INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

ITU-T G.651
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU
(02/98)
SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA,
DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Tra!"#!!#$ "%&#a '(ara')%r#!)#'! * O+)#'a, -#.r% 'a.,%!
Characteristics of a 50/125 m multimode
graded index otical fi!re ca!le
ITU/T R%'$""%&a)#$ G0123
(4r%5#$6!,7 CCITT R%'$""%&a)#$)
ITU/T G/SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
T"#$%&I%%I'$ %(%T)&% #$* &)*I#+ *IGIT#, %(%T)&% #$* $)T-'".%
For further details, please refer to ITU-T List of Recommendations.
INTERNATIONAL TELE48ONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G0300*G0399
INTERNATIONAL ANALOGUE CARRIER SYSTEM
GENERAL C8ARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER/
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
G0200*G0299
INDI9IDUAL C8ARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELE48ONE
SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES
G0:00*G0:99
GENERAL C8ARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELE48ONE
SYSTEMS ON RADIO/RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION
WIT8 METALLIC LINES
G0;00*G0;;9
COORDINATION OF RADIOTELE48ONY AND LINE TELE48ONY G0;20*G0;99
TESTING EQUIPMENTS
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
G%%ra, G0100*G0109
S7""%)r#' 'a.,% +a#r! G0130*G0139
La& '$a<#a, 'a.,% +a#r! G0120*G0129
S6."ar#% 'a.,%! G01:0*G01;9
'tical fi!re ca!les G.650/G.650
C(ara')%r#!)#'! $- $+)#'a, '$"+$%)! a& !6./!7!)%"! G0110*G0199
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TERMINAL E=UI4MENTS G0>00*G0>99
DIGITAL NETWORKS G0800*G0899
DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G0900*G0999
ITU-T RECOMMENDATION G.651
CHARACTERISTICS OF A 50/125 m MULTIMODE GRADED
INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Summa!
This Recommendation covers the geometrical and transmissive properties of multimode fibres having
a 50 m nominal core diameter and a 125 m nominal cladding diameter. Test methods and the
meanings of the terms used are in clauses 6 and 2 respectively.
S"u#$
ITUT Recommendation !.651 "as revised by ITUT #tudy !roup 15 $1%%&2000' and "as
approved under the (T#) Resolution *o. 1 procedure on the 10
th
of +ebruary 1%%,.
+-R.(-R/
ITU $International Telecommunication Union' is the United *ations #peciali0ed 1gency in the field of
telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication #tandardi0ation #ector $ITUT' is a permanent organ of the
ITU. The ITUT is responsible for studying technical2 operating and tariff 3uestions and issuing
Recommendations on them "ith a vie" to standardi0ing telecommunications on a "orld"ide basis.
The (orld Telecommunication #tandardi0ation )onference $(T#)'2 "hich meets every four years2 establishes
the topics for study by the ITUT #tudy !roups "hich2 in their turn2 produce Recommendations on these
topics.
The approval of Recommendations by the 4embers of the ITUT is covered by the procedure laid do"n in
(T#) Resolution *o. 1.
In some areas of information technology "hich fall "ithin ITUT5s purvie"2 the necessary standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis "ith I#- and I.).
*-T.
In this Recommendation2 the e6pression 71dministration7 is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recogni0ed operating agency.
I*T.88.)TU18 9R-9.RT: RI!;T#
The ITU dra"s attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may
involve the use of a claimed Intellectual 9roperty Right. The ITU ta<es no position concerning the evidence2
validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual 9roperty Rights2 "hether asserted by ITU members or others
outside of the Recommendation development process.
1s of the date of approval of this Recommendation2 the ITU had not received notice of intellectual property2
protected by patents2 "hich may be re3uired to implement this Recommendation. ;o"ever2 implementors are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the T#=
patent database.
ITU 1%%,
1ll rights reserved. *o part of this publication may be reproduced or utili0ed in any form or by any means2
electronic or mechanical2 including photocopying and microfilm2 "ithout permission in "riting from the ITU.
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CONTENTS
Pa%$
1 #cope...........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
1
2 /efinitions...................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
1
> +ibre characteristics.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
>
>.1 !eometrical characteristics of the fibre.......................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
>
>.1.1 )ore diameter.................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
>
>.1.2 )ladding diameter..........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
>
>.1.> )oncentricity error.........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
?
>.1.? *oncircularity...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
?
>.2 -ptical properties of the fibre......................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
?
>.2.1 Refractive inde6 profile..................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
?
>.2.2 *umerical aperture.........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
?
>.> 4aterial properties of the fibre....................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
?
>.>.1 +ibre materials................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
?
>.>.2 9rotective materials........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
?
>.>.> 9rooftest level................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
5
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? +actory length specifications.......................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
5
?.1 1ttenuation coefficient.................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
5
?.2 =aseband response.......................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
5
?.2.1 4odal distortion band"idth@ amplitude response...........................................
........................................................................................................................
5
?.2.2 4odal distortion band"idth@ phase response.................................................
........................................................................................................................
6
?.2.> )hromatic dispersion......................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
6
5 .lementary cable sections............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
6
5.1 1ttenuation..................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
6
5.2 =aseband response $overall A> d= optical band"idth'................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
&
5.2.1 4odal distortion band"idth...........................................................................
........................................................................................................................
&
6 Test methods................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
,
6.1 Reference test method and alternative test method for geometrical and optical
parameters measurements............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
,
6.1.1 !eneral...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
,
6.1.2 Intrinsic 3uality factor....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
,
6.1.> !eometrical characteristics............................................................................
........................................................................................................................
,
6.2 The reference test methods for geometrical parameters and the alternative test
method for numerical aperture@ the refracted nearfield techni3ue..............................
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.....................................................................................................................................
%
6.2.1 !eneral...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
%
6.2.2 4a6imum theoretical numerical aperture and refractive inde6 difference......
........................................................................................................................
10
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6.2.> Test apparatus................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
11
6.2.? 9reparation of fibre under test........................................................................
........................................................................................................................
11
6.2.5 9rocedure.......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
11
6.2.6 9resentation of results....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
12
6.> 1lternative test method for geometrical parameters@ the nearfield techni3ue............
.....................................................................................................................................
1>
6.>.1 !eneral...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1>
6.>.2 Test apparatus................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1>
6.>.> 9rocedure.......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
15
6.>.? 9resentation of the results..............................................................................
........................................................................................................................
15
6.? Reference test method for the numerical aperture@ farfield light distribution.............
.....................................................................................................................................
16
6.?.1 -bBect.............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
16
6.?.2 #pecimen preparation.....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
16
6.?.> 1pparatus.......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
16
6.?.? 9rocedure.......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
16
6.?.5 Results............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1&
6.?.6 9resentation of results....................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
1&
6.5 Reference test method and alternative test methods for attenuation measurements....
.....................................................................................................................................
1,
6.5.1 -bBectives.......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1,
6.5.2 /efinition........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1,
6.5.> /escription.....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1,
6.5.? +ield of application.........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1,
6.6 The reference test method@ the cutbac< techni3ue......................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
1%
6.6.1 8aunching conditions.....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1%
6.6.2 1pparatus and procedure...............................................................................
........................................................................................................................
21
6.6.> 9resentation of results....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
22
6.& +irst alternative test method@ the insertion loss techni3ue...........................................
.....................................................................................................................................
22
6.&.1 8aunching conditions.....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
22
6.&.2 1pparatus and procedure...............................................................................
........................................................................................................................
22
6.&.> 9resentation of results....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2?
6., #econd alternative test method@ the bac<scattering techni3ue...................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2?
6.,.1 8aunching conditions.....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2?
6.,.2 1pparatus and procedure...............................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
2?
6.,.> 9resentation of results....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
25
6.% Reference test method for baseband response measurements.....................................
.....................................................................................................................................
26
6.%.1 -bBect.............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
26
6.10 Reference test method.................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2&
6.10.1 Test apparatus................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2&
6.10.2 9rocedure.......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2,
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6.10.> 9resentation of results....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2%
1ppendi6 I A 1lgorithm for geometrical parameters................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
>0
I.1 )ore centre and diameter.............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
>0
I.2 )ladding centre and diameter......................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
>0
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G%%5a, 3998
R$#"mm$&'a()"& G.651
CHARACTERISTICS OF A 50/125 m MULTIMODE GRADED
INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
(Malaga-Torremolinos, 19!" amended at Mel#ourne, 19, $elsin%i, 199& and 'ene(a, 199)
1 S#"*$
This Recommendation covers a graded inde62 multimode fibre2 "hich may be used in the region of
,50 nm or in the region of 1>00 nm or alternatively may be used in both "avelength regions
simultaneously. This fibre can be used for analogue and for digital transmission. Its geometrical2
optical2 transmission and mechanical characteristics are described belo".
2 D$+)&)()"&,
2.1 a-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"'@ 1 test method in "hich a given characteristic of a specified class of
optical fibres or optical fibre cables is measured in a manner consistent "ith the definition of this
characteristic and gives results "hich are reproducible and relatable to the reference test method and
to practical use.
2.2 a(($&ua()"& #"$++)#)$&(@ In an optical fibre it is the attenuation per unit length.
*-T. A The attenuation is the rate of decrease of average optical po"er "ith respect to distance along the
fibre and is defined by the e3uation@
* + *
+
$ ' $ '

0 10
10

"here@
*$+' is the po"er at distance + along the fibreC
*$0' is the po"er at + D 0C
is the attenuation coefficient in d=E<m if + is in <m.
+rom this e3uation the attenuation coefficient is@

10
0
10
log
$ '
$ '
* +
*
+
This assumes that is independent of +.
2.0 1a&'2)'(/ 3"+ a& "*()#a- +)1$4@ That value numerically e3ual to the lo"est fre3uency at
"hich the magnitude of the baseband transfer function of an optical fibre decreases to a specified
fraction2 generally to A> d= optical $A6 d= electrical'2 of the 0ero fre3uency value.
*-T. A The band"idth is limited by several mechanisms@ mainly modal distortion and chromatic dispersion in
multimode fibres.
2.5 #/"ma()# '),*$,)"&@ The spreading of a light pulse per unit source spectrum "idth in an
optical fibre caused by the different group velocities of the different "avelengths composing the
source spectrum.
*-T. A The chromatic dispersion may be due to one or more of the follo"ing@ material dispersion2 "aveguide
dispersion2 profile dispersion. 9olari0ation dispersion does not give appreciable effects in circularlysymmetric
fibres.
2.5 #/"ma()# '),*$,)"& #"$++)#)$&(@ The chromatic dispersion per unit source spectrum "idth
and unit length of fibre. It is usually e6pressed in psE$nm F <m'.
2.6 #-a'')&%@ The outermost region of constant refractive inde6 in the fibre crosssection.
2.6 #-a'')&% m"'$ ,()**$@ 1 device or material that encourages the conversion of cladding
modes to radiation modes.
2.7 #"$@ The central region of an optical fibre through "hich most of the optical po"er is
transmitted.
2.8 #"$ a$a9 The core diameter of a multimode optical fibre is defined from the refractive inde6
profile as that diameter passing through the core centre and intersecting the inde6 profile at the points
n
>
such that@
( ) n n % n n
> 2 1 2
+
"here@
n
2
is the refractive inde6 of the homogeneous claddingC
n
1
is the ma6imum refractive inde6C and
% is a constant commonly called the 7% factor7.
The refractive inde6 profile can be measured by profiling techni3ues such as the Refracted *ear+ield
measurement $R*+' or Transverse Interferometry $TI'2 and by measurement of the near field of a
fullyilluminated core such as the Transmitted *ear+ield measurement $T*+'.
It is recommended that curve fitting be used "ith both the inde6 profiling and the T*+ techni3ues to
improve the measurement precision of the core diameter.
*-T. 1 A Typically2 % D 0.025 for either the fitted profiling methods or the unfitted T*+ method is e3uivalent
to % D 0 for the fitted T*+ method.
*-T. 2 A +or fibres "ith refractive inde6 profiles that have gradual transition region at their coreEcladding
boundary2 a value of % D 0.05 for the unfitted T*+ method is e3uivalent to % D 0 for the fitted T*+ method.
2.10 #"$ 3#-a'')&%4 #$&($@ +or a crosssection of an optical fibre2 it is the centre of that circle
"hich best fits the outer limit of the core area $cladding'.
*-T. 1 A These centres may not be the same.
*-T. 2 A The method of best fitting has to be specified.
2.11 #"$ 3#-a'')&%4 ')am$($@ The diameter of the circle defining the core $cladding' centre.
2.12 #"$ 3#-a'')&%4 ')am$($ '$.)a()"&@ The difference bet"een the actual and the nominal
values of the core $cladding' diameter.
2.10 #"$/#-a'')&% #"&#$&()#)(! $"@ The distance bet"een the core centre and the cladding
centre divided by the core diameter.
2.15 #"$ 3#-a'')&%4 ("-$a&#$ +)$-'@ +or a crosssection of an optical fibre2 it is the region
bet"een the circle circumscribing the core $cladding' area and the largest circle2 concentric "ith the
first one2 that fits into the core $cladding' area. =oth circles shall have the same centre as the core
$cladding'.
2.15 ma:)mum (/$"$()#a- &um$)#a- a*$(u$@ 1 theoretical value of numerical aperture
calculated using the values of refractive inde6 of the core and cladding given by@
( ) ,- n n
t ma6

1
2
2
2
G
"here@
n
1
is the ma6imum refractive inde6 of the coreC
n
2
is the refractive inde6 of the innermost homogeneous cladding.
*-T. A The relationship bet"een *1 $2.1%' and ,-
t ma6
is given in 6.2.2.
2.16 m"'$ +)-($@ 1 device designed to accept or reBect a certain mode or modes.
2.16 m"'$ ,#am1-$; m"'$ m):$@ 1 device for inducing transfer of po"er bet"een modes in an
optical fibre2 effectively scrambling the modes.
*-T. A +re3uently used to provide a mode distribution that is independent of source characteristics.
2.17 #"$ 3#-a'')&%4 &"&-#)#u-a)(!@ The difference bet"een the diameters of the t"o circles
defined by the core $cladding' tolerance field divided by the core $cladding' diameter.
2.18 &um$)#a- a*$(u$@ The numerical aperture *1 is the sine of the verte6 halfangle of the
largest cone of rays that can enter or leave the core of an optical fibre2 multiplied by the refractive
inde6 of the medium in "hich the verte6 of the cone is located.
2.20 $+$$&#$ ,u+a#$@ The cylindrical surface of an optical fibre to "hich reference is made for
Bointing purposes.
*-T. A The reference surface is typically the cladding or primary coating surface. In rare circumstances it
could be the core surface.
2.21 $+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"'@ 1 test method in "hich a given characteristic of a specified class of
optical fibres or optical fibre cables is measured strictly according to the definition of this
characteristic and "hich gives results "hich are accurate2 reproducible and relatable to practical use.
2.22 3$+a#().$4 )&'$: *"+)-$@ The distribution of the refractive inde6 along a diameter of an
optical fibre.
0 F)1$ #/aa#($),()#,
The fibre characteristics dealt "ith in this clause are those "hich ensure the interconnection of fibres
"ith acceptable lo" losses.
-nly the intrinsic fibre characteristics $not depending on the cable manufacture' are recommended in
this clause. They "ill apply e3ually to individual fibres2 fibres incorporated into a cable "ound on a
drum2 and fibres in installed cables.
0.1 G$"m$()#a- #/aa#($),()#, "+ (/$ +)1$
0.1.1 C"$ ')am$($
The recommended nominal value of the core diameter is 50 m.
The core diameter deviation should not e6ceed the limits of t > m.
0.1.2 C-a'')&% ')am$($
The recommended nominal value of the cladding diameter is 125 m.
The cladding diameter deviation should not e6ceed the limits of t > m.
0.1.0 C"&#$&()#)(! $"
The recommended concentricity error should be less than 6H.
0.1.5 N"&-#)#u-a)(!
0.1.5.1 C"$ &"&-#)#u-a)(!
The recommended core noncircularity should be less than 6H.
0.1.5.2 C-a'')&% &"&-#)#u-a)(!
The recommended cladding noncircularity should be less than 2H.
0.2 O*()#a- *"*$()$, "+ (/$ +)1$
0.2.1 R$+a#().$ )&'$: *"+)-$
+or fibres dealt "ith in this Recommendation2 the normali0ed inde6 profile is e6pressed as@
d . .
g
$ ' 1
"here@
d .
n . n
n n
$ '
$ ' $ '
$ ' $ '

1
0 1
and@ n(.) D refractive inde6 at .
. r a r a E $ ' 0
a D core radius
1 > < g
0.2.2 Num$)#a- a*$(u$
The optimum value of the *umerical 1perture $*1' "ill depend on the particular application for
"hich the fibre is to be used and in particular on the source coupling efficiency re3uired2 the increased
attenuation due to microbending effects "hich can be tolerated2 and the overall baseband response
re3uired.
*ominal values commonly employed are 0.20 or 0.2>.
(hatever actual value is employed should not differ from the chosen nominal value by more
than 0.02.
0.0 Ma($)a- *"*$()$, "+ (/$ +)1$
0.0.1 F)1$ ma($)a-,
The substances of "hich the fibres are made should be indicated.
*-T. A )are may be needed in fusion splicing fibres of different substances. 9rovisional results indicate that
ade3uate splice loss and strength can be achieved "hen splicing different highsilica fibres.
0.0.2 P"($#().$ ma($)a-,
The physical and chemical properties of the material used for the fibre primary coating2 and the best
"ay of removing it $if necessary'2 should be indicated. In the case of a singleBac<eted fibre2 similar
indications shall be given.
0.0.0 P""+($,( -$.$-
The proofstress
p
shall be at least 0.>5 !9a2 "hich corresponds to a proofstrain of appro6imately
0.5H. 9roofstress is often specified as 0.6% !9a.
*-T. A The definitions of mechanical parameters are contained in 1.2E!.650. The test method is contained in
2.6E!.650.
5 Fa#("! -$&%(/ ,*$#)+)#a()"&,
#ince the geometrical and optical characteristics of fibres are barely affected by the cabling process2
this clause "ill give recommendations mainly relevant to transmission characteristics of cable factory
lengths.
Transmission characteristics depend greatly on the "avelength used to convey the information.
.nvironmental and test conditions are paramount and are described in the guidelines for test methods.
The transmission characteristics of fibres "ill have a statistical probability distribution "hich "ill be a
function of the design and manufacturing processes. The specification of limits for the transmission
characteristics must therefore ta<e this distribution into account. +or instance2 for certain applications
a particular limit may not embrace 100H of the production and indeed may only represent a very
small fraction of the total production. .conomic considerations "ill play a large part in the deciding of
specification limits for particular applications.
5.1 A(($&ua()"& #"$++)#)$&(
-ptical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally have attenuation coefficients in the
,50 nm region belo" ? d=E<m and in the 1>00 nm region belo" 2 d=E<m.
*-T. 1 A The lo"est values of the attenuation coefficient depend on the fabrication process2 fibre composition
and fibre and cable designC values in the range of 22.5 d=E<m in the ,50 nm region and 0.50., d=E<m in the
1>00 nm region have been achieved.
*-T. 2 A In certain cases2 fibres could be used in both "avelength regions.
5.2 Ba,$1a&' $,*"&,$
The baseband response includes both modal distortion and chromatic dispersion effects. +or certain
applications the effects of chromatic dispersion are negligible and can be ignored.
The baseband response is presented in the fre3uency domain. 1dministrations "ishing to use the time
domain "ill still be able to do so by means of mathematical operations. +or this purpose2 the
amplitude and phase response should be available.
=y convention2 the baseband response is linearly referred to 1 <m.
5.2.1 M"'a- '),("()"& 1a&'2)'(/9 am*-)(u'$ $,*"&,$
The modal band"idth amplitude response is specified in the form of A> d= optical $A6 d= electrical'
points of the band"idth of the total amplitudeEfre3uency curve corrected for chromatic dispersion. 1
more complete curve of the total band"idth response should also be given.
-ptical fibre cables covered by this Recommendation generally have normali0ed modal distortion
band"idths greater than 200 4;0 F <m in the ,50 nm region and in the 1>00 nm region2 but not
necessarily simultaneously.
*-T. 1 A The upper values of the normali0ed modal distortion band"idth depend on the fabrication process2
fibre composition and fibre and cable designC values greater than 1000 4;0 F <m in the ,50 nm region and
2000 4;0 F <m in the 1>00 nm region have been achieved.
*-T. 2 A In certain cases2 fibres could be used in both "avelength regions.
5.2.2 M"'a- '),("()"& 1a&'2)'(/9 */a,$ $,*"&,$
*o recommended value is given as phase response information is only re3uired in special cases.
5.2.0 C/"ma()# '),*$,)"&
(hen re3uired2 the manufacturer of the optical fibres should indicate the chromatic dispersion
coefficient values of the fibre type in the operating "avelength region$s'. The test method is contained
in 2.5E!.650.
*-T. 1 A +or multimode fibres2 the dominant chromatic dispersion mechanism is material dispersion.
*-T. 2 A Typical values of the chromatic dispersion coefficient for high grade silica optical fibres are the
follo"ing.
<a.$-$&%(/
3&m4
C/"ma()# '),*$,)"& #"$++)#)$&(
=*,/3&m > ?m4@
,50
120
1>00
6
*-T. > A The launch condition shall comply "ith the one used for the baseband response measurement2
see 6.10.1.2.
5 E-$m$&(a! #a1-$ ,$#()"&,
1n elementary cable section as defined in Recommendation !.601 $Term 100,' usually includes a
number of spliced factory lengths. The re3uirements for factory lengths are given in clause ?. The
transmission parameters for elementary cable sections must ta<e into account not only the
performance of the individual cable lengths but also2 amongst other factors2 such things as splices2
connectors $if applicable' and mode coupling effects "hich can affect band"idth and attenuation.
In addition2 the transmission characteristics of the factory length fibres as "ell as such items as splices
and connectors2 etc.2 "ill all have a certain probability distribution "hich often needs to be ta<en into
account if the most economic designs are to be obtained. The follo"ing subclauses should be read
"ith this statistical nature of the various parameters in mind.
5.1 A(($&ua()"&
The attenuation 1 of an elementary cable section is given by@
- L a . a /
n n s c
n
m
+ +

1
"here@

n
is the attenuation coefficient of n
th
fibre in elementary cable sectionC
L
n
is the length of n
th
fibreC
m is the total number of concatenated fibres in elementary cable sectionC
a
s
is the mean splice lossC
. is the number of splices in elementary cable sectionC
a
c
is the mean loss of line connectorsC
/ is the number of line connectors in elementary cable section if provided.
*-T. 1 A The losses a
s
and a
c
of splices and line connectors are generally defined in e3uilibrium mode
distribution conditions. In operating conditions2 appreciable differences may occur.
*-T. 2 A The above e6pression does not include the loss of e3uipment connectors.
*-T. > A In the overall design of a system2 allo"ance must be made for a suitable cable margin for future
modifications of cable configurations $additional splices2 e6tra cable lengths2 ageing effects2 temperature
variations2 etc.'.
*-T. ? A The mean loss is ta<en for the loss of splices and connectors. The attenuation budget used in
designing an actual system should account for the statistical variations in these parameters.
5.2 Ba,$1a&' $,*"&,$ 3".$a-- A0 'B "*()#a- 1a&'2)'(/4
The baseband response is given in the fre3uency domain and includes the effects of both modal
distortion and chromatic dispersion and can be represented by the e6pression@
[ ]
0 0 0
T
+


modal chromatic
2 2
1
2
"here@
0T is the overall band"idth $including modal distortion and chromatic dispersion'C
0
modal
is the modal distortion band"idthC
0chromatic
is the chromatic dispersion band"idth $see *ote >'.
*-T. 1 A =oth the fibre modal distortion baseband response and the source spectrum are assumed to be
!aussian.
*-T. 2 A +or certain applications the effect of chromatic dispersion is negligible2 in "hich case chromatic
dispersion can be ignored.
*-T. > A 0
chromatic
2 the chromatic band"idth2 is inversely proportional to the section length and2 if the source
spectrum is assumed to be !aussian2 can be e6pressed as@
( ) ( )
( ) 0 M$+ 1 L
chromatic

10 0 ??
6
1
E .
"here@
is the +(;4 source line "idth $nm'C
1$' is the chromatic dispersion coefficient IpsE$nm F <m'JC
L is the section length $<m'.
5.2.1 M"'a- '),("()"& 1a&'2)'(/
The modal distortion band"idth values for individual cable lengths in an elementary cable section are
obtained from the relevant fibre specification. ;o"ever2 the overall modal distortion band"idth of the
elementary cable section may not be a linear addition of the individual responses due to mode
coupling and other effects at splices and2 sometimes2 along the length of the fibre.
The modal distortion band"idth for an elementary cable section is therefore given by@
0 0
n
.
modal modal
total

'

1
1

"here@
0
modaltotal
is the overall modal distortion band"idth of an elementary cable sectionC
0
modaln is the modal distortion band"idth of n
th
fibre in elementary cable sectionC
. is the total number of concatenated fibres in elementary cable sectionC
is the modal distortion band"idth concatenation factor.
*-T. A The value of 2 the modal distortion band"idth concatenation factor2 is typically in the range 0.5 to
1.0 depending on the effects of mode coupling at splices2 alpha profile compensation2 "avelength of ma6imum
band"idth2 etc. Kalues belo" this range can also be obtained in certain circumstances. +or a given fibre2 the
appropriate value of "hich should be employed can be empirically derived2 and can usually be obtained from
the fibreEcable manufacturer.
6 T$,( m$(/"',
=oth reference and alternative test methods are usually given in this clause for each parameter2 and it
is the intention that both the RT4 and the 1T4 may be suitable for normal product acceptance
purposes. ;o"ever2 "hen using an 1T42 should any discrepancy arise2 it is recommended that the
RT4 be employed as the techni3ue for providing the definitive measurement results.
6.1 R$+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"' a&' a-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"' +" %$"m$()#a- a&' "*()#a-
*aam$($, m$a,u$m$&(,
6.1.1 G$&$a-
It is assumed that the geometrical and optical parameters2 "hich are the subBect of this
Recommendation2 "ould be measured only in the factory or in the laboratories of certain
1dministrations "ishing to verify these parameters for system design or other purposes. ;ence2 it is
anticipated that the measurements "ill be conducted either on sample fibre lengths or on samples
e6tracted from cable factory lengths.
The core diameter and noncircularity are defined using the refractive inde6 profile as a basis. The
remaining parameters can be derived from the refractive inde6 profile. ;ence2 it follo"s that all the
geometrical and optical parameters that are the subBect of this Recommendation2 and their tolerances
as appropriate2 can be obtained by one single basic test.
6.1.2 I&()&,)# Bua-)(! +a#("
The ma6imum theoretical *12 core diameter2 concentricity error2 and core noncircularity deviate
simultaneously in "ays that can either compound or compensate one another. To properly account for
these effects2 a theoretical splice loss can be calculated2 using the values of these geometrical and
optical parameters measured by e6isting test methods. .ither a !aussian or steadystate distribution
of po"er vs. angle may be assumed. The Intrinsic Luality +actor $IL+' can be calculated as the mean
of the theoretical splice losses in the t"o directions "hen the test fibre is spliced to a nominal fibre
"ith 0ero misalignment of the reference surfaces. 1 value of IL+ of 0.2& d= is compatible "ith the
individual tolerances recommended in clause >. If any inconsistency appears bet"een the IL+ method
and the chec< of the individual characteristics2 the latter "ill constitute the reference.
6.1.0 G$"m$()#a- #/aa#($),()#,
The core diameter and the cladding diameter of the fibre under test2 as "ell as the core and cladding
centres2 can be determined from an ade3uate number of points suitably distributed on the
coreEcladding and on the cladding boundaries2 respectively.
If a raster scan is adopted2 a higher number of points should be selected2 in order to guarantee a
sufficiently regular distribution.
The concentricity error can be evaluated from the distance bet"een the core and cladding centres.
)ore and cladding noncircularities can be determined from the tolerance field.
6.2 T/$ $+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"', +" %$"m$()#a- *aam$($, a&' (/$ a-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"'
+" &um$)#a- a*$(u$9 (/$ $+a#($' &$a-+)$-' ($#/&)Bu$
6.2.1 G$&$a-
The refracted nearfield measurement is straightfor"ard2 accurate and gives directly the refractive
inde6 variation across the entire fibre $core and cladding'. The measurement is capable of good
resolution and can be calibrated to give absolute values of refractive inde6.
1 schematic diagram of the measurement method is sho"n in +igure1 a'. The techni3ue involves
scanning a focussed spot of light across the end of the fibre. The launch optics are arranged to overfill
the *1 of the fibre. The fibre end is immersed in a li3uid of slightly higher inde6 than the cladding.
9art of the light is guided do"n the fibre and the rest appears as a hollo" cone outside the fibre. 1
disc is placed on the a6is of the core to ensure that only refracted light reaches the detector. The
detector output is amplified and displayed as the /a6is of an .-/ recorderC the .a6is drive is derived
from monitoring the position of the focussed spot of light on the end of the fibre. 1 typical inde6
profile of a multimode graded inde6 fibre is sho"n in +igure 1 b'.
The optical resolution and hence the ability to resolve detail in the profile depends on the si0e of the
focussed spot of light. This depends both on the numerical aperture of the focussing lens and on the
si0e of the disc. ;o"ever2 the position of sharp features can be resolved to much better accuracy than
this2 dependent on step si0e for stepper motor systems2 or position monitoring accuracy of analogue
drives.
T323:2;0/9:
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0
A 0.005
A 0.010
Incident light
overfilling and
focussed on
the fibre face
/isc
Refracted modes only
!uided po"er
8i3uid cell
+ibre
a4 R$+a#($' &$a-+)$-' ($#/&)Bu$ A S#/$ma()# ')a%am
14 T!*)#a- )&'$: *"+)-$ "+ a %a'$' )&'$: +)1$ "1(a)&$' 1! (/$ $+a#($' &$a-+)$-' ($#/&)Bu$
8i3uid refractive
inde6 value
)ladding
I
n
d
e
6

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Radius
)ore
F)%u$ 1/G.651 A R$+a#($' &$a-+)$-' ($#/&)Bu$
6.2.2 Ma:)mum (/$"$()#a- &um$)#a- a*$(u$ a&' $+a#().$ )&'$: ')++$$&#$
The ma6imum theoretical numerical aperture is defined as@
,- n n
t ma6

1
2
2
2
The inde6 difference is defined as@
n n n
1 2
The relative inde6 difference is defined as@
( ) n n n
1 2 1
E
"here@
n
1
is the ma6imum refractive inde6 of the fibre core2
n
2
is the refractive inde6 of the innermost cladding.
The values of n
1
and n
2
can be determined using the refracted nearfield techni3ue2 hence ,-
t ma6
2 n
and .
The ma6imum theoretical numerical aperture ,-
t ma6
2 determined in this "ay2 can be higher than the
numerical aperture *1 obtained at ,50 nm2 using the Reference Test 4ethod. This may be related to
the ma6imum theoretical numerical aperture2 ,-
t ma6
2 obtained at 5?0 or 6>> nm2 using the 1lternative
Test 4ethod2 "ith the follo"ing e6pression@
,- 2 ,-
t

ma6
"here % D 0.%5 "hen the profile measurement is made at 5?0 nm and % D 0.%6 "hen the measurement
is made at 6>> nm.
6.2.0 T$,( a**aa(u,
1 schematic diagram of the test apparatus is sho"n in +igure 2.
6.2.0.1 S"u#$
1 stable laser giving a fe" milli"atts of po"er in the T.4
00
mode is re3uired.
1 ;e*e laser2 "hich has a "avelength of 6>> nm2 may be used2 but a correction factor must be
applied to the results for e6trapolation at different "avelengths. It shall be noted that measurement at
6>> nm may not give complete information at longer "avelengths2 in particular nonuniform fibre
doping can affect the correction.
1 3uarter"ave plate is introduced to change the beam from linear to circular polari0ation because the
reflectivity of light at an airglass interface is strongly angle and polari0ationdependent.
1 pinhole placed at the focus of lens 1 acts as a spatial filter.
6.2.0.2 Lau&#/ #"&')()"&,
The launch optics2 "hich are arranged to overfill the *1 of the fibre2 bring a beam of light to a focus
on the flat end of the fibre. The optical a6is of the beam of light should be "ithin 1 of the a6is of the
fibre. The resolution of the e3uipment is determined by the si0e of the focussed spot2 "hich should be
as small as possible in order to ma6imi0e the resolution2 e.g. less than 1.5 m. The e3uipment enables
the focussed spot to be scanned across the fibre diameter.
6.2.0.0 L)Bu)' #$--
The li3uid in the li3uid cell should have a refractive inde6 slightly higher than that of the fibre
cladding.
6.2.0.5 S$&,)&%
The refracted light is collected and brought to the detector in any convenient manner provided that all
the refracted light is collected. =y calculation2 the re3uired si0e of disc and its position along the
central a6is can be determined.
6.2.5 P$*aa()"& "+ +)1$ u&'$ ($,(
1 length of fibre of about 1 metre is re3uired.
9rimary fibre coating shall be removed from the section of fibre immersed in the li3uid cell.
The fibre ends shall be clean2 smooth and perpendicular to the fibre a6is.
6.2.5 P"#$'u$
Refer to the schematic diagram of the test apparatus $+igure 2'.

m
4
1
2
>
?
5
6
T323:220/9:
8aser
Luarter "ave plate
8enses
8i3uid cell
/isc
8enses
9hotodiode
1mplifier
M: recorder
.lectronic
micrometer
8amp
8ens
50

m pinhole
4otor
+ibre
F)%u$ 2/G.651 A T!*)#a- aa&%$m$&( "+ (/$ $+a#($' m$a-+)-$' ($,( ,$(-u*
6.2.5.1 F)1$ *"+)-$ *-"(
The launch end of the fibre to be measured is immersed in a li3uid cell "hose refractive inde6 is
slightly higher than that of the fibre cladding. The fibre is bac< illuminated by light from a tungsten
lamp. 8enses 2 and > produce a focussed image of the fibre.
The position of lens > is adBusted to centre and focus the fibre image2 the laser beam is simultaneously
centred and focussed on the fibre.
The disc is centred on the output cone. +or multimode fibre the disc is positioned on the optic a6is to
Bust bloc< the lea<y modes. Refracted modes passing the disc are collected and focussed onto a
photodiode.
The focussed laser spot is traversed across the fibre end and a plot of fibre refractive inde6 variation is
directly obtained.
6.2.5.2 EBu)*m$&( #a-)1a()"&
The e3uipment is calibrated "ith the fibre removed from the li3uid cell. /uring the measurement2 the
angle of the cone of light varies according to the refractive inde6 seen at the entry point to the fibre
$hence the change of po"er passing the disc'. (ith the fibre removed and the li3uid inde6 and cell
thic<ness <no"n2 this change in angle can be simulated by translating the disc along the optic a6is. =y
moving the disc to a number of predetermined positions2 one can scale the profile in terms of relative
inde6. 1bsolute inde62 i.e. n
1
and n
2
can only be found if the cladding or li3uid inde6 is <no"n
accurately at the measurement "avelength and temperature.
6.2.6 P$,$&(a()"& "+ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' Test setup arrangement2 "avelength correction procedure and indication of the scanning
techni3ue used.
b' +ibre identification.
c' /epending on specification re3uirements@
i' profiles through core cladding centres calibrated for the operating "avelengthC
ii' profiles along the core maBor and minor a6es calibrated for the operating "avelengthC
iii' profiles along the cladding maBor and minor a6es calibrated for the operating
"avelengthC
iv' raster scan across the entire fibre2 if adoptedC
v' core diameter
1
C
vi' cladding diameter
1
C
vii' coreEcladding concentricity errorC
viii'core noncircularityC
i6' cladding noncircularityC
6' ma6imum theoretical numerical aperture@ ,-
t ma6
C
6i' inde6 difference@ nC
6ii' relative inde6 difference@ .
d' Indication of accuracy and repeatability.
e' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions $if necessary'.
6.0 A-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"' +" %$"m$()#a- *aam$($,9 (/$ &$a-+)$-' ($#/&)Bu$
6.0.1 G$&$a-
The nearfield techni3ue can be used for the measurement of geometrical characteristics and of the
refractive inde6 profile of multimode optical fibres. #uch measurements are performed in a manner
consistent "ith the definition2 and the results are reproducible and relatable to the reference test
method and to practical use.
The measurement is based on the scanning of a magnified image of the output and of the fibre under
test over a crosssection "here the detector is placed.
(hen measuring the geometrical characteristics of the fibre2 the four concentric circle nearfield
template can be applied to an enlarged image of the fibre detected "ith obBective evaluation methods2
suitable to obtain a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. In particular the core diameter shall
be measured ta<ing into account the same % factor agreed for the reference test method.
6.0.2 T$,( a**aa(u,
1 schematic diagram of the test apparatus is sho"n in +igure >.
1
#ee 1ppendi6 I.
T323:210/9:
#ource
8aunch
optics
)ladding
mode
stripper
4agnifying
optics
/etector
1mplifier
/ata
storage
+ibre
F)%u$ 0/G.651 A T!*)#a- aa&%$m$&( "+ (/$ &$a-+)$-' ($,( ,$(-u*
6.0.2.1 L)%/( ,"u#$
The light source shall be incoherent2 adBustable in intensity and stable in position2 intensity and
"avelength over a time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure. The +ull
(idth ;alf 4a6imum $+(;4' spectral line"idth shall be recorded. 1 second light source can be
used2 if necessary2 for illuminating the cladding.
6.0.2.2 Lau&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
The launch optics2 "hich "ill be arranged to overfill the fibre2 "ill bring a beam of light to a focus on
the flat input end of the fibre.
+or 50E125 m gradedinde6 fibres2 the overfill launching conditions are obtained "ith a light cone
"hose +(;4 intensity measured from the nearfield is greater than &0 m and "hose +(;4 in the
*umerical 1perture $*1' measured from the farfield is greater than an *1 of 0.>.
6.0.2.0 C-a'')&% m"'$ ,()**$
1 suitable cladding mode stripper shall be used to remove the optical po"er propagating in the
cladding2 and to ensure that all the lea<y modes are stripped a"ay from the fibre. (hen measuring the
geometrical characteristics of the cladding only2 the cladding mode stripper shall not be present.
6.0.2.5 S*$#)m$&
The specimen shall be a short length of the optical fibre to be measured. 9rimary fibre coating shall be
removed from the section of the fibre inserted in the mode stripper. The fibre ends shall be clean2
smooth and perpendicular to the fibre a6is.
*-T. A This measurement can be done on very short pieces of fibre $e.g. a fe" centimetres'. In this case2 the
launching conditions shall be adBusted to obtain a uniform intensity in the cladding belo" 15H of the ma6imum
light intensity in the core.
6.0.2.5 Ma%&)+!)&% "*()#,
The magnifying optics shall consist in an optical system $e.g. a microscope obBective' "hich magnifies
the specimen output nearfield2 focussing it onto the plane of the scanning detector. The numerical
aperture and hence the resolving po"er of the optics shall be compatible "ith the measuring accuracy
re3uired2 and not lo"er than 0.>. The magnification shall be selected to be compatible "ith the
desired spatial resolution and shall be recorded.
6.0.2.6 D$($#("
1 suitable detector shall be employed "hich provides the pointtopoint intensity of the magnified
nearfield pattern. +or e6ample2 any of the follo"ing techni3ues can be used@
a' scanning photodetector "ith pinhole apertureC
b' scanning mirror "ith fi6ed pinhole aperture and photodetectorC
c' scanning vidicon2 charge coupled devices or other patternEintensity recognition devices.
The detector shall be linear in behaviour $or shall be lineari0ed' over the range of intensities
encountered. The sensitive area of the detector shall be small "ith respect to the enlarged image of the
output end of the fibre and shall be recorded.
6.0.2.6 Am*-)+)$
1n amplifier shall be employed in order to increase the signal level. The band"idth of the amplifier
shall be chosen according to the type of scanning used. (hen scanning the output end of the fibre
"ith mechanical or optical systems2 it is customary to modulate the optical source. If such a
procedure is adopted2 the amplifier should be lin<ed to the source modulation fre3uency. The
detecting system should be substantially linear in sensitivity.
6.0.2.7 Da(a ,("a%$
The measured nearfield intensity distribution can be recorded and presented in a suitable form2
according to the scanning techni3ue and to the specification re3uirements.
6.0.0 P"#$'u$
6.0.0.1 EBu)*m$&( #a-)1a()"&
The magnification of the optical system shall be measured by scanning the length of a specimen "hose
dimensions are already <no"n "ith suitable accuracy. This magnification shall be recorded.
6.0.0.2 M$a,u$m$&(
The launch end of the fibre shall be aligned to the launch beam2 and the output end of the fibre shall
be aligned to the optical a6is of the magnifying optics. The focussed image of the output end of the
fibre shall be scanned by the detector2 according to the specification re3uirements. The focussing shall
be performed "ith ma6imum accuracy2 in order to reduce dimensional errors due to the scanning of a
misfocussed image.
6.0.5 P$,$&(a()"& "+ (/$ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' Test setup arrangement2 "ith indication of the scanning techni3ue used.
b' 8aunching characteristics $dimension and *1 of the launching cone'.
c' (avelength and +(;4 spectral line"idth of the source$s'.
d' +ibre identification and length.
e' Type of cladding mode stripper $if applicable'.
f' 4agnification of the apparatus.
g' Type and dimensions of the scanning detector.
h' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions $if necessary'.
i' Indication of the accuracy and repeatability.
B' /epending upon the specification re3uirements@
i' profiles through core and cladding centresC
ii' profiles along the core maBor and minor a6esC
iii' profiles along the cladding maBor and minor a6esC
iv' raster scan across the entire end face of the fibre2 if adoptedC
v' resulting dimensional parameters2 li<e@ core and cladding diameters
1
2 core and cladding2
noncircularities coreEcladding concentricity error2 etc.
6.5 R$+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"' +" (/$ &um$)#a- a*$(u$9 +a-+)$-' -)%/( '),()1u()"&
6.5.1 O1C$#(
This measuring method is applied to graded inde6 fibres in order to determine the numerical aperture
by measuring the farfield light distribution.
6.5.2 S*$#)m$& *$*aa()"&
+rom the fibre to be measured at one end2 a sample of appro6imately 2 m length is ta<en. The sample
shall be straight enough to avoid bending losses. The ends of the sample should be substantially clean2
flat and perpendicular to the fibre a6is.
6.5.0 A**aa(u,
6.5.0.1 S"u#$
The light source shall be incoherent2 adBustable in intensity and stable in position2 intensity $variations
of less than 10H' and "avelength over a time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement
procedure. The centre "avelength shall be ,50 nm t 25 nm.
6.5.0.2 D$($#("
The detector must have a linear characteristic in the re3uired measuring range. The output current of
the detector must be linear to the received light po"er.
6.5.0.0 Lau&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
#ee 6.>.2.2.
6.5.0.5 C-a'')&% m"'$ ,()**$
#ee 6.>.2.>.
6.5.0.5 D),*-a!
+or e6ample2 M:recorder2 screen.
6.5.5 P"#$'u$
6.5.5.1 P)&#)*-$ "+ m$a,u$m$&( 3F)%u$ 54
The radiant intensity $light po"er per solid angle element' is determined as a function of the polar
angle of one plane of the fibre a6is $radiation pattern'. The distance d bet"een the end of the sample
and the detector must be large compared to the core diameter of the optical fibre.
9ossible solutions are@
A sample fi6ed2 largearea detector fi6edC
A sample fi6ed2 smallarea detector linear displaceableC
A sample linear displaceable2 smallarea detector fi6edC
A sample fi6ed2 smallarea detector angular displaceableC
A sample and rotatable2 smallarea detector fi6ed.
1
#ee 1ppendi6 I.
T323:2>0/9:

8 d
#ource
8aunching
device
)ladding
mode
stripper
+ibre
/etector
F)%u$ 5/G.651 A P)&#)*-$ "+ m$a,u$m$&( +" +a-+)$-' '),()1u()"&
6.5.5.2 P$*aa()"&
The sample is fi6ed in the sample holder and the light is launched in accordance "ith 6.?.>.>.
6.5.5.0 M$a,u$m$&(
The radiant intensity is determined as a function of the polar angle in one plane of the fibre a6is.
6.5.5 R$,u-(,
+ibres covered by this Recommendation have a near parabolic refractive inde6 profile. Therefore2 for
the launching conditions recommended in 6.?.>.> $uniform mode distribution'2 the farfield radiant
intensity curve can be appro6imated in the region above 10H of the ma6imum intensity by the
follo"ing parabola@
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
* * ,- 0 1
2
sin E
The angle is then determined by the point of intersection of this parabola "ith the abscissa. In
general2 it is sufficient to determine the angle by the 5H value of the ma6imum radiant intensity out
of the full radiant intensity curve.
The numerical aperture is@
,- sin
6.5.6 P$,$&(a()"& "+ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' Test setup arrangement2 "ith indication of the scanning techni3ue used.
b' 8aunching characteristics $dimension and *1 of the launching cone'.
c' (avelength and +(;4 spectral "idth of the source.
d' Type of cladding mode stripper $if used'.
e' #canning conditions.
f' +ibre identification and length.
g' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions2 if necessary.
h' Indication of the accuracy and repeatability.
i' Resulting numerical aperture.
6.5 R$+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"' a&' a-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"', +" a(($&ua()"& m$a,u$m$&(,
6.5.1 O1C$#().$,
The attenuation tests are intended to provide a means "hereby a certain attenuation value may be
assigned to a fibre length such that individual attenuation values may be added together to determine
the total attenuation of a concatenated length.
6.5.2 D$+)&)()"&
The a(($&ua()"& A 34 at "avelength bet"een t"o crosssections 1 and 2 separated by distance L
of a fibre is defined as@
( )
( )
( )
( ) -
*
*

10
1
2
log d=
"here *
1
$' is the optical po"er traversing the crosssection 12 and *
2
$' is the optical po"er
traversing the crosssection 2 at the "avelength . +or a uniform fibre under e3uilibrium condition2 it
is possible to calculate the attenuation per unit length2 or the attenuation coefficient.
( )
( )

1
]
1
-
L
d=
unit length
"hich is independent of the chosen length of the fibre.
*-T. A 1ttenuation values specified for factory lengths should be measured at room temperature $i.e. a single
value in the range N10 ) to N>5 )'.
6.5.0 D$,#)*()"&
Three methods have been suggested for attenuation measurements.
1' The cutbac< techni3ue is a direct application of the definition2 in "hich the po"er levels *
1
and *
2
are measured at t"o points of the fibre "ithout change of input conditions. *
2
is the
po"er emerging from the end of the guide and *
1
is the po"er emerging from a point near the
input after cutting the fibre.
2' The insertion loss techni3ue is in principle similar to the cutbac< techni3ue2 but *
1
is the
po"er emerging from the output of the launching system. The measured attenuation is the
sum of the attenuation of the inserted length of fibre and the attenuation caused by the
connection bet"een launching system and the fibre under test. It is necessary to correct the
result for connection losses.
>' The bac<scattering techni3ue is an indirect "ay of measuring the attenuation by the
measurements of the bac<scattered po"ers traversing t"o crosssections of the fibre.
6.5.5 F)$-' "+ a**-)#a()"&
The cutbac< techni3ue is generally recogni0ed as yielding accurate results. In many situations its
destructive nature is a disadvantage.
The insertion loss techni3ue avoids cutting a part of the fibre at the e6pense of accuracy.
The bac<scattering techni3ue is a singleended2 nondestructive method2 but is limited in range and
sometimes in accuracy.
)onsidering the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods2 the cutbac< techni3ue has been
chosen as the reference test method.
6.6 T/$ $+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"'9 (/$ #u(1a#? ($#/&)Bu$
6.6.1 Lau&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
6.6.1.1 D$+)&)()"& "+ -au&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
The launching conditions are of paramount importance in meeting the stated obBectives. 8aunching
conditions should be such as to appro6imate .3uilibrium 4ode /istribution $.4/' "hich is
understood to e6ist "hen the po"er distribution of field patterns at the output of the fibre is
substantially independent of the length of the fibre.
6.6.1.2 Lau&#/)&% ($#/&)Bu$,
There are t"o commonlyused techni3ues to produce steady state launch conditions for attenuation
measurements@
a' mode filtersC
b' geometrical optics launch.
=y proper care in the use of each2 comparable results can be achieved. 1 generic e6ample of the
launching arrangement using a mode filter is given in +igure 5.
T322>180/9>
8./ or laser
4ode scrambler
8amp
8ens
4ode filter
)ladding mode
stripper
8aunch
F)%u$ 5/G.651 A G$&$a- -au&#/ aa&%$m$&(
6.6.1.2.1 C-a'')&% m"'$ ,()**$
The cladding mode stripper ensures that no radiation modes2 propagating in the cladding region2 "ill
be detectable after a short distance along the fibre. The cladding mode stripper often consists of a
material having a refractive inde6 e3ual to or greater than that of the fibre cladding. This may be an
inde6 matching fluid applied directly to the uncoated fibre near its ends@ under some circumstances2
the fibre coating itself "ill perform this function.
6.6.1.2.2 M"'$ ,#am1-$
1n essentially uniform po"er distribution should be launched prior to the mode filter. +or a source
such as a 8./ or laser "hich does not do so2 a mode scrambler should be used. The mode scrambler
shall comprise a suitable fibre arrangement $for e6ample a stepgradedstep inde6 profile se3uence'.
6.6.1.0 E:am*-$, "+ -au&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
6.6.1.0.1 M"'$ +)-($,
T"o types of mode filters are commonly used@
3 1umm/ fi#re mode filter
1 fibre of a similar type to that of the test fibre is selected. The fibre should be long enough
$typically e3ual to or greater than 1 <m' so that the po"er distribution carried by the fibre is a
steady state distribution.
3 Mandrel 4rap mode filter
The mode filter ta<es the form of a mandrel around "hich a fe" turns $typically three to five
turns' of the fibre under test is "ound "ith lo" tension. The mandrel diameter is selected to
ensure that the transient modes e6cited in the test fibre have been attenuated to steady state.
1 farfield measurement shall be used to compare the po"er distribution e6iting a long length
of test fibre $greater than 1 <m' that has been e6cited "ith a uniformly overfilling source2
"ith the po"er distribution e6iting a short length of the fibre "ith the mandrel applied. The
mandrel diameter is selected to produce a farfield distribution in the short length that
appro6imates the long length far field po"er distribution.
The numerical aperture of the radiation pattern e6iting the short length should be %?H to
100H of the numerical aperture of the long length pattern.
The diameter of the mandrel may differ from fibre to fibre depending on fibre and coating
type. )ommon prescriptions consist of diameters in the range of 15 mm to ?0 mm "ith five
turns of fibre "ithin a 20 mm length of the mandrel.
6.6.1.0.2 G$"m$()#a- "*()#, -au&#/
1 8imited 9hase #pace $89#' launch is defined as a geometricallyproduced launch "hich uniformly
fills &0H of the test fibreOs core diameter and &0H of the test fibreOs numerical aperture. This is the
ma6imal geometricallylaunched po"er distribution "hich does not launch po"er into lea<y2
unbounded modes. Thus2 for a 50E125 m2 0.2 *1 graded inde6 multimode fibre2 the 89# launch
condition consists of a uniform >5 m spot and 0.1? *1.
1n e6ample of optics necessary to produce the 89# launch is given in +igure 6. It is important to
ensure that the a6is of the launch beam is coincident "ith the a6is of the fibre so that the spot and
incident cone of light are centred on the core of the fibre. 1lso2 the optical system shall be set up at
the "avelengths of operation to ensure proper measurement.
T322>190/9>
8amp
Intermediate lens
#pot defining
aperture
8ens
*1 defining
aperture
Infrared
vie"er
8ens
8aunch
F)%u$ 6/G.651 A L)m)($' */a,$ ,*a#$ -au&#/ "*()#,
6.6.2 A**aa(u, a&' *"#$'u$
6.6.2.1 T!*$, "+ m$a,u$m$&(
4easurements may be made at one or more spot "avelengths2 alternatively a spectral response may
be re3uired over a range of "avelengths. /iagrams of suitable test e3uipments are sho"n as e6amples
in +igures & and ,.
T323:290/9:
=ias circuit
8ight
source
)ladding
mode
stripper
8aunching
system
+ibre
on test
/etector
1mplifier
8evel
measurement
)ladding
mode
stripper
F)%u$ 6/G.651 A Aa&%$m$&( "+ ($,( $Bu)*m$&( (" ma?$ ,*"( -",, m$a,u$m$&(
T323:100/9:
4ono
chromator
;alogen
lamp
)ladding
mode
stripper
8aunching
system
+ibre
on test
/etector
8oc<in
amplifier
9lotter
Reference signal
(avelength control
)ontroller
Aa&%$m$&( "+ ($,( $Bu)*m$&( u,$' (" "1(a)& (/$ -",, ,*$#(um
)hopping
disc
)ladding
mode
stripper
F)%u$ 7/G.651 A T/$ #u(1a#? ($#/&)Bu$
6.6.2.2 O*()#a- ,"u#$
1 suitable radiation source shall be used2 such as a lamp2 laser or 8ight .mitting /iode $8./'. The
choice of source depends upon the type of measurement. The source must be stable in position2
intensity and "avelength over a time period sufficiently long to complete the measurement procedure.
The +(;4 spectral line"idth shall be specified such that it is narro" compared "ith any features of
the fibre spectral attenuation.
The fibre shall be aligned to the launch cone2 or connected coa6ially to a launch fibre.
6.6.2.0 O*()#a- '$($#("
1 large area detector shall be used so that all of the radiation in the output cone$s' is intercepted. The
spectral response should be compatible "ith the spectral characteristics of the source. The detection
must be uniform and the detection must have linear characteristics.
It is customary to modulate the light source in order to improve the signalEnoise ratio at the receiver.
If such a procedure is adopted2 the detector should be lin<ed to a signal processing system
synchronous "ith the source modulation fre3uency. The detecting system should be substantially
linear in sensitivity.
6.6.2.5 Lau&#/)&% ,$(-u*
#ee 6.6.1.
6.6.2.5 P"#$'u$
1' The fibre under test is set in the measurement setup. The output po"er *
2
is recorded.
2' Peeping the launching conditions fi6ed2 the fibre is cut to the cutbac< length $for e6ample2 2
m from the launching point'. The output po"er *
1
from the cutbac< length of the fibre is
recorded.
>' The attenuation of the fibre2 bet"een the points "here *
1
and *
2
have been measured2 can be
calculated from the definition using *
1
and *
2
.
6.6.0 P$,$&(a()"& "+ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' 4easurement type2 and characteristics.
b' 8aunching techni3ue.
c' Test setup arrangement.
d' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions $if necessary'.
e' +ibre identification.
f' 8ength of sample and the cutbac< length.
g' 1ttenuation measured $for the sample' at the selected "avelength.
h' 1ttenuation 3uoted in d=. In some cases it is possible to convert it into attenuation
coefficient in d=E<m.
i' +or spectral loss measurements2 the results should be presented as a plot of attenuation
against "avelength.
6.6 F),( a-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"'9 (/$ )&,$()"& -",, ($#/&)Bu$
6.6.1 Lau&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
The re3uired launching conditions are similar as those described under 6.6.1.
6.6.2 A**aa(u, a&' *"#$'u$
6.6.2.1 T!*$, "+ m$a,u$m$&(,
4easurements may be done at one or more spot "avelengths2 alternatively a spectral response may be
re3uired over a range of "avelengths. 1 diagram of a suitable test setup is sho"n as an e6ample in
+igure % Ia' calibration2 b' measurementJ.
T322>:30/98
1 2
1 2
=ias circuit
8aunching
system
/etector
1mplifier
8evel
measurement
/etector
1mplifier
8evel
measurement
8ight
source
=ias circuit
8aunching
system
+ibre
on test
a4 Ca-)1a()"&
14 M$a,u$m$&(
Reference fibre
F)%u$ 8/G.651 A T/$ )&,$()"& -",, ($#/&)Bu$
6.6.2.2 O*()#a- ,"u#$
#ee 6.6.2.2.
6.6.2.0 O*()#a- '$($#("
#ee 6.6.2.>.
6.6.2.5 Lau&#/)&% ,$(-u*
#ee 6.6.1.
6.6.2.5 C"u*-)&% '$.)#$
The insertion loss techni3ue re3uires the use of a very precise fibre to fibre coupling device to
minimi0e the coupling losses and to ensure reliable results.
This coupling device can be a mechanical adBustment visually inspected or a connector "ith a coreto
core positioning.
6.6.2.6 P"#$'u$
1' The measurement setup is initially calibrated in order to obtain an input reference level *
1
.
2' The fibre under test is set in the measurement setup and the coupling adBusted to give a
ma6imum level on the optical detector. The output po"er *
2
is recorded.
>' 1n attenuation is calculated according to 6.5.2. This attenuation is the sum of the attenuation
of the inserted length of fibre and the attenuation caused by the connection bet"een the
coupling device and the fibre under test.
6.6.0 P$,$&(a()"& "+ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' 4easurement type and characteristics.
b' 8aunching techni3ue.
c' Test setup arrangement.
d' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions $if necessary'.
e' +ibre identification.
f' 8ength of sample.
g' 1ttenuation measured $for the sample' at the selected "avelength.
h' )onnector loss "ith its tolerance.
i' 1ttenuation 3uoted in d=. In some cases it is possible to convert it into an attenuation
coefficient in d=E<m.
B' +or spectral loss measurements2 the results should be presented as a plot of attenuation
versus "avelength.
6.7 S$#"&' a-($&a().$ ($,( m$(/"'9 (/$ 1a#?,#a(($)&% ($#/&)Bu$
*-T. A This test method describes a procedure to measure the attenuation of a homogeneous sample of optical
fibre cable. The techni3ue can be applied to chec< the optical continuity2 physical defects2 splices2 bac<scattered
light of optical fibre cables and the length of the fibre.
6.7.1 Lau&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
+or the attenuation measurement2 the techni3ues described under 6.6.1 can be applied. +or the other
controls2 the launching conditions may be dependent on the characteristics to be tested.
In all cases2 in order to reduce the +resnel reflections on the input of the fibre2 various devices could
be used such as polari0ers or inde6 matching materials. Insertion losses should be minimi0ed.
6.7.2 A**aa(u, a&' *"#$'u$
6.7.2.1 G$&$a- #"&,)'$a()"&,
The signal level of the bac<scattered optical signal "ill normally be small and close to the noise level.
In order to improve the signaltonoise ratio and the dynamic measuring range2 it is therefore
customary to use a high po"er light source in connection "ith signal processing of the detected
signal. +urther2 accurate spatial resolution may re3uire adBustment of the pulse "idth in order to
obtain a compromise bet"een resolution and pulse energy. #pecial care should be ta<en to minimi0e
the +resnel reflections. 1n e6ample of an apparatus is sho"n in +igure 10 a'.
6.7.2.2 O*()#a- ,"u#$
1 stable high po"er optical source of an appropriate "avelength should be used2 such as a
semiconductor laser. The "avelength of the source should be registered. The pulse "idth and
repetition rate should be consistent "ith the desired resolution and the length of the fibre. -ptical
nonlinear effects should be eliminated in the part of the fibre under test.
6.7.2.0 O*()#a- '$($#()"&
1 detector shall be used so that the ma6imum possible bac<scattered po"er should be intercepted.
The detector response shall be compatible "ith the levels and "avelengths of the detected signal. +or
attenuation measurements2 the detector response shall be substantially linear.
1 signal processing is re3uired to improve the signaltonoise ratio2 and it is desirable to have a
logarithmic response in the detection system.
1 suitable amplifier shall follo" the optical detector2 so that the signal level becomes ade3uate for the
signal processing. The band"idth of the amplifier shall be chosen as a tradeoff bet"een time
resolution and noise reduction.
6.7.2.5 Lau&#/)&% ,$(-u*
#ee 6.6.1 and 6.,.1.
6.7.2.5 P"#$'u$
1' The fibre under test is aligned to the coupling device.
2' =ac<scattered po"er is analysed by a signal processor and recorded in logarithmic scale.
+igure 10 b'sho"s such a typical curve.
>' If the recorded curve has an appro6imately constant slope I0one 2 of +igure 10 b'J2 the
attenuation bet"een t"o points - and 0 of the curve corresponding to t"o crosssections of
the fibre is@
( )
( ) - 5 5
- 0
- 0

1
2
d=
"here 5
-
and 5
0
are the corresponding po"er levels given in the logarithmic scale.
?' If so re3uired bidirectional measurements can be made2 together "ith numerical computation
to improve the 3uality of the result and possibly to allo" the separation of attenuation from
bac<scattering factor.
6.7.0 P$,$&(a()"& "+ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' 4easurement types and characteristics.
b' 8aunching techni3ues.
c' Test setup arrangement.
d' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions $if necessary'.
e' +ibre identification.
f' 8ength of sample.
g' Rise time2 "idth and repetition rate of the pulse.
h' Pind of signal processing used.
i' The recorded curve on a logarithmic scale2 "ith the attenuation of the sample2 and under
certain conditions the attenuation coefficient in d=E<m.
The complete analysis of the recorded curve in +igure 10 b' sho"s that2 independently from the
attenuation measurement2 many phenomena can be monitored using the bac<scattering techni3ue@
1' Reflection originated by the coupling device at the input end of the fibre.
2' Qone of constant slope.
>' /iscontinuity due to local defect2 splice or coupling.
?' Reflection due to dielectric defect.
5' Reflection at the end of the fibre.
T323:120/9:
d=
$1'
$2'
$>'
$?'
$5'
5
-
5
0
1 =
a4 S#/$m$ "+ a**aa(u,
14 E:am*-$ "+ a 1a#?,#a(($$' *"2$ #u.$
-ptical
system
)oupling
device
-ptical detector
1mplifier
-scilloscope
/ata
ac3uisition
system
+ibre under test
#ource
#ignal
processor
8ength
-ptical
system
-ptical
system
F)%u$ 10/G.651 A T/$ 1a#?,#a(($)&% ($#/&)Bu$
6.8 R$+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"' +" 1a,$1a&' $,*"&,$ m$a,u$m$&(,
6.8.1 O1C$#(
The fibre baseband response may be described in either the time domain by means of its impulse
response g$t' or in the fre3uency domain by means of its fre3uency response '(f). The function g$t'
may be described as that function "hich2 "hen convolved "ith the optical po"er input pulse to the
fibre2 gives the optical po"er output pulse from the fibre. '(f) is the ratio2 at any fre3uency2 bet"een
the sinusoidal modulation of the optical po"er input to the fibre and the sinusoidal modulation of the
optical po"er output from the fibre.
The baseband responses in the fre3uency and time domain in a linear system are related by@
( ) ( ) ( ) ' f g t 6 ft t

e6p 2 d
The baseband response is presented in the fre3uency domain.
Those "ishing a representation in the time domain "ill still be able to obtain it by means of
mathematical operations. +or this purpose2 the amplitude and phase response "ould both be needed.
The amplitude response is specified in the form of the A> d= optical $A6 d= electrical' band"idth of
the amplitudeEfre3uency curve. 1 more complete curve should also be given.
To minimi0e measurement variations associated "ith irregular shaped baseband responses2 a !aussian
function may be fitted to the baseband response '(f).
*o recommended values of phase response are given2 phase response is only re3uired in special cases.
6.10 R$+$$&#$ ($,( m$(/"'
6.10.1 T$,( a**aa(u,
1 schematic diagram of the test arrangement is sho"n in +igure 11.
T323:1:0/9:
4odulated
laser
source
8aunching
system
including
mode scrambler
4andrel"rap
modefilter
+ibre
under test
)ladding
mode stripper2
detector and
recording system
-utput cone
si0e R &0

m
*1

0.>
Trigger signal $"here re3uired'
)utbac<
F)%u$ 11/G.651 A T!*)#a- aa&%$m$&( "+ ($,( ,$(-u*
6.10.1.1 L)%/( ,"u#$
1 laser light source shall be used. It must be stable in position2 intensity and "avelength. Its centre
"avelength $' shall be "ithin S20 nm of the nominal value selected from the ranges given in Table 1C
in addition2 the +(;4 line "idth $' shall not e6ceed the corresponding value given in Table 1.
Ta1-$ 1/G.651 A S"u#$ -)&$ 2)'(/
3&m4 3&m4
,00%00 5
12001>50 10
The means "hereby the laser is modulated $pulse or sinusoidal' shall be capable of operating at
fre3uencies beyond the fre3uency at "hich the response of the fibre under test has fallen to the A> d=
optical level.
The ma6imum emission shall substantially e6ceed spontaneous emission and the depth of modulation
shall be as great as the e6tinction ratio permits in order to secure ma6imum signaltonoise ratio. )are
shall be ta<en that the source does not chirp.
If the modulation "aveform chosen is sinusoidal2 the output modulation is divided2 fre3uency by
fre3uency2 by the input modulation. If the modulation "aveform chosen is a multicomponent pulse2 it
is necessary2 as a preliminary step2 to perform the +ourier transformation2 using either analogue
filtering or digital processing of the received signal.
6.10.1.2 Lau&#/)&% #"&')()"&,
The appropriate measurement condition can be achieved by means of a uniform mode po"er
distribution $overfilled launch' "ith a uniform spatial distribution larger than the fibre core2 and a
8ambertian angular distribution "ithin the numerical aperture of the fibre under test.
6.10.1.0 D$($#("
1 high speed photodiode shall be used to intercept the full mode volume of the fibre output.
The band"idth of the photodiode and the subse3uent electronics shall be sufficient to preserve the
re3uired signaltonoise ratio up to the highest fre3uency at "hich results are to be reported. The
detector system shall be linear "ith respect to input po"er over the measured limits. In the event that
the detector has an inade3uate linear range2 a neutral density filter previously calibrated at the
operating "avelength may be re3uired to attenuate an e6cessively large signal2 in such a "ay that the
detector is al"ays used in its range of linear sensitivity.
6.10.1.5 Ou(*u( *$,$&(a()"& ,!,($m
The output presentation system shall be capable of recording or displaying the output modulation
amplitude against calibrated po"er or logpo"er and fre3uency scales. In the case of pulse
modulation2 an intermediate stage may involve the recording of a pulse "aveform against a calibrated
time scale.
6.10.2 P"#$'u$
6.10.2.1 P$*aa()"& "+ +)1$ +" ($,(,
9rimary coatings shall be removed from portions of fibre to be immersed in the cladding mode
strippers.
+ibre ends shall be substantially clean2 smooth and perpendicular to the fibre a6is. 4easurements on
uncabled fibres shall be made "ith the fibre loose on the drum to avoid e6ternally induced mode
coupling.
6.10.2.2 M$a,u$m$&(
Initially2 the transmitter and the receiver are connected by a short optical test lead2 and the transmitter
po"er adBusted to give a signal in the linear range of the receiver. +or use as a field reference test
method2 the specific response of the instrument should be stored at this stage for subse3uent use2 in
the form of either an impulse A or a fre3uency A response as appropriate.
The fibre to be tested is then inserted bet"een the transmitter and receiver and the output measured
and recorded. +or use as a reference test method for single fibres2 the fibre is then cut bac< to a point2
a convenient distance from the transmit and cladding mode stripper $if used' or from the mode filter
and2 ta<ing care not to disturb the launching conditions2 the output from the cutbac< length is
measured and recorded. The operational area of the receiver photodiode shall2 as far as possible2 be
the same at all stages.
The sets of fre3uency domain amplitude data2 "hether obtained directly or by transformation from the
time domain2 corresponding to the output signal from the fibre under test and to the specific response
of the instrument $including the cutbac< length' are then divided2 $or subtracted if presented in
logarithmic scale' fre3uency by fre3uency2 the former by the latter2 to yield the fre3uency response of
the fibre.
6.10.0 P$,$&(a()"& "+ $,u-(,
The follo"ing details shall be presented@
a' 4easurement type and characteristics.
b' 8aunching techni3ue.
c' Test setup arrangement including source "avelength and +(;4 line"idth.
d' Temperature of the sample and environmental conditions $if necessary'.
e' +ibre identification.
f' 8ength of sample.
g' The band"idth $including chromatic dispersion effects' defined by > d= optical point of the
amplitudefre3uency characteristic2 and if necessary2 the full amplitudefre3uency
characteristic2 andEor the phase characteristic.
h' +or factory length the value2 if needed2 of the band"idth referred to 1 <m $the applied
formula must be given'.
i' 1s stated at g'2 the measured band"idth includes both modal and chromatic dispersion
effects. If needed2 the modal band"idth =
modal
$4;0' can be obtained as follo"s2 if both the
modal fibre baseband response and the source spectrum are assumed to be !aussian.
[ ]
0 0 1 L
T modal



$ E ' $ $ ' . . E . ' 1 10 0 ??
2 6 2
1
2

"here@
0
T
is the fibre measured band"idthC
1$' is the chromatic dispersion coefficient IpsE$nm F <m'JC
is the +(;4 source line"idth $nm'C
L is the fibre length $<m'.
*-T. A The apparatus and procedure given above cover only the essential basic features of the reference test
method. It is assumed that the detailed instrumentation "ill incorporate all necessary measures to ensure
stability2 noise elimination2 etc.2 and that in any data processing procedures including sampling2 "eighting
functions2 truncation2 etc.2 care "ill be ta<en to ensure a satisfactory balance of advantages and disadvantages
of the chosen techni3ues.
/etails of these procedures2 together "ith 3uantitative information2 should be included in the results.
199.*/IM I
A-%")(/m +" %$"m$()#a- *aam$($,
1 possible "ay to obtain the positions of core and cladding centres as "ell as the diameters is given in
this 1ppendi6.
I.1 C"$ #$&($ a&' ')am$($
The core centre and diameter are determined from an ade3uate number of scans across a fibre section
"ith the appropriate % value. T"o points on the coreEcladding interface are obtained at each scan. The
points should be uniformly distributed on the perimeter of the core2 at least appro6imately.
8et@
.
i
2 /
i
be the )artesian coordinates of the ith point of the interfaceC
a
c
2 #
c
be the )artesian coordinates of the core centreC
R
c
be the core radiusC
+2 m
i
be the intermediate variables + D a
c
2
N #
c
2
A R
c
2
and m
i
D .
i
2
N /
i
2
.
The un<no"n parameters a
c
2 #
c
and R
c
are obtained by finding the circle "hich best represents2 in the
sense of the least s3uares2 the e6perimental interface bet"een the core and the cladding. The
calculation algorithm consists of minimi0ing2 "ith respect to parameters a
c
2 #
c
and +2 the 3uantity@
[ ]
M . a / # R
i c i c c
i
+

$ ' $ '
2 2 2
2
( )
+ +

. / . # / +
i i a i c i
i
c
2 2
2
2 2
)ancellation of the three partial derivatives of 4 in relation to a
c
2 #
c
and + gives a system of three
linear e3uations2 in the follo"ing matri6 form@
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
. . / .
. / / /
. / ,
a
#
+
m .
m /
m
i
i
i i i
i i
i i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
c
c
i i
i
i i
i
i
i

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
The sums are performed from i D 1 to i D *2 , being the total number of measured points.
/igital inversion of this system gives the values of a
c
2 #
c
and +2 from "hich the value of R
c
is deduced.
The core centre is the point of coordinates a
c
and #
c
and its diameter is the 3uantity 1
c
D 2R
c
.
I.2 C-a'')&% #$&($ a&' ')am$($
The same calculation process and definitions as for the core apply to finding@
A the coordinates of the cladding centre a
g
and #
g
C
A the cladding radius R
g
.
The cladding centre is the point of coordinates a
g
and #
g
and its diameter is the 3uantity 1
g
D 2R
g
.
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S$)$, G Ta&,m),,)"& ,!,($m, a&' m$')aD ')%)(a- ,!,($m, a&' &$(2"?,
#eries ; 1udiovisual and multimedia systems
#eries I Integrated services digital net"or<
#eries T Transmission of television2 sound programme and other multimedia signals
#eries P 9rotection against interference
#eries 8 )onstruction2 installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
#eries 4 T4* and net"or< maintenance@ international transmission systems2 telephone circuits2
telegraphy2 facsimile and leased circuits
#eries * 4aintenance@ international sound programme and television transmission circuits
#eries - #pecifications of measuring e3uipment
#eries 9 Telephone transmission 3uality2 telephone installations2 local line net"or<s
#eries L #"itching and signalling
#eries R Telegraph transmission
#eries # Telegraph services terminal e3uipment
#eries T Terminals for telematic services
#eries U Telegraph s"itching
#eries K /ata communication over the telephone net"or<
#eries M /ata net"or<s and open system communication
#eries : !lobal information infrastructure
#eries Q 9rogramming languages