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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Operating Costing method is normally used in service sector. When the service is not
completely standardized, it is the cost of producing and monitoring a service. It is a method
of costing applied to undertakings which provide service rather than production of
commodities. Service may be performed internally and externally. Services are termed as
internal when they have to be performed on inter-departmental basis in factory itself e.g.
Power house services, canteen service etc. Services are termed as external when they
are to be rendered to outside parties. Public utility services like transport, water supply,
electricity supply, hospitals are the best example for the service costing. Thus operating
costing is a method of cost accumulation which is designed to determine the cost of services.
Operating costing is just a variant of unit or output costing. Operating costs are collected
periodically like process cost. The cost of rendering the service for particular period is related
to quantum of services rendered during the particular period to arrive at cost per unit of
service rendered. So the principal of unit costing is used in operating costing.
1.2 MEANING OF OPERATING COSTING
Operating costing is a method of ascertaining the cost of providing or operating a service. It
is also known as service costing CIMA London, defines Operating Costing as that form of
operation costing which applies where standardized services are rendered either by an
undertaking or by a service cost renter with in an undertaking.
1.3 Cost Unit:
Determining the suitable cost unit to be used for cost ascertainment is a major problem in
service costing. Selection of a proper cost unit is a difficult task. A proper unit of cost must
be related with reference to nature of world and the cost objectives. The cost unit related must
be simple i.e. per bed in a hospital, per cup of tea sold in a canteen and per child in a school.
In a certain cases a composite unit is used i.e. Passenger Kilometer in a transport company.
The following are some of example of cost units used in different organizations

Enterprises Cost per unit
Passenger transport Kilometer
Goods transport Ton Kilometer
Hotel Per room per day
Hospital Per bed per day
Canteen Per item, per meal
Water supply Per 1000 liters
Electricity Per kilowatt

1.4 Collection of costing data:
After determining the cost unit, the cost relating to the service is collected. The collected cost
is a presented under the heads suitable for control purpose i.e. fixed expenditure and variable
expenditure. The presentation of cost data under difficult categories helps to improve
managerial control over cost.
1.5 Procedure
(1) Determine Cost Unit: The first step in Operating Costing is the determination of the Cost
Unit. This is a complex task as explained in para 1.3.
(2) Ascertain Costs: The next point to be noted is that operating Costs are Period Costs. The
costs of supplying the services for a period are ascertained in the following manner (taking
the example of a transporter)-
(a) Vehicle no. : Each Vehicle is treated as a cost centre and given a specific number. all the
costs are accounted against this number. a separate Account is opened to record the Costs and
Income of each Vehicle.
(b) Variable costs: Variable costs are the running and operating charges. These include
expenses of variable Nature, e.g. petrol, disel, lubricating oil, grease etc. The Material
Requisition Note and Time Sheet (or Log) bears the Vehicle No. The relevant Vehicle
Account is debited with its direct material cost and direct labour cost. Direct Expenses such
as fuel are debited to the Vehicle Account on the basis of Log Book and the
cash/purchase/journal vouchers.
(c) Fixed Costs: Fixed Costs (Fixed Charges) include garage rent, insurance, road licence
fees etc. the Fixed Charges are apportioned and absorbed by each Vehicle No. on the basis of
the Overheads Absorption Rate which may be Actual or Pre- determined. the Fixed Costs
attributable to the Vehicle are debited to the relevant Vehicle Account.
(d) Revenue: The revenue from the Vehicle is credited to the Vehicle Account.
(e) Profit or Loss: The Vehicle Account at this stage will reveal the profit or loss made on
operating that vehicle the profit or loss is then transferred to the Costing Profit and Loss
Account. The total Operating Cost of a period is divided by the number of Cost Units
(KM/Passenger/Ton etc.) supplied during the period to arrive at the Operating Cost per Unit
for that period.
(3) No Stocks: In case of a service industry, there is no question of any closing stock or
work- in- progress since it is not possible to store a service for future use.
(4) Abnormal Costs: According to Cost Accounting Standard 5 (Transportation Costs|) ,
abnormal and non-recurring costs shall be directly debited to P& L A/c and shall not form
part of operating costs. Examples are penalty, detention charges, demurrage and costs
related to abnormal break-down.

1.6 Distinguish between Operating Costing and Operation Costing.

Operating Costing: It is a method of costing applied by undertakings which provide service
rather than production of commodities. Like unit costing and process costing,operating
costing is thus a form of operation costing.
The emphasis under operating costing is on the ascertainment of cost of rendering services
rather than on the cost of manufacturing a product. It is applied by transport companies, gas
and water works, electricity supply companies, canteens, hospitals, theatres, school etc.
Within an organisation itself certain departments too are known as service departments which
provide ancillary services to the production departments. For example, maintenance
department; power house; boiler house; canteen; hospital; internal transport.
Operation Costing: It represent a refinement of process costing. In this each operation
instead of each process of stage of production is separately costed. This may offer better
scope for control. At the end of each operation, the unit operation cost may be computed by
dividing the total operation cost by total output.


















CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF OPERATING COSTING

(A) TRANSPORT COSTING
Meaning
Transport costing is method of ascertaining the cost of providing service by a transport
undertaking. This includes air, water, road and railways; motor transport includes private
cars, carriers for owners, buses, taxies, carrier Lorries etc. The objective of motor transport
costing may be summarized as follows:
To ascertain the operation cost of running a vehicle
To provide and accurate basis for quotation and fixing of rates
To provide cost companion between own transport and alternative e.g. hiring
To compare the cost of monitoring one group of vehicle with another group
To determine the cost to be changed against departments using the service
To ensure the cost of maintenance and repairs is not excessive
Classification of costs:
Costs are classified into the following three heads:
1. Standing or Fixed Charges: These charges are includes whether vehicle is operating or
not. Insurance, tax, depreciation and part of driver wages. Interest on capital, general
supervision, and salary of operating managers is items come under the category of fixed or
standing charges.
2. Maintenance charges: There are semi variable expenses in nature and include wear on tires,
repairs and overheads painting etc.
3. Operating and running charges: Running costs are the cost of operations. These charges
vary more or less in direct proportion to kilometers etc. These expenses are variable in nature
because they are dependent on distance covered and trips made.

Though the above three classification is done, in practical it is difficult to distribute. It
depends basically on the circumstances of each case e.g. if the salary paid to driver is on
monthly basis then it is a fixed charged but if the same is limited to kilometer run then it is a
running cost.
Collection of Cost Data:
Each vehicle is given a separate unique number and all the basic documents will contain the
assigned number of the respective vehicles. A separate daily log sheet for each vehicle is
maintains to record the details of trips, running time, capacity, distance cover, cost of petrol /
diesel, lubricants, loading and unloading time etc on daily basis. A specimen of log sheet is
given below:
Daily log sheet Table
Vehicle No.: Route No.:--------------
Date of Purchase: .. Driver:
Make and Specification: .
Time of Leaving:
License No.: Time of Returning: .

Trip
no.
From To
Packages
Kilometers
Time
Remarks
Out Collected Out In Hrs


Supplies Workers time abnormal delays
Petrol / diesel Driver ..Loading / unloading
Oil .conductor .Accident .
Grease Cleaner ..Traffic Delays Others
Format of transport operating cost sheet:
Vehicle No. : .. Period ..
Cost Unit: No. of Cost units .
Particulars Rs. Total
Rs.
Per Km Rs.
A. Fixed Cost (or Standing charges)
1. Road Tax xx xx
2. Insurance xx xx
3. Drivers Salary xx xx
4. Conductors Salary xx xx
5. Depreciation xx xx
6. Interest on Capital xx xx
7. Garage Rent xx xx
8. Office & Administration Overheads xx xx xx xx
B. Variable (Running) costs
Depreciation xx xx
Petrol Diesel xx xx
Oil & Grease xx xx
Repairs and maintenance xx xx
Tyres and tubes xx xx xx xx
Total operating cost xxx xxx

Note: Maintenance expenses can be shown separately also depends on cases.
Check Your Progress:
1. Give the format of Transport Operating cost-sheet
2. give the Cost Unit of the following
a) Passenger Transport
b) Good Transport
c) Electricity
d) Hospital
e) Hotel

Illustration 1:
From the following information calculate fare for passenger KM.

The cost of the Bus Rs. 450000
Insurance charges 3 % p.a.
Annual tax Rs. 4500
Garage rent Rs. 500 p.m.
Annual repairs Rs. 4800
Expected life of the bus 5 yrs
Value of scrap at the end of 5 years Rs. 3000
Route distance 20 km long
Drivers salary Rs. 550 p.m.
Conductors Salary Rs. 500 p.m.
Commission to Driver & conductor (shared
equally)
10 % of the
takings
Stationary Rs. 250 p.m.
Manager-cum-accountants Salary Rs. 1750 p.m.
Diesel and Oil (for 100 kms) 125


The bus will make 3 rounds trips for carrying on the average 40 passengers in each trip.
Assume 15 % profit on takings. The bus will work on the average 25 days in a month.











Solution:
Operating Cost Statement
Bus No.
Capacity: 40 persons

Particulars Per
Annum
Rs.
Per
Annum
Rs.
Per
Annum
Rs.
A. Standing Charges
Depreciation 84,000
Tax 4,500
Insurance 13,500
Stationery 3,000
Managers Salary 21,000 1,26,000 0.0875
B. Maintenance Charges
Garage Rent 6,000
Repairs 4,800 10,800 0.0075
C. Operating (or) Running Charges
Diesel & Oil 3,750
Driver Salary 6,600
Conductors Salary 6,000 16,350 0.01135
Total 1,53,150 0.10635
Add : Commission and Profit 25/75 0.03545
Fare per passenger km. 0.1418

Working Note:
(1) No. of Km run in a month : 3 x 2 x 20 x 25 = 3000 km
(2) No. of passenger km per annum : 3000 x 40 x 12= 14,40,000
(3) Diesel and oil : 3000 x 125 / 100 = Rs. 3750
(4) Commission & Profits: Commission 10 % of taking + profit
15 % of Taking total = 25 % of taking so the cost
Cost is only 75 %

Illustration 2:
From the following data relating to two different vehicles A and B, compute cost per running
mile.
Particulars Vehicle A Vehicle B
Milage run (annual) 15000 6000
Cost of vehicles Rs. 25000 Rs. 15000
Road License (Annual) 750 750
Immune (Annual) 700 400
Garage rent (Annual) 600 500
Supervision and Salaries (Annual) 1200 1200
Drivers wage per hour 3 3
Cost of fuel per gallon 3 3
Miles runs per gallon 20 15
Repairs and maintenance per mile (Rs.) 1.65 2
Tire allocation per mile 0.8 0.6
Estimated life of vehicle (miles) 1,00,000 75,000

Charge interest @ 5 % p.a. on cost of vehicles. The vehicles run 20 miles per hour on an
average









Solution:
Operating cost sheet (cost per mile)

Particulars Vehicle
A
Vehicle
B
A. Operating and Maintenance
Charges

Depreciation A 25000 / 100000 0.25
B 15000 / 75000 0.20
Repairs and maintenance 1.65 0.20
Tire allocation 0.80 2.00
Fuel (3 / 20 miles) 0.15 0.60
Drivers wages (A 3 / 20) (3 3 / 15) 0.15 0.15
3.00 3.15
B. Standing Charges A B
Rs. Rs.
Road license 750.00 750.00
Insurance 700.00 400.00
Charges 600.00 500.00
Supervision 1200.00 1200.00
Interest @ 5 % p.a. 1250.00 750.00
4500.00 3600.00
Mileage run per annum 15000.00 6000.00
Fixed standing charge per mile 0.30 0.60 0.30 0.60
Operating cost per mile 3.30 3.75

Note:
(1) Depreciation is linked with mileage so operating cost.
(2) Driver wage is taken as operating since it is paid per hour.

Illustration 3:
A company presently brings coal to its factory from a nearby yard and the rate paid for
transportation of coal from the yard located 6 kms. Away to factory is Rs. 50 per ton. The
total coal to be handled in a month is 24,000 tones. The company is considering proposal
to buy its own trucks and has the option of buying either a 10 ton capacity or a 8 ton
capacity trucks.
The following information is available:

Particulars 10 Ton
Truck
8 Ton
Truck
Purchase Price Rs. 10,00,000 8,50,000
Life (Years) 5 5
Scrap value at the end f 5th year Nil Nil
KM Per liter of diesel 3 4
Repair and maintenance p.a. per
truck (Rs.)
60,000 48,000
Other fixed expenses p.a. (Rs.) 60,000 36,000
Lubricants and sundries per 100 km
(Rs.)
20 20

Each truck will daily make 5 trips (to and fro) on an average for 24 days in a month. Cost
of diesel Rs. 15/- per liter. Salary of driver Rs. 3,000/-, p.a. month. Two drivers will be
required per truck. Other staff expenses Rs. 1, 08,000 p.a. Present a comparative cost
sheet on the basis of above data showing transport cost per ton of operating 10 ton and 8
ton Truck at full capacity utilization.






Solution:
Comparative statement of operating cost sheet:
Particulars 10 Ton
Truck
8 Ton
Truck
Fixed Charges (p.m.)
Drivers Salary (working no. 1) 12,000 15,000
Staff expenses 9,000 9,000
Other fixed expenses 5,000 3,000
Operating & Maintenance Charges (p.m.)
Depreciation (Note No. 2) 3,33,333 3,54,167
Diesel Cost (Note No. 3) 1,44,000 1,35,000
Lubricants & Sundries(Note No. 3) 5,760 7,200
Repairs & Maintenance 1,00,000 1,00,000
Total Cost (A) 7,17,093 7,58,367
Tons Carried (B) 24,000 24,000
Cost per ton (A/B) 29.87 31.59

Conclusion: A comparison of cost per ton by using 10 ton trucks is more economical.
The cost paid for bringing coal per ton presently viz. Rs. 50/- is the highest.













Working Note:

Particulars 10 Ton
Truck
8 Ton Truck
1 Total number o trucks and drivers
required

Coal brought to the factory per month
(5 x 24 x 10) 1200
(5 x 24 x 8) 960
No. of truck required to bring24,000
tons is
24000/1200=20 24000/960=25
Total number of drivers required 20 x 2 = 40 25 x 2 = 50
2 Total monthly depreciation
Depreciation per truck per annum 2,00,000 1,70,000
Depreciation per truck per month 1,666.66 14,166.66
Total depreciation 16666.66 x 20
= 3,33,333
14166.66 x 25
= 3,54,167
3 Diesel requires
Total Km run per truck p.m.
(6 km x 10 trips x 24 days) 1440 1440
Total KM run by all trucks 28800 36000
Km per liter of diesel 3 4
Diesel required liters 9600 9000
(28800 / 3) (36000 / 4)









Illustration.4:
You are required to calculate a suggested fare per passenger
Km from the following information for a mini bus.
(i) Length of route 30 km
(ii) Purchase price Rs. 4, 00,000.
(iii) Part of above cost meet by loan, annual interest Rs. 10,000 p.a.
(iv) Other annual charges: Insurance Rs. 15,000, Garage Rent Rs. 9,000, Road
Taxes Rs. 3,000, Repairs and Maintenance Rs. 5,000. Administrative charges
Rs. 5000.
(v) Running expenses : Driver & Conductor Rs. 5000 p.m.,
Repairs / Replacement of tyre tube Rs. 3600 p.a. Diesel and Oil cost per Km
Rs. 5/-

(vi) Effective life of vehicle is estimated at 5 years at the end of which it will have
a scrap value of Rs. 10,000.
(vii) Mini Bus has 20 seats and is planned to make six two way trips for 25 days /
p.m.
(viii) Provide profit @ 20 % of total revenue.
















Solution:

Particulars Cost per
Annum
Rs.
Cost Per
Month
Rs.
Fixed Expenses :
Insurance 15,000
Garage Rent 9,000
Road Tax 3,000
Administrative charges 5,000
Depreciation (4,00,00010,000
5 years)
78,000
Interest on Loan 10,000
Total 1,20,000 10,000
Running Expenses :
Repairs & Maintenance 15,000 1,250
Replacement of tyre tube 3,600 300
Diesel and oil cost (9000 km x
Rs. 5/-)
45,000
Driver & Conductors Salary 5,000
Total Cost per month 61,550
Add : Profit 20 % of total
Revenue 25 % Total cost
15,387.50
Total Revenue 76,937.50

Rate per passenger km: Rs. 36937.50 / 1, 80,000 passenger km = 0.4274305 or 0.43
paise.

Workings:
Total distance travelled by mini bus in 25 days = 60 km x 6 trips x 25 days = 9000 km

Total passenger km = 9000 km x 20 seats = 1, 80,000 passengers km

Illustration 5:
Mr. Sampath owns a fleet of taxies and the following information is available from the
records maintained by him.



1. Number of Taxis 10 7. Garage Rent Rs 7000 p.m.
2. Cost of each Taxi Rs. 2,00,000 8. Insurance premium 5 %
3. Salary of manager Rs. 6000 p.m. 9. Annual Tax Rs. 6000 per taxi
4. Salary of Accountant Rs. 5000 p.m 10. Drivers Salary Rs. 4000 p.m.
5. Salary of cleaner Rs. 3000 p.m. 11. Annual Repairs Rs. 15,000
per taxi
6. Salary of Mechanic Rs. 4000 p.m.



Total life of a taxi is about 2, 00,000 kms. A taxi runs in all 3000 kms. in a month of
which 25 % its runs empty. Petrol consumption is one liter for 10 kms @ Rs. 40 per liter.
Oil and other sundries are Rs. 10 per 100 kms.

Calculate the cost of running a taxi per km.












Solution:

Particulars Amount
per month
Rs.
Cost per
Km
Rs.
Fixed Expenses (for the whole fleet)
Salary of manager 6000
Salary of accountant 5000
Salary of Cleaner 3000
Salary of mechanic 4000
Garage Rent 7000
Insurance premium 5 % on Rs. 2,00000 x 10 8333
Tax 6000 x 10 / 12 40000
Total Fixed Expenses 5000
Effective kilometer 3000x10x 75 % =
22,500

Fixed expenses per km 3.48147
Running expenses (per taxi)
Depreciation (2,00,000200000 x 10 x
3000)
1.33333
Repairs (15,000 x 10 12) 0.55555
Petrol (3000 x 40) (10 x 22500) 0.53333
Oil and other sundries (10 x 3000)
(100(22500)
0.13333
Cost per km 6.03701







(B) HOSPITAL COSTING
Hospitals comes under service sector, big companies also maintain hospitals. For costing
purpose the hospital service can be divided in two following categories

(1) Outpatient department
(2) Wards
(3) Medical service departments such as radio therapy X ray etc.
(4) General Services such as heating, lighting, catering laundry etc.
(5) Other services such as transport, dispensary, cleaning etc.

Cost Statement:
The expenses of hospital can be broadly divided into two categories i.e. (1) Capital
Expenditure and (2) Maintenance Expenditure this includes salaries and wages,
provision, staff uniforms clothing, medical and surgical appliances and equipments, fuel
light and power, laundry, water etc.

Format of a cost Sheet of a Hospital:
Particulars Rs. Rs.
A) Fixed standing charges
Rent xx
Repairs and maintenance xx
General administrative expenses xx
Depreciation xx
Salaries to staff xx
Cost of Oxygen, X ray etc. xx xx
B) Running or maintenance costs
Doctors fees xx
Food xx
Medicines xx
Laundry xx
Hire charges xx xx
Total operating cost xx

Total Operating cost
Cost per patient day = -----------------------------------
No of Patient Days
Illustration 1:
The following information is available from a intensive care unit.

Rent (including repairs) Rs. 10000 p.m.

The unit cost consists of 25 beds and 5 more beds can be accommodate when the
occasion demands. The permanent staff attached to the unit is as follows:

2 supervisors each at a salary or Rs. 2000 per month.
4 nurse each at a salary of Rs. 1500 per month.
2 ward boys each at a salary of Rs. 1000 per month.
Though the unit was open for the patients all the 365 days in a year, security of accounts
of 2008 revealed that only 150 days in a year the unit had the full capacity of 25 patients
per day and for another 80 days it had on an average 20 beds only occupied per day. But
there were occasions when the beds were full, extra beds were hired from outside at a
charge of Rs. 10 per bed per day and this did not come to more than 5 beds extra above
the normal capacity any one day. The total hire charges for the whole year were Rs. 4000.

The unit engaged expert doctor from outside to attend on the patients and the fees were
paid on the basis of number of patients attended at time spent by them on an average
worked out to Rs. 2000 per month in 2008. The other expenses for the year were as under.







Particulars Rs.
Repairs and maintenance 8,000
Food supplied to patients 1,00,000
Janitor and other services for patients 25,000
Laundry charges for bed linens 40,000
Medicines supplied 70,000
Cost of oxygen, x ray etc other than directly born for
treatment of patients (Fixed)
90,000
General administration charges allocated to the unit 1,00,000

(1) If the unit recovered an overall amount of Rs. 200 per day on an average from each
patient what is the profit per patient day made by the unit in 2008.
(2) The unit wants to work out a budget for 2009, since the number of patients is very
uncertain, annuity the same revenue and expenses prevail in 2009, work out the
number of patient days required break-even.

















Solution:
Statement of cost and profit

Particulars Rs. Rs.
A) Income received (Rs. 200 x 6150) 1,23,000
B) Variable cost (per annum)
Food 1,00,000
Janitor and other services 25,000
Laundry charges 40,000
Medicines 70,000
Doctors fees (20,000 x 12) 2,40,000
Hire charges for extra bed 4,000
(B) 4,79,000
C) Fixed Costs
Salaries
Supervisor 4,800
Nurses 72,000
Ward boys 24,000
Rent (10000 x 12) 1,20,000
Repairs & Maintenance 8,000
General administration 1,00,000
Cost of oxygen, X ray etc. 90,000
(C) 4,62,000
Total cost (B + C) 9,41,000
Profit 2,89,000


Profit per patient day = 28900/6150 = 46.91 loss Rs. 47/-
Working Note: Calculation of No. of patient days in 2008
25 beds x 150 days = 3750
20 beds x 80 days = 1600
Extra beds 4000 5 = 800
6150

Breakeven point = Fixed Cost/ Income Variable cost x income = 46200/751000 x 1230000

= Rs. 756671 (or) 756671/200 = 3783.25 patient days

Illustration 2:
A hospital is run by a Company. For this purpose it has hired a building at a rent of Rs.
5,000 per month plus it would bear the repair charges also. The hospital is having 25 beds
and 5 more beds can be accommodated when the need arises.

The staff of the hospital is as follows:
2 Supervisors each at a salary of Rs. 500 per month
4 Nurses each at a salary of Rs. 300 per month
2 Ward boys, each at a salary of Rs. 150 per month
Although the hospital is open for patients all the 365 days in a year, records for the year
2004 disclose that only for 120 days in the year, the unit had the full capacity of 25
patients per day and when the beds were full, extra beds were hired at a charge of ` 5per
bed per day and this did not come to more than 5 beds extra above the normal capacity on
any one day. The total hire charges for the extra beds incurred for the whole year were
Rs. 2,000.
The Unit engaged expert doctors from outside to attend on the patients and the fees was
paid on the basis of the number of patients attended and time spent by them which on an
average worked out to Rs. 10,000 per month in 2004.
The other expenses for the year were as under:
Repair and Maintenance Rs. 3,600
Food supplied to patients Rs. 44,000
Sanitary and Other services for patients Rs. 12,500
Laundry Charges Rs. 28,000
Medicines supplied Rs. 35,000


Cost of oxygen, X-ray, etc. other than directly borne for treatment of
patients Rs. 54,000.
General Administration Charges allocated to hospital Rs. 49,550.
If the hospital recovered an amount of Rs. 100 per day on an average from each patient,
compute the profit per patient day made by the hospital as per operating cost sheet for
the year 2004.

Solution:
Statement of Profit

Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income (100 x 5,000) 55,00,000
Less : Variable Cost
Food 44,000
sanitary Services 12,500
Laundary 28,000
Medicines 35,000
Doctor's Fee (10,000 x 12) 1,20,000
Hire Charges for Extra Bed 2,000 2,41,500
Contribution 2,58,500
Less : Fixed Costs
Salaries [(2 x 500) +(4 x 300) + ( 2 x 150)] x 12 30,000
Rent ( 5,000 x 12 ) 60,000
Repairs and Maintenance 3,600
General Administration 49,550
Cost of Oxygen, X- ray etc. 54,000 1,97,150
Total 61,350






Profit per patient- day = 61,350 / 5,000 = Rs. 12.27

Note:

Number of patient- days in 2001 patient -
days
25 beds x 120 days 3,000
20 beds x 80 days 1,600
Extra bed - days
(total hire charges of extra beds/charges per bed per day = 2000/5) 400
Total 5,000

Illustration: 3
Appolo Hospital runs an Intensive Care Unit in a hired building at a rent of Rs. 7,500 p.m.
The hospital has undertaken to bear the cost of repairs and maintenance.
The Intensive Care Unit consists of 35 beds and 5 more beds can be conveniently
accommodated whenever required. The permanent staffs attached to the unit are as follows.
2 Supervisors each at a salary of Rs. 2,500 per month.
4 Nurses, each at a salary of Rs. 2,000 per month.
4 Ward boys, each at a salary of Rs. 500 per month.
Though the unit was open for the patients all the 365 days in a year but it was found that only
150 days in a year, the unit had the full capacity of 35 patients per day and for another 80
days it had an average 25 bed only occupied per day. But there were occasions when the beds
were full, extra beds were hired from outside at a charge of Rs. 10 per bed per day. This did
not come to more than 5 beds extra above the normal capacity any one day. The total hire
charges for the extra beds incurred for the whole year amounted to Rs. 7,500.
The unit engaged expert doctors from outside to attend on the patients and fees were paid on
the basis of the number of patients attended and time spent by them on an average worked out
to Rs. 25,000 per month in the year 2003. The other expenses for the year were as under:


Repairs and Maintenance (Fixed) Rs. 8,100
Food supplied to patients (Variable) Rs.88,000
Janitor and other Services for patients (Variable) Rs. 30,000
Laundry Charges for their bed linen (Variable) Rs.60,000
Medicines supplied (Variable) Rs. 75,000
Cost of Oxygen , X-ray, etc., other than directly borne for treatment of
patients (Fixed)
Rs. 1,08,000
General Administration Charges allocated to the unit (Fixed) Rs. 1,00,000


Solution:
Calculation of No. of Patient-days:
35 beds x 150 days 5,250
25 beds x 80 days 2,000
Extra bed days (Rs. 7,500 / 10) 750
Total 8,000









Statement of Cost
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income Received (Rs. 200 x 8,000 patient-days) 16,00,000
Variable Costs (Marginal Costs) Per Annum :
Food 88,000
Janitor and other services 30,000
Laundry Charges 60,000
Medicines supplied 75,000
Doctors Fees (Rs. 25,000 x 12) 3,00,000
Hire Charges for extra-beds 7,500 5,60,500
Contribution 10,39,500
Fixed Costs
Salaries :
Supervisors (2 x 2,500 x 12) 60,000
Nurses (4 x 2,000 x 12 ) 96,000
Ward Boys ( 4 x 500 x 12) 24,000
Rent (7,500 x 12 ) 90,000
Repairs & Maintenance 8,100
Cost of Oxygen etc. 1,08,000
General Administration 1,00,000 4,86,100
Profit 5,53,400


Profit per Patient- day = Rs.5, 53,400 / 8,000 Patient days = Rs. 69.175
Break-even Point = (Fixed Cost/ Contribution x Income)
= (Rs. 4, 86,100 / Rs. 10, 39,500 x 16, 00,000)
=Rs. 7, 48,206
Break- even Point for Patient- days = Rs. 7, 82,206 / Rs. 200 = 3,741 patient- days.

(C) HOTEL COSTING

Hotel industry is a service industry and covers various activities such as provision for
food and accommodation. It also provides other comforts like recreations, business
facilities, shopping areas etc. The expenses incurred in a hotel are fixed or variable. Fixed
expenses comprises of staff salaries, repairs, interior decoration, laundry contract cost,
sundries and depreciation on fixed assets. The variable expenses incurred are lighting,
attendants salaries, power etc. To find out room rent to be charged from customers a
notional profit is added with the cost and divided by the number of rooms available. The
number of rooms available is calculated after for considering availability of suits and
occupancy.
Rooms rent may be different from season to season. Sometime besides accommodation
they also provide food. Then the cost of meals, other direct and indirect costs are
considered to work out the costs to be charged from customers.

Operating cost sheet of a Hotel:

Particulars Rs. Rs.
A) Fixed Charge
Salaries to Staff xx
Repairs and Renovation xx
Depreciation xx
Interior decoration xx
Sundries xx
Laundry contract cost xx
Rent xx xx
B) Running charges (Variable cost)
Power xx
Attendant salaries xx xx
Total Operating Cost xx
No. of Room Days xx
Cost per Room Days xx

Illustration 1:
A company runs a holiday home for this purpose it hired a building at a rent of Rs. 10,000
per month along with 5% of total takings. It has three types of suites for its customers
viz. single room, double room and triple rooms.
Following information is given:

Types of suite Number Occupancy percentage
Single rooms 100 100 %
Double rooms 50 80 %
Triple rooms 30 60 %

The rent of double rooms suite is to be fixed at 2.5 times of the single room and that of
triple rooms at twice of the double room suite.
The other expenses for the year 2009 are as follows:

Particulars Rs.
Staff salaries 14,25,000
Room attendants wages 4,50,000
Lighting heating and powers 2,15,000
Repairs and renovations 1,23,500
Laundry charges 80,500
Interior decoration 74,000
Sundries 1,53,000

Provide profit @ 20 % on total takings and assume 360 days in a year. You are required
to calculate the rent to be charged for each type of suite







Solution:
Calculation of room occupancy

Type of suite Number Occupancy % No. of days in
a year
Room occupancy
days
Single Room 100 100 360 36000
Double Room 50 80 360 14400
Triple Room 30 60 360 6480

Calculation of equalant single room suits occupancy
36,000 x 1 + 14400 x 2.5 + 6480 x 5 = 104400
Calculation of Total Cost:

Particulars Rs.
Staff salaries 14,25,000
Room attendant wages 4,50,000
Lighting heating and power 2,15,000
Repair and renovation 1,23,500
Laundry charges 80,500
Interior decoration 74,000
Sundries 1,53,000
Total cost excluding building rent 25,21,000
Building rent = 10000 x 12 + 5% of taking 2,96,066
Total cost 28,17,066
Profit 20 % of takings 7,04,267
Total takings 35,21,333

Rent for a single room = 3521333 104400 = Rs. 33.73
Rent for a double room = 33.73 x 2.5 = Rs. 84.325
Rent for a triple room = 84.325 x 2 = Rs. 168.65



Illustration 2:
A lodging home is being run in a small hill station with 50 single rooms. The home offers
concessional rate during six off season months in a year. During this period, half of the
full room rent is charged. The management profit margin is targeted at 20% of the room
rent. The following are the cost estimates and other details for the year ending 31st
March, 1996 (assume a month to be of 30 days)
(a) Occupancy during the season is 80%, while in the off season is 40% only.
(b) Expenses:
(i) Staff Salary (excluding room attendants) Rs. 2, 75,000
(ii) Repairs to buildings Rs. 1, 30,000
(iii) Laundry and linen Rs. 40,000
(iv) Interior and tapestry Rs. 87,500
(v) Sundry expenses Rs. 95,400
(c) Annual depreciation is to be provided for building at 5% and on furniture and
equipments at 15% on straight line basis.
(d) Room attendants are paid Rs. 5/- per room-day on the basis of occupancy of the rooms
in a month.
(e) Monthly lighting charges are Rs. 120 per room, expect in four months of winter when
it is Rs. 30 per room and this cost is on the basis of full occupancy for a month and
(f) Total investments in the home are Rs. 100 lakhs of which Rs. 80 lakhs relate to
buildings and balance for furniture and equipments.

You are required to work out the room rent chargeable per day both during the season and
the off-season months, on the basis of the foregoing information.










Solution:
Total estimated costs for the year ending 31.03.1996

Particulars Total
Rs.
Per room
day (Rs.)
Salary 2,75,000
Repairs 1,30,000
Laundry and linen 40,000
Interior decoration 87,500
Depreciation: Rs.
Building 5% on 80 lakhs 4,00,000
Furniture 15 % on 20 lakhs 3,00,000 7,00,000
Miscellaneous expenses 95,400
Attendants salary 54,000*
Lighting charges 36,000**
Total cost 14,18,400 / 9000 157.6
*** full room days
Add : Profit margin at 20% on rent or
25% of cost
197.00


During season room rent is Rs. 197 and during off-season room rent is Rs. 98.50
* Attendant salary
For 10,800 room days @ Rs. 5 per day = Rs. 54,000
** Total light bill
Light bill during 8 months at Rs. 120 per month or 120 30 = Rs. 4 Per room day.
Light bill during 4 months of winter at Rs. 30 per month or 30
30 = Re. 1 per Room day.





Total light bill for full one year

Particulars Rs.
During season @ Rs. 4 for 7,200 days 28,800
During 2 months of off-season
@ Rs. 4 for 1,200 days (2 6 x 3,600)
4,800
During 4 months of winter at Re. 1
For 2,400 days (4 6 x 3,600)
2,400
Total 36,000

*** Number of room days in a year:

Seasons occupancy for 6 months@80% (50 x 0.8 x 6 x 30) 7,200
room days Off seasons occupancy for 6 months @ 40 % (50 x 0.4
x 6 x 30)
3,600
Total room days during the Year 10,800

Total full room days in terms of rate
Season
7,200
Off Season (in terms of 50 % rate on 3,600 days) 1,800
Total Full room days 9,000 (per annum)












Illustration 3:
Elegant Hotel has a capacity of 100 single rooms and 20 double rooms. It has a sports
centre with a swimming pool which is also used by persons other than residents of the
hotel. The hotel has a shopping arcade at the basement and a specialty restaurant at the
roof top. The following information is available:
(1) Average occupancy : 75 % for 365 days of the year
(2) Current costs are :

Variable cost Fixed cost
Single room 400 200
Double room 500 250

(3) Average sales per day of restaurant Rs. 1, 00,000; contribution is at 30 %. Fixed cost
Rs. 10, 00,000 per annum.
(4) The sports centre / swimming pool is likely to be used by 50 non residents daily;
average contribution per day per nonresident is estimated at Rs. 50; fixed cost is Rs.
5,00,000 per annum.
(5) Average contribution per month from the shopping arcade is Rs. 50,000; fixed cost is
Rs. 6, 00,000 per annum.
You are required to find out:
(a) Rent chargeable for single and double room per day, so that there is a margin of safety
of 20 % on hire of rooms and that the rent for a double room should be kept at 120 % of a
Single room.

(b) Evaluate the profitability of restaurant, sports centre and shopping arcade separately.








Solution:
(a) Statement for calculating the rent chargeable for single and double room per day.

Particulars Occupancy days
in a year Refer
to working note
(1)
Variable
cost
Rs /Days
(2)
Fixed
cost
Rs /
Days
(3)
Total
variable
cost
4 = (1) x(2)
Total fixed
cost (Rs.)
5=(1)x(3)
Total cost
(Rs.)
6 = (4) x
(5)
Single
room
27,375 400 200 1,09,50,000 54,75,000 1,64,25,000
Double
room
5,475 500 250 27,37,500 13,68,750 41,06,250
Add : 20 % margin of safety on hire of room or 25 % of total cost 51,32,812
Total amount of room rent to be received 2,56,64,062

Rent per day of single room 9in Rs.) 756 (approx)
(Refer to working note 2) (Rs. 2, 56, 64,062 / 33,945)
Rent per day of double room (in Rs.) 907 (approx) (Rs. 756 x 1.2 times)

b) Profitability of restaurant Rs.
Total sales per annum 365 days x Rs. 1,00,000 3,65,00,000
Contribution per annum
(30 % of Total Sales) : (A) 1,09,50,000
Fixed cost per annum : (B) 10,00,000
Profit [ (A) (B)] 99,50,000
Profitability of sports centre : Rs.
Contribution of sports centre per day : (50 persons x
Rs. 50)
2,500
Total contribution per annum (Rs. 2,500 x 365 days)
: (A)
9,12,500
Fixed cost per annum : (B) 5,00,000
Profit : [(A) (B)] 4,12,500
Profitability of shopping arcade : Rs.
Contribution per annum (Rs. 50,000 x 12 months) 6,00,000
Less : Fixed Cost 6,00,000
Profit Nil

Working Note:
1. Single room occupancy days in a year = 100 room x 365 days x 75 % = 27,375
2. Double room occupancy days in a year = 20 rooms x 365 days x 75 % = 5,475
3. In terms of single room total room occupancy days in a year
= 27,375 + 1.20 % x 5,475 = 27,375 + 6,570
= 33,945

Illustration 4:

Following are the information given by an owner of a hotel. You are requested to advice
him that what rent should be charge from his customers per day so that he is able to ear
25 % on cost other than interest.
1) Staff salaries Rs. 80,000 per annum
2) Room attendants salary Rs. 2 per day. The salary is paid on daily basis and services
of room attendant are needed only when the room is occupied. There is one room
attendant for one room.
3) Lighting, heating and power. The normal lighting expenses for a room if it is occupied
for the whole month is Rs. 50. Power is used only in winter and normal charge per
month if occupied for a room is Rs. 20.
4) Repairs to building Rs. 10,000 per annum
5) Linen etc. Rs. 4,800 per annum
6) Sundries Rs. 6,600 per annum
7) Interior decoration and furnishing Rs. 10,000 annually
8) Cost of building Rs. 4,00,000; rate of depreciation 5 %
9) Other equipments Rs. 1,00,000; rate of depreciation 10 %
10) Interest @ 5% may be charged on its investment of Rs. 5,00,000 in the building and
equipment
11) There are 100 rooms in the hotel and 80 % of the rooms are normally occupied in
summer and 30 % of the rooms are busy in winter. You may assume that period of
summer and winter is six month each. Normal days in a month may be assumed to be
30.

Solution:
Operating cost sheet
Rent per day
Particulars Rs. Per annum
Rs.
1. Staff salaries 80,000
Room attendants salaries
Summer 2 x (100 x 80 100) x 30 x 6 28,800
Winter 2 x (100 x 30 100) x 30 x 6 10,800 39,600
Lighting, heating and power
Summer 50 x 6 x (100 x 80 100) 24,000
Winter 50 x 6 x 100 x (30 100) 9,000
Power 20 x 6 x 100 x (30 100) 3,600 36,600
Repairs to building 10,000
Linen etc. 4,800
Sundries 6,600
Interior decoration and furnishing 10,000
Depreciation : Building 20,000
Other equipments 10,000 30,000
Interest on investment (5% on Rs. 5,00,000) 25,000
Add : 25 % profit on cost other than interest
Rs. 2,42,600 Rs. 25,000 interest = Rs.
2,17,600
2,42,600
Rs. 2,17,600 x 25 100 54,400
Total cost 2,97,000



Rent per room for one day = Total Cost No. of room days
= 2, 97,000 19,800
= Rs. 15 per day
Working Notes: Calculation of room days
No. of Rooms x Percentage x days in a month x no. of months
Summer: 100 x (80 100) x 30 x 6
80 x 30 x 6 = 14,400

Winter: 100 x (30 100) x 30 x 6
30 x 300 x 6 = 5,400
Total room days = 19,800

Illustration 5:

From the following information relating to a Hotel, calculate the room rent to be charged
to give a profit of 25% on cost excluding interest charged on Loan for the year ended 31st
March, 2008:
1. Salaries of office staff Rs. 50,000 per month.
2. Wages of the room attendant: Rs. 20 per day per room when the room is occupied.
3. lighting, Heating and Power :
a) The normal lighting expenses for a room for the full month is Rs. 500, when
occupied.
b) Power is used only in winter and the charges are 200 for a room, when occupied.
4. Repairs to Beds and other furniture: Rs. 30,000 per annum.
5. Repairs to Hotel building: Rs. 50,000 per annum.
6. Licence fees: Rs. 12,400 per annum.
7. Sundries: ` 10,000 per month.
8. Interior decoration and furnishing: Rs. 1, 00,000 per annum.
9. Depreciation @ 5% p.a. is to be charged on Building costing 20, 00,000/- and @ 10%
p.a. on Equipments.
10. There are 200 rooms in the Hotel, 80% of the rooms are generally occupied in
summer, 60% in winter and 30% in rainy season.
The period of summer, winter and rainy season may be considered to be of 4 months in
each case. A month may be assumed of 30 days of an average.
Solution:
Operating cost statement

Particulars Rs. Rs.
office staff salaries (50000x12) 6,00,000
Room Attendant wages (WN1) 8,16,000
Lighting and Heating (WN 2) 6,80,000
Power (WN 3) 96,000
Repairs to beds and other furniture 30,000
Repairs to Building 50,000
Licence fee 12,400
Sundries (10,000x12) 1,20,000
Interior Decoration and furnishing 1,00,000
Depreciation
Building @5% 1,00,000
Equipment @10% 5,00,000 1,50,000
Total Cost 26,54,400
Add : Profit 25% of Cost(Excluding interest on
loan)
6,63,600
Total Earnings 33,18,000

Room rent to be charged:
Per day = 33, 18,000 / 40,800 = Rs. 81.32
Working Notes:
(a)
Lighting and Heating:
Summer 500x 4 months x200 x 80% 3,20,000
Winter 500x 4 months x 200 x 60% 2,40,000
Rainy 500x 4 months x 200 x 30% 1,20,000
6,80,000



(b)

Power 200 x 4 months x 200 x 60% 96,000

(c)
Room Days
Summer 200x 4 months x 30 days x 80% 19, 200
Winter 200x 4 months x 30 days x 60% 14,400
Rainy 200x 4 months x 30 days x 30% 7,200
Total Rooms Days 40,800























CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION

Operating costs are the expenses which are related to the operation of a business, or to the
operation of a device, component, and piece of equipment or facility.
For a commercial enterprise, operating costs fall into two broad categories:
fixed costs, which are the same whether the operation is closed or running at
100% capacity
variable costs, which may increase depending on whether more production is
done, and how it is done (producing 100 items of product might require 10 days
of normal time or take 7 days if overtime is used. It may be more or less
expensive to use overtime production depending on whether faster production
means the product can be more profitable).
Thus operating costing is useful in determining the actual cost in various industries.












CHAPTER 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY



Websites:
www.icai.com

en.wikipedia.org

www.investopedia.com

www.qfinance.com




Books:
Advance Cost Accounting Ainapure

Cost Accounting P C Tulsian

Cost Accounting S C Chand

Cost Accounting - by Alok Agarwal & Mridu Agarwal

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