Exam 1 Review Points

Chapter 1: Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving

know how many significant digits are present in a number
be able to carry out a mathematical problem and report an answer with the correct
number of significant digits
Chapter 2: Atoms and Elements
know Daltons Postulates
understand Thomsons model for an atom
understand Rutherfords model for an atom and how his experiments showed this
know how to abbreviate the symbol for an atom ex:
1
!"
superscript # mass number # protons $ neutrons
subscript # atomic number # % protons
know how to calculate %protons&neutrons&electrons given the symbol ' numbers
know what an isotope is (differ in % of neutrons) not electrons or protons*
be able to calculate average atomic masses when given their + abundances, be able to
do other similar problems regarding isotopes
understand the layout of the periodic table
be able to identify: -lkali .etals) -lkaline /arth .etals) 0alogens) 1oble 2ases)
Transition .etals) 3anthanides) -ctinides) .etals) 1onmetals) .etalloids
be able to predict if a compound is ionic or covalent
(metal&nonmetal is ionic) nonmetal&nonmetal is covalent*
be able to predict the charges of ions:
2roup 1- atoms form $1 cations
2roup - atoms form $ cations
-l forms a $4 cation
1 forms a 54 anion
2roup !- atoms form 5 anions
2roup 6- atoms form 51 anions
7ou cannot predict the charges on transition metals 5 there are too many
possibilities
be able to convert between grams&moles&atoms, understand the mole and be proficient
with -vogadros number
Chapter : Mole!ules, Compounds, and Chemi!al E"uations
be able to predict&know the charges on ions) including the polyatomic groups given in
class (1a is $1) 89: is 5) etc*
be able to put ions together with the appropriate subscripts to make neutral ionic
complexes
be able to calculate the oxidation state of an ion when given the formula for the neutral
ionic complex
be able to balance reactions
be able to calculate molecular weights for compounds
be able to calculate + composition of individual elements in a compound (+") etc*
be able to apply -vogadros number to get % of atoms
be able to determine empirical formulas ' molecular formulas) given +s or amounts
be able to name compounds (youre responsible for the names given in class*
5 metal&nonmetal where metal has a fixed ' predictable charge:
use metal name $ anion $ ide ending
ex: 3i"l lithium chloride
note: the name doesnt reflect the ;uantity of either atom present
5 metal&nonmetal where metal is a transition metal:
use above method plus Roman numerals to indicate the charge
on the metal
ex: <e"l iron(==* chloride
note: the name doesnt reflect the ;uantity of either atom present
5 nonmetal&nonmetal
use prefixes (know 151>) given in class* in front of each element)
but you can drop the ?mono@ if in front of the first element
ex: 894 sulfur trioxide
note: the name D9/8 reflect the ;uantity of both atoms present
5 oxyanions&oxyacids 5 know them ' be able to apply the naming to oxyacids that
contain an element other than "l
5ate ending on the anion becomes an Aic ending on the acid
/x: 194
5
nitrate 0194 nitric acid
5ite ending on the anion becomes an Aous ending on the acid
/x: 19
5
nitrite 019 nitrous acid
Chapter #: A"ueous Rea!tion$Solution Stoi!hiometr%
moles in # moles out & mass in # mass out (3aw of "onservation of .ass*
be able to calculate limiting reagents&theoretical yield&+ yield
be able to do problems that involve yields less than 1>>+
be able to do dilution problems using molarity) calculate molarity, be able to apply it in
a stoichiometry problem
be able to recogniBe&complete the following types of reactions:
combustion: hydrocarbon (") 0) maybe 9* $ 9 "9 $ 09
metahthesis: -C $ "D -D $ "C or -C $ " - $ "C
combination: - $ C " or more little things combine
decomposition: " - $ C something breaks down into smaller bits
metathesis reactions can be broken down into: gas5driven) precipitate5driven) or redox
redox reactions can be spotted by assigning oxidation numbers to all of the atoms in
the reaction, if something changes oxidation numbers from one side of the
reaction to the other) then it has gained&lost electrons, 3/9 2/R, 3oss 9f
/lectrons # 3/9 # oxidation, 2ain 9f /lectrons # 2/R # reduction, both an
oxidation and a reduction must take place in the same reaction, the electrons must
come from something and go to another thing
.etathesis reactions can be driven to completion by:
the formation of a gas product (08) "9) 1) 9) 0) 0"94) 89) or 104*
(Dhy 0"94E 0"94 09 $ "9*
the formation of a precipitate (be able to use the provided solubility table to
predict solubility of salts A a ppt will be a good product) not a
reactant
a difference in activities of metals (use provided activity series A the higher the
metal is on the list) the stronger reactant that metal will beFF the
reaction goes in the direction of the weaker metal*
be able to write net ionic e;uations: split up the soluble salts (only* into the correct
number of charged ions, cancel out anything that is the same on both sides of the
arrow, the ions that cancel out are the spectator ions 5 the watch but dont
participate in the actual chemical reaction that takes place, the remaining ?stuff@
is the net ionic e;uation, if everything cancels out) then no net reaction occurred
A everything is Gust dissolved in solution, C/ "-R/<H3 that you D91T split
up covalent items like 09 or solids that dont dissolve
Chapter &: 'he (uantum)Me!hani!al Model o* the Atom
know the basic shapes of the s) p) d) and f orbitals
understand what an orbital is
be able to give electron configurations for atoms&ions in the correct filling order
know the exceptions to the filling order
be able to give the : ;uantum numbers for any given electron
when an electron is lost) it is always the one that is furthest away from the nucleus (the
one with the highest principle ;uantum number) n) but not always the last
electron to fill in the electron configuration