejected)
Consider the value of ) (x f at the stationary point
in the interval.

9
9 0 0 ) 0 (
=
+ = f

Consider the value of ) (x f at the end points of
the required interval.

126
9 ) 3 ( 8 3 ) 3 (
306
9 ) 3 ( 8 ) 3 ( ) 3 (
3 4
3 4
=
+ =
=
+ =
f
f

The global maximum and global minimum of
) (x f in the interval 3 3 x are 306 and 126
respectively.
7.16 Let r cm be the radius of the container and p.250

2
cm A be the total surface area of the container.
Base area of the container
2
r =
Height of the container
2
360
r
=
Circumference of the base r 2 =

3 2
2
2
2
2
2
1440
4
720
4
720
2
360
2 2
r dr
A d
r
r
dr
dA
r
r
r
r r A
+ =
=
+ =
|
\
|
+ =

When , 0 =
dr
dA
we have

3
3
2
180
180
720
4
=
=
=
r
r
r
r

12
8 4
180
1440
4
3
180
2
2
=
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
= r
dr
A d

(a) By the Second Derivative Test, A is the least
when 86 . 3
180
3
= = r (cor. to 3. sig. fig.).
The radius is 3.86 cm.

(b) Since there is only one turning point within the interval
and it is the local minimum point, A is the greatest at
one of the end points.
When r = 3, 8496 . 258
3
720
) 3 ( 2 = + = A
When r = 4, 1327 . 205
4
720
) 4 ( 2 = + = A
For the greatest total surface area,
the radius is 3 cm.

7.17 p.252

Let r m be the radius of the cylinder and
2
m A be
the total surface area of the cylinder.
VCB VOA ~

m 3 1
VC r
=
m 3r VC =
The height of the cylinder ) 3 3 ( r = m
Base area of the cylinder
2 2
m r =
Circumference of the base r 2 = m
) 3 3 ( 2 2
2
r r r A + =

2
4 6 r r =
r
dr
dA
8 6 =
8
2
2
=
dr
A d

When 0 =
dr
dA
,

4
3
0 8 6
=
=
r
r

0 8
4
3
2
2
< =
= r
dr
A d

A is a local maximum when
4
3
= r
Since there is only one turning point in the
interal, A is a maximum when .
4
3
= r
The required radius is . m
4
3

7.18 (a) p.253

2 2
1 h OP + = (Pyth. theorem)

2
1
cos
h
h
OP
h
+
=
=

2
1
OP
I and cos I
,
cos
2
OP
k
I

= where k is a constant

2
3
2
2 2
) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
+
=
+ +
=
h
kh
h h
kh

(d)
3 2
2
1
2
2
3
2
) 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 (
2
3
) ( ) 1 (
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
=
h
h h kh k h
dh
dI

2
5
2
2
2
5
2
2 2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
3 ) 1 (
+
=
+
+
=
h
kh k
h
kh h k

When , 0 =
dh
dI

2
1
0 2
2
=
=
h
kh k

h
2
1
2
1
< < h
2
1
> h
dh
dl

+
It is the maximum point.
The required value of
2
1
= h

7 77 7
7.19 Let km x AP = and $E be the total p.254
transportation cost.

5 4
1 ) 2 (
2
2 2
+ =
+ =
x x
x CP

, 6 5 4 10
2
x x x E + + = where 2 0 x

6
5 4
20 10
6 ) 4 2 (
5 4 2
10
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
=
x x
x
x
x x
dt
dE

When , 0 =
dt
dE

3
5 4
10 5
2
=
+
x x
x

(rejected) 2.75 or 25 . 1
32
) 55 )( 16 ( 4 64 64
0 55 64 16
) 5 4 ( 9 100 100 125
2
2
2 2
=

=
= +
+ = +
x
x x
x x x x

x 25 . 1 < x 75 . 2 25 . 1 < < x
dx
dy

+
E is minimum when x = 1.25
By the First Derivative Test,
the required km 25 . 1 = AP

7.20 (a) 7 = =
t
e
dt
ds
V p.259
At , 2 = t
1 2
s m ) 7 (

= e V

t
e
dt
du
a = =
At , 2 = t
2 2
s m
= e a

(b) When , 0 = v

7 ln
7
0 7
=
=
=
t
e
e
t
t

t 7 ln 0 < < t 7 ln > t
v
+
When , 7 ln > t the particle is moving forwards.

7.21 Suppose at time t seconds, the radius of the p.261
circle is r cm and the area of the circle is . cm
2
A

dt
dr
r
dt
dA
r A
2
2
=
=

2 =
dt
dr
when 3 = r
12 ) 2 )( 3 ( 2 = =
dt
dA

The area is increasing at a rate of . s cm 12
1 2

7.22 p.262

Suppose at time t seconds, the sides of the water
surface is x cm, the depth of the water is h cm and the
volume of water is . cm
3
V
h x V
2
3
1
=
Using the property of similar triangles,

4
5 20
h
x
x h
=
=

3
48
1
h V =

dt
dh
h
dt
dV
2
16
1
=
9 =
dt
dV
when , 3 = h

dt
dh
2
) 3 (
16
1
9 =
16 =
dt
dh

The water level is falling at a rate of . s cm 16
1

7.23 Suppose at time t hours, ship A is x km due p.263
north of O, ship B is y km due W 60 S of O
and km. S AB =
= = 120 60 180 AOB
By cosine formula,

) .....( .......... ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 2
2 2 2
) ( ) (
120 cos ) )( ( 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
dt
dy
x y
dt
dx
y x
dt
ds
S
dt
dy
y
dt
dy
x
dt
dy
y
dt
dx
x
dt
ds
S
xy y x
dt
d
S
dt
d
xy y x S
OB AO OB AO AB

From the given condition, , 60 =
dt
dx
45 =
dt
dy

After 1 minute,

3125 . 2 75 . 0 75 . 0 1
75 . 0
60
1
45
1
60
1
60
2 2
= + + =
= =
= =
S
y
x

Substituting the above values into ), ( we have
) 45 ]( 1 ) 75 . 0 ( 2 [ ) 60 ]( 75 . 0 ) 1 ( 2 [ 3125 . 2 2 + + + =
dt
dS

2 . 91 =
dt
dS
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
The rate of change of the distance is
91.2 km . h
1

pp.218 262

Example 7.1T p.218
10 ) 1 ( 10
10
5
1
2
= =
=
=
= x
dx
dy
x
dx
dy
x y

) 1 ( 10 5 = x y
0 5 10 = y x

Example 7.2T p.217
6
3 3
3 3
0
0
3
=
+ =
+ =
=
e
dx
dy
e
dx
dy
x
x

Slope of the normal
6
1
=
) 0 (
6
1
1 = x y
0 6 6 = + y x

Example 7.3T p.220
2
3
2
3
) 1 2 (
1
) 2 ( ) 1 2 (
2
1
1 2
1
= =
x
x
dx
dy
x
y

Slope of the line 0 8 27 = + + y x is .
27
1

27
1
) 1 2 (
1
2
3
=
=
x
dx
dy

or 5
0 ) 73 14 4 )( 5 ( 2
0 ] 81 ) 1 2 ( 9 ) 1 2 )[( 9 1 2 (
0 729 ) 1 2 (
) 1 2 ( 27
2
2
3
2
3
=
= + +
= + +
=
=
x
x x x
x x x
x
x

(rejected)
8
972 14
) 4 ( 2
) 73 )( 4 ( 4 14 14
2

=

=
x
x

When , 5 = x
3
1
1 ) 5 ( 2
1
=
= y
The point of tangency is .
3
1
, 5 |
\
|

) 5 (
27
1
3
1
= x y
0 14 27 = + y x

Example 7.4T p.216
y
x
dx
dy
x
dx
dy
y
dx
d
x y
dx
d
16
0 32 2
) 8 ( ) 16 (
2 2
=
= +
= +

Let ) , (
1 1
1
) , (
1 1
x x
dx
dy
y x
=
=
1
1
16
y
x
=
On the other hand, the slope of the tangent is also equal to
.
0
8
1
1
x
y

0
8 16
1
1
1
1
=
x
y
y
x

1
8
16 8
8 16
1
2
1
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
1
=
=
+ =
=
y
x y y
y y x

8 16 1
1
2
= + x

4
7
1
= x
The points of tangency are
|
|
\
|
1 ,
4
7
and . 1 ,
4
7
|
|
\
|

7 77 7
Example 7.5T p.223
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
) 3 (
16 ) 3 (
) 3 (
25 6
) 3 (
) 7 6 ( ) 6 2 )( 3 (
) 3 (
) 3 ( ) 7 6 ( ) 7 6 ( ) 3 (
+
=
+
=

=
x
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x
dx
d
x x x x
dx
d
x
dx
dy

Since for all real numbers , 3 > x , 0 ) 3 (
2
> x
we have . 0 >
dx
dy

3
7 6
2

=
x
x x
y is increasing for all real numbers . 3 > x

Example 7.6T p.226
) 2 ( 3
6 3
2
+ =
+ =
x x
x x
dx
dy

For stationary points, . 0 =
dx
dy

0 ) 2 ( 3 = + x x
0 or 2 = x
When , 2 = x 1 5 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 (
2 3
= + = y
When , 0 = x 5 = y
x 2 < x 0 2 < < x 0 > x
dx
dy

+ +
Since the sign of
dx
dy
changes from + to as x increases
through 2,
Since the sign of
dx
dy
changes from to + as x increases
through 0,

Example 7.7T p.227
(a) k x x
dx
dy
3 18 6
2
+ =
Since it has only one stationary point,
discriminant of the equation 0 =
dx
dy
is zero.
0 =

2
9
0 2 9
0 ) 3 )( 6 ( 4 ) 18 (
2
=
=
=
k
k
k

(b) By (a), 3
2
27
9 2
2 3
+ = x x x y

2
2
2
3
6
2
27
18 6
|
\
|
=
+ =
x
x x
dx
dy

0 =
dx
dy
when .
2
3
= x
x
2
3
< x
2
3
> x
dx
dy

+ +
There is no turning point.

Example 7.8T p.225
2 2
2
1
1
1
x dx
y d
x dx
dy
=
=

0 1
1
= =
x dx
dy

1
1
1
=
=
x
x

0 1
12
1
1
2
2
< = =
= x
dx
x d


Example 7.9T p.230
x x
dx
y d
x x
dx
dy
90 20
45 5
3
2
2
2 4
=
=

dx
dy

0 45 5
2 4
= x x
3 or 0 = x

Consider the second derivative.
0 270
) 3 ( 90 ) 3 ( 20
3
3
2
2
< =
=
= x
dx
y d

0 270
) 3 ( 90 ) 3 ( 20
3
3
2
2
> =
=
= x
dx
y d

0
0
2
2
=
= x
dx
y d

The Second Derivative Test cannot be applied when
x = 0.
Apply the First Derivative Test.
x 0 3 < < x 3 0 < < x
dx
dy


Example 7.10T p.235
(a) When x = 0, y = 0.
When y = 0,

3 or 0
0 ) 3 ( 4
0 12 4
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

The x-intercepts are 0, 3 and . 3
(b) 12 12
2
= x
dx
dy

dx
dy

0 12 12
2
= x
1 = x

0 24
24
1
2
2
2
2
< =
=
= x
dx
y d
x
dx
y d

0 24
1
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

(c) Since ) ( 12 ) ( 4 ) (
3
x x x f =

), (
) 12 4 (
12 4
3
3
x f
x x
x x
=
=
+ =

the graph is rotational symmetrical about the origin.

Example 7.11T p.236
3
2
2
4
80
20
x
dx
y d
x
dx
dy
=
=

0
2
2
=
dx
y d
when x = 0
Check the sign of
2
2
dx
y d
around this point.
x 0 < x 0 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+
The sign of
2
2
dx
y d
changes around this point.
It is a point of inflexion.
When x = 0, y = 10
The point of inflexion is (0, 10).

Example 7.12T p.240
Since 0
2
= x when x = 0, and , 0 1 ) 1 0 (
3
=
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
2
2
2 3
2
3
1 3
3
1 3 3 ) 1 (
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
+ =
+
=

3 = x y is an oblique asymptote.

7 77 7
Example 7.13T p.240
(a) ) (
3 1
1
) ( 3 1
1
) (
2 2
x f
x x
x f =
+
=
+
=
) (x f is an even function.

(b) 0 3 1
2
> + x for all x,
0
3 1
1
) (
2
>
+
=
x
x f for all x.

(c) When x = 0, . 1
0 1
1
=
+
= y
By (b), since 0 ) ( > x f for all x.
There is no x-intercept.

(d) ) 3 (
) 3 1 (
1
2
2 2
x
dx
d
x dx
dy
+
=

2 2
) 3 1 (
6
x
x
+
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy
0 6 = x
0 = x

0 6
) 0 1 (
) 1 0 )( 1 0 ( 6
) 3 1 (
) 1 3 )( 1 3 ( 6
) 3 1 (
72 18 6
) 3 1 (
)] 6 )( 3 1 ( 2 [ 6 ) 6 ( ) 3 1 (
3
0
2
2
3
3
2 2
4 2
2 2 2
2
2
> =
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ + +
=
= x
dx
y d
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
dx
y d


(e) When , 0
2
2
=
dx
y d

3
1
or
3
1
0 ) 1 3 )( 1 )( 3 ( 6
=
= +
x
x

x
3
1
< x
3
1
3
1
< < x
3
1
> x
2
2
dx
y d

+ +
|
\
|
4
3
,
3
1
and |
\
|
4
3
,
3
1
are points of inflexion.

(f) 0 3 1
2
> + x for all x.
There is no vertical asymptote.

(g)

Example 7.14T p.243
(a)
2
1
) ( 1
) (
) (
4
2
=
x
x
x f

) (
2
1
1
4
2
x f
x
x
=
+
=

(b) When x = 0,

2
1
2
1
0 1
0
=
+
= y

The y-intercept is .
2
1

When y = 0,

1
0 ) 1 (
0 1 2
2
1
1
2 2
2 4
4
2
=
=
= +
=
+
x
x
x x
x
x

The x-intercepts are 1 and 1.
(c)
2 4
3 2 4
) 1 (
) 4 )( ( ) 2 )( 1 (
x
x x x x
dx
dy
+
+
=

2 4
2
) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 2
x
x x x x
+
+ +
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

, 0 = x 1 or 1
x 1 < x 0 1 < < x 1 0 < < x 1 > x
dx
dy

+ +
The slope of the curve is negative for
0 1 < < x or . 1 > x

(d) As shown in (c) and using the First Derivative Test,
) 0 , 1 ( and (1, 0) are maximum points and
|
\
|

2
1
, 0 is a minimum point.

(e) 0 1
4
> + x for all real numbers x.

4
2
1 2
1
) (
x
x
x f
+
+ =

2
1
= y is a horizontal asymptote.

(f)

Example 7.15T p.248
2 sin 2 sin 4
sin 2 ) sin 2 1 ( 2
sin 2 2 cos 2 ) (
cos 2 2 sin ) (
2
2
+ + =
+ =
+ =
=
x x
x x
x x x f
x x x f

When , 0 ) ( = x f
0 ) 1 )(sin 1 sin 2 (
0 1 sin sin 2
2
= +
=
x x
x x

2
1
sin = x or 1
or 0 ,
6
11
,
6
7
= x

6
7
and
6
11
is not in the interval.
They are rejected.
The other two stationary points are end points.
We can only consider these two points.
2
cos 2 2 sin ) (
2
0 cos 2 0 sin ) 0 (
=
=
=
=
f
f

The global maximum and global minimum of ) (x f
in the interval 0 x are 2 and 2 respectively.

Example 7.16T p.250

Let x cm be the length of the square base, h cm be the height
of the container and
3
cm V be the volume of the container.
Total surface area
2
cm 96 =

x
x
h
xh x
2
48
96 4 2
2
2
=
= +

3
2
2
2
2
1
24
2
48
x x
x
x
x
h x V
=
|
|
\
|

=
=

x
dx
V d
x
dx
dV
3
2
3
24
2
2
2
=
=

When , 0 =
dx
dV

0 12 ) 4 ( 3
(rejected) 4 or 4
16
2
3
24
4
2
2
2
2
< = =
=
=
=
= x
dx
V d
x
x
x

V is maximum when x = 4.
The greatest volume
3 3
cm ) 4 (
2
1
) 4 ( 24
(
=

3
cm 64 =

Example 7.17T p.251
(a)
2
T N and
1000
2
T
e N

1000
2
2
T
e kT N

= where k is a constant.

7 77 7
(b)

|
|
\
|
=
+ |
\
|
=

1000
1 2
2
1000
2
2
1000
1000 1000
2
2
2 2
T
kTe
kTe
T
e kT
dT
dN
T
T T

When , 0 =
dT
dN

(rejected) 1000 or 1000
1000
(rejected) 0 or 0
1000
1
0
1000
1 2
2
2
2
1000
2
=
=
= =
=
|
|
\
|
T
T
T
T
T
kTe
T

T 1000 0 < <T 1000 > T
dT
dN

N is a local maximum when 32 1000 = = T
(cor. to the nearest integer)
Since there is only one turning point in the
interval, the required age T is 32.

Example 7.18T p.252

Let r cm be the radius of the cylinder, h cm be the height of
the cylinder and
3
cm V be the volume of the cylinder.
By the property of similar triangles,

r h
h r
3 36
36
36
12
=
=

2
3 2
2
2
9 72
3 36
) 3 36 (
r r
dr
dV
r r
r r
h r V
=
=
=
=

When , 0 =
dr
dV

8 or 0
0 ) 8 (
0 9 72
2
=
=
=
r
r r
r r

Since two stationary points are also outside the required
interval, there is no turning points inside the interval.
The extremum exist at the end points of the interval.
When r = 5,
3 2
(5) 3 (5) 36 = V
525 =
When r = 7,
3 2
(7) 3 (7) 36 = V
735 =
When the radius is 7 cm, the volume of the cylinder is
the greatest.

Example 7.19T p.253
Let at time t hours, the ships are at A and B respectively.

Let B A and be the original locations of ship A and ship B
respectively and D = AB.

2500 4000 2000
) 40 50 ( ) 20 (
) ' ( ) ' (
2
2 2
2 2
+ =
+ =
+ =
t t
t t D
B A AA AB

D is minimum when
2
D is minimum.
We consider . 2500 4000 2000
2 2
+ = t t D
4000 4000
2
= t
dt
dD

When , 0
2
=
dt
dD
1 = t
t 1 < t 1 > t
dt
dD
2

+
2
D is minimum when t = 1.
D is minimum when t = 1
The shortest distance
km 5 10
km 2500 4000 2000
=
+ =

Example 7.20T p.259
(a) 1 8 = = t
dt
ds
V
At t = 5,
1
s cm ] 1 ) 5 ( 8 [

= V

1
s cm 39

=
8 = =
dt
dV
a
At t = 5,
2
s cm 8

= a
(b) When v = 0,
8
1
= t .
t
8
1
< t
8
1
> t
v +
When ,
8
1
> t the particle is moving in a
positive direction.

Example 7.21T p.260
Suppose at time t seconds, the radius of the ballon is r cm and
its surface area is . cm
2
A

dt
dr
r
dt
dA
r A
8
4
2
=
=

5 =
dt
dA
when r = 8

dt
dr
(8) 8 5 =
0249 . 0 =
dt
dr
The radius is decreasing at a rate of . s cm 0249 . 0
1

Example 7.22T p.261

Let BC = x cm and AC = y cm.

dt
dx
x
x
dt
dx
x
x
dt
dy
x y
x y
100
) 2 (
100 2
1
100
10
2
2
2
2 2 2
+
=
+
=
+ =
+ =

3 =
dt
dy
when x = 7.5

dt
dx
100 5 . 7
5 . 7
3
2
+
=
5 =
dt
dx

The rate of change of BC is . s cm 5
1

Example 7.23T p.262

By cosine formula,

dt
dx
x
x
dt
dx
x
x
dt
dy
x y
x y
x y
cos 8 17
sin 4
) sin 8 (
cos 8 17 2
1
cos 8 17
cos 8 17
cos ) 1 )( 4 ( 2 1 4
2
2 2 2
=
=
=
+ =

1 . 0 =
dt
dx
when ,
3
= x
) 1 . 0 (
3
8cos - 17
3
sin 4
=
dt
dy

0961 . 0 = (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
The rate of change of y is . s cm 0961 . 0
1

7.1 pp.221 222

p.221
1.
3
12x
dx
dy
=

12
) 1 ( 12
3
1
=
=
= x
dx
dy

)] 1 ( [ 12 3 = x y
0 9 12 = + + y x

7 77 7
2.
x
dx
dy
2
1
=

4
1
2
1
4
=
=
=
x
dx
dy
x

)] 4 (
4
1
2 = x y
0 4 4 = + y x

3. ) 2 (
) 5 ( 2
3
2
3
2
x
x
dx
dy
+
=

2
3
2
) 5 (
3
+
=
x
x

9
2
] 5 ) 2 [(
) 2 ( 3
2
3
2
2
=
+
=
= x
dx
dy

)] 2 ( [
9
2
1 = x y
0 13 9 2 = + y x

4. 3 sin 2 + = x
dx
dy

3
3 0
0
=
+ =
= x
dx
dy

) 0 ( 3 2 = x y
0 2 3 = + y x

5. x
dx
dy
2
sec =

2
) 2 (
2
4
=
=
= x
dx
dy

|
\
|
=
4
2 1 x y
0 ) 2 ( 2 4 = + y x

6. ) 2 )( 2 cot 2 csc ( 2 csc 2 x x x
dx
dy
=
x x 2 cot 2 csc 4
2
=

8
) 1 ( ) 2 ( 4
4
cot
4
csc 4
2
2
8
=
=
=
= x
dx
dy

|
\
|
=
8
8 2 x y
0 2) ( 8 = + + y x

7. 7 + =
x
e
dx
dy

8
7
0
0
=
+ =
=
e
dx
dy
x

) 0 ( 8 ) 2 ( = x y
0 2 8 = y x

8. x
x dx
dy
18
1
+ =

19
) 1 ( 18
1
1
1
=
+
=
= x
dx
dy

)] 1 ( [ 19 9 = x y
0 10 19 = + + y x

9.
6
15

= x
dx
dy

15
) 1 ( 15
6
1
=
=

= x
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
15
1
15
1
=
=
)] 1 ( [
15
1
) 3 ( = x y
0 44 15 = y x

10. ) 4 (
7 4 2
1
=
x
dx
dy

7 4
2
=
x

2
7 ) 2 ( 4
) 2 (
2
=

=
= x
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
2
1
=
) 2 (
2
1
1 = x y
0 4 2 = + y x

11.
2
1
1
x dx
dy
+ =

4
5
2
1
1
2
2
=
+ =
= x
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
5
4
=
) 2 (
5
4
2
3
= x y
0 31 10 8 = + y x

12. ) 7 (
2 7 2
1
x
x
e
e
dx
dy
+
=

2 7 2
7
+
=
x
x
e
e

6
7
2 7 2
7
0
0
0
=
+
=
= e
e
dx
dy
x

Slope of the normal
7
6
=
) 0 (
7
6
3 = x y
0 21 7 6 = + y x

13. x
dx
dy
2
csc =

2
) 2 (
4
csc
2
2
4
=
=
|
\
|
=
= x
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
2
1
) 2 (
1
=
=

(
\
|
=
4
2
1
) 1 ( x y
0 ) 8 ( 8 4 = + y x

14. ) 1 ( 2 cos ) 2 )( 2 sin ( x x x
dx
dy
+ =
x x x 2 sin 2 2 cos =

2
sin
4
2
2
cos
4
=
|
\
|
=
= x
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
2
2
1
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
4
2
0 x y
0 2 4 = y x

15.
x x
e e
dx
dy

+ =

2
0 0
0
=
+ =
=
e e
dx
dy
x

Slope of the normal
2
1
=
) 0 (
2
1
2 = x y
0 4 2 = + y x

16. ) 1 ( ln
1
x
x
x
dx
dy
+ |
\
|
=
x ln 1+ =

1
1 ln 1
1
=
+ =
= x
dx
dy

) 1 )( 1 ( 0 = x y
0 1 = + y x

7 77 7
p.221
17. ) 5 ( ) 5 4 (
2 3
dx
d
y xy x
dx
d
= + +

y x
y x
dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
y y
dx
dy
x x
10 4
4 3
4 3 ) 10 4 (
0 10 4 4 3
2
2
2
+
+
=
= +
= + + +

4
) 1 ( 10 ) 2 ( 4
) 1 ( 4 ) 2 ( 3
2
) 1 , 2 (
=
+
+
=
dx
dy

) 2 ( 4 ) 1 ( = x y
0 9 4 = y x

18. ) 1 3 ( ] [
) sin(
+ =
+
y
dx
d
e
dx
d
y x

) cos( 3
) cos(
) cos( )] cos( 3 [
3 1 ) cos(
) sin(
) sin(
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
y x e
y x e
dx
dy
y x e
dx
dy
y x e
dx
dy
dx
dy
y x e
y x
y x
y x y x
y x
+
+
=
+ = +
= |
\
|
+ +
+
+
+ +
+

2
1
0 cos 3
0 cos
0
0
) 0 , 0 (
=
=
e
e
dx
dy

) 0 (
2
1
0 = x y
0 2 = y x

19. ) 8 sin 4 ( ) (
3
+ = + y x
dx
d
x y
dx
d

1 cos 4
sin 4 3
sin 4 3 ) 1 cos 4 (
0 sin 4 cos 4 3
2
2
2
=
=
+ + = +
y x
y x
dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
y x
y
dx
dy
y x x
dx
dy

7
12
1 0 cos ) 2 ( 4
0 sin 4 ) 2 ( 3
2
) 0 , 2 (
=
=
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
12
7
7
12
1
= =
) 2 (
12
7
0 = x y
0 14 12 7 = + y x

20. ) 7 ( ) ln 8 (
5
x x
dx
d
y y
dx
d
+ = +

1 8
5 7
5 7 ) 1 8 (
5 7
1
8
4
4
4
+
+
=
+ = +
+ = +
y
y x y
dx
dy
y x y
dx
dy
y
x
dx
dy
y dx
dy

3
4
1 8
5 7
) 1 , 1 (
=
+
+
=
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
4
3
3
4
1
= =
) 1 (
4
3
1 = x y
0 7 4 3 = + y x

21. ) 1 9 ( ) 3 (
2 2
+ = + y
dx
d
xy x
dx
d

x y
y x
dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
y y
dx
dy
x x
3 18
3 2
3 2 ) 3 18 (
18 3 3 2
+
=
+ =
= + +

3
2
3 0
0 2
) 0 , 1 (
=
+
=
dx
dy

) 1 (
3
2
0 = x y
0 2 3 2 = + y x
Slope of the normal
2
3
3
2
1
=
=
) 1 (
2
3
0 = x y
0 3 2 3 = y x

22. ) cos 14 ( ) (
4
x y
dx
d
x y
dx
d
+ = +

3
3
3
4 cos
sin 1
sin 1 ) 4 (cos
cos ) sin ( 0 1 4
y
x y
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
x x y
dx
dy
y
+
=
+ =
+ + = +

31
1
) 2 ( 4 0 cos
0 sin ) 2 ( 1
3
2) , 0 (
=
+
=
dx
dy

) 0 (
31
1
2 = x y
0 62 31 = + y x
) 0 ( 31 2 = x y
0 2 31 = + y x

23. x x y 4 2
3
+ =
4 6
2
+ = x
dx
dy

Slope of the line 0 7 11 2 = + y x is .
11
2

Slope of the line perpendicular to this line .
2
11
=
When
2
11
=
dx
dy

2
1
4
1
2
11
4 6
2
2
=
=
= +
x
x
x

When ,
2
1
= x
4
9
2
1
4
2
1
2
3
= |
\
|
+ |
\
|
= y
At the point ,
4
9
,
2
1
|
\
|

(
\
|
= |
\
|

2
1
2
11
4
9
x y
0 1 2 11 = + y x
When ,
2
1
= x
4
9
2
1
4
2
1
2
3
= |
\
|
+ |
\
|
= y
At the point ,
4
9
,
2
1
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
11
4
9
x y
0 1 2 11 = y x

24. 21 8
2
= + xy x

2
2
2
2 2
2
8 21
) ( ) 21 8 ( ) 21 8 (
21 8
x
x
x
x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
x
dx
dy
x
x
y
=

=

=

Slope of the line 0 5 13 = + y x is . 13
1
13
=

When , 13 =
dx
dy

1
1
13
8 21
2
2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x
x

When , 1 = x 29
1
21 ) 1 ( 8
2
=

= y
At the point ), 29 , 1 ( the equation of the tangent is
)] 1 ( [ 13 29 = x y
0 42 13 = + y x
When x = 1, 29
1
21 ) 1 ( 8
2
=

= y
At the point ), 29 , 1 ( the equation of the tangent is
) 1 ( 13 ) 29 ( = x y
0 42 13 = y x

25.
2
3x
dx
dy
=
Let ) , (
1 1
2
1 1 1
3 ) , ( x y x =
The slope is also equal to .
0
) 16 (
1
1

x
y

1
1 2
1
16
3
x
y
x
+
=

8
16 2
16 ) ( 3
16 3
1
1
1
3
1 1
=
=
=
=
y
y
y
x y

3
1
8 x =
2
1
= x
When , 2
1
= x 8 ) 2 (
3
1
= = y .
The point is (2, 8).

7 77 7
26. ) 68 ( ) 4 (
2 2
dx
d
y x
dx
d
= +

y
x
dx
dy
dx
dy
y x
4
0 8 2
=
= +

Let ) , (
1 1
1
1
1 1
4
) , (
y
x
y x =
Slope of the normal at
1
1
1 1
4
) , (
x
y
y x = for . 0
1
x
The slope of the normal is also equal to .
0
3
1
1
x
y

1
1
1
1
3 4
x
y
x
y
=

1
3 3
1
1
=
=
y
y

68 ) 1 ( 4 ) (
2 2
1
= + x
8
1
= x
At ), 1 , 8 ( the equation of the normal is

) 8 (
2
1
1
) 8 (
8
) 1 ( 4
) 1 (
= +
=
x y
x y

0 6 2 = + y x
Similarly, the equation of the normal at ), 1 , 8 ( is
0 6 2 = + y x
Note that at ) 17 , 0 ( and ), 17 , 0 ( 0 =
dx
dy

The normals at these two points are horizontal lines
which pass through (0, 3).
x = 0 is also one of the equations.

7.2 pp.231 232

p.231
1. x x
dx
dy
6 3
2
=
When , 0 <
dx
dy

2 0
0 ) 2 ( 3
0 6 3
2
< <
<
<
x
x x
x x

2 3
3x x y = is decreasing when . 2 0 < < x

2. 3 6 5
2 4
+ + = x x
dx
dy

For all real values of x,
0
4
> x and 0
2
> x
0 3 6 5
2 4
> + + = x x
dx
dy

x x x y 3 2
3 5
+ + = is increasing for all real
values of x.

3. 15 12 3
2
= x x
dx
dy

) 5 )( 1 ( 3 + = x x
When , 0 =
dx
dy

1 = x or 5
When , 1 = x 13 = y
When , 5 = x 95 = y
Using the First Derivative Test,
x 1 < x 5 1 < < x 5 > x
dx
dy

+ +
) 13 , 1 ( is a maximum point and ) 95 , 5 (
is a minimum point.

4.
2
3 12 9 x x
dx
dy
+ =
) 3 )( 1 ( 3 = x x
When , 0 =
dx
dy

x = 1 or 3
When , 1 = x 3 = y
When , 3 = x 7 = y
x 1 < x 3 1 < < x 3 > x
dx
dy

+
is a minimum point.

5.
2
1
1
x dx
dy
=

2
) 1 )( 1 (
x
x x +
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

1 = x or 1
When , 1 = x 2 = y
When , 1 = x 2 = y

x 1 < x 1 1 < < x 1 > x
dx
dy

+ +
is a minimum point.

6. x x
dx
dy
sin cos =
When , 0 =
dx
dy

4
5
or
4
1 tan
cos sin
=
=
=
x
x
x x

When ,
4
= x 2 = y
When ,
4
5
= x 2 = y
x
4
0 < < x
4
5
4
x <
4
5
> x
dx
dy

+ +
|
\
|
2 ,
4
is a maximum point and |
\
|
2 ,
4
5

is a minimum point.

7. 84 30 6
2
+ = x x
dx
dy

30 12
2
2
+ = x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

2 or 7
0 ) 2 )( 7 (
0 84 30 6
2
=
= +
= +
x
x x
x x

0 54 30 ) 7 ( 12
7
2
2
< = + =
= x
dx
y d

629) , 7 ( is a maximum point.
0 54 30 ) 2 ( 12
2
2
2
> = + =
= x
dx
y d

8. x
dx
dy
2 cos 2 1+ =
x
dx
y d
2 sin 4
2
2
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

3
2
or
3
3
4
or
3
2
2
2
1
2 cos
0 2 cos 2 1
=
=
=
= +
x
x
x
x

0 3 2
3
2
sin 4
3
2
2
< = =
= x
dx
y d

|
|
\
|
+
2
3
3
,
3
is a maximum point.
0 3 2
3
4
sin 4
3
2
2
2
> = =
= x
dx
y d

|
|
\
|
2
3
3
2
,
3
2
is a minimum point.

9. x x
dx
dy
24 4
3
=
24 12
2
2
2
= x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

6 or 0
0 ) 6 ( 4
0 24 4
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

0 24 24 ) 0 ( 12
2
0
2
2
< = =
= x
dx
y d

(0, 0) is a maximum point.
0 48 24 ) 6 ( 12
2
6
2
2
> = =
= x
dx
y d

0 48 24 ) 6 ( 12
2
6
2
2
> = =
= x
dx
y d


7 77 7
10. x
dx
dy
2
sec 4 =

x x
x x x
dx
y d
tan sec 2
) tan (sec sec 2
2
2
2
=
=

When , 0 =
dx
dy

3
or
3
(rejected)
2
1
or
2
1
cos
4 sec
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

0 3 8
3
tan
3
sec 2
2
3
2
2
< = =
= x
dx
y d

|
\
|
3
3
4
,
3
is a maximum point.
0 3 8
3
tan
3
sec 2
2
3
2
2
> = |
\
|
|
\
|
=
= x
dx
y d

|
\
|
+ 3
3
4
,
3
is a minimum point.

p.232
11. x x x
dx
dy
16 24 8
2 3
+ =
16 48 24
2
2
2
+ = x x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

2 or 1 , 0
0 ) 1 )( 2 ( 8
0 ) 2 3 ( 8
0 16 24 8
2
2 3
=
=
= +
= +
x
x x x
x x x
x x x

0 16 16 ) 0 ( 48 ) 0 ( 24
2
0
2
2
> = + =
= x
dx
y d

0 8 16 48 24
1
2
2
< = + =
= x
dx
y d

0 16 16 ) 2 ( 48 ) 2 ( 24
2
2
2
2
> = + =
= x
dx
y d


12.
2
2
1 ) 2 (
1 2
x x
x
x
dx
dy
+
=

2
2
1
2 1
x
x
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

2
1
2
1
0 2 1
2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

x
2
1
1 < < x
2
1
2
1
< < x 1
2
1
< < x
dx
dy

+

|
|
\
|
2
1
,
2
1
is a maximum point.

|
|
\
|

2
1
,
2
1
is a maximum point.

13.
2 2
2 2
) 3 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( )] 1 ( 2 )[ 3 (
+
+
=
x
x x x x
dx
dy

2 2
2 2
2 2
) 3 (
) 1 )( 3 ( 2
) 3 (
) 2 2 6 2 )( 1 (
+
+
=
+
+ +
=
x
x x
x
x x x x

When , 0 =
dx
dy

3 = x or 1
x 3 < x 1 3 < < x 1 > x
dx
dy

+ +
|
\
|
3
4
, 3 is a maximum point.

14.
x
x x x x
dx
dy
2
sin
cos ) cos 2 ( ) (sin sin
=

x
x
x
x x x
2
2
2 2
sin
cos 2 1
sin
cos cos 2 sin
=
+
=

When , 0 =
dx
dy

3
5
or
3
2
1
cos
0 cos 2 1
=
=
=
x
x
x

x
3
0 < x
3
5
3
< < x 2
3
5
< x
dx
dy

+

|
\
|
3 ,
3
5
is a maximum point.
|
\
|
3 ,
3
is a minimum point.

15. (a) ) 5 , 1 ( is a point on the curve.
5 5 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
3
= + +b a
) 1 ........( .......... 10 = + b a
b ax
dx
dy
+ =
2
3
) 5 , 1 ( is a stationary point.
0 =
dx
dy
at ) 5 , 1 (
0 ) 1 ( 3
2
= +b a
) 2 .........( .......... .......... 0 3 = +b a
: ) 1 ( ) 2 ( 10 2 = a
5 = a
Substituting a = 5 into (1),

15
10 5
=
= +
b
b

(b) By (a), 5 15 5
3
+ = x x y
15 15
2
= x
dx
dy

When , 0 =
dx
dy

1
1
0 15 15
2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

x 1 < x 1 1 < < x 1 > x
dx
dy

+ +
15) , 1 ( is a maximum point.

16. b ax
dx
dy
+ = 2
It has turning point at x = 6.
0
6
=
= x
dx
dy

) 1 .......( .......... 0 12
0 ) 6 ( 2
= +
= +
b a
b a

The slope of the tangent at x = 9 is 4.
4
9
=
= x
dx
dy

) 2 ......( .......... 4 18
4 ) 9 ( 2
= +
= +
b a
b a

: ) 1 ( ) 2 ( 4 6 = a

3
2
= a
Substituting
3
2
= a into (1),

8
0
3
2
12
=
= + |
\
|
b
b

17. kx x x
dx
dy
6 6 6
2
+ + =
The curve has exactly two stationary points.
Discriminant of the equation 0 =
dx
dy
is greater
than zero.
0 >

0 4 1
0 ) 6 )( 6 ( 4 ) 6 (
2
>
>
k
k

4
1
< k

18. 96 6 6
2
+ + = kx x
dx
dy

The curve has exactly one stationary point.
dx
dy
is zero.
0 =

8
64
0 ) 96 )( 6 ( 4 ) 6 (
2
2
=
=
=
k
k
k

For , 8 = k 6 96 24 2
2 3
+ = x x x y
96 48 6
2
+ = x x
dx
dy

When , 0 =
dx
dy

4
0 ) 4 (
0 96 48 6
2
2
=
=
= +
x
x
x x

(4, 122) is the corresponding stationary point.
For , 8 = k 6 96 24 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y
96 48 6
2
+ + = x x
dx
dy

When , 0 =
dx
dy

4
0 ) 4 (
0 96 48 6
2
2
=
= +
= + +
x
x
x x

) 134 , 4 ( is the corresponding stationary point.

7 77 7

7.3 pp.245 247

p.245
1. (a) When , 0 = y

12 or 0
0 ) 12 (
0 12
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

x-intercepts 12 and 0 =
When x = 0, y = 0.
y-intercept 0 =
(b) 12 3
2
= x
dx
dy

x
dx
y d
6
2
2
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

2
4
2
=
=
x
x

0 12
2
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 12
2
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d


(c)

2. (a) When y = 0,

27 or 0
0 ) 27 (
0 27
2
3
=
=
= +
x
x x
x x

When x = 0, y = 0.
y-intercept 0 =
(b) 27 3
2
+ = x
dx
dy

x
dx
y d
6
2
2
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

3
9
0 27 3
2
2
=
=
= +
x
x
x

0 18
3
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

0 18
3
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d


(c)

3. (a) When y = 0,

3
0 ) 3 )( 9 (
0 27 6
2 2
2 4
=
= +
=
x
x x
x x

When x = 0, . 27 = y
y-intercept 27 =

(b) x x
dx
dy
12 4
3
=
12 12
2
2
2
= x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

3 or 0
0 ) 3 ( 4
0 12 4
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

0 12
0
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 24
3
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

0 24
3
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

(c)

4. (a) When y = 0,

6
0 ) 4 )( 6 (
0 24 2
2 2
2 4
=
= +
=
x
x x
x x

When x = 0, . 24 = y
y-intercept 24 =
(b) x x
dx
dy
4 4
3
=
4 12
2
2
2
= x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

1 or 0
0 ) 1 ( 4
0 4 4
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

0 4
0
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 8
1
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

0 8
1
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d


(c)

5. (a) When y = 0,

2
6 2 3
or 0
0 ) 15 12 4 (
0 15 12 4
2
2 3

=
= +
= +
x
x x x
x x x

x-intercepts
2
6 2 3
and 0 ,
2
6 2 3 +
=
When x = 0, . 0 = y
y-intercept 0 =

(b) 15 24 12
2
+ = x x
dx
dy

24 24
2
2
+ = x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

2
1
or
2
5
0 ) 1 2 )( 5 2 (
0 15 24 12
2
=
= +
= +
x
x x
x

0 36
2
5
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

|
\
|
50 ,
2
5
is a maximum point.
0 36
2
1
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

|
\
|
4 ,
2
1
is a minimum point.

7 77 7

(c)

6. (a) When y = 0,

1
0 1
2
=
=
x
x

x-intercepts 1 , 1 =
When x = 0, . 1 = y
y-intercept 1 =
(b)
2 2
2 2
) 1 (
) 2 )( 1 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
+
+
=
x
x x x x
dx
dy

2 2
) 1 (
4
+
=
x
x

When , 0 =
dx
dy

0
0 4
=
=
x
x

x 0 < x 0 > x
dx
dy

+
(c) Note that 1
1
2
1
1
2 1
1
1
2 2
2
2
2
<
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
x x
x
x
x
y

7. x x x
dx
dy
120 18 4
2 3
+ =
120 36 12
2
2
2
+ = x x
dx
y d

When , 0
2
2
=
dx
y d

0 ) 2 )( 5 (
0 120 36 12
2
= +
= +
x x
x x

x 5 < x 2 5 < < x 2 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+ +
) 1621 , 5 ( and ) 172 , 2 ( are points of
inflexion.

8.
3
2
2
3
x
x
dx
dy
+ =

4 2
2
6
6
x
x
dx
y d
=
When , 0
2
2
=
dx
y d

1
1
0
6
6
5
4
=
=
=
x
x
x
x

x 1 < x 1 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+
) 0 , 1 ( is a point of inflexion.

9.
1 2
2 3
8 6
8 6

+ + =
+ +
= x x x
x
x x
y

2
8 6 2

+ = x x
dx
dy

3
3
3
2
2
16 2
16 2
x
x
x
dx
y d
+
=
=

When , 0
2
2
=
dx
y d

2
8
0 16 2
3
3
=
=
= +
x
x
x

x 2 < x 2 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+

10.
2
2
) 4 (
) 1 )( 2 3 ( ) 3 2 )( 4 (
+
=
x
x x x x
dx
dy

2
2
) 4 (
10 8
+
=
x
x x

3
3
2 2
4
2 2
2
2
) 4 (
12
) 4 (
20 16 2 32 16 2
) 4 (
)] 4 ( 2 )[ 10 8 ( ) 8 2 ( ) 4 (
+ +
=
+
=
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x x
dx
y d

0
2
2
dx
y d
for all real values of x.
There is no points of inflexion.
11.
4
9
2
=
x
y
When , 0 4
2
= x . 2 = x
2 = x and 2 = x are vertical asymptotes.

4
9
0
2
+ =
x
y
0 = y is a horizontal asymptote.
12.
x x
x
y
+
+
=
3
9 5

When , 0
3
= + x x 0 = x

x x
x
y
+
+
+ =
3
9 5
0

13.
x
x y
1
+ =
x y = is an oblique asymptote.

14.
1
9
2
2 3
+
+
=
x
x x
y
When
2 3
9 x x + is divided by , 1
2
+ x the quotient is
1 9 + x and the remainder is . 1 9 x

1
1 9
1 9
2
+

+ + =
x
x
x y
0 1
2
+ x for all real values of x.
1 9 + = x y is an oblique asymptote.

15.
2
2 3
2
3
27 27 9 ) 3 (
x
x x x
x
x
y
+ + +
=
+
=

2
27 27
9
x
x
x
+
+ + =
9 + = x y is an oblique asymptote.
16. When 7 5
3 4
+ x x is divided by , 4
2
x
the quotient is 4 5
2
+ + x x and the remainder is
. 9 20 + x

4
9 20
4 5
2
2
+
+ + + =
x
x
x x y
There is no oblique asymptotes.
When , 0 4
2
= x 2 = x

p.246
17. (a) When y = 0,

9 or 1
0 ) 1 )( 9 (
0 9 10
2
=
=
= +
x
x x
x x

When x = 0, y = 1.
y-intercept 1 =

(b)
2 2
2 2
) 9 (
) 2 )( 9 10 ( ) 10 2 )( 9 (
+
+ +
=
x
x x x x x
dx
dy

2 2
2
) 9 (
90 10
+
=
x
x

When , 0 =
dx
dy

3
0 90 10
2
=
=
x
x

x 3 < x 3 3 < < x 3 > x
dx
dy

+ +
|
\
|
3
8
|
\
|

3
2

(c)

7 77 7
18. (a) ) ( 12 ) ( 4 ) (
3
x x x f =

) (
) 12 4 (
3
x f
x x
=
=

) (x f is an odd function.

(b) When y = 0,

3 , 0
0 ) 3 (
0 12 4
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

x-intercepts 3 , 3 , 0 =
When x = 0, y = 0.
y-intercept 0 =

(c) 12 12
2
= x
dx
dy

x
dx
y d
24
2
2
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

1
1
0 12 12
2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

0 24
1
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 24
1
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d


(b) x
dx
y d
24
2
2
=
When . 0 , 0
2
2
= = x
dx
y d

x 0 < x 0 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+

(e)

19. (a) 25 ) ( 24 ) ( ) (
2 4
= x x x f

) (
25 24
2 4
x f
x x
=
=


(b) When y = 0,

5
25
0 ) 25 )( 1 (
0 25 24
2
2 2
2 4
=
=
= +
=
x
x
x x
x x

x-intercepts 5 , 5 =
When x = 0, . 25 = y
y-intercept 25 =

(c) x x
dx
dy
48 4
3
=
48 12
2
2
2
= x
dx
y d

When , 0 =
dx
dy

3 2 or 0
0 ) 12 (
0 48 4
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

0 48
0
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 96
3 2
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

) 169 , 3 2 ( is a minimum point.
0 96
3 2
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

) 169 , 3 2 ( is a minimum point.

(d) 48 12
2
2
2
= x
dx
y d

When , 0
2
2
=
dx
y d

2
4
0 48 12
2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

x 2 < x 2 2 < < x 2 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+ +
) 105 , 2 ( and ) 105 , 2 ( are points of
inflexion.

(e)

20. (a) When y = 0,

1.75 or 2
0 ) 2 )( 7 4 (
0 14 4
2
=
= +
= +
x
x x
x x

x-intercepts 1.75 , 2 =
When x = 0, y = 7.
y-intercept 7 =

(b)
2
2
) 2 (
) 1 )( 14 4 ( ) 1 8 )( 2 (
+ +
=
x
x x x x
dx
dy

2
2
) 2 (
) 3 4 ( 4
+
=
x
x x

3
3
2 2
4
2 2
2
2
) 2 (
8
) 2 (
24 32 8 32 32 8
) 2 (
)] 2 ( 2 )[ 3 4 ( 4 ) 16 8 ( ) 2 (
+ +
=
+
=
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x x
dx
y d

(c) When , 0 =
dx
dy

3 or 1
0 ) 1 )( 3 (
0 3 4
2
=
=
= +
x
x x
x x

0 8
1
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

0 8
3
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d


(d)
2
14 4
2
+
=
x
x x
y

2
4
9 4
2
4 ) 2 )( 9 4 (
2
4 18 4
2
+ + =

+ +
=

+ +
=
x
x
x
x x
x
x x

When , 0 2 = x x = 2.
x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
y = 4x + 9 is an oblique asymptote.

(e)

21. (a) Substituting y = 1 into ,
9
) 1 (
2
2
=
x
x
y

5
10 2
9 1 2
1
9
) 1 (
2 2
2
2
=
=
= +
=
x
x
x x x
x
x

The coordinates of P are (5, 1).

7 77 7
(b) When y = 0,

1
0 ) 1 (
2
=
=
x
x

x-intercept 1 =
When x = 0, .
9
1
= y
y-intercept
9
1
=
(c)
2 2
2 2
) 9 (
) 2 ( ) 1 ( )] 1 ( 2 )[ 9 (

=
x
x x x x
dx
dy

2 2
2
2 2
2 3 2 3
) 9 (
18 20 2
) 9 (
2 4 2 18 18 2 2
+
=
+ +
=
x
x x
x
x x x x x x

When , 0 >
dx
dy

9 or 1
0 ) 1 )( 9 (
0 18 20 2
2
> <
>
> +
x x
x x
x x

The slope is positive when x < 1 or x > 9.
(d) When , 0 =
dx
dy

9 or 1
0 ) 1 )( 9 (
=
=
x
x x

x 1 < x 9 1 < < x 9 > x
dx
dy

+ +
) 0 , 1 ( is a maximum point and |
\
|
9
8
, 9
is a minimum point.
(e)
9
) 1 (
2
2
=
x
x
y

9
10 2
1
9
10 2 ) 9 (
9
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
+
+ =

+
=
+
=
x
x
x
x x
x
x x

When , 0 9
2
= x 3 = x

(f)

7.4 pp.254 257

p.254
1.
x
x
x f
2
2
) ( + =

2
2
2
1
) (
x
x f =
When , 0 ) ( = x f

2
2
2
1
2
=
=
x
x

2 = x is not in the given interval, it is not
considered.
2
2
2
2
2
) 2 ( = + = f
Consider the end points,

6
13
3
2
2
3
) 3 (
5 . 2
1
2
2
1
) 1 (
= + =
= + =
f
f

Global maximum 5 . 2 =
Global minimum 2 =

2. x x x x f 108 24 4 ) (
2 3
=
When , 0 ) ( = x f

9 or 0 , 3
0 ) 4 )( 3 (
0 108 24 4
2 3
=
= +
=
x
x x x
x x x

9 = x is not in the given interval, it is not
considered.

185
4 ) 3 ( 54 ) 3 ( 8 ) 3 ( ) 3 (
2 3 4
=
+ = f

4
4 0 0 0 ) 0 (
=
+ = f

Consider the end points.

92
4 ) 4 ( 54 ) 4 ( 8 ) 4 ( ) 4 (
2 3 4
=
+ = f

260
4 ) 2 ( 54 ) 2 ( 8 2 ) 2 (
2 3 4
=
+ = f

Global maximum 4 =
Global minimum 260 =

3. ) 2 (
1 2
1
1 ) (
2
x
x
x f
+ =

2
2
1
1
x
x x
+
=
When , 0 ) ( = x f

2
1
2
1
) ( 1
1
0 1
2
2 2
2
2
=
=
=
=
= +
x
x
x x
x x
x x

2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
= + =
|
|
\
|
f
Consider the end points,

1 1 1 1 ) 1 (
1 1 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
= + + =
= + + =
f
f

Global maximum 2 =
Global minimum 1 =

4. xy = 3

x
y
3
=
, 4
2 2
y x A + = where x, y are positive

2
2
3
4 |
\
|
+ =
x
x A

2
2
36
x
x + = for x > 0

3
4
3
) 36 ( 2
72
2
x
x
x
x
dx
dA
=
=

When , 0 =
dx
dA

6
0 ) 6 )( 6 (
0 36
2 2
4
=
= +
=
x
x x
x

x 6 0 < < x 6 > x
dx
dA

+
A is minimum when 6 = x
The minimum value of 12
6
36
6 = + = A

5. x + y = 3
y x = 3
,
2
xy A = where x, y are positive

2
) 3 ( y y A =

3 2
3 y y = for 3 0 < < y

2
3 6 y y
dy
dA
=
When , 0 =
dy
dA

(rejected) 0 or 2
0 ) 2 ( 3
0 3 6
2
=
=
=
y
y y
y y

x 2 0 < < y 2 > y
dy
dA

+
A is maximum when . 2 = y
When y = 2, 1 2 3 = = x
When A is maximum, , 1 = x 2 = y

6. Let r cm be the radius and P cm be the perimeter.

r
2 16
=

r
32
=
+ = r P 2

r
r
32
2 + =

2
2
2
32 2
32
2
r
r
r dr
dP
=
=

When , 0 =
dr
dP

(rejected) 4 or 4
0 32 2
2
=
=
r
r

x 4 0 < < r 4 > r
dr
dP

+
P is minimum when . 4 = r
The perimeter is minimum when the radius is
4 cm.

7 77 7
7. Let h m be the height of the cylinder and
2
m A be the
curved surface area of the cylinder.
By Pythagoras theorem, the radius of the cylinder

2
4
2
1
2
2
2
h h
= |
\
|
=
h
h
A
|
|
\
|

=
2
4
2
2

2
4 h h =

2
2
2
2 2
2
2
4
2 4
4
) 4 (
) 2 (
4 2
1
4
h
h
h
h h
h h h
dh
dA
+ =

When 0 =
dh
dA

2
0 2 4
2
=
=
h
h

h 2 0 < < h 2 > h
dh
dA

+
A is maximum when . 2 = h
The required height m 2 =
Alternative Solution
When
2
A is maximum, A is maximum.
We consider .
2
A

4 2 2 2 2
4 h h A =

2 2 2
2
2 2
3 2 2
2
12 8
4 8
h
dh
A d
h h
dh
dA
=
=

When , 0
2
=
dh
dA

2
0 ) 2 ( 4
0 4 8
2 2
3 2 2
=
=
=
h
h h
h h

0 16
2
2
2
2 2
< =
= h
dh
A d

2
The required height m 2 =

8. Let
2
cm A be the total surface area.
The height of the prism
3
sin
2
1
2000
2
x
=

2
3
8000
x
=
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
=
3
sin
2
1
2
3
8000
3
2
2
x
x
x A

2
2
3 3 8000
x
x
+ =

3
3 16000
3
3 8000
3 2
2
2
+ =
+ =
x dx
A d
x
x dx
dA

When , 0 =
dx
dA

20
8000
0 3
3 8000
3
2
=
=
= +
x
x
x
x

0 3 3
20
2
2
> =
= x
dx
A d

A is minimum when x = 20.

9.

Let r cm be the radius of the cylinder and
3
cm V be the
volume of the cylinder.
The height of the cylinder
2 2
3 2 r =

2
9 2 r =

5 . 2 1 where 9 2
) 9 2 (
2 2
2 2
< < =
=
r r r
r r V

When
2
V is maximum, V is maximum.
We consider .
2
V

4 2 2 2
2
2 2
5 2 3 2
2
6 2 4 2 2
120 432
24 144
4 36
r r
dr
V d
r r
dr
dV
r r V
=
=
=

When , 0
2
=
dr
dV

6
0 ) 6 (
2 3
=
=
r
r r

0 1728
2
6
2
2 2
< =
= r
dr
V d
or 0 (rejected)

2
V is maximum when . 6 = r
V is maximum when . 6 = r
The required radius cm 6 =

10. Let r cm be the radius and $C be the total cost.
The height
2
356
r
=

8 . 0
4 . 142
8 . 0
2 . 71
4 . 0
2 . 71
) 2 . 0 )( ( 2 ) 1 . 0 (
356
2
3 2
2
2
2
2
2
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ |
\
|
=
r dr
C d
r
r dr
dC
r
r
r
r
r C

When , 0 =
dr
dC

3
3
2
89
89
0 8 . 0
2 . 71
=
=
= +
r
r
r
r

0 4 . 2
3
89
2
2
> =
= r
dr
C d

C is minimum when .
89
3
= r
Total cost is minimum when the radius is cm.
89
3

11.

Let x cm be the width of the rectangle and
2
cm A be the
area of the rectangle.
The length cm 10 2
2 2
x =
cm 100 2
2
x =

2
2
100 2
) 100 2 (
x x
x x A
=
=

A is maximum when
2
A is maximum.
Consider .
2
A

2 2
2
2
3 2
4 2 2
48 800 ) (
16 800 ) (
4 400
x A
dx
d
x x A
dx
d
x x A
=
=
=

When , 0 ) (
2
= A
dx
d

2 5
0 ) 50 (
0 16 800
2
3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

0 1600 ) (
2 5
2
2
2
< =
= x
A
dx
d

A is maximum at . 2 5 = x
When , 2 5 = x
the length cm 50 100 2 =
cm 2 10 =
The required dimensions are cm. 2 5 cm 2 10

12. (a) 24
2
+ = x y
The vertex = (0, 24)
When y = 0, 6 2 = x

(b)

7 77 7
Let
2
cm S be the area of the rectangle ABCD.

1
2x AB =

2
1 1
24 x y BC = =
BC AB S =

3
1 1
2
1 1
2 48
) 24 ( 2
x x
x x
=
=

1
2
1
2
2
1
1
12
6 48
x
dx
S d
x
dx
dS
=
=

When , 0
1
=
dx
dS

2 2
0 6 48
1
2
1
=
=
x
x

0 2 24
2
1
2
< =
dx
S d

S is maximum when 2 2
1
= x
16 ) 2 2 ( 24
2
1
= = y
The coordinates are ). 16 , 2 2 (

13. Let t hours later, the ships are at P and Q respectively.

Let Q P and be the original locations of P and Q
respectively and S = PQ.

81 108 45
504 450
81 108 45 10
8100 10800 4500
) 30 ( ) 60 90 (
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
+

=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
t t
t
dt
dS
t t
t t
t t
Q Q P Q S

When , 0 =
dt
dS

5
6
0 540 450
=
=
t
t

t
5
6
0 < t
5
6
> t
dt
dS

+
S is minimum when
5
6
= t
The minimum value

km 5 18
km 81
5
6
108
5
6
45 10
2
=
+ |
\
|
|
\
|
=

14.

Let
2
cm S be the area of the rectangle.
Note that ABC ADG ~ (equiangular).

cm
2
6
2
6
cm ) 6 (
cm
h EF
FC
h GC
h AG
=
=
=

cm
2 2
FC GC GF =

3
3 3 3
) 2 6 (
2
3
) 6 (
2
3
) 6 (
2
3
cm ) 6 (
2
3
cm
2
6
) 6 (
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
(
(
=
=
|
\
|
=
dh
S d
h
h
dh
dS
h h
h h S
h
h
h

When , 0 =
dh
dS

3
0 ) 3 ( 3
=
=
h
h

0 3
3
2
2
< =
= h
dh
S d

S is maximum when h = 3.

15.

Let r cm be the radius of the cylinder, h cm be the
height of the cylinder and
2
cm A be the curved surface
area of the cylinder.
By property of similar triangles,

r h
h r
5 20
20
20
4
=
=

20
20 40
10 40
) 5 20 ( 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
=
dr
A d
r
dr
dA
r r
r r
rh A

When , 0 =
dr
dA

2
0 20 40
=
=
r
r

0 20
2
2
2
< =
= r
dr
A d

A is maximum when r = 2.
The required radius is 2 cm.

p.256
16.

Let x cm be the width of a page and
2
cm P be the
printing area of a page.
The length of a page cm
600
x
=
|
\
|
= 6
600
) 4 (
x
x P

x
x
2400
6 624 =

2
2
2
6 2400
2400
6
x
x
x dx
dP
=
+ =

When , 0 =
dx
dP

20
0 6 2400
2
=
=
x
x

x 20 0 < < x 20 > x
dx
dP

+
P is maximum when . 20 = x
The greatest printing area

2
2
cm 384
cm
20
2400
) 20 ( 6 624
=
(
=

17. (a)

2
1
x dx
dy
=

2
1
t dx
dy
t x
=
=

The equation of L is

0 2
) (
1 1
2
2
= +
=
t y t x
t x
t t
y

When y = 0, x = 2t
Q = (2t, 0)
When x = 0,
t
y
2
=
|
\
|
=
t
R
2
, 0

|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
2 2
1
4
2
) 2 (
t
t
t
t QR

7 77 7
(b) Let .
2
QR S =

4 2
2
3
24
8
8
8
t dt
S d
t
t
dt
dS
+ =
=

When , 0 =
dt
dS

1
1
0
8
8
4
3
=
=
=
t
t
t
t

0 32
0 32
1
2
2
1
2
2
> =
> =
=
=
t
t
dt
S d
dt
S d

S is maximum when 1 = t or 1.
When , 1 = t 8
2
= QR
) 0 , 2 ( ), 1 , 1 ( = = Q P
2 ) 1 0 ( ) 1 2 (
2 2
= + = PQ
When , 1 = t 8
2
= QR
) 0 , 2 ( ), 1 , 1 ( = = Q O
2 )] 1 ( 0 ( )] 1 ( 2 [
2 2
= + = PQ
The least value of PQ such that
2
QR is
the least is . 2

18.

Let h cm be the height, l cm be the slant height and

2
cm A be the curved surface are of the cone.

2
2
2 27
2 9
3
1
r
h
h r
=
=

2
6
2
4
2 2
1458
1458
r
r
r
r
r h l
+
=
+ =
+ =

r
r
r
r
r
rl A
6
2
6
1458
1458
+
=
+
=
=

6 2
6
2
6
6
5
1458
1458 2
1458
1458 2
6
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
dr
dA
+
=
+
|
|
\
|
+
=

When , 0 =
dr
dA

3
729
0 1458 2
6
6
=
=
=
r
r
r

r 3 0 < < r 3 > r
dr
dA

+
A is minimum when r = 3.

19. (a) Let h cm be the height of the cylinder and

2
cm A be the total surface area.
Total volume
3
cm 288 =
288
3
4
2 3
= + h r r

2
3
3
4 864
r
r
h

=
The total surface area A

r
r
r
r
r r
rh r
576
3
4
3
4 864
2 4
2 4
2
2
3
2
2
+ =
|
|
\
|

+ =
+ =

(b)
2
576
3
8
r
r
dr
dA
=

3 2
2
1152
3
8
r dr
A d
+ =
When , 0 =
dr
dA

6
216
576
3
8
3
2
=
=
=
r
r
r
r

0 8
6
1152
3
8
3
6
2
2
> = + =
= r
dr
A d

A is minimum when r = 6.
The required radius is 6 cm.

20.

Let x cm be the sides of the square base, h cm be the
height of the prism and
3
cm V be the volume of the
prism.
The diagonal of the square base cm
2 2
x x + =
cm 2x =
By the Pythagoras theorem,

2 2
2
2
2
2
2 36
2 36
2
2
3
2
x x
h x V
x h
x h
=
=
=
|
|
\
|
=

V is maximum when
2
V is maximum.
Consider ,
2
V

6 4 2
2 36 x x V =

4 2 2
2
2
5 3 2
60 432 ) (
12 144 ) (
x x V
dx
d
x x V
dx
d
=
=

When , 0 ) (
2
= V
dr
d

3 2
0 ) 12 (
0 12 144
2 3
5 3
=
=
=
x
x x
x x

0 3456 ) (
3 2
2
2
2
< =
= x
V
dx
d

2
V is maximum when . 3 2 = x
V is maximum when . 3 2 = x
When , 3 2 = x 3 2 24 36 = = h
The required dimensions are
cm. 3 2 cm 3 2 cm 3 2

21. (a) Let x km be SQ and $C be the total cost

x PS
x
x RS
=
+ =
+ =
4
9
3
2
2 2

x x
x x C
5 20 9 13
) 5 )( 4 ( ) 13 ( 9
2
2
+ + =
+ + =

5
9
13
2

+
=
x
x
dx
dC

When , 0 =
dx
dC

25 . 1
225 144
) 9 ( 25 169
5
9
13
2
2 2
2
=
=
+ =
=
+
x
x
x x
x
x

x 25 . 1 0 < x 25 . 1 > x
dx
dC

+
C is minimum when x = 1.25.
SQ = 1.25 km when the total cost is minimum.

(b) When the total cost is minimum,

75 . 2
25 . 3 25 . 1 9
2
=
= + =
PS
RS

Total time needed

hour
300
49
hours
50
75 . 2
30
25 . 3
=
|
\
|
+ =

If QS = 2 km,

2
13 4 9
=
= + =
PS
RS

Total time needed

hour
300
49
hour 1602 . 0
hours
50
2
30
13
<
=
|
|
\
|
+ =

The total time taken does not attain
minimum when total cost is minimum.

7 77 7
22. (a)

The above diagram is the cross section of the
sphere.
Let h cm be the height and
3
cm V be the volume
of the cone.
By Pythagoras theorem,

2
2 2
9 3
3 3
r h
r h
=
=

The volume V of the cone

2 2 2
2 2
2
9
3
1
) 9 3 (
3
1
3
1
r r r
r r
h r
=
=
=

(b)
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
9
3
2
9
3
1
2 r r
r
r
r r
dr
dV

2
3
2
2 3
9
6
2
9 3
) 9 ( 2
2
r
r r
r
r
r r r
r
+
=

When , 0 =
dr
dV

(rejected) 0 or
(rejected) 2 2 or 2 2
0 ) 8 (
0 8
12 36 4 36
) 6 ( ) 9 ( 4
9
16
2
2 4
4 6
6 4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
=
=
=
+ =
=

=
r
r r
r r
r r r r r
r r r r
r
r r
r

r
2 2 0 < < r 2 2 > r
dr
dV

+
V is maximum when . 2 2 = r
The maximum volume

3
cm
3
16
8 9 (8)
3
1
) 8 (
=
=

23. (a)

= = FAC ECB (alt. s, // lines)

cos
4 . 2
cos
sin
1 . 8
sin
=
=
=
=
AC
AC
FA
CB
CB
EB

AC CB AB + =

cos
4 . 2
sin
1 . 8
+ =

(b) ) sec 4 . 2 csc 1 . 8 ( ) (

+ =
d
d
AB
d
d

cot csc 1 . 8 tan sec 4 . 2
tan sec 4 . 2 ) cot csc ( 1 . 8
=
+ =

When , 0 ) ( = AB
d
d

9828 . 0
5 . 1 tan
375 . 3 tan
cos 1 . 8 sin 4 . 2
sin
cos 1 . 8
cos
sin 4 . 2
cot csc 1 . 8 tan sec 4 . 2
3
3 3
2 2
=
=
=
=
=
=

x 9828 . 0 0 < <
2
9828 . 0 < <

) ( AB
d
d

+
AB is minimum when 9828 . 0 =
i.e. . 5 . 1 tan =
When , 5 . 1 tan =
,
13
2
cos =
13
3
sin =
The minimum value of AB
m
13
2
4 . 2
13
3
1 . 8
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ =
m 1 . 14 = (cor. to 1 d. p.)

(c) (i) By (b), if the rod can be carried around the
corner by pulling the rod along the floor,
the length of the rod should be less than
the minimum value of AB.
The answer is no.

(ii) If lifting one end while the other end
remain on the floor, the projection of
the rod on the floor
m. 14.1 m 9374 . 13 m 4 5 . 14
2 2
< = =
The answer is yes.

24. (a)

y dx
dy
dx
dy
y
x
dx
d
y
dx
d
x y
2
1
1 2
) ( ) (
) 1 .....( .......... ..........
2
2
=
=
=
=

t dx
dy
t t
2
1
) , (
2
=
Slope of t L 2 =
Equation of L is

) 2 ......( .......... 0 ) 2 ( 2
) ( 2
3
2
= + +
=
t t y tx
t x t t y

P and Q are the points on (1) and (2)
They satisfy

= + +
=
0 ) 2 ( 2
3
2
t t y tx
x y

Substituting (1) into (2),

0
2
1
2
0 2 2
2 2
3 2
= +
= +
t
t
y
y
t t y ty

P and Q satisfy the above equation.

(b) Solving the equation in (a),
0
2
1
2
2 2
= + t
t
y
y
) , (
2
t t P satisfies the equation.
) ( t y must be a factor of the equation.

t t t y
t
t
y t y
2
1
or
0
2
1
) (
=
= |
\
|
+ +

Substituting
t
t y
2
1
= into (1) in (a),

2
2
2
4
1
1
2
1
t
t
t
t x
+ + =
|
\
|
=

The coordinates of Q are
.
2
1
,
4
1
1
2
2
|
\
|
+ +
t
t
t
t

2
PQ

4
3 2
4
2 4 6
4
2 4 6 2 4
2
2
4 2
2 2
2
2 2
16
) 4 1 (
16
1 12 48 64
16
4 32 64 1 8 16
4
1
2 4
16
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
t
t
t
t t t
t
t t t t t
t
t
t t
t
t t
t
t t
+
=
+ + +
=
+ + + + +
=
+ + + + + =
(
\
|
+
(
\
|
+ + =

(c) ) (
2
PQ
dt
d

5
2 2 2
8
2 2 2 2 3
8
3 3 2 2 2 4
16
) 1 2 ( ) 4 1 ( 4
256
) 16 4 24 ( ) 4 1 ( 16
256
) 64 ( ) 4 1 ( )] 8 ( ) 4 1 ( 3 [ 16
t
t t
t
t t t t
t
t t t t t
+
=
+
=
+ +
=

When , 0 ) (
2
= PQ
dt
d

2
1
0 1 2
2
=
=
t
t

t
2
1
< t 0
2
1
< < t
2
1
0 < < t
2
1
> t
) (
2
PQ
dt
d

+ +

7 77 7

2
PQ is minimum when
2
1
= t
When
2
PQ is minimum, PQ is also minimum.
When ,
2
1
= t
2
3 3
4
27
= = PQ
When ,
2
1
= t
2
3 3
4
27
= = PQ
The least distance between P and Q
is .
2
3 3

7.5 pp.263 265

p.263
1. (a)
10
1
1
1
=
+
= =
t dt
ds
v
At , 4 = t
2
s m
10
1
1 4
1

|
\
|

+
= v

1
s m
10
1

=

2
) 1 (
1
+
= =
t dt
dv
a
At , 4 = t
2
2
s m
) 1 4 (
1

|
|
\
|
+
= a

2
s m
25
1

=

(b) When the particle is instantaneously at rest,
i.e., v = 0,

9
0 ) 1 ( 10
0
10
1
1
1
=
= +
=
+
t
t
t

2. 150 42 3
2
+ = = t t
dt
ds
v
42 6 = = t
dt
dV
a
When v = 3,

7
0 ) 7 (
0 49 14
3 150 42 3
2
2
2
=
=
= +
= +
t
t
t t
t t

2
s m ] 42 ) 7 ( 6 [

= a

2
s m 0

=

3. (a) 12 3
2
= = t
dt
ds
v
When the particle is moving forwards,
0 >
dt
ds

4
0 12 3
2
2
>
>
t
t

2 > t or 2 < t (rejected)

(b) t
dt
dv
a 6 = =
When v = 0,

2
0 12 3
2
=
=
t
t

2
s cm ) 2 ( 6

= a

2
s cm 12

=

4. t
dt
ds
v 3 cos 18 = =
When s = 0,

(rejected) 0 or
3
0 or 3
0 3 sin 6
=
=
=
t
t
t

It returns to O for the first time when .
3
= t

1
1
s m 18
s m cos 18
=
= v

5. Let r cm be the radius, C cm be the circumference
and
2
cm A be the area of the circle.

dt
dr
r C 2 =
When r = 1,
1
s cm 8

=
dt
dC
.

dt
dr
cm) (1 2 s cm 8
1
=

1
s cm 4

=
dt
dr

dt
dr
r
dt
dA
r A
2
2
=
=

When r = 1, 4 =
dt
dr
.

1 2
cm cm ) 4 (1)( 2

=
dt
dA

1 2
s cm 8

=

6. Let r cm be the radius and
3
cm V be the volume.

dt
dr
r
dt
dV
r V
2
3
4
3
4
=
=

When r = 4, . 12 =
dt
dV

dt
dr
2
(4) 4 12 =

16
3
=
dt
dr

The decreasing rate of the radius is . s cm
16
3
1

7. Let x cm be the side,
2
cm S be the surface area and

3
cm V be the volume of the cube.

2
3
3
2
6
6
6
|
\
|
=
=
=
=
S
x V
S
x
x S

dt
dS
x
dt
dS S
dt
dS S
dt
dV
4
1
6 4
1
6
1
6 2
3 2
1
=
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

When x = 5, 6 =
dt
dS

) 6 )( 5 (
4
1
=
dt
dV

5 . 7 =
The rate of change of the volume is
. min cm 5 . 7
1 3

8.

Let = A and
2
cm S the area of . ABC

sin 242
sin ) 22 )( 22 (
2
1
=
= S

dt
d
dt
dS
cos 242 =
When ,
3
= 1 . 0 =
dt
d

) 1 . 0 (
3
cos 242 =
dt
dS

1 . 12 =
The decreasing rate of the area is . s cm 1 . 12
1 2

9.

Let = B and l cm be AB.

dt
d
dt
dl
l
l
sin 12
cos 12
cos
12
=
=
=

When 2 . 0 ,
6
= =
dt
d

) 2 . 0 (
6
sin 12 =
dt
dl

2 . 1 =
The rate of change of AB is . min cm 2 . 1
1

10. Let be the angle of elevation and l m be the length of
the shadow.

dt
d
dt
dl
l
l
2
csc 2
cot 2
2
tan
=
=
=

When ,
6
= . 3 . 0 =
dt
d

) 3 . 0 (
6
csc 2
2
|
\
|
=
dt
dl

4 . 2 =
The increasing rate of the shadow is . h m 4 . 2
1

11. x e y
x
ln
2
=

dt
dx
x e
x
e
dt
dx
x e
dt
dx
x
e
dt
dy
x
x
x
x
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
ln 2
ln 2
2
2
2
2

When P is at (1, 0), 1 =
dt
dy

dt
dx
e
e
|
|
\
|
+ = 1 ln 2
1
1
2
2

1 2
min unit

= e
dt
dx

7 77 7
p.264
12.

Let r cm be the radius of the water surface, h cm be the
depth of water and
3
cm V be the volume of the water.

3
9 3
h
r
h r
=
=

h r V
2
3
1
=

3
2
27
1
3
3
1
h
h
h
=
|
\
|
=

dt
dh
h
dt
dV
2
9
1
=
When h = 6, 1 . 0 =
dt
dh

) 1 . 0 ( ) 6 (
4
1
2
=
dt
dV

4 . 0 =
The rate of change of volume is . s cm 4 . 0
1 3

13. Let AB = x cm and
2
cm S be the area of the triangle.

2
2 2
25 x
AB BC AC
=
=

(Pyth. theorem)

2
25
2
1
2
1
x x
AC AB S
=
=

dt
dx
x
x
x
dt
dx
x
dt
dx
x
x
x
dt
dS
|
|
\
|
=
+
|
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
25
25
2
1
25
2
1
25
2
1

When x = 3, 1 =
dt
dx

) 1 (
9 25
9
9 25
2
1
|
|
\
|
=
dt
dS

8
7
=
The rate of change of the area is . s cm
8
7
1 2

14. (a)
AO
OP
= cos

5
5
cos
h
=
cos 5 5 = h
Area of the shaded region
= Area of sector AOB Area of AOB

) 2 sin 2 (
2
25
2 sin ) 5 (
2
1
) 2 ( ) 5 (
2
1
2 2

=
= S

(b) (i) cos 5 5 = h

dt
d
dt
dh
sin 5 =
When h = 2, .
3
1
=
dt
dh

5
3
cos
cos 5 5 2
=
=

5
4
sin =

dt
d
|
\
|
=
5
4
5
3
1

12
1
=
dt
d

The rate of change of AOP
is . s rad.
12
1
1

(ii) ) 2 sin 2 (
2
25
= S

dt
d
dt
d
dt
d
dt
dS
) 2 cos 1 ( 25
2 cos 2 2
2
25
=
|
\
|
=

When h = 2, ,
12
1
=
dt
d
.
5
3
cos = (by (a))

25
7
1
5
3
2
1 cos 2 2 cos
2
2
=
|
\
|
=
=

|
\
|
(
\
|
=
12
1
25
7
1 25
dt
dS

3
8
=
The rate of change of shaded area is
. s cm
3
8
1 2

15.

Let P and Q be the original locations of P and Q
respectively.
Suppose at time t hours, ship P is x km due north of
, P ship Q is y km due east of P and PQ = z km.

dt
dy
y
dt
dx
x
dt
dz
z
dt
dy
y
dt
dx
x
dt
dz
z
y x
dt
d
z
dt
d
y x z
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 2 2
) ( ) (
2 2 2
2 2 2

, 30 =
dt
dx
50 =
dt
dy

At t = 1,

50
40 ) 1 ( 50 10
30 ) 1 ( 30
2 2
= + =
= =
= =
y x z
y
x

) 50 )( 40 ( ) 30 ( 30 50 + =
dt
dz

58 =
dt
dz

The rate is
1
h km 58

after one hour.

16. Suppose at time t minutes, car A is x m due east of O,
car B is y m due E 30 N of O and two cars are z m
apart.
By cosine formula,

dt
dy
x y
dt
dx
y x
dt
dx
y
dt
dy
x
dt
dy
y
dt
dx
x
dt
dz
z
xy y x z
xy y x z
) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2
60 cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

When x = 1000,

2
1000 500 2000
=
=
t
t

1800 ) 2 ( 900 = = y

61 200
) 1800 )( 1000 ( 1800 1000
2 2
=
+ = z

, 500 =
dt
dx
900 =
dt
dy

dt
dz
) 61 200 ( 2
) 900 )( 1000 3600 ( ) 500 )( 1800 2000 ( + =
0065 . 717 =
dt
dz

The rate of change is
1
min m 717

when car A is
1000 m due east of O.

17.

Let R be the highest point, O be centre of the circle and
. = POR
,
2
= PSR
2 2

= PSQ
= 90 RPS

RS
PS
PSR = cos

2
cos 6

= PS
By cosine formula,

11 sin 6 cos 2 3
9 sin 6 ) 2 cos 2 ( 3
9
2
sin
2
cos 12
2
cos 4 3
2 2
cos ) 9 (
2
cos 6 2 81
2
2
cos 36
cos ) )( ( 2
2
2 2
+ =
+ + =
+ =
|
\
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ =

PSQ SQ PS SQ PS PQ

dt
d
PQ
dt
d

11 sin 6 cos 2
) cos 3 sin ( 3
) (
+

=
When P is at the highest point, . 0 =
, 0 sin = 1 cos = and 5 . 1 =
dt
d

) 5 . 1 (
11 0 2
) 3 0 ( 3
) (
+

= PQ
dt
d

7442 . 3 =
The rate of change of the length of string
is . s cm 74 . 3
1

7 77 7
18. (a) Let x m be the horizontal distance between the
bottom of the ladder and the wall, y m be the
vertical distance between the top of the ladder
and the wall.

2 2 2
10 = + y x

0
0 2 2
100
2 2
= +
= +
= +
dt
dy
y
dt
dx
x
dt
dy
y
dt
dx
x
y x

When x = 6,

2 . 0
8 6 10
2 2
=
= =
dt
dx
y

0 ) 8 ( ) 2 . 0 )( 6 ( = +
dt
dy

15 . 0 =
dt
dy

The top of the ladder is sliding at

1
s m 15 . 0

upwards.

(b) Let S be the slope of the ladder.

x
y
S =

2
x
dt
dx
y
dt
dy
x
dt
dS

=
When x = 6,
8 6 10
2 2
= = y
, 2 . 0 =
dt
dx
15 . 0 =
dt
dy

2
6
) 2 . 0 ( 8 ) 15 . 0 ( 6
=
dt
dS

0694 . 0 = (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
The slope is increasing at a rate of
0.0694 unit per second.

19. Let , = CBP . = DAP
=
2
PAB

sec 3
cos
sec 3
cos
2
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
BP
BP
BC
AP
AP
AD
APB
PBA

By cosine formula,

) cos( ) sec 3 )( sec 3 ( 2 ) sec 3 ( ) sec 3 (
) 3 4 (
2 2
2
+ + =

18 tan tan 18 sec 9 sec 9
) sin sin cos (cos sec sec 18
sec 9 sec 9
48
2 2
2 2
+ + =

+ =

Differentiate both sides with respect to t,

dt
d
dt
d

) tan (sec sec 18 ) tan (sec sec 18 0 + =

dt
d
dt
d

2 2
sec tan 18 sec tan 18 + +
0 ) tan (tan sec ) tan (tan sec
2 2
= + + +
dt
d
dt
d

When ,
6
=
tan =
AD
DP

3
3
3
= = DP
3 3 3 3 4 = = PC
3
3
3 3
tan = = =
BC
PC

,
3
2
sec = 2 sec =
3 =
dt
d

1
0
3
1
3 ) 2 ( ) 3 ( 3
3
1
3
2
2
2
=
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
dt
d
dt
d

The rate of change of CBP is 1 rad. . min
1

pp.270 276

p.270
1. 4 ) 2 (
1
1
2

+
= x
x dx
dy

4
1
2
2

+
=
x
x

4 4
1
0
) 2 , 0 (
= =
dx
dy

) 0 ( 4 2 = x y
0 2 4 = + y x

2.
3
x y =

2
3x
dx
dy
=
3 ) 1 ( 3
2
) 1 , 1 (
= =
dx
dy

The equation of the tangent at (1, 1) is

0 2 3
) 1 ( 3 1
=
=
y x
x y

=
=
) 2 ....( .......... .......... 2 5
) 1 .....( .......... 0 2 3
y x
y x

From (2), ) 3 ..( .......... ..........
2
5x
y =
Substituting (3) into (1),

4
0 2
2
5
3
=
=
x
x
x

Substituting x = 4 into (3),
10
2
) 4 ( 5
= = y
The coordinates of P are (4, 10).

3. ) 2 (
8 2
1
2
x
x
dx
dy
+
=

8
2
+
=
x
x

3
1
8 1
1
) 3 , 1 (
=
+
=
dx
dy

) 1 ( 3 3 = x y
0 6 3 = + y x

4. ) (cos
cos
x
dx
d
e
dx
dy
x
=
x e
x
sin
cos
=
0 0 sin
0 cos
) , 0 (
= = e
dx
dy
e

The tangent at (0, e) is a horizontal line.
The normal is a vertical line.
0 = x

5.
2
1
8
x
x
dx
dy
+ =

2
2
2
3
) 1 2 4 )( 1 2 (
1 8
x
x x x
x
x
+ +
=
+
=

When , 0 =
dx
dy

2
1
0 ) 1 2 4 )( 1 2 (
2
=
= + +
x
x x x

x
2
1
< x
2
1
> x
dx
dy

+
y is minimum when .
2
1
= x
The minimum value
|
\
|
\
|
=
2
1
1
2
1
4
2

3 =

6. x x
dx
dy
cos sin =
When , 0 =
dx
dy

0
cos
cos sin
0 cos sin
=
+
=
x
x x
x x

4
7
or
4
3
1 tan
=
=
x
x

x
4
3
0 < < x
4
7
4
3
< < x 2
4
7
< < x
dx
dy

+
y is minimum when .
4
3
= x
y is maximum when .
4
7
= x
The minimum value
4
3
sin
4
3
cos =
2 =
The maximum value
4
7
sin
4
7
cos =
2 =

7 77 7
7. x
dx
dy
sin 2 1+ =
x
dx
y d
cos 2
2
2
=
When , 0 =
dx
dy

6
11
or
6
7
2
1
sin
0 sin 2 1
=
=
= +
x
x
x

0 3
6
7
2
2
< =
= x
dx
y d

The maximum value
6
7
cos 2
6
7
=
3
6
7
+ =
0 3
6
11
2
2
> =
= x
dx
y d

The minimum value
6
11
cos 2
6
11
=
3
6
11
=

8. x
dx
dy
cos 1 =
When 0 =
dx
dy

. 0
1 cos
=
=
x
x

When x = 0, 0 0 sin 2 0 = = y
(0, 0) is a stationary point.
By the First Derivative Test,
x 0 < x 0 > x
dx
dy

+ +

9. When y = 0,

4
7
or
4
5
,
4
3
,
4
2
1
cos
0 1 cos 2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

x-intercepts
4
7
and
4
5
,
4
3
,
4
=
When x = 0,
1 1 2 = = y
y-intercept 1 =
10.
1 3
3 2

= x x y

5
2
5
2
3 5
2
2
2 4
) 4 ( 6
6 24
6 24
3 6
x
x
x
x
x x
dx
y d
x x
dx
dy
=
=
+ =

When , 0
2
2
=
dx
y d

0 ) 4 ( 6
2
= x
2 = x
x
2 < x 2 2 < < x 2 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+
|
\
|
4
5
, 2 and |
\
|

4
5
, 2 are points of inflexion.

11.
8
6 9
2
2
+
+
=
x
x x
y

8
66
9
8
72 6 ) 8 ( 9
2
2
2
+

+ =
+
+ +
=
x
x
x
x x

0 8
2

12. When 12 7 3 3
2 3
+ x x x is divided by , 4
2
x
the quotient is 3 3 + x and the remainder is 5x.

4
5
3 3
2
+ + =
x
x
x y
0 4
2
= x when 2 = x
3 3 + = x y is an oblique asymptote.

13. 8
2
= xy

x
y
8
2
=
|
\
|
+ =
x
x z
8
5
2

x
x
40
2
+ =

3 2
2
2
80
2
40
2
x dx
z d
x
x
dx
dz
+ =
=

When , 0 =
dx
dz

3
3
2
20
0 20
0
40
2
=
=
=
x
x
x
x

670
20
80
2
3
20
2
2
= + =
= x
dz
y d

z is minimum when . 20
3
= x
The minimum value of
3
2 3
20
40
) 20 ( + = z

3
3
3
3
3
50 6
20
) 1000 ( 6
20
60
20
40 20
=
=
=
+
=

14. Let r cm be the radius and
2
cm A be the area.
The arc length cm ) 2 45 ( r =
) 2 45 (
2
1
r r A =

2
2
45
r r =

2
2
2
45
2
2
=
=
dr
A d
r
dr
dA

When , 0 =
dr
dA

4
45
2
45
2
=
=
r
r

0 2
4
45
2
2
< =
= r
dr
A d

A is maximum when .
4
45
= r
The required radius is cm.
4
45

15. (a)
3
4x
dx
dy
=
0 =
dx
dy
when x = 0.
x 0 < x 0 > x
dx
dy

+

(0, 80) is a maximum point.
When y = 0,
4
5 2 = x

(b)

Let A be the area of PQRS.
x PQ 2 =

4
80 x y QR = =
) 80 ( 2
4
x x A =

5
2 160 x x =

3
2
2
4
40
10 160
x
dx
A d
x
dx
dA
=
=

When , 0 =
dx
dA

(rejected) 2 or 2
160 10
4
=
=
x
x

0 320
2
2
2
< =
= x
dx
A d

A is maximum when x = 2.
When x = 2, 64 2 80
4
= = y
The coordinates of R are (2, 64).

7 77 7
16.

Let r cm be the radius, h cm be the height and
3
cm V
be the volume of the cylinder.

r h
h r
6 9
9
9
5 . 1
=
=

3 2
2
2
6 9
) 6 9 (
r r
r r
h r V
=
=
=

r
dr
V d
r r
dr
dV
36 18
18 18
2
2
2
=
=

When , 0 =
dr
dV

(rejected) 0 or 1
0 ) 1 (
0 18 18
2
=
=
=
r
r r
r r

0 18
2
2
< =
dr
V d

V is maximum when r = 1.
3 6 9 = = h
When the volume is the greatest, the height is 3 cm.

17.
1
1
+
= =
t dt
ds
v

2
2
) 1 (
1
v
t dt
dv
a
=
+
= =

When 25 . 0 = a
25 . 0
2
= v
) (rejected 5 . 0 or 5 . 0 = v
The velocity is . s cm 5 . 0
1

18. Let r cm be the radius,
2
cm A be the surface area,

3
cm V be the volume of the spherical balloon.

dt
dr
r
dt
dA
r A
8
4
2
=
=

When r = 2, 4 =
dt
dA

dt
dr
) 2 ( 8 4 =

4
1
=
dt
dr

3
3
4
r V =

dt
dr
r
dt
dV
2
4 =
When r = 2,
4
1
=
dt
dr

|
\
|
=
4
1
) 2 ( 4
2
dt
dV

4 =
The rate of change of volume is . s cm 4
1 3

19.

Let , = Q . cm x QR =

dt
d
dt
dx
x
x
tan sec 20
sec 20
20
cos
=
=
=

When ,
4
= , 2 sec = , 1 tan = 1 . 0 =
dt
d

) 1 . 0 )( 1 )( 2 ( 20 =
dt
dx

2 2 =
The rate of change of OR is . s cm 2 2
1

20.
dt
dx
xe
dt
dx
e x
dt
dy
x x 3 3 2
2 3 + =

dt
dx
x xe
x
) 2 3 (
3
+ =
When P is at ), 4 , 2 (
6
e x = 2 and 8 =
dt
dx

) 8 ]( 2 ) 2 ( 3 [ ) 2 (
6
+ = e
dt
dy

6
128e =
The rate of change of y is
6
128e units . s
1

p.271
21. (a) ) , 2 ( b P is a point on the curve.
25 ) 8 )( 3 2 ( = + b
13 = b

(b) ) 25 ( )] 8 )( 3 [(
dx
d
y x
dx
d
= +

3
8
0 ) 1 )( 8 ( ) 3 (
+
=
= + +
x
y
dx
dy
y
dx
dy
x

1
3 2
13 8
) 13 , 2 (
=
+
=
dx
dy

(c) The equation of the tangent is
) 2 )( 1 ( 13 = x y
0 15 = + y x

22. (a) ) 0 , (a P is a point on the curve.

2
1
1 ) 0 tan 1 (
4
=
=
=
a
a a
a

(b) ) 1 ( ] ) tan 1 ( [
4
dx
d
y x
dx
d
=
3 2
2 3
) tan 1 ( sec 4
1
0 ) sec ( ) tan 1 ( 4 1
y y dt
dy
dt
dy
y y
=
=

4
1
) 0 tan 1 )( 0 ( sec 4
1
3 2
) 0 , 2 (
=
=
dt
dy

Slope of the normal = 4
) 2 ( 4 0 = x y
0 8 4 = y x

23. x
x
x
dx
dy
ln
1
+ |
\
|
=
x ln 1+ =
Slope of the line 0 6 = + y x is . 1
Slope of the line perpendicular to it is 1.
When , 1 =
dx
dy

1
1 ln 1
=
= +
x
x

5 5 1 ln ) 1 ( = + = y
) 1 )( 1 ( 5 = x y
0 4 = + y x

24. (a)
3
4x
dx
dy
=
) , (
) , (
b a
dx
dy
b a P =

3
4a =
The slope of the tangent is also equal to
.
0
) 3 (

a
b

3
4
0
) 3 (
a
a
b
=

3 4
4
= a b
(b) (a, b) is a point on C.

4
a b =
3 4
4
= a b
3 4 = b

1
3 3
=
=
b
b

4
1 a =
1 or 1 = a

25. (a) ) 11 ( ) (
2 2
dx
d
y xy x
dx
d
= +

x y
y x
dx
dy
y x
dx
dy
x y
dx
dy
y y
dx
dy
x x
+
=
+ =
= + +
2
2
2 ) 2 (
0 2 2

(b) 7
3 ) 1 ( 2
1 ) 3 ( 2
) 1 , 3 (
=
+
=
dx
dy

Slope of the normal
7
1
=
) 3 (
7
1
1 = x y
0 4 7 = + y x

7 77 7
26. k ke
dx
dy
kx
=

kx
e k
dx
y d
2
2
2
=
When x = 0, 0
0
= = k ke
dx
dy
and
0
2 0 2
2
2
> = = k e k
dx
y d

The curve always has a local minimum point
at x = 0.

27. k x x
dx
dy
+ = 6 3
2

The curve has a stationary point,
0 =
dx
dy
has a real solution.
The stationary point is not a turning point,

dx
dy
does not change the sign as x increases
through the stationary point.
Combining the two results, we have
0 6 3
2
+ = k x x
dx
dy
for all real values of x.
0 =
dx
dy
has only one real solution.
dx
dy
is zero.
0 =

3
0 ) )( 3 ( 4 6
2
=
=
k
k

28. x x y tan sec 2 + =

) sec tan 2 ( sec
sec tan sec 2
2
x x x
x x x
dx
dy
+ =
+ =

When , 0 =
dx
dy

0 ) sec tan 2 ( sec = + x x x
0 sec tan 2 = + x x
( 0 sec x for all real values of x)

6
11
or
6
7
2
1
sin
0
cos
1 sin 2
=
=
=
+
x
x
x
x

2
2
dx
y d

x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
sec tan 2 tan sec 2 sec 2
tan sec ) sec tan 2 ( ) tan sec sec 2 ( sec
2 2 3
2
+ + =
+ + + =

0
6
7
2
2
<
= x
dx
y d

|
\
|
3 ,
6
7
is a local maximum point.
0
6
11
2
2
>
= x
dx
y d

|
\
|
3 ,
6
11
is a local minimum point.

29. (a)
2 2
] 3 ) [(
) (
+

=
x
x
x f

) (
) 3 (
2 2
x f
x
x
=
+
=

) (x f is an odd function.

(b)
4 2
2 2 2
) 3 (
) 2 )]( 3 ( 2 [ ) 3 (
) (
+
+ +
=
x
x x x x
x f

3 2
2
4 2
2 2 2
4 2
2 2 2
) 3 (
) 1 ( 3
) 3 (
) 4 3 )( 3 (
) 3 (
) 4 3 )( 3 (
+
=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x

4 2
2
6 2
3 3 2 2
6 2
2 2 2 3 2
) 3 (
) 3 ( 12
) 3 (
) 18 18 18 6 ( ) 3 (
) 3 (
) 2 ]( ) 3 ( 3 )[ 1 ( 3 ) 6 ( ) 3 (
) (
+

=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=

x
x x
x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x
x f

(c) (i) When , 0 ) ( > x f

1
0 1
0 ) 1 ( 3
2
2
2
<
>
>
x
x
x

1 1 < < x

(ii) When , 0 ) ( > x f
0 ) 3 ( 12
2
> x x
3 or 0 3 > < < x x

(d) When , 0 ) ( = x f

1
0 ) 1 ( 3
2
=
=
x
x

0 ) 1 ( < f
|
\
|
16
1
0 ) 1 ( > f
|
\
|

16
1
When , 0 ) ( = x f

3 or 0
0 ) 3 ( 12
2
=
=
x
x x

x
3 < x 0 3 < < x 3 0 < < x 3 > x
2
2
dx
y d

+ +
0), , 0 (
|
|
\
|

36
3
, 3 and
|
|
\
|
36
3
, 3
are points of inflexion.

(e)
2 2 2 2
) 3 (
0
) 3 ( +
+ =
+
=
x
x
x
x
y
0 ) 3 (
2 2

(f)

30. Let PB = x cm and l cm be the length of the wire.
x AP =120
By Pythagoras theorem,

2304 944 26 240
48 ) 120 ( 112
2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + =
+ + + =
x x x
x x l

2304 944 26 240
120
2 2
+
+
+

=
x
x
x x
x
dx
dl

When , 0 =
dx
dl

2304 944 26 240
) 120 (
2304 944 26 240
120
2
2
2
2
2 2
+
=
+

+
=
+

x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x

2 3 4
2 2
26944 240
) 2304 )( 240 14400 (
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ +

(rejected) 90 or 36
0 ) 90 )( 36 (
0 3240 54
0 600 177 33 960 552 240 10
2
2
=
= +
= +
= +
x
x x
x x
x x

x 36 0 < < x 36 > x
dx
dy

+
l is minimum when x = 36.
The distance between P and B is 36 cm.

31 34 (GCE Questions)

35 36 (HKCEE Questions)

37. (HKALE Question)

38 40 (HKCEE Questions)

41. (HKALE Question)

7 77 7
Extended Questions p.276
42. )] ( 2 )[ ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
k x x g x g k x x f + =
) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2
x g k x x g k x + =

) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 4 ) ( ) (
) ( 2
) ( ) ( 2 )] ( 2 )[ ( ) ( ) (
) (
2
2
x g x g k x x g k x
x g
x g k x k x x g x g k x
x f
+ + =
+
+ + =

When , k x = ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
k g k k k g k k k f + =
0 =

) ( 2
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 4 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
k g
k g k g k k k g k k k f
=
+ + =

0 ( 0 ) ( k g )
The curve has a turning point at x = k.
If , 0 ) ( > k g . 0 ) ( 2 ) ( > = k g k f
It is a minimum point.

43. (a) Let ). ( ) ( ) ( x g x f x h =

) (
) ( ) (
) ( )] ( [
) ( ) ( ) (
x h
x g x f
x g x f
x g x f x h
=
=
=
=

It is an odd function.

(b) Let )). ( ( ) ( x g f x h =

) (
)) ( (
)) ( ( ) (
x h
x g f
x g f x h
=
=
=

It is an even fuction.

(c) Let )). ( ( ) ( x f g x h =

) (
)) ( (
)) ( (
)) ( ( ) (
x h
x f g
x f g
x f g x h
=
=
=
=

It is an even function.

(d) ) ( ) ( x f x f =

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
x f x f
x f x f
x f x
dx
d
x f
=
=
=

) (x f y = is an even function.

(e) ) ( ) ( x g x g =

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
x g x g
x g x g
x g x
dx
d
x g
=
=
=

) (x g y = is an odd function.

(f) By (d), ) ( ) ( x f x f =

) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
x f x f
x f x
dx
d
x f
=
=

) (x f y = is an odd function.

(g) Note that
2 2
)] ( [ ) ( x f x f =
) (
2
x f =
) (
2
x f is an even function.
By (e), we have ] ) ( [
2
= x f y is an odd function.

Open-ended Questions p.276
44. For ,
2
x y =
x
dx
dy
2 =
0 2
2
2
=
dx
y d
for all real numbers x.
For ,
x
e y =

x
e
dx
dy
=
0
2
2
=
x
e
dx
y d
for all real numbers x.
Two possible functions are
2
x y = or .
x
e y =
(or other reasonable answers)

45.
) 4 )( 3 (
1
4 5
+
+ =
x x
x y
(or other reasonable answers)

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is a maximum point and |

9828 . 0 < <

) tan (sec sec 18 ) tan (sec sec 18 0 + =

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