Σχολικό βιβλίο Γεωμετρίας

YOYPEIO ENIKH AIEIA KAI PHKEYMATN
AIAIKO INTITOYTO
OPANIMO EKOE IAKTIKN BIBIN

AH NA
Y OY P E I O E N I K H A I E I A K A I P H K E Y M AT N
A I A I KO I NT I TOY TO
MAH IANNH
ENO ANAH
ANTEIH EPIO
OYO ANPEA
TAMOY EPIO
EKOEI ZHTH
OPANIMO EKOE IAKTIKN BIBIN

AH NA

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EYKEIEIA EMETPIA

K 1
E E
1.1. T E
...
1.2. I
E ...............5
K 2
T
2.1. O
2.2. E T
10
....................................................
11
2.2.1. H - H
E ........................................... 11
2.2.2. .............. 12
...... 13
2.2.3. M ............................................
15
................
15
E ...........................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
A B O .........................................................
16
17
2.3.
.................................................................................
17
18
18
2.3.1. H .......................................... 18
2.3.2. ................................................ 19
E
.....................................................
2.3.3. K ...................................................
2.3.4. ..............................................

...........................................
E ............................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
A B O .........................................................
2.4. K
................................................................................
20
21
22
25
28
29
29
29
30
2.4.1. H ......................................... 30
2.4.2. E ................................................ 31

..............................................
2.4.3. M
35
37
37
38
38
2.5. E ....................................39
2.5.1. T ....................................39
2.5.2. ...................................................39
2.5.3. .....................................40
..................................41
...................................................41
..............
M ...................................................
E ............................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
A B O .........................................................
.......................
32
35
E ..........................................42
A.....................................................42
K 3
T
3.1.
......................................................
43
3.1.1. E .....................................................
3.1.2. ...............................................
3.1.3. K ............................
3.1.4. K ...
E ...........................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
43
44
45
A B O
.........................................................
3.2. B
.......................................
50
53
55
56
57
58
E ............................................................................ 59
...................................................... 59
A A O ......................................................... 60
3.3.
...................................................
60
3.3.1. K ............................................... 60
3.3.2. A ............................................. 60
E ........................................................................... 62
...................................................... 63
A A O
.........................................................
63
3.4. A
........................................................
64

3.4.1.
................................................ 64
3.4.2.
................................................ 66
3.4.3. T ......................................... 66
3.4.4. K ........................... 67
A B O
.......................................................
.................................
E 4
A
108
109
....................
109
.....................................................................
110
...........................................................
E ...........................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
A B O .........................................................
3.5.
....................
68
71
73
74
K 5
T
75
5.1. O ......................................................................... 111
76
E
.................................................... 76
...................................................... 78
A A O ......................................................... 78
A B O ......................................................... 79
3.6.
....................................
79
K ........................................ 79
E ..................................................... 80
T ........................................................ 81
E ............................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
A B O .........................................................
3.7.
81
82
82
82
..........................................
83
E ............................................................................
......................................................
A A O .........................................................
A B O .........................................................
88
89
90
90
A 3
....................................
E K 3
A
90
......................
91
........................................................................
92
....................................
119
M ...............................................................
120
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
121
122
122
123
5.3. E ......................................................................... 124

E .........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
5.4. T
.........................................................................
A A O
A B O
4.1. O
....................
93
.............
93
94
.......................................
95
4.2. I
4.2.1. K
......
...................
97
..................
99
4.2.2.
.................................................................. 99
4.2.3.
........................................................
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
vi
5.2. E
127
128
128
129
130
I ......................................... 130
E ........................................................................ 131
................................................... 132
K 4

5.1.1. .................................................................. 111

5.1.2. X
....................................... 112
5.1.3. K ..................... 114
E ........................................................................ 116
................................................... 117
A A O ....................................................... 117
A B O ....................................................... 118
.......................................................
.......................................................
5.5. A
133
133
..........................
134
E .........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
138
.................................
E 5
A
138
139
139
140
....................
141
.....................................................................
142
101
104
106
107
EYKEIEIA EMETPIA

7.3.2.

/ 1 ..................................... 184
K 6

6.1. E
...........................................
143
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
147
149
150
151
6.2. E
.................................................................. 152
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
154
155
155
156
6.3. X
....................................... 157
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
.................................
E 6
A
161
162
163
163
164
....................
165
.....................................................................
166
.......................................................
E .........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
.................................
E 7
A
...................................................
167
7.1.1.
.................................................................. 167
.................................................. 168
7.1..2 M ................... 169
7.1.3. A - I ........ 171
7.1.4.

..................................................... 173
7.2.
..................................................
174
7.2.1. I
................ 174
7.2.2.
................................................. 176
E ......................................................................... 179

A A O
A B O
...................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
7.3. K A
........................................
7.3.1.

EYKEIEIA EMETPIA
...........
.............................
179
180
181
182
182
184
190
....................
191
192
K 8
O
8.1.
...............................
193
8.1.1. -M O ..... 193

8.1.2. K ................. 195
K ....................... 195

.......................................................
196
M
..........................................................
8.2. K
7.1. H
189
189
.....................................................................
K 7
A
186
187
188
197
............................
198
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
200
202
.................................
E 8
A
203
204
205
....................
206
.....................................................................
207
K 9
M
9.1. M
...............................
209
9.1.1. M ....
9.1.2. M ............
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
210
216
220
223
225
A B O
226
.......................................................
9.2. M
..................................
227
9.2.1. ................ 227

9.2.2.

..................
..................
229
230
E ........................................................................ 232
................................................... 234
vii

A A O
A B O
.......................................................
.......................................................
.................................
E 9
A
235
235
236
....................
237
.....................................................................
238
K 10
E
............................................
239
10.1.1. E .......................................................... 239

10.1.2. E ..................................... 241
10.2. E
.....
241
10.2.1. B ........................................ 241

10.2.2. ...... 244
E ....................................................................... 247

A A O
A B O
.....................................................
248
249
.....................................................
250
..................................................
..............
251
E ........................................................................
..................................................
A A O .....................................................
A B O .....................................................
253
10.3.
10.4. T
...................................
254
255
...........................................................................
10
..............................
E 10
A
260
260
.................
261
.....................................................................
262
E ........................................................................
..................................................
A A O .....................................................
A B O .....................................................
.....................................
279
279
280
280
281
11.3.1.
................. 281
11.3.2. E
........................................................... 282
E ....................................................................... 284
.................................................. 285
A A O
A B O
.....................................................
.....................................................
11
..............................
E 11
A
286
286
287
.................
287
.....................................................................
288
K 12
E
12.1

.......................................................................
289
12.1.1. E .......................................................... 289

12.1.2. T .................................... 290
12.1.3. ...... 292
E .......................................................................
..................................................
A A O .....................................................
A B O .....................................................
293
294
295
295
12.2.
................................................. 296
K 11
M
11.1. K
275
255
256
10.4.1. H ...................... 256

10.4.2. A
.................................. 258
12.2.1. E
...............................................
263
11.1.1. O
....................................................... 263
11.1.2. B
...................................................... 265
11.1.3. E ,

........................................................... 267
11.1.4. E ..............
E .......................................................................
..................................................
A A O .....................................................
A B O .....................................................
viii
...........................................................
11.2.1.
................................ 275
11.2.2. M ............................ 276
11.3. E
10.1. H
11.2. M
269
272
273
274
274
........................
296
12.2.2. ................. 298

12.2.3. ................................. 299
........... 299
12.2.4. ................. 302
12.2.5. .................... 303
12.2.6. K ................................... 305
E ....................................................................... 307
.................................................. 310
A A O
A B O
.....................................................
.....................................................
12
..............................
E 12
A
311
311
312
.................
313
.....................................................................
314
EYKEIEIA EMETPIA

13.4.1. E
.................................................................. 336
K 13

E
13.5.
...................................................................................
13.1.
..............................
315
316
13.1.1. I ............................... 318

13.1.2 E .............................. 320
13.1.3. ................................................. 321
13.1.4 ................................ 322
E ......................................................................... 324
................................................... 324
A A O ....................................................... 325
A B O
13.2.
13.6.
339
.....................................................
345
E ........................................................................
...................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................
346
.......................................................
325
13
......................................................................
326
E 13
13.2.1. E

....................................................... 327
13.2.2.
......................................................... 328
..............................
349
350
351
352
.................
353
.....................................................................
354
1.
H
E ................................ 355
330
331
331
2.
M
............................................................................ 359
.......................................................
332
.......................................................................
332
E .........................................................................
.....................................................
A A O .......................................................
A B O .......................................................

13.3.K
..............................................................................
13.5.1. ....................................... 339

13.5.2.
........................................................... 341
13.5.3. M ............................................ 342
............................. 343
EYKEIEIA EMETPIA
.......................................................................
361
......................
333
.................................
335
............................................................365
13.3.1. E
13.4.K
330
ix
EYKEIEIA EMETPIA
1.1.

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A = 90,
= 17, = 15 = 8. T 90 .
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A = 90;
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EPIA
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10
TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA
2.2.
EPIA
2.2.
2.2.1. H - H - E
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2.1.
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A A, B ,
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AB, BA, K
AB , , M
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11
EPIA
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2.2.2.
OPIM
AB
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T B . T AB = .
T B . T
AB
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AB
AB > .
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12
2.2.
EPIA
OPIM
M AB M , AM = MB.
T A B
M.

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M
A

G ,
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G AB .
K = AB M = . T KM (
) :
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K =
KM = AB +
= +

3,
4 ...
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AB
:
M
= 5
= 1 KM
5
KM = AB
, ,
KM - AB AB
- KM :
1
KM
AB = KM AB =
EZ = 3AB
EZ = 3 KM
5
13
EPIA
A EZ
,
K 2
1
EZ = AB, EZ = KM,
EZ - KM :
KM
EZ = KM EZ =
T EZ , ,
KM.
= 5 = 3.
5 (5.3.) .
G AB
AB > . K = AB KM = , M
K. E KM < K, M K . T M
:
M = =
M = AB
APATHPHH:
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14
A , .
A , ...
2.2.
EPIA
2.2.3. M - A
M
M AB
OX
( ). A
AB OX
AB = OX,
AB, OX,
. A = + ,
< ,

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AB = OX = OX + OX,
AB
- OX.
27
7
A .. AB = OX, AB = 2 OX + OX, 10
10
AB 2 7
OX. 10
27
= 2,7.
10
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OX,
AB .
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15
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 2

...
H

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T AB A, B.
A A, B, , AB = ,
A B .
A: M B. A AB =
BM = M AB+ BM = + M, AM = M. A M
A.
: N
A, B, , .
B M
A, B, , . N
A B
= = .
: M N A B , :
A
B
AM = M = BN = N = .
2
2
H M N
B A 2AB+BA
MN = AN AM = (AB + BN) AM = AB + = .
2
2
2
= + = + ,
1
1
1
= (2 + + ) = ( + ) = ( + ).
2
2
2
16
2.1. - 2.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
4.
AB, 5
, AB = ;
3
AB = A = < .
B;
5.
2.
A, B
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6.
7.
3.
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1
3
AB = 3K + K + K ;
10
100

1.
2.
3.

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A, B, . A M N
AB
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1
MN = (A + B).
2
4.

B,
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1
A > A.
2
5.
A AB 10
M
3
MA = MB, 2
MA MB.
6.
AB
M. A O MB,
1
OM = (OA OB).
2
17
EPIA
K 2
B
1.
2.
O
AB. A
AB OA, OB = 2.
3.
M 5
AB MA = MB. A
7
MA
MA,
7
5
M = A + B.
12
12
4.
AB, B AB < B. A M,
N P AB, B A, MN
BP .
5.
A M AB
AB,
1
M (A + B).
2
2.3.
2.3.1. H
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A A O B O,
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12
2.3.
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19
EPIA
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20
2.3.
EPIA
2.3.3. K
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3 (3.7.).
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3 (3.7.) .
21
EPIA
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2.3.4.
22
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2.3.
EPIA
O . M
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(.. O A, O
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2
3
3 4
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1A4 = 1A1 + 2A2
^ + A
^
+ 3A
3
4
4
O .
H K
O O
:
K = O
, , K
23
EPIA
K 2
- O O -
K :
1
K
O = K =
A K
K = O,
1
K = K,
K - K :

K
K = K =
^
3 ^
=
5
> O. M O
, O A
O A.
O . H
^
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1 ^
=
5
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= 5 = 3.
= O
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A =
APATHPHH:
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24
2.3.
EPIA

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M , , . :
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EPHMATA KAI AOEIEI

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M ( ,
, ) :

. E,
.
( )
. E, , , ,
.
M E

. M
. T
( , ) , (
)
.
. :
, A X , .

A X ,
. T
A , X
,
.
T,
, A X, X , , ,
X , , X
,
.
25
EPIA
K 2
T
,
A X, .
EPHMA 2.1. O . [A
, ].
Y:
O O O .
: O = O.
A: O,
O O
O, O O. E , ,
O + O = O+ O.
O,
O = O.
OPIMA 2.1.
4 . [A , () ].
EPHMA 2.2. O
. [A O O
O O, ]
Y:
O O, O ,
O O O
O.
: O O, O .
A: O O ,
:
O = O + O + O
1
1
= O + O + O
2
2
1
1
= O + O + O ( O = O)
2
2
= O + O = O
26
2.3.
EPIA
, , O , , O, O .
EPHMA 2.3.

[ :
, ].
T :
() Y:
O O, O .
: O O, O .
A:
, O O O. A, , , . , O O .
() Y:
O O, O
O, O .
: O O, O .
A: T O, O O.
A, , ,
. , O O
.
EPHMA 2.4. O . [ : ,
].
Y:
O O, O , O
O O O.
: OO.
27
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 2
A: O O, O O,
:
1
1
O = O + O = O + O.
2
2
E O, O
,
. H , , O , ,
O, O .
2.2.
PA T H P I OT H TA
N 2.1., 2.2. 2.4. .
A OB, B O O , OAO
OBO. N A OB O
.
A:
) O A O BO . E,
A OB + B O = BO + O A OB = O.
) O O A OB
O . T
O = OB + B O + O =
1
1
1
= A OB + 2 B O + O =
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
= (A OB + B O) + (B O + O) = A O + B O =
2
2
2
2
1
= (A O + B O) = A O,
2
OO.
28
EAPMOE - AKHEI
2.3.

1.
T ;
2.
Y
;
3.
O,
O O. Y O
O . T
O;
29
EPIA
K 2
2.4.
2.4.1. H
OPIM
K
. K K
K .
A , ,
. O K (K, ).
KM =
,
, . , ,

, . T
3 6.
K M
KM < ,
N, KN > . T

. O
.

*
. A
.
.
T A,
B .
K .
K .
T .
K
KN>
KM<
K
K
B
A
* .
30
2.4.
EPIA
A, B . H
. T
A, B.
A AB , .
T )

) A, B
AMB A B, M
. A
AB ,

(), ().
T
.
K
H2
H1
H2
A
H1
K
A
H1
H2
B
2.4.2. E
K
, .
M .
O P I M M ,
.
K, , K A B. A, B,
.
)
, , AB.
K,
) , AB,
,
)
, AB.
T , ,
, , , ,
^
K
^
K
31
EPIA

.
, , ,
.
E .
, , ,
.
T
.
K 2
K
K

EPHMA 2.5.
.
A: (K, ) )
K,
AB
. M K (.
K) K K,
A , KA = K = .
H K K
B , )
KB = K = . I
) AB .)
,
) E AB
. A ,
KE > , . A
, KE < , ,
, .
)
)
E AB , .
T
A B
, KA KB
K K
. A, , A KB
K .
32
A
B
2.4.
EPIA
OPIMA 2.2. , .
O P I M AB (K, )
)

AB ,
)
AB )
. , )
)
, AB.
T
. , 2 ( ) ,
, . E, 4 2 , . K
.
M ,
- . M
2.3.4.
K AB, A
B , . M
)
AB M ) )
AM = MB.
EPHMA 2.6.
K .
A: (K, )
)
AB , M
N.
) )
E AM = MB,
A KM = M KB ( ). ,
KM A KB. M
KN A KB. A, , . E, .
A
M
33
EPIA
K 2
H EYEIA AOEIH KAI H EMMEH AOEIH

.
2.1., 2.2., 2.3. 2.4.
, ,
. ,
(
). A .
2.5. 2.6.
(. 2.3.2.), :
Y ,
.
X

.
T .
A .
POBHMA 2.2.
N
.
K: O . M (, R) , (. ). (, R),
,
. (, )
= ,
(, R)
.
O. :
K (, ),

= K.
O
,

. :
(, R) (, R) , . E,
= = R.
, (, ) (B, ) ,
. T,
, (, R), (K, )
(A, R), (, ),
O A.
34
R
A
2.4.
EPIA
POBHMA 2.3.
N
.
K: K (O, R)
O . A

= O
)
)
) (A, R) B. T K B ,
.
XOIO:
M

. T
3 (3.1.3.).
2.4.3. M
M
,
)
)
AB , ,

= AB
,
,
( ). O .
,
, 1

360
( 1). H
,
, , . H 60 ( 60) 60 ( 60).
AB 12 , 34 56

AB = 123456.
A
360, 180 90.
T 0.
35
EPIA
H
.
, , , . ,
, ,
1 ( ), 90,
180 360. T 0 .
H ,
2.3.2 & 2.3.4 , :

...
K 2
XOIO:

. T ,
,
11,
, .
H
.
A
.
T O , ,
O, O.
XOI
1. M O

B
, R,

AB . T , O
A
A
, R
, .
M, ,
. A : T
.
, :

EPHMA. A AB (O, ),

(O, R).

A: A AB = 1, ABA =

180 AB, ABA 180
AB. T (O,
) ( 2.2.), , (O, R),
( 2.5. 2.2.). E,

= 180 , = 1.
36
2. 2.3.4.

. A . H , ,
, .. .

,

.
,
360,
.
2.4.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
E
AB K ,
) )
A, B . A A K B K M N ,
)
1 )
MN = 90 + .
2
A: E A KM KM
, AM M . O
BN N . E :
) )
1) )
1)
MN = M + + N = A + + B
2
2
)
1 ) ) )
1)
1 ) 1 )
1)
= ( A + + B) + = AB + = 90 + ( AB = 180).
2
2
2
2
2

1.

B, , E, EZ

ZA
;

,
1
B = A;
3
3.
4.
A AO BO
,

A B.
E ;
65
A
2.
5.
A M N

AB

,
MN
.

;
,

.
37
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 2

1.
2.
3.
A B
K, AB. A
, A, B
K, A,
B, , ,
.
AB K
K
AK BK,
M N. N
MN .
A,
AK.
4.
Y .
5.
N ,
2
11
.
6.
N

AB, B, A , 1, 2, 3 4.
(K, )

AB = 82, B = 98 = 30. N -
B
1.
2.
38
AB K. KAB

K, A. A
BK K
M N,
MN = 45.
(K, )

AB, B . A M N

A B,
1

MN = (AB + ).
2
3.
4.

AB B

AB < B. A M, N, P

AB, B, A ,

BP MN .
T AKB,
BK, K KA (K, )
. A KE, KZ, KH K ,
EKZ HK .
2.5.
EPIA
2.5.
2.5.1. T
OPIM
T
, , .
T

. H , , .
B
A
H

E
B
A
M , .
M ,
.
2.5.2.
OPIM
M .

.
T
. 3 , 4 , 5
, ..., -.
H
. T

, .
E
39
EPIA
K 2
OPIM
T
, .
,
.
, .
: .

( ). , , .
B
A
A
B
2.5.3.
E , .
O P I M
.
T . T 2
, 5 9 .
Z
E
OPIM
E
.
K .
^
BAE
APATHPHH. T

.
40
2.5.
EPIA
OPIM
E
.
,
.
PA T H P I OT H TA
^
B
2.3.
N . Y

; N
.

1.
2.

A
B

; M
;
3.
,
;
4.
A - ,
;
-;
2
1.
2.
AB, B . A E, Z, H,

AB, B, , A,
) EZ = H )
EH Z .

;
3.
A , .
4.
O O
O < O O + O < 180.
A O O,
O O.
41
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 2
2
1.
2.
N ()
() :
) .
) O .
)
180.
) K
.
)
.
) M
.
) Y
,
.
( )
;
N
(,
, , ).
.
3.
N
.
4.
A ,
A.
B.
5.
.
.
K
. O K
, M
A. KM =
B. KM <
. KM >
. KM
E. KM
ANAKEAAIH
2 .

E . B
, , .
M ,
, .
A , .
E, , , ,
, .
42
3.1.
EPIA
3.1.
3.1.1. E
, .
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, .
7 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.4.
, ,
. E,
.

43
EPIA
K 3
3.1.2.
AB A, B,
, AB, A, B B A, A B,
A B. AB = , A=,
B= BA= A, BA = B, A B = . , :
)
)
)
, .. , A AB A
B, B
B.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
, . M
,
. ,
.
A B ,
A A
B
. A
A, B
B A
. H
, , . O
A B
A B .
H ++ AB
2 (
).
44
TPINA
3.1.
EPIA
, , ,
, o , . AB :
A B .
.
A
B ( ) .
.
A
A
B
.
B .
M
A
3.1.3. K
H ,
,

.
T
:
; T

.
EPHMA 3.1
(1 . --)
A
, .
Y:
H - - - - .
AB EZ
AB = E, A = Z B A = E Z.
: AB = EZ.
45
EPIA
A: M AB A AB E. T,
B E AB = E,
A
Z, BA = EZ
Z, A = Z.
, B EZ, A B
EZ A B ZE. T AB
, , EZ
.
K 3
OPIMA 3.1. A
, .
M
( 3.5. 3.6.). , , 1 ,
, ,
, .
EPHMA 3.2
A , .
A: AB AB = A.
B = , 1 .
A ,
A . T AB
A , AB = A, A = A
( ) A1 = A2. , B = .
A
1 2
OPIMA 3.2. O .
OPIMA 3.3. H
, , .
A: H AB A (.
)
BA, A B, . , , A
B, BA, A
B. ,
A .
46
TPINA
3.1.
EPIA
EPHMA 3.3. K .
A: AB ,
. A = B,
. AM BM
, M = M AM = BM ( 3.1.).
, A = B.
EPHMA 3.4.
.
Y:
) )

)
) AB, (O, )
AB = .
: O ,
AB = .
A: OA, OB, O O. T OAB O OA = O, OB = O (
) AOB = O (
). E, 1 ,
AB = .
H .
O
A
M 1
2 3 .
EPHMA 3.5. (2 . --) A
, .
Y:
AB EZ

B = EZ, B = E = Z.
: AB = EZ.
A: A AB = E, AB
EZ , 1 .
X , ..
AB > E.
T AB H ,
BH = E. H. E H
A B, H B < . T HB
EZ BH = E, B = EZ B = E. , , 1 , ,
Z = H B. A, , Z = H B < .

BH = E
47
EPIA
K 3
,
AB E AB = E. T
AB EZ , , AB = E, B = EZ, B = E ,
1 , .
OPIMA 3.4. A
, .
A
EPHMA 3.6. (3 . --) A

, .
Y:
AB EZ
AB = E, B = EZ A = Z.
: AB = EZ.
A: A A = , AB
EZ , 1 .
X AB
: K
Z E = B E H
EH = AB. ZH.
T HEZ AB

EH = AB, EZ = B E = B. , 1
,
HZ = A H = A.
T EH , EH = AB
AB = E. E, 3.2.,
H1= 1 .
(1)
E, ZH , HZ = A
A = Z,
^
^
ZE = B
EH = AB
H2 = 2 .
(2)
A (1) (2), ,
H = H = A , ,

A = . T AB EZ , ,
AB = E, A = Z, A =
, 1 , .
PA T H P I OT H TA
3.1.
AB
EZ . N ,
B E : ) ) .
48
TPINA
3.1.
EPIA
PA T H P I OT H TA
H 3

B (3 2 .X.) O E (B I, 8) . , AB
EZ, AB
HEZ, (EZ = B, EH = AB = E,
HZ = A = Z), H . M , H ;
3.2.
A
M 3 :
EPHMA 3.7
(A 3.4.)
.
Y:
AB, (O, )
AB = .
) )
: T , AB = .
A: OA, OB, O O. T OAB O OA = O, OB = O, AB = ,
, 3 , .
,
)
) AOB = O. , ,
AB ,
.
O
A
APATHPHH. 2 ( 2.4.3.)

. T 3.4.
3.7. , , .
EPHMA 3.8
H
.
A: AB AB = A
AM. T ABM AM ,
49
EPIA
K 3
3 , AB = A,
AM = AM BM = M ( M B). ,
A1 = A2 M1 = M2.
A AM
A. A MA
BM, , M1, M2
, , AM .
1 2
1
B
2
M
APATHPHH. 3.3.
,
, .
3.1.4. K
EPHMA 3.9

.
A: :
) T
. T , 1
( 3.1.).
) T
. AB
EZ A = = 90, B = EZ AB = E.*
, ,
E B .
AB, E A,

AK = AB, = E. T AB
AK ,
(--). , K = B. M ,
EZ Z Z = EZ. E, ,
, K = Z.
, , KB ZE
K = Z, B = EZ KB = E ( AB E).
3 ,
* . ,
1 .
50
TPINA
3.1.
EPIA
, , E = B. T, , 2 , AB EZ .
OPIMA 3.5. T .
A
OPIMA 3.6. H

EPHMA 3.10. ,
.
A: AB EZ
BH = E
A = = 90, B = EZ E = B.*
,
3.9., AB=E.
X , ..
AB > E. T AB H ,
BH = E. H. T HB EZ
BH = E, B = EZ B = E.
A H
Z
, , 1 ,
, H = = 90,
AB. A, , .

.
EPHMA 3.11. ( 3.3.) K
.
A: AB
, A = B.
AB M -
* , . , 2 .
51
EPIA
K 3
. T M
AB.
T AM BM ,
M A
B . , AM = MB.
H
M AB, A, B .
, M AB ,
AM = MB, M
AB. , ,
AB.
EPHMA 3.12. K .
A:
) O O, A, B O,
O . T AO BO
, O
O1 O2 . , A = B, .
2
1
) , , O
, A B
. T AO BO ,
O A B
. , O1 = O2, .
EPHMA 3.13. T
.
A:
) O
AB . O AB,
K
.
3.6., K AB . , AK =
. E, OA = O
. 3.9., -
52
K
B
TPINA
3.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
OKA O OK = O.
) , , OK O O AB . T OKA O ,
OK = O, OA = O AK = .
AB .
O P I M T

(
), .
M , , , .
APATHPHH. T
.
N
.
A: AB (AB = A)
B, E. B = E. T B, E
AB, AE . T
( = E = 90), (AB = A)
A . , 3.10,
B = E.
: H
. , )
, ) . E, ,
;
53
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3
N ,
.
A: AB
EZ
A = = 90, AB = E AB + A + B = E + Z + EZ.
E, A + B = Z + EZ .
(1)
A
H
A Z E
H = B Z = EZ,
1
(1) AH = . T
ABH E (AB = E AH = ). ,
BH = E H = .
T BH EZ ,
BH = E B1 = H = = E1. E, B = EZ.
, AB EZ AB = E B = EZ. ,
( 3.9).
A AB AB = B A = ,
.
A: T B A
(BA = B) , , B A. E, , A (A = ),
A. , , B,
A
B A.
A A, B O, K = OK,
A OB A KB , OK OKAB.
A: O A
AOB AKB

AKB AOB. T ,
AB 1
O 2
K
. , A OB = A KB.
O KA, KB O ,
K. E,
B
O1 O2,
KA KB, , , OK A OB. O
OK A KB.
T, OAB (OA = OB ),
O . , OKAB.
54
TPINA
3.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
Y ;
2.
A

,
;
A
B
AKTH
3.
Y ;
4.
5.
AB.
B ,
:
) B = ,
) AB B.
6.

A B.
B
9.

, A, B
,
A B . ,
B
= B A E = A.
;
A
()
7.
()
O.
O
8.
A B
,
.
,
;
10.
A
,
A
B
B

AB
BA. ,

BA A B
. ; M
;
55
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3

1.
) N
.
) .
9.
2.
N

) ,
)
) .
10.
3.
)
N
.
) .
4.
AB (AB = A) B, E
AE , , .
5.
O O O
A B ,
OA = OB.
) N M
O
A B.
) A AM BM O
O ,

i) A = B, ii) = M iii) B = A.
6.
7.
8.
56
O OA,
B . N ABO
.
A, B
AB = 2 O. , ,
A, B . ,
,
. N AO = BO.
11. )
N ,
,
.
)
.
12.

AB EZ B = EZ,
B = E BM EP .
N .
13.
AB A AB A
A = AB AE = A.
) N E
B.
) A AM AB E P,
AP AE.
) E
AN AB.
) N

.
) N ,
.
14. N
AB, B
B A B.
15. N
AB O

A = B. N A O
BO . T O;

.
OAB O , O
A B. N
OM
OAB, ,
.
TPINA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
3.1.
B
1.
A, O, B
. N
B A O.
2.
AB A AB, A,
A = AB
AE = A. N
B, E A .
3.
) A AB EZ
AB = E, A = Z B = E,
Z .
) AB EZ
Z AB = E,
A = Z B = E. N .
7.
AB , E, Z B, A, AB B = E = AZ. T A, BE, Z H, , K. N :
) A = BE = Z
) HK .
8.
A AB A AB
B = AB E = A , E
B.
9.
O O O
A, B ,
OA = O OB = O. A E, Z
A, B ,
O E OZ .
10. N ,
4.
AB EZ. AH B
AB, K. E,
EZ M
EN P. N
) K PN,
) KH PM.
N AB AB
, A = A < 90, =
= .
6.
AB AB < A
A A A = A
AE = AB . A E
B M,
:
) A EB = A BE, A E = A B
ME .
) H BME
A.
11. A
B E
AB (AB = A) M,
AM
E B.
12.
5.
O , , ,
M . N
:
) T M
.
) H OM .
(
).
13.
AB O M . N

.
57
EPIA
K 3
3.2.

.* ,

:
K .
, (K, ) K
. T
,
K .
T 3.3. :
. E 3.11. : K
. E:
O

.
T 3.12. : T , ,
. E:
O
.
APATHPHH.
,
, , 3.3.
3.11. ,
, 3.12.
* , A : N,
N2 2. ,
2 2 ( N2).
58
TPINA
3.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
PA T H P I OT H TA
3.3.
E , ,
.* M , :

.
.
E
N ,
A B.
: K ,
A B. T
KA, KB , . T K, , A, B ,
AB.
A. A M
AB,
MA = MB, M , A B.
, ,
AB.
K
A
1.
O

;
2.

AB AB;
3.
O ,
A B O O ;
(O A B
).
* A, . ( , 1 ).
59
EPIA
K 3

1.
N
A AB B = = .
2.
A A B,
A
B.
(
21).
3.3.
3.3.1. - K
O,
A OA
A , OA = OA. T O
,
A A O. T
.
AB
M.
O (K, ) K. T M
M.
T M
, , .
H , ,
.
T
.
3.3.2. - A
A .
A O
OA
A , OA = OA. T A A . E,
A, A .
60
TPINA
3.3.
EPIA
A .
, A A A
. , ,
.
O, O
M O. M
O, O A O
M. , AM = AM ,
, M M . A :
H
.
T M M
. K
, ,
. :

, .
E , ,
M
AB, M , ,
.
O , ,
,
(. 3.6.).
T
.
T , ( , ) .
T .
M
O
O
A
M
A
61
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3
T AB O A B O A B .
A: A
O AB
AB AB
O AB.
E OAB OAB ,
BAO = B AO. A O AB
B
A
, OA OA ,
OA = OA, A O = AO B AO = B AO. E, O = O,
O.
O, O AB , AO
AO O.
: A, , AB
A B
A B .
A , O,
O .
A: A 1, 2
M . T N M 1
. E, P N
2 . M, P
O.
A OAM, OAN OBN,
OBP
OM = ON = OP, O1 = O2
O
4 3
1
2
A 1
O3 = O4.
E OA OB M ON N OP
, . E,
M, O, P OM = OP, M P
O. A O .
62
TPINA
3.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
A ,
;
2.
O
O;
3.

) AB,
) B,
) AB.
B

1.
N AB A AB.
2.
N
O .
3.
N AB
B
AB.
63
EPIA
K 3
3.4.
3.4.1.
EPHMA 3.14 K .
A: AB
B . A

A B. , A
B ,
A .
A M A, BM , M = BM
. T ABM M ,
1 AM = M,
BM = M AMB = M ( ). ,
A = M . E
A , A > M , A > A.
M , A B
A B.
=
M
OPIMA 3.7. K .
A , .. A ,
A . E,
B , , .
EPHMA 3.15 ( 3.2.) A
, (
).
A = A
A: AB
B= .
(1)
AB = A,
.
64
TPINA
3.4.
EPIA
Y AB A , ..
AB > A. T AB ,
A = A, A
, ,
(2)
A = A .
, A B ,
, A > B.
A (1) (2)
A > , A < .
OPIMA 3.8. A ,
.
PA T H P I OT H TA
3.4.
,
, AB EZ
,

B = EZ, B = E A = ,

, A
(2 ). E, ,

180,
. A, ,
,
.
M (
4 ), :
4 KPITHPIO IOTHTA TPINN

A ,
, , .
N ,
2
3.15.
N , , 3.15. 4
.
65
EPIA
K 3
3.4.2.
EPHMA 3.16 , .
A:
) AB A > AB.
B > .
A
, A = AB. H A B
B , , A B > ( 3.14).
E, , AB ,
A B = AB , ,
A B > . E, , B > A B,
B > .
) AB B > .
A > AB, A = AB
A < AB. , AB = A,
B = ,
. A, , . E
, A < AB, B < ,

. K , , . ,
A > AB.
A
A = AB
OPIMA 3.9.
) H
.
) H
.
3.4.3. T
EPHMA 3.17 K
.
A: AB < .
A AB < B < A + AB.
) B < A + AB. A + AB
AB A -
66
TPINA
3.4.
EPIA
A = A. T B = AB + A , , B < B. E
A , A = A ,
A , <
OPIMA 3.10. E , :
K
.
..
AB ,
AB < A + B < A+ + B.
M ,
: O
.
APATHPHH. , , , ,
,
< < + .
3.4.4. K
EPHMA 3.18 A . H .
A: H , ,
2.3.3. A, ,
.
A. K (A, R) ,

67
EPIA
K 3
K M )
K. O AM K AM 180
( ). ,
AM = M AK = 90, AM .
EPHMA 3.19 A
. H
.
A: H , ,
2.3.3. A, ,
.
A . B . A AB
, . A
AB ,
. A
B = B , B = AB. T
A M.* T
ABM BM , BM
A BM = BM AB = B. ,
AMB BM , ,
180, . , , AM .
^
^
B =
B = AB
B
A A
.
M , B
, .
, M
A ( )
. O , ,
.
, (
) . ,
, M
AB
* E A .
68
TPINA
3.4.
EPIA
B . , , B
AB . T MB,
AB, AB
.
E AB AMB, 3.9. ()
:
OPIMA 3.11. T AM A AB .
M , : H
A
A
.
EPHMA 3.20 T

.
A:
) A A AM
AB A. M ,
AB , AM
, BM = M.
) , , BM = M. T A
B, AB = A.
EPHMA 3.21 T
, ,

.
A: A A
AM
AB A, .. AB < A.
,
MB < M.

69
EPIA
K 3
H MB = M ,
AB = A ( 3.20), .
MB > M AB, A
AM (. ). E B A AM,
B A > 90 , , AB
AB > A ( 3.9.), .
MB > M AB, A
AM (. ).
MB , M = M
AB > A. E, , A = A, AB > A.
, MB > M . , , MB < M.
PA T H P I OT H TA
B
A
3.5.

M . N ,
:
A
B
) M A
B. o
M ,
)
A, B, ,
,

.
,
;
70
TPINA
3.4.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
A B , .
: AB (A = 90) B.
A .
B BA B
. , EB,
A = E.
E E < ,
E
. , A < .
A O AB, A 1. A 1 AB , ,
1 > A.
, , B O > A.
O AB
:
OA + OB < A + B
A:
AO
B. A OB
OA + O < A + OB < O + B.

OA + O + OB < A + ( + B) + O
OA + OB < A + B.
A
B
71
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3
(K, ) M . A MK
A B,
MA M MB.
A: A A,
MA = M < MB. A B,
MA < M = MB.
, MK
MK K < M < MK + K
MK < M < MK +
MA < M < MB.
MA M MB.
: O MA MB M .
A , .
A: AB, A
. A E. A

AB E AB = E E = A1. A
A1 = A2, A2 = E. , AE , , A = E = AB,
AB .
A
1 2
. E :
A , .
A , .
( 3.2, 3.8 3.15, 3.3 3.5 5) :
1. ,
.
2. AB, B

1: A
2: A
B
3: A
) A AB 1, 2, 3 ,
.
) A 1, 2, 3 , .
72
TPINA
3.4.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
A ,
, .
A: AB
EZ AB = E A = Z.
A > , B > EZ.
) A > . A
A ,
B A = A B
AH = Z. A
ABH EZ H
BH = EZ.
AH A ( ) B K K = KH.
E B = BK + K = BK + KH BKH
B > BH, B > EZ.
BK + KH > BH, -
) B > EZ.
A A = , AB EZ , B = EZ, .
A A < , B < EZ,

.
, , A > .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
;
B
A B;
AB B >
A . M
A, A, B AB;
B
73
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3

1.
N AB
AB = A
.
2.
AB AB < A,
B . N
B < .
3.
4.
5.
74
) N

.
) AB
+
i) < , ii) + + < 2.
2
AB

+
) > , ) + + > .
2
AB
A + B > AB + .
6.
AB A
AB
E . N E < B.
7.
AB
O. N OA < O A.
8.
A AB B = 2AB, AB < A.
9.
A AB > ,
2
A , A > B.
12. A
AB AB < A
AM, A MB < 90
A M > 90.
TPINA
3.4.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
B
1.
A B
AB AB
A, E Z . N Z < B.
2.
A AB
AB ,
A 
A = . N :
) < 2 < + ,
) BA > A
) + + < 2.
6.
7.
A AB,
< A + B < 2.
EZ
AB. N
.
10. A
AB
B = 2 B = 2AB,
A = 90.
11.
O O,
M
O. O
O A B . N MA < M.
12.

AB M
. N MA MB.
13.
AB E AB
A . N
)
BE > AB > A,
BE + > B + E + E.
N
.
14.
O
AB
OA. M ,
A B,
A < M < B.
15.
AB A AB = 2A. N :
)
B > A,
AB > 2A.
16.
8.
A AB AB < A
A, B < .
9.
AB > .
) A M A,
M MB < .
) A E
A , EB + E > + .
A B
O. N M
N O O ,

AM + MN + NB
.
17.
:
< + + < 2.
75
EPIA
K 3
3.5.
2.4.2.
. M

(K, ).
A KM . H KM
, . E
.
E
, KM > . T M . A
A ,
KA KM KA > , A . , ,
, . .
O P I M H
.
E

, KM = . T M . A A , , , A
. , ,
M.
O P I M H
. T .
T , .
76
TPINA
3.5.
EPIA
,
KM (K, ) M (, ,
), M
I, , :
EPHMA 3.22 A (K, )
M, KM .
A: H , ,
M, . , KM
K
, , ( 3.11.).
EPHMA 3.23 T
.
A: (K, )
AB, A
A . AK
KB, K . T ABK,
AK , ,
, KBAB KA. E,
AK KB = K. ,
, , AB = A.
T
, KM < . T
M . T M
, ,
, . E, , A B. T
.
EPHMA 3.24 M
.
A: (K, ),
A, B ,
.. M. E A, B,

77
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3
KA = KB = K = . A KA = KB
KA = K MA = MB
MA = M ( 3.20), MB = M. H
, ,
B.
O P I M H .

.

1.
AK AB
A;
2.
H BK
A;
B
A
K
3.
A A (K, ),
A ;
78
1.

.

.
2.
(, )
.
, ,
.
3.
(, )
. .
4.
AB (K, )
1, 2 A, B
. M 1 , 2
, . N K = 90.
TPINA
3.6.
EPIA
B
1.
A M (K, )
MA MB . A
KA A,
BM = 3KMA.
2.
(K, ) M
KM < . A M -
A
B. A
A B K,
.
3.
A. N

A.
3.6.
O P I M .
O1
O2
APATHPHH. E
, .
H
.
(O1, R1), (O2, R2)
R1 > R2 d
, O1O2.
K
, :
) K .
d > R1 + R2.
) O ( ) .
79
EPIA
K 3
d < R1 R2.
,
.
d = 0.
O1
O2
R1
R2
d > R1 + R2
O1
O2
d=0
d < R1 R2
E
A
. O A A . E ,
A .
A ,
, . O
. Y
:
A
O1
O2
A
) K .
d = R1 + R2.
) O ( ) .
d = R1 R2.
H ,
. M
6.
80
O1
O2
R2
R1
d = R1 + R2
O1
d = R1 R2
O2
TPINA
3.6.
EPIA
T
,
. ,

A
R1
R2
O1
O2
B
R1 R2 < d < R1 + R2
R1 R2 < d < R1 + R2.

, . ,

.
APATHPHH.
,
, , .
A
R
O1
O2
R
R
B
A , .
A: (K, ), (, )
(M, ),
A, B . T A, B, . E
K = M = MK = 2, KM

, , K = = M. O A,
AB, B . , AB .
K
A
B
M
81
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3

1.
(K, )
(, ),
i)
K = ,
ii)
K = 2,
iii) K = 0,
iv)
K = 3;
2.

K M
A. H

A
KM

;

1.
A
A, B,
, AB = .
2.
(O, ) (K, R)
, . A OK A B,
,
(O, ) (K, R) , AB.
3.
82
B
1.
A (O, )
(K, ), > 2,

.
2.
A, B , . N
M A B. N
.
A
A, A

.
TPINA
EPIA
3.7.
3.7.
E
. , ( ) . M ,
. A
.

4 :
) A.

.
.
) ( ). , , .
) A.
.
) .

(
).

, .
2 ,
, :
E

T .
4 .

83
EPIA
K 3
POBHMA 3.1.
N .
A: A
O. A
,
. M, ,
.
: K , (O, R) ,
K, . A (A, R)
A B. T , B (A, R)
K (O, R). , (B, ) = K. A
(A, R), (B, )
A, A .
R
O
R
A
A: E B K ) )
B = K. , A = O
.
: ,
(A, R) (B, ) . A, , , AB = R
R < R < R + (
OK). Y, , - , (A, R) (B, ).
POBHMA 3.2.
N .
A: AB . H ,
K, . E
,
K KA = KB A = B.
: M A, B
K . H -
84
TPINA
3.7.
EPIA
K, .
A: E KA = KB = A = B = , K,
AB , , .
: (A, ) (B, )

AB.
APATHPHH. M , , M AB, . A
AM
MB, AB 4 . M
, , 2, 4, 8, 16 , , 2 .
3.4.4. ( 3.18. 3.19.)
. H , ,
. , , .
POBHMA 3.3.
N .
)
K: M. A, B , MA = MB
( M AB). K,
,
AB
M , , .
)
K: M
. M M
M ,
A B. K

AB, M, MA = MB (
). ,
.
85
EPIA
K 3
POBHMA 3.4.
N
A: O O.
A, B , OA = OB M
O AB.
OAB, OM , M AB.
, AB,

OA OB.
APATHPHH. A

O O,
O 4 . M ,
, 2, 4, 8, 16 ,
, 2 .
POBHMA 3.5.
N , .
A: AB
3 B = ,
A = AB = . H , .. B,
. E
A B , (B, ) (, )
:
B = (B, )
(, ). A A

AB, A, AB .
A: E B = AB = , A =
(B, ), (, ) .
: ,
(B, ) (, ) , .
B = < < + .
Y, , -
,
(B, ) (, ).
86
TPINA
3.7.
EPIA
POBHMA 3.6.
N , .
A: T
, ,
.
: K A (. 3.1.)
AB A,
. B
AB .
A: .
: T ,
3.1., .
POBHMA 3.7.
N , .
A: T
,
, .
:
B ,
B B ,
B B
. A B
A, AB .
A: .
:
B .
( 4.6.), ,
B B
180.
Y, , -
, B B
.
87
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3

1,
E
,

E . O , , , , ..
(, , ),
I, N, , ()
A .. O
, , , E ,
. T :
O , -
H ,
1
.
3
O ,

.
H
M . H

> 4 ( , ..
2

4
x= x2 + x + = 0).
2
H .. Abel
19
E. Galois
(1811-1832).
E
N , .
A: (K, )
,
A B. E
,
.
AB . E
KA = , K
(A, ). E, K (A, ).
: K AB (A, ) (B, ). A
88
TPINA
3.7.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K, (K, ).
A: E K AB, KA = KB. E, KA =
(A, ). O KA = KB = .
: , (A, )
. A ,
AB
A .
2
AB
AB
T , , , < (. ), , =
2
2
AB
(. ) , > (. ).
2

1.
2.
A ,
;
4.
A AE ,
B ,
AB = B A = E;
A
5.
3.
Y 4, 5
10;
,

;
89
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3

1.
N
.
2.
x,

x, x + 1 x + 2;
3.
N ,
.
1.
(K, ), A
B . N ,
B
(K, ) A. T , B
(K, );
2.
N AB
,

.
3.
O A
. N
A.
3
1.
2.
3.
90
O.
, B = E. N
A B O O , OA = OB.
O O ,
O
O= O < . 2
O O E
Z , OE = OZ ,
A, B, , .
A M AZ BE,
O
M.
E > B
< BE, AB < A.
4.
) AOB > 2AO
1
) AO < AOB.
4
5.
,
A AB
A . A M
, A,
MB AB.
AB A AB E
A A, B, , (O, R)
AB = 2A = 4A,
) N
.
) (O, R) A
. A A
.
6.
N AB
AB = A, AB
TPINA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 3
3
1.
E () ()
;
4.
)
.
) Y AB AB.
T (= < >)
.
) ABB
) AE
) BB
) E
) AB EZ AB = E,
A = Z = Z .
) A A, B
,
AB.
5.
6.
3.
(O, R1) (K, R2)

R1 > R2 OK = d. N

.
d = R1 + R2
d < R1 R2
R1 R2 < d < R1 + R2
d = R1 R2
d > R1 + R2
A AB A ,
A.
B.
E.
TPINA
) T A AB
AB A.
2.
) T ,

AB, AB.
) K A
AB AB
A.
AAB.
) B
) M
(O, R), O
R.
) .
T , ,
,
A. = +
. > +
B. < < +
. <
A AB AB < A
A
E,
A.
E <
B.
2 < +
.
2
+
.
2
7.
(O, ) (A, 2) OA =
A.
B.
.
.
E. .
91
EAPMOE - AKHEI
8.
A B AB
,
A. T
B. T

.
.
.
10. N
. H B .
. M
.
A. K .
A -
B. A , .
9.
K 3
. O A
3

2
A.
. .
. A AB A > B,
A < B.
B.
ANAKEAAIH
3 ,

, , .
A, ,
,
.
E
.
A, ,
.
A , ,
.
X , , ,
,
, , .
,
.
92
TPINA
4.1.
EPIA
4.1.
O P I M , .
H . 12, , , , . .
// .

,
A B .
4 A,
A1, A2, A3, A4 4 B,
B1, B2, B3, B4. O

,
.
:
93
EPIA
K 4
T (A1, B1) (A2, B2)

.
T (A1, B2) (A2, B1)

.
1 2
T (A1, B3), (A2, B4), (B1, A3) (B2, A4) , .
3 4
O ,

.

EPHMA 4.1
A , .
A: ,
A B
A1 B1 . , . T . E
AB A1 B1 ,
3.14, A1 > B1. A, ,
, A1 = B1.
, , // .
B
1
OPIMA 4.1.
) A
, ,
.
) A
,
.
OPIMA 4.2.
.
, ,
A1 B1 . , // .
94
1
1
APAHE EYEIE
4.1.
EPIA

M 4.1. 4.1. 4.2. , A
, A
.
A ,
A ( )
A ( , , ).
4.2., // .
A
A .
M , , A.
A .. A ,
. T

, . ,
:
A
.
TOPIKO XOIO
E, 1 ,

, , . T 5
E :

!,
% , ' ( )
.
(A ,

,

)
T
, ,

-
A + B < 2
95
EPIA
K 4
. , , , , ,
, . E, :
T ,
, 19 -E .
T 5 E
.
A :
EPHMA 4.2.
.
A 5 E (. 4.6).
A: AB. A
..

A + B < 180.
^ ^
A + B < 180
BA B.
3.14.
A < BA A + B < BA + B.
E, , BA + B = 180, , ,
A + B < 180.
T , ,
5 9
E. , , 19
: , , 5
5

9 . E,

, 5 . T
M:
A 5
, ,
E, 5 .
96
A 5 E . A :

A
A
'
A
B
B
A.
T //
( 4.2.).
A. E AB = 90 ,
(.. AB < 90).
AB + A B < 180 , 5 E, , . E,
A. A
5
:

.
, -E ( Lobatchevsky), ( Riemann). T ,
, A. Einstein, Riemann.
Riemann
.
APAHE EYEIE
4.2.
EPIA
4.2.
EPHMA 4.3
( 4.1.) A
,
.
A: A B .

, .. A1 = B1. Y ,
A1 B1 (.. A1 > B1) . T
B, B = A1. , ,
A1 B . ,
// . A, , , A .
OPIMA 4.3.
) A ,
,
.
) A ,
.
EPHMA 4.4. A ,
.
A: , , // // .
// . A ,
, A. , A ,
.
EPHMA 4.5. A , .
97
EPIA
K 4
A: , A. A
, . , A ,
.
OPIMA 4.4. A
, .
EPHMA 4.6
A
180,
.
A:
A B ,
A1, B1
180. A :
B
2 1
^ ^
A1+B1<180
2 1
^ ^
A2+B2>180
) O , , ,
A1 + B1 = 180, .
) O
A1, B1, ,
A2, B2, AB 180,

( 4.2.).
A2+B2>180
2 1
98
APAHE EYEIE
4.2.
EPIA
4.2.1. K
POBHMA 4.1.
A A
.
A: A
A B,
A1 B1 . T
B A B1.
:
A B. M A
AB
B ,
1
B1 ( 3.1.) . H
.
A: E.
: , .
4.2.2.
EPHMA 4.7
A
,
.
A: :
) T A1, B1.
E A1 = B1 = (,
) , A1 = B1.
) T A2, B2.
E
A1, B1, A2 = B2.

A
1
2
99
EPIA
K 4
) T A1 B2.
E A1 + A2 = 180 A2 = B2,
A1 + B2 = 180, .
EPHMA 4.8. A
, .
A: :
) T A1, B1.
A B B // A B // A,
, A1 = B (1) (. ).
E BA, , , BB ( 4.4.)
, , B = 90. M
B = 90. , B1 = B (2),
B. A (1) (2)
A1 = B1.
) T A2, B2.
A1, B1, A2 = B2.
) T A1 B2.
E A1 + A2 = 180 A2 = B2,
A1 + B2 = 180, .
APATHPHH. A
, , , .
100
APAHE EYEIE
4.2.
EPIA
4.2.3.
H , -
:
EPHMA 4.9. T
2 .
A: AB
B . , ,
// AB. T A = A , AB A. E,
B = , , AB B. , :
A + B + = A + + = 2 = 180.
OPIMA 4.5. K
.
OPIMA 4.6. A ,
.
OPIMA 4.7.
.
T
3.1.4.
EPHMA 4.10. A , .
A: T , .
, . A, ,

, , 2
(--).
101
EPIA
K 4
4.1.
PA T H P I OT H TA
A AB
,
. ,
A + B + + = 180 + 180 = 360.
N
, :
A
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M, ,
-;
EPHMA 4.11 T
- 2-4 .
A: -
A1, A2,... , A. A A1 A1A3, A1A4,... , A1A 1
-. M
2 ,
. E
, -
A1 + A2 + ... + A = ( 2)2 = 2 4 .
102
A2
A1
A3
A4
A5
A-1
A-2
APAHE EYEIE
4.2.
EPIA
EPHMA 4.12. T
- 4
A: .
, -
A1A2A, :
A2
A3
A1
A4
(2 A1) + (2 A2) + ... + (2 A) =
2 (A1 + A2 + ... + A) =
2 (2 4) =
PA T H P I OT H TA
A-2
A-1
4 .
A5
4.2.
3 ( 3.7.),
(
)
. Y, ,
,
.

A (287-212 .X.).
O , :
1 : K O
(O, R), A, B
A.
2 : M

R.
3 : T ,
B, A E .
R O R
^
^
OE = 1 O
3
) N OE
O.
) N .
103
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 4
, , ,
.
A: ,
A B
. A B
B A AB. T
, = . O A B,
,
. , A // B.
A: A A B
B A A B ,
// . E A // B, . E,
// .
B A = 2 = 2 = A B,
) AB AB < A, A
B B.
)
N AB = A.
A:
) A A.
A B
B, ,
4.6,
1
1
A1 + B1 < 180.
1
1
A1 = B A = (B + ) B1 = 180 B.
2
2
E,
1
B
B
A1 + B1 = (B + ) + (180 B) = 180 + = 180 < 180,
2
2 2
2
AB < A B >
104
APAHE EYEIE
4.1. - 4.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
) AB
AB = A B = , ,
B
A1 + B1 = 180 = 180.
2
A A
A B.
: AB A,
A A
B A AB.
N
.
O B AB
A
90 + .
2
A: E
B+
B1 + 1 = < 180,
2
B
M . E,
B+
BM =180 (B1 + 1) = 180 =
2
180 A
A
= 180 = 180 90 + =
2
2
A
= 90 +
2
105
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 4

1.
; E,
;
7.
A
E
8.
B
2.
T AB
;
A = B + ,
A > B + ,
B < <A < B +
A A,
)
) ;
B = A1 = A2. T AB A
. E ;
K
B
9.
3.
A //
,
.
O AB
A = B = AB. B
A.
106
4.

)
)
) ;
5.
Y ,
;
6.
10.

(K, ).

E , ,

.
; M ;
APAHE EYEIE
4.1. - 4.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
11. A
OA = AB AB // O,
OB O.
.
12.
// B. E

AB 2 .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
AB A AB E , A = AE. N E // B.
AB
A = 100 B E, B = E = AB. N ABE, AE

A.
)
16 , ) 1080;

9
. N
5
.
A , :
) O , .
) O .
6.
A A
AB
B,
A .
7.
A A, B, A, B
. A
B,
A = A + .
8.
AB B > ,
A AE 1
( B ).
2
9.
B AB B, AB A E , E = B + E.
10. A
AB AB < A
A,
B
90 + .
2
11. A
AB B = 50
A
A = AB,
B.
12.
AB AB < A. H
A
B E. H B
AE A . N
AB
B .
13. A
AB
< ,
2
.
107
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 4
B
1.
A A // B,

A B = A B
3.
M
A B . AB E
, A = A,
BE = B , E . N
, , E . A , E ,
E;
10.

. N
- 4.
11.

BE, Z A, ,
.
A
B = . E, 2
B B.
13.
5.
AB B = A
A . N :
) A ,
A // .
) A ,
A .
2
108
AB A = 60 B E. N
) BE = A B ) BE + = B.
12.
A
,

.
7.
9.
AB -
4.
6.
AB AB = A.
A AB, AB
A = = B.
2.
8.
N

.
AB B = 90,
A
45 B.
AB (A = 90)
A BE. N A BE
A.

A B
. A M
AB M M,
. N
AB .
14. A
A (K, )
AB .
AK A = AB
B
. N AK
.
15.
A. M
A B
. N B .
16. N
,
AB // AB.
APAHE EYEIE
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 4
4
1.
) OA < A
) OA + OB + O < AB + A.
2.
3.
O > . O
2
O (O, )
E, (O, )
Z. N AOZ = 3BO.
AB AB > A > B.
A O
B,
AB A E
. N
AB
A B. A AB A E Z, BE Z .
O A. N

A O, O i) O,
ii) O O.
6.
A, B . N
A B
.
7.
AB B = 2
A AB
B
BE = B. N E
A.
AB B = 2
A. N
) B < 90, AB = B
) B > 90, AB = + B.
4.
5.
AB
(O, ) OB
4
1.
N ()
() :
2.
A ,
;
) Y
.
3.
AB A = 80
) ,
, .
A.
100
. 130
B.
120
E. 125
) K
.
110
)
.
) O AB

AB.
) K
.
APAHE EYEIE
4.
A 1 // 2,
A.
95
. 50
B.
85
E. 45
90
45
50
1
2
109
EAPMOE - AKHEI
5.
A 1 // 2,
A.
B.
.
25
35
60
. 120
E. 85
6.
K 4
N
:
) A 1 // 2, =
) A = , 1, 2
) A 1 // 2, + =
25
145
B
) A + < 180, 1, 2
ANAKEAAIH
4 ,
.
B
.
,
,
, .
T
,
.
M, ,
.
A
.
X
2 .
E, ,
- 24 .
110
APAHE EYEIE
5.1.
5.1.
5.1.1
* ,
. H .
T
:
) T .
) T .
) T .
T .
.
Y .
111
EPIA
K 5
5.1.2. X
T
.
EPHMA 5.1. K
.
A
A: AB. A
B
180x
A x, B = 180 x, = x,
= 180 x,
180x
. , A = B = .
EPHMA 5.2. K
.
A: AB. A
B, .
AB B . I:
B = B.
B
1
B1 = 1 , A
B.
B2 = 2 , B
A B.
(--) AB B . , A = B
AB = .
K . K

. T . ,
,
.
112
TETPAEYPA
5.1.
EPIA
EPHMA 5.3. ( ).
A: AB.
A, B, AB
A1 B1
180, . E,
O.
O .
AOB, O, :
B
1
1
2
2
1
AB = , 1 .
B1 = 1 , A
.
A1 = 1 , AB
.
(--),
AOB O . , AO = O
O = OB. , O A B.
OPIMA 5.1. T .
,
.
O .
O .
O .
T .
A . M, , ; H
,
. O , .

113
EPIA
K 5
5.1.3 K
EPHMA 5.4. (1 )
, .
A: 5.1. A AB,
A = , B = , =
= ,

A + B + + = 360,
2 + 2= 360, + = 180. , AB //
A // B,
. A AB .
EPHMA 5.5. (2 ) A
, .
A: 5.2. AB. A B, AB B ,
. ,
B
1
2
1
A = , B1 = 1, B2 = 2.
A B = ( ). 1 , AB .
EPHMA 5.6. (3 ) A
,
.
A: AB AB =
AB // , ( A = B A // B).
B AB, B.
I:
B = B.
B
1
B1 = 1, A
.
AB = ()
(--),
114
TETPAEYPA
5.1.
EPIA
. I, , A=B,
2
AB .
APATHPHH: T ,
,

.
EPHMA 5.7. (4 ) A ( ), .
A: 5.3. AB.
A, B, O
A
2
1
1
AO = O, BO = O.
AO, BO. I:
AO = O .
O1 = O2 .
O = OB .
(--),
. ,
1 = B1 A = B.
E 1, B1 ,
A // B. 3 ,
AB .
O .
O .
O .
115
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5
,
.
A: M
A B. O A, B -
N
1
B
1
, ,
A+B
A1 + B1 = = 90.
2
, MAB AMB = 90, AMBM.

O, . , N // BM,
.
A AB
AB B, A AB E Z . N AEZ , B.
A: T AEZ
, , . H 2(AZ + Z).
O 1 , Z // A. E,
B = . E,
B = 1 Z = BZ.
, AEZ
2(AZ + Z) = 2(AZ + BZ) = 2AB = .
116
TETPAEYPA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
5.1.

1.
2.
3.
A

.
4.
5.
A ,
;
6.
T
;
7.
M ;
8.
Y ;
5.
E AB AB,
AB = 2B. N :
) H B E
) O A B .
6.
A A AB
// B. A
B
AB A, E Z . N
AB EZ .
7.
1 2 AB A B. 1 2
, A = B. N

AB .
8.
O K A.
B

, B A
. N OBK
.
A AB
,
AB;
N
.
.

1.
AB AB E
Z AE = Z. N
EZ .
2.
) AB, B, , A AB E, Z, H, ,
AE = H A = Z. N EZ .
)
AB ;
3.
B E AB
Z = B EH = E . N Z
A .
4.
:
) O .
)
O
.
117
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5
B
1.
2.
A M O MA MB . H
,
OM, MA MB . H AO
E. N
E .
7.
AB
E Z A
B. N A EZ.
4.
A AB A
AB BE = B Z = , , E, Z .
5.
A
, .
AB, B, , A
AB
BE = AB, Z = B, H = , A = A
AB
. B .
) N ( )
E Z A
AB ,
E = ZB = .
AB AB M
BM = B, A
N N = . N M N .
3.
6.
EZH
AB.
N E + Z ,
B.
8.
AB AB . E
Z A
B . N EZ
AB
.
9.
AB AB < A B. A AB A,
A AB
E Z. N
AB < E + Z < A.
10. A
O AB
AB, B A,
A, AB B , E
Z. N
O + OE + OZ
AB.
. N
118
TETPAEYPA
5.2.
EPIA
5.2.
()
.
K ,
, .
*. E, .
B
O
B
A
APATHPHH: K . T

.
B
T

.
EPHMA 5.8. ,
.
A: AB .
A A, B,
AB, AB , AB
A = B .

(--) A B = A B. ,
A = B.
A. AB.
A = B. T
A, B (--). ,

= . , .
, . , AB .
EPHMA 5.9.
O :
1) ,
2) ,
3) .
* P . .
119
EPIA
K 5
A:
1) AB A, B, O. AB
AO . ,
A, B .
2) E, AB AO
BA. M
A, B .
3) T A, B,
A A, , , B . A
A , A
. M B .
B
2
1
2
1
2
OPIMA 5.2. O ,

. E, .
M
T X,
,
A, (
) ,
X, , A. , X ,

, A X ,
, .
, ,
. ,

.
120
TETPAEYPA
5.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
.
A: AB
AE AZ . T AE ABZ
(AE = AZ B = ). E, AB = A,
AB .
A, AB ,
AE ABZ (AB = A B = ) , , AE = AZ.
B
Z
T
.
A: A B AB AB A,
E Z .
A B, E Z BH. ,
,
E + Z = BH.
A BH, HZ
Z = H. E,
BE B (B = B, B = = B), E = B. ,
E
B
H
Z
E + Z = B + H = BH = .
121
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5

1.
M ;
5.
2.
Y ;
6.
A
,
.
3.
7.
Y ;
4.
;
T ;
8.

1.
N :
) T, .
) P, .
) O,
.
2.
AB ABE, BZ, H
A. N
EZH .
3.
AB ABE BZ,
. A AE, BE Z,
, E, Z .
7.
AB. M A,
A
,
2
AB A
E Z ,
B H . N
EZH .
8.
AB E
Z AB B , AE = BZ. N AZ = E
AZE.
9.
AB.
AB B B E Z ,
AE = Z. N EZ .
E B
AB
A. N :
) T A, , B, E
.
) H E
AB
A.
122
6.
4.
A AB ABE, E
.
5.
N
.
TETPAEYPA
5.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
B
1.
N ,
, .
2.
AB
ABEZ, BH, IK
AM. N

.
3.
AB

B. N
AB A
.
4.
N
.
5.
AB
. O A
B
E, AB Z. N
Z AB
.
6.
7.
O AB. A E, Z, H,
O .
AB
EZH.
AB (AB = A)
ABE AZH -
. A M B, :
) H AM EH.
) O BZ
AM.
8.
O AB

E, Z, H,
K, , M, N. N E, Z, H, , K, , M, N .
9.
AB (A = 90)
AM
M. H
B
B E Z .
N Z = AB E = A.
10. N
,
, ,

.
11. N
.
12.
E AB
AB. A E
B Z, E = AE + Z.
123
EPIA
K 5
5.3.
EPHMA 5.10. T
, .
A: O M, N , AB, A AB. MN
K, MN = NK. T
AMK , A,
MK . , // = = ,
. , MK // B. , MN // B.
MK
E, MK = B, MN = .
2
B
, MN = .
EPHMA 5.11. A
, .
A: 5.10. M AB
// B A K. K A . A K A,
, N. 5.10 MN // B, MK // B. ,
, M
B.
EPHMA 5.12. H

A: AB A=90. AM ,
AM = M. T AB
, A = 90.
124
TETPAEYPA
5.3.
EPIA
B
A = B 2AM = AM = .
2
:
= ,
2
= , ,
. , A = 90.
OPIMA 5.3. A 30, .

EPHMA 5.13. A ,
*.
A: , , **, ,
, AB, B. ,
, E, Z .
E = EZ. K//AB, K
E//B, . E ABK,
BE , AB = K B = E.
T, EK, EZ
AB = B . A
E = EZ, .
E
K
POBHMA 5.1.
N .
K: H 5.13. A AB, A
A.
B
. 5.13,
AB .
A+1
A2
A
A3
A4
* T . H 7.
** H .
125
EPIA
K 5
POBHMA 5.2.
N
.
A: A // M ,
, . A MA, MB
, , MA = MB,
M AB. T
.
K: AB A . A M AB
,
. I
. , N N , , . A
5.13 N = N, N,
.
, , 5.13,
.
POBHMA 5.3.
N
.
A - *: ,
O. . ,
. ,
,
. E,
3.12 .
1
O
: A , , , , 1, 2 45.
* A .
126
TETPAEYPA
5.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
PA T H P I OT H TA
5.1.
N 3
, :
) ,
) ,
) .
T .
A: A E, Z, H,
AB. A
A, AB EZ
AB, B
A
EZ // A EZ = .
2
O, A
A
H // A H = .
2
/
/
E, EZ H EZ = H. A EZH .
127
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5

1.
2.
AB A = 90
B = 30
AM.
AB;
5.
6.
A , E, Z
AB,

EZ
AB;
3.
4.
A E, Z
AB, A
AB M B,
AM ;
7.
AB
(A = 90)
B
AB = ,
2

= 30.

1.
AB B
E. N E B.
2.
N ,
,
.
3.
4.
5.
128
6.
AB
A . A E Z
AB A ,
EZ .
;
7.
AB (A = 90)
N
, .
8.
A. B = 15,
1
A = B.
4
A AM
N
AB , AB .
9.
A E Z AB
AB, AZ E B
.
AB E B A,
1
AE = E.
2
A
. A M ,

AM.
10. N

.
TETPAEYPA
5.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
11.
AB AB < A,
12. N
B. A B
A,
E. N A AB
E = .
2
B
AB
, E Z,
A = BE = Z = .
3
N EZ
AB.
1.
A E Z AB B AB. A H
A
B,
EH Z .
2.
N , .
10.
AB
A AM
. A E Z
AB A , EZAM.
11.
3.
4.
E AB ABE AZH. A M B K, , KM .
5.
AB = 45
A BE. A M
AB, ME
.
6.
AB B
E Z. N
B AZ E.
7.
AB A = 60 AB < A B E. A M N
AB A ,
A AB
EM = N = .
2
8.
9.
A AB B = 60
B
AB = , 2
.
AB, B A -
AB A AB
E ,
A = E. N
E.
AB (A = 90)
AB, EAB ZA (, E, Z B, AB, A ). A AM AB Z
H,
BEZH .
12. A
O AB , E, Z
B, A, AB . A K, , M
O , E, Z , AK, B,
M .
13.
AB AB < A -
AB E
AB,
A
E = . O B E 2
A A Z H . N :
A AB
) BE = ZH = ,
2
) EH B.
14.
AB AB < A
A. A E, Z
AB, B ,
EZ = B .
129
EPIA
K 5
5.4.

, . K *. O
,
. T
.
.
I
EPHMA 5.14 H .
A: AB AB, M, N
A, B . MN ,
AN,
E. ABN, NE. I:
B
1
N
2
1
1) BN = N (),
2) B = 1 AB
,
3) N1 = N2, .
(--), * T . , () .
130
TETPAEYPA
5.4.
EPIA
A BN = N E. AB = E AN = NE, N
AE. AE
MN , MN // E (E
MN // ) MN = .
2
AB+
A, E = + E = + AB. , MN = .
2
OPIMA 5.4. H
.
EPHMA 5.15. O .
A
2
A: AB A = B. AA, BB. T AA,

BB ,
.

= . O A, B
, .
OPIMA 5.5. A
, .
T .
A: MN
AB E Z
B A. E, MN // AB // ,
EZ // AB // .
AB
AB ME // AB ME = ,
2
A MZ // MZ = .
2
A
M
AB AB
E, EZ = MZ ME = = .
2
2
2
131
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5
A , .
A: AB
A = B. T A B ,

A = B, = = ( ). , A = B.
A: AB
A = B. A AE BZ ,
AE BZ
(AE = BZ A = B). E, A E = BZ.

T A B , A = B,
A = B A = B . , A = B, .

1.
Y , ;
2.
3.
ME, EZ ZN ;
A
M
4.
132
Y ;
6.
A AB (AB // )
E A
,
B.
A
5.
O ;
TETPAEYPA
5.4.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
AB AB //
AB > . A AE BZ,
AB
E = Z = .
2
2.
N

.
3.
A
,
.
4.
5.
) N ,
.
) A A, B
,
AB
AB.
6.
N
,
.
7.
AB AB //
A = AB + . A E B,
AE .
8.
H

. N
.
9.
A
AB,

.
10.
AB A = = 90
B = 2. A M
B, AM = 3BAM.
B
1.
AB
A .
N B
B .
2.
A AB
E A
B,
BE .
3.
AB AB // .
A E B
A,
Z. N
BZ .
4.
AB A
AB . N
A -
B.
5.
N

.
6.
A AB A = AB +
B = = 90, A .
7.
O AB. AB
A = B
E Z . N
EZ E Z.
8.
N
, .
133
EPIA
K 5
5.5.
. K
.
,

. E, , .

E .
EPHMA 5.16 O
.
A: AB A, BE,
I (;).
( )
I. O I . IA,
IB, I I B, A, AB . I:
B
E
IB =I, I A.
I = IA, I BE.
IA = I, I . , I.
H

,
(). E
, ,
. ,
.
134
I
B
TETPAEYPA
5.5.
EPIA
PA T H P I OT H TA
5.2.
N

.
E,

. A , ;
EPHMA 5.17 O .
A: 1, 2
B, A AB,
O.
, AB O. OA, OB, O. I:
2
O
OB = O, O 1,
OA = O, O 2.
E ,
.
,
.
PA T H P I OT H TA
, OA = OB. , O AB.
5.3.
,
. N

. M

.
135
EPIA
K 5
EPHMA 5.18
.
A: H . AB A, BE
, H. A
A, B, B,
A, AB . O A,
B, . M AB . T AB, ABB ABA , . E A = B AB = B,
A = AB, A B. A
B A AB.
, A B, BE A
Z AB. E, A, BE Z AB
, H.
Z
B
T .
PA T H P I OT H TA
5.4.

.
N . M

.
EPHMA 5.19 O
. T
.
A:
AM, BN AB
,
.
MN. E
136
TETPAEYPA
5.5.
EPIA
AB,
AB
MN // AB MN = .
2
A K, A, B
AB ,
AB
K // AB K = .
2
, KMN , KM, N , K = M
= N. E,
2
A = 2 M = AM
3
(1)
2
B = 2 N = B.
3
(2)
, AM
( BN). E AM P,

2
A = 2 M = AM ,
3
. , .
T
. H :
,
, . E,

,
, .
PA T H P I OT H TA
5.5.
N ,

{, , , }
.
137
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5
N
.
: .
H + + = 2
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + + = .
+ = , + = + = .

= , =

1.
2.
. ;
3.
4.
5.
, , . ; T ;
6.
138
A H AB, HAB, HB
HA.
E .
M , A, B, , H -
.
A
E
Z
H
7.
A
2
AB AK = A. O
3
B K;
A
K
B
TETPAEYPA
5.5.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
2.
3.
4.
A ,
.
N :
) H
AB A AB A.
) T AB
AB.
A E B AB AB B
AE. N A.
O AB
E . A AE B Z, AZ = 2EZ
O = 3OZ.
5.
AB
BE = AB. H E A
Z. A O OE B H,
1
) E = Z ) BH = H.
2
6.
A I AB, K
I B A ,
BI = K I.
7.
, E, Z I
AB . N I
EZ.
8.
AB ( = 90)
1
= ( + ).
2
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
AB A
M
.
AE. A Z H
B M
E AB ,
A, BZ MH .
AB
B = = 90. A E
AB, Z A
B, A
EZ .
A , E, Z AB ,
AB EZ .
AB
B = = 90. AB
A BE = AB
Z = A . N EZ .
5.
A E Z
AB A
AB. N B E Z.
6.
A AB > ,
< .
7.
A H AB
B = 90,
.
8.
M AB B,
. N
A
B
;
9.
AB (A = 90)
A AM. A E, Z
AB, A
H AB, B Z
A MH.
139
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5
5
1.
A ,
.
9.
AB
E,
2.
N
AB.
3.
E AB ABE AZH. N
BZ
A ( Vecten).
4.
5.
6.
AB B
E. N M E
B
M AB A.
A AB B = 120,
= 2.
AB 730
A AM
B. N 1
AM B.
8
7.
E AB ABE AZH. A M Z, MB
.
8.
A AB = , B = E = ,
EZ.
N E .
10.

O = O = 60. N
A O O O
A O.
11.
AB (AB = A)
B
A B B ,
B E Z . N EZ = 2B.
12. N , :
) ,
) .
13.
AB A > B. A , E, Z
B, A, AB H AB (
= + ), ZH
ZE.
14.
140
E AB = E BA = 15.
AB
B. N AB A A .
Z
O
TETPAEYPA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 5
5
1.
2.
N ()
() :
) O .
) A A BE AB H, H
AB.
) T
.
) A 60,
.
) T .
) .
) T

.
) T
.
O

AB
A. 45, B. 60,
. 50, . 55,
E. 65
O A, B,
8 cm, 4 cm, 3 cm. H G AB

A. 6 cm
B. 7 cm
. 5 cm
.7,5 cm
4.
AB B = 30 +
A, E, Z
AB, B. H EZ
. 20,
B E A G
. 25,
E. 35
B
O
E
E
TETPAEYPA
, AB
= 3AB E, Z
.
;
) H EZ
A B.
1
) I EZ = .
2
) T ABZE .
) O AE BZ
.
7.
O
A.
B.
.
. .
B. 15,
6.
3.
A. 30,
A AB ,

A.
B.
.
.
E. .
5.
141
EAPMOE - AKHEI
8.
A AB
B1 = 15,
A. 90
B. 85
. 95
K 5
10. T
. 100
AB ,
BE = Z. N
.
) T BE .
40
1
30
) H B E ,
.
) O E Z
.
9.
A AB E
AB,
2
A. OZ = BZ
. OZ = OB
3
1
1
B. OZ = ZB
. OZ = B .
2
4
HZ
B
Z
ANAKEAAIH

( ),
.
,

(, , , ).
O

, .
T .
,
, , .

.
142
TETPAEYPA
6.1.
6.1.

. ,
, ,
. B
.
M ,
, . T
, , .
)
H B K ) B
B B . H
.
A
E
B
B
A
E
B
:
B ,
, ,
.

143
EPIA
K 6
EPHMA 6.1
H .
A:
)
) AB . K )
, AB.
A OB
AKB. OA, OB
OK. A O AK = OBK = ,
AOK BOK :
K OA = 180 2 K OB = 180 2,
A OB = K OB K OA = 180 2 (180 2) = 2( ).
E, A KB = A KO B KO = . E
AOB AKB.
) AB ,
A OB
AKB.
KO
. () :
A O = 2A KO B O = 2B KO.
E, A OB
A OB = A O + B O = 2AKO + 2B KO =
= 2(A KO + B KO) = 2A KB.
PA T H P I OT H TA
6.1.
N 6.1 :
) ,
)
.
OPIMA 6.1.
.
A
144
XHMATA EEPAMMENA E KYKO
6.1.
EPIA
OPIMA 6.2. O
(. ).
A
)
OPIMA 6.3. H (. ).
OPIMA 6.4.
180.
EPHMA 6.2
H (. )

(. ) .
A: A
AB (O, )
B A. E OA, O AB = 90 . A
AOB, , O BA = 90 . E,
)
AB
A OB = 180 2(90 ) = 2,
B
O
2
. B A,
AB
A OB. I
, B A = 180
B OA 360 2 = 2(180 ).
O () ,
.. , -
145
EPIA
K 6
.
.
, E
,
, . ,
, E
. AB K
, A KB = .
POBHMA 6.1.
N ,
.
A: AB, .
6.1, AB , ,
.
AB. A O
, , 6.1,
O
A
A OB = 2 OAB = O BA = 90 .
E, O
OAB,
.
O
: K AOB
AB ,
90
O AB = O BA = 90 .
A
90
B
(O, OA)
AB ( ,
, , )
. E,
O O AB,
(O, O). )

.
146
6.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
A: Y P,
, AB . A
K AP (O, OA),
AKB = ( ). H
BKP, APB = , .
M AB .
, P , .
: , A, B
. K
, . T , , > 90; , < 180, (
180). A, , 90 < < 180,
(O, OA) (O, O). T,

= 90, AB
(O, OA)
A B.
B
O
. A, , ,
, .
A: A AB A,
A1 1 . O , ,
)
B
)
) )
A . , B = A.
) )
A, B = A, A1 = 1 , ,
AB // .
147
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6
M M AB
, M AB.
A:
M AB. T
A1 M1 . H
M1, AM
, B1
)
AM. E, A1 = B1, ) )
MA = MB , , MA =MB, M
)
AB.
)
A, M AB,
MA = MB, MA = MB A1 = B1.
1
1
) )
A B1 = M1 ( ). E, A1 = M1,
AB // .
A , .
: :
) A , .
) A , .
^ =
^ = 1
^ = 1 (+ )
^ = 1 ( )
) A (

), MB = B1 + 1.
O B1 1
)
)
1
1
1
A B. E, B1 = , 1 = = ( + ).
2
2
2
) A , MA
1
1
1
1 = + A1. A 1 = , A1 = , , = 1 A1 = ( ).
2
2
2
148
6.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
A AB, M
, AMB = 90;
5.

, MA MB
;
2.
3.
AB
M ;
AB
; ,
K = M 120;
6.
A AB A ,
)
1 )
= ( BE B).
2
A
M
120
120
4.

B .
A
K
149
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6

1.
N .
2.
AB
(K, ) ,
)
A = 50 B A = 45. N
AB.
44
K
130
60
3.
AB, AB < A.
A, E
A. N A AE
.
4.
A , E, Z AB . N EZ AB.
5.
A A, B,
, A
,
B.
6.
AB A
BA = 30. H AB . N
A .
7.
N
KA (K, ). N
AB (K, )
.
8.
A E, Z, H,
) ) ) )
AB, B, , A . N EHZ.
E, Z, H, A, B, A;
9.
N ,
, .
A
55
20
32
150
A
B
15
K
120
150
6.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
B
1.
(O, R)
AB H. A
B B , B. N :
B,
MB + M = MA.
6.
A A
AB
. A
B E,
AE = AB.
7.
AB (K, )
E. A M N
A B ,
KMEN .
8.
AB AB B M. N
M A.
9.
(O, ) (K, ) A. M
(O, ) B (K, ) . N AB
A A.
) AA,
) B = AH
AH
) OM = , M B.
2
2.

A. A A
B,
, E. N
B // E.
3.
AB A B. N :
) A = B
) .
4.
AB
B E
A AB . N E
A.
5.
AB. A M -
10. N
.
151
EPIA
K 6
6.2.
5 , . ,

. : .
, .
A
O
EPHMA 6.3
A
, .
A: AB
A. A x A ,
A B= 360 x. ,
x
x
A B = A = 180 .
2
2
2
180
, A B, A . E
360,
.
( ) , , .
T ,
, .
,
.
Y . M
( )
, . ,
152
6.2.
EPIA
, ; T

.
EPHMA 6.4
(1 ). A
, .
A: E (

A, ) ,
. A AB
, . K
AB ( ). B E.
E ABE , (
6.3) A + E = 180. A
= E. A , E
E. , AB
.
A B E,
.
OPIMA 6.5. A ,
.
OPIMA 6.6. A
, .
EPHMA 6.5
(2 ).
,
.
A: AB
B A = B . 6.1, A,
B,
A, B, , . ,
AB .
153
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6
, .
A: AB
. T
A = A + = 180,
A = = 90. , AB .
A, , .
T A, BE, Z AB
EZ.
A: H
AB. E
B H + B ZH = 180,
A
E
BHZ .
, HZ
, B1 = 1. O,
EH 2 = 1.
BEZ B
E, Z ,
Z
1
H
1 2
B E = B Z = 90.
E, B1 = 1. , 1 = 2,
A EZ. O, BE Z.
: H . H . T EZ,
AB, .
154
6.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
2.
3.
O
K. T
;
4.
A

K,

;
6.
5.
AB A, BE, Z,
H .

AEHZ, BHZ, HE,
ABE, BEZ
AZ;
Z
H
)
;
;
) ;
B
A
B
K

1.
N ,
.
2.
N ,
, .
3.
A B.
, A B,
,
E, Z. N // EZ.
= EZ;
4.
AB A BE.
N E
AB .
5.
A E A
AB Z, H E
AB, A . N
B, , H,
Z.
6.
N , , .
7.
AB B
I,
B
K. N BIK
.
155
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6
B
1.
N
.
2.
N

.
3.
(K, R)
AB
. KA E.
4.
N
AB
( Simson).
5.
156
N

( Steiner).
6.
AB

. N
.
7.
AB A,
BE. A H , Z
A
AH,
ZE .
8.
AB
. A E A
Z, H , AB. N
A EH = A ZE.
6.3.
EPIA
6.3.

.

. .
A , ,
. E

. , 3 A- .
A
* . X .
,

.
A

, , . H A
,
.
A, , ()
. , A

.
O
A-. O A, (4 .X)
M :
,
. O ,
, A A
, , . O

. H
,
. , A- ,
M. O
B (Francois Viete 1540-1603)
A T. ,

( ) ,
.
( ) A-.
* A M
.
.
157
EPIA
K 6
POBHMA 6.2.
N ,
.
A:
AB A = 90 B = , A =
. T :
H
A A A = . T
B A B = .
A
.
: A, A.
A , A = .
(, ), A B.
A: T AB ,
A = 90, A = , B = .
: O (A, )
A. , (, ) A
> . A AB, .
POBHMA 6.3.
N
.
A: (O, ), A
AB . T O A , OA . H B
OA 90. E, B OA (O, ).
- A: M OA (M, MO),
(O, ) B B. H AB
: B = 90 OB = .
,
.
158
B
A
6.3.
EPIA
: OA > . T
OA, AB AB.
POBHMA 6.4.
N .
A: AB (O, ), (K, ), > .
KOA AB () K, ABK . E
OA = KB = , O = . A
OK
O
.
, OK.
XOIO:

(
)
,
.
O
K
- A: K
OK = 90 O = , (
6.1). E, (O, ), (K, ). O, (O, ) A.
A OA, (O, ). KB
A. T A ,

(A = B = = 90). BK = A = .
, B (K, ) A . AB .
: H OK. , OK , . ,
= , . , ,
, > , OK
K, , < ,
O. E,
OK. T, .
H
.
O
K
A
159
EPIA
K 6
POBHMA 6.5.
N AB,
B = , A = A = .
A: AB
B = , A = A = .
A :
1) B ,
2) B .
A .
: B = . K , B
. X // B
, A A. T AB .
A: E B = , A B
( ) A = .
: H
AB, A, ,
. , ,
. B
K, K B, K B,

B. , K >
( K, AB AB). A K = , AB A
. A K < , .
PA T H P I OT H TA
6.2
N
, .
160
6.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
N , .
A: AB
AB + B + A = 2, B = = .
A
B
B = AB, E = A, E = 2.
E
AB B = ,
, = . O, E = . ,
2
2
, AE E = 2
= E = . A .
2
2
: K AE E = 2, = E = .
2
2
H A E B, AE E . T AB .
A: I BA = B, B A. E,
A = E , , AB
AB + B + A = B + B + E = E = 2
AB B , ,
B = + AB = 2 = 2 = .
2
O, = .
: T , + < 180. Y ,
, AE E.
N ,
.
A:
AB, B AB
. B BE = BA, E = .
, .
A A1 = Z1 ( ), A1 = E1
( BA = BE) E1 = E2, Z1 = E2 ,
, Z = E = . T EZ ,
B
1
2
45 1
161
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6
E Z = 45.
: K EZ
E = Z =
E Z = 45.
H Z ZE A.
H A A E B,
B AB Z . T AB
.
A: T AB ,
. E B , AB , ,
. E,
Z1 = E2 = E1 Z1 = A1,
E1 = A1 , BE = BA.
,
B BA = B BE = E = .
: .

1.
3.
6.4
AB (O, )
(K, ) > . E AB
OK K;
A
O
K
2.
, ;
;
A
162
EAPMOE - AKHEI
6.3.

1.
N AB,
B = ,

A =
AM = .
2.
O A
O. N
A
.
3.
4.
. N
A B . T
A, B, ;
(M
A B ).
) N
.
) N ,

.
5.
N AB,
A = 90,
AB =
AM = .
6.
N , .
7.
N
.
A, B
B
1.
(K, ) (O, )
OK > + . N .
2.
N AB,
B = , A = BE = .
3.
N ,
.
4.
AB
B AB A, A AB
E Z. N
AEZ.
5.
6.
N AB,
B = , B =
R .
7.
N ,
.
8.
N , .
9.
N ,

AB .
10. N
, .
163
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6
6
1.
(O, R) (K, ) A, B . N :
) H B A B OK
A.
. A K AB,
KB.
8.
N AB,

A, B .
9.
AB A > B. A M
)
AB
M
A, AB.
) H OMK, M B,
OK
B M.
2.
3.
4.
N , ( Euler).
N
,
( Euler).
N
( ),

) O
.
) T
.
5.
(O, R) (K, )
OK > R + .
A, B, ,

. N

.
10. A
(I, ) AB , E
B, A , AI, E
B AI
11.
AB, 120. E
AB,
AB BA.
) N
AA, BB M
AA = BB = = MA + MB + M.
) P
AB
AB ABN
AP (AP = AN). N
PA + P = PN + NB.
) N AB
P ,
PA + PB + P
( Fermat).
6.
7.
164
A AB B = 90,
A .
H A AB
12. A
AB, B A
AB , E Z
,
AZ, BE EZ
( Miquel).
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 6
6
1.
N ()
() .
3.
) )
A AB, 20, 30
,
A.
B.
.
.
E.
)
.
) A ,
.
30
20
25
50
10
A
20
B
30
) K .
) K
.
4.
) M , , .
2.
) .
5.
) Y

A. B > 180
A ,
A ,
B. B < 180
B. 90 +
6.
B
O
. 90
AB A > B
A BE. N
(< > =)
. B = 180
. = 3OK
A.
B
100
A AB ,
AMB
. 180
E. 90 +
2
A. 100
B. 80
. 90
. 110
. A B
. B E
. A E
. E E
165
EPIA
K 6
ANAKEAAIH
B
.
M
.
T ,

.
,
.
166
7.1.
7.1.
7.1.1.
2 ( 2.2.2.) , , . O .
POBHMA 7.1.
A AB, :
) 2, 3, 4, ..., ,
1
1
) , , ..., , , *
2
3
K:
) ,
. , ,
K ,
,
AB.

= 5.
K = 5
167
EPIA
K 7
) ,
K
- AB.
B
1
K =
5
AB =
M
, ,
MN ,
AB (. 5,
5.1.).
- AB.
= 5 = 3.
N
3
MN =
5
AB
K , K = AB. H ,
,
. M, 3
, 2
AB.
AB, 2
T
.

AB, , K
, ,
AB = K = K.
T K
AB .
A , AB,
,
,
AB = .
= 5K
1
AB =
5
.

. (. -
168
ANAOIE
7.1.
EPIA
H ,
).
A AB ,
, AB = ,
.
7.1.2. - M
O P I M O
AB
B =

AB
= .*
E,
AB
= AB =
A
1. E, ,
.
2.2.3.
. E
:
O P I M M

( ).

:
EPHMA 7.1. O , ,
.
AB
* H ,
AB = . , .
169
EPIA
K 7
A: AB
K.
AB
= = ,
K
K
AB = K = K.
H AB = K
AB = ( K), AB = .
A , ,
AB
= .

,
.
A ,
OM, , , K = OM,
AB = K = OM
= K = OM.
T AB,
, , , , ,
A B
= = .

, ,
.
OPIMA 7.1. .
A: AB,
, .
AB
= 1
AB
= .

A = 1 , , = .
T .
170
ANAOIE
7.1.
EPIA
APATHPHEI
1)
( ),
. ,
, ,
.
2) ,
, , , , .
7.1.3. A - I
O P I M AB,
EZ, H, AB EZ
H, ,
AB
= .
EZ H
(1)
A ,
AB = EZ = H.
H (1) AB, , EZ H. E,
AB, H
, EZ . T
H , ,
AB, , EZ.
AB
= ( , , EZ
),
AB, EZ.
E, 7.1., ,
. A
, . , AB, , EZ, H , ,
,
171
EPIA

=

AB EZ
=
H

K 7

=

=

+ +
=
=
+ +
+
= =
+
AB
=
EZ H
H EZ
=
AB
AB + EZ + H
=
H
AB
EZ
=
AB + EZ + H
AB EZ AB + EZ
= = .
H + H
APATHPHH. E
, :
AB E Z
=
H
AB H = EZ
|AB |
|EZ H|
=
H
AB
EZ
= .
|AB |
|EZ H|

,
,
.
172
ANAOIE
7.1.
EPIA
7.1.4.

AB
M. T M AB
,
1. A ,
M,
.
, ,
. A, , G AB AM ,

AM:
AG
GM 1
= 2, = ,
GM
AG 2
AG 2
= ,
AM 3
AM
=1
MB
A
AM 3
= .
AG 2
O P I M AB -
M ,
AM
= .
MB
A M AB,
. A,
M AB,
.
, , , G
AB AM 2, A 2
GM .
3
,
AM
=
MB 1

AM
=
AM + MB + 1

173
EPIA
K 7
AM = AB.
+1
H
M . , ,
, .
7.2.
7.2.1. I
5, , , ,
. ,
1 ,
, , , 1. T
,
.
EPHMA 7.2. T
, .
A: , 1, 2, 3 A, B, , E, Z .
AB
B
A
= = .
E
EZ
Z
Y AB B
. Y K ,

AB = K
B = K
( , ),
174
B
K
M
N
ANAOIE
7.2.
EPIA
AB
= .
B
(1)
AB
K, B K,
1, 2, 3. ,
M
N
EZ = MN,
= .
EZ
B E
E
EZ
. A MN
,
E = MN
(2)
A (1) (2)
AB E
=
B EZ
, ,
AB
B
AB + B A
= = = .
E
EZ
E + EZ Z
,
.
APATHPHEI
1) AB B . H ,
, .
2) A
AB B A
= = ,
E EZ Z
,
, ,
AB E
AB E
= = .
B EZ
A Z

175
EPIA
K 7
7.2.2.
EPHMA 7.3. A
, .
A: AB B, AB A E . A A , B
, , ,
:
B
E
AE
A
= .
E
B
H E AB A ( )
( ) .
PA T H P I OT H TA
7.1.
A
. T
,
. N , .
176
ANAOIE
7.2.
EPIA
K
POBHMA 7.2.
, , . N x ,
= .
K: O O OA = ,
AB = . O
O = A. A,
B O . T

, , .
OA
A: A OB
, B // A,
OA O
= ,
AB
= .

1
POBHMA 7.3.
(E )
N
AM
AB M , = (,, **, ).
MB
K: M A AB A
A
. B AB
M.
A: A AB
, M // B,
AM
A
= ,
MB
AM
= .
MB
177
EPIA
K 7
POBHMA 7.4.
(E )
N
AB M ,
AM
) .
= (,, **,
MB
K: ,
) > 1 >
) < 1 <
) A > , AM > MB , , B
A M. M A A
A =
A = .

B AB M. A

AM A
= = .
MB
) A < , AM < MB , , A
M B. M B B
B =
B = .

AB M. A

AM
= = .
MB B
178
ANAOIE
7.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
E
A AB AB
A, B E. E,
AE B Z. N BE BZ B.
A: A
BE
BZ
= .
B
BE
BAE Z // AE , ,
,
B
BZ
(1)
=
BA
BE
O, BA E // A , ,
BE
B
=
B
BA
(2)
A (1) (2)
BZ
BE
= .
BE
B

1.
AM 5
A = ,
MB 2
MB
) ,
AM
AM
) ,
AB
2.
3.
MB
) ;
AB
M
4.

AB ,
;
5.
A E // B, .
A 2, 3, 4 27 cm,
;
E =
x y
;
6.
3
6
B
E
AB
AE
AB = A
A , , ,
x = ;
179
EAPMOE - AKHEI
7.
A
B
AB,

G1
G2 AB
A B;
8.
K 7
A
AB
EZ // AB
A
E
AE 2
= ,
E 3
G1
B
G2
Z
AM
) ,
A
M
) ,
MB
B
) ;
Z

1.
2.
A G AB B,
AB A
E . N
A + AE
A
A
) ,
) ,
) .
AB + A
B
E
E
Z
6.
O
A B AB.
A B
A, A
E. A OA = A = ,
OB
O
OE.
EZ//AB//
B 3
= =
2
N AB

2, 3 5.
5.
AB
K
= .
A
ZH
H5
1 1//2//3//4
10
7.
A AM AB AB, B A
, E Z ,
AB AZ = A A.
8.
AB EZ ,
AB // E, B // EZ A, BE, Z . N A // Z.
AB, AB A E Z . N
A E B
AB
AB, A Z
H . A E ,
, A, AB K . N
N x y
.
A
3.
4.
EZ // B.
180
ANAOIE
EAPMOE - AKHEI
7.1. - 7.2.
B
1.
A A
AB B,
B E. H
E
A Z. N
A BZ.
2.
M A
AB B, B E, Z H
. N
AE EZ EH.
3.
5.
A
AB AB,
B E.
O B E
A Z. N
A, , Z
.
6.
AB E A
1
. A E AB
3
Z B H,

1
) EZ = Z
4
3
) EH = H.
4
M
AB
AB A E Z . N :
) A ,
AB A
+ = 1.
AE AZ
7.
2
B .
3
A BM
A E,
E BM.
) A ,
AB
AE AZ = 1.
4.
A B AB
AB A E Z ,

AE
BE
= .
AZ
Z
AB
8.
H A
AB B
E. A E
AB A, Z
H . N ZH // B.
181
EPIA
K 7
7.3.
7.3.1.
EPHMA 7.4
H

.
A: AB
A AE A. , ,
:
B
AB
= ,
A
1 2
BE
AB
= .
E
A
,
B A
A Z. , BZ,
B
ZA
= .
Z
A
1
1 2
(1)
E A A, A1 = A2.
E, B1 = A1 ( ) Z = A2 (
, ) . A
B1 = Z , , AZB
. , ZA = AB, (1)
B
AB
= .
A
H
1
,
B AE A
H .
APATHPHH. ,
, , .
182
ANAOIE
7.3.
EPIA
PA T H P I OT H TA
7.2.
N
.
Y ,

, , .
AB A.

, :
B
=

=
+B +
B
= ,
+
B = .
+
E:
+
= B B = = ,
+
+
= .
+
A AE >,
:
BE
=
E
BE
=
E BE
BE
= ,
BE = .
E:
+
E = EB + B = + = ,
E = .
< ,
.
183
EPIA
K 7

, , E

A AB :
X B
,
A
1
B BE
= .
E
T E B, . A .
E , E
B, B, , E.
, B, , , E
.
7.3.2.
1 ( )
POBHMA 7.5.
N ,
A, B
1.
: M
,
MA
= .
MB
A MAB
M ME, , E
A, B
A
EA
= = .
B
EB
(1)
T , E , AB
184
ANAOIE
7.3.
EPIA
, , . E,
EM = 90, M
E . ,
E.
E . A
E, (1).
N
, E. , N
A NB. A N
A NB, , B
, N = NA. N
AN. E, , E N = 90,
NE . ,
, E A, , ,
A
EA
(2)
= .
E
A (1) (2)
A
B
A
= =
EA
EB
EA E
:
B
=
EB E
=
EB B E
B
= ,
E E
B = . A, , , B.
, , N
A NB , ,
, ANB
NA A
= .
N B B
H , (1),
NA
= ,
NB
N . , E .
ITOPIKO XOIO. O A
(384-322 .X.)

M,

.
A,

. O A (. 262190 .X.),
(
A M. A),

.
E, K,

(
)
.
185
EPIA
K 7
H
A B AB AB,
(BE = AB),
E, AB.
H AB ( )
, = , . A ,
,
AB B, , ,
AB = B = .

.
, .
B E. A Z , . K EZH. T BZ EBZ
(BZ , BE = B) , , Z = ZE.

K
E
H
Z
E = B BE = B AB = = ( ) = 1
Z = Z = AB ZE = AB E = + =
= (2 ) = 1 ,
EZH
, , . , Z
EZH Z = E
IK. H

= Z Z = Z E =1 1 = (1 1) = 2
I = E EI = E I = E = 1 1 + 1 =
= (21 1) = 2
E , ,
186
ANAOIE
7.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
, , . E, ,
AB, . T

, .
, , AB
B AB ,
. A
. 9
B = 2
AB.
PA T H P I OT H TA
7.3.
N AB,
36, AB
B .
A AB EAB. A
AB , ,
E A, B.
A: H B ,
B ,
AB. O AB
B E
(EAB AB, A B ). E,
BE = AB = ,
B E. E, A,
B, E. , A, B , E.
187
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 7

1.
A;
6
4
2.
3.
AB (A = 90), B

B. N
A .
4.
Y A B;
5.
A, BE
Z AB, AB < A < B. N
.
) = ,
B
EA
) = ,
E
A
AB, AB < A, A. N
(< > =) .
) ... , ) ... , ) ... .
6.
ZB
) = .
ZA
M AB A, AE
A AB K, M
. T , , K, M ;
A
A
188
ANAOIE
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 7
7
1.
) AB , E, Z
B, A, AB . N
, E, Z
, :
B
) AB , E, Z
B, A, AB . N
A, BE, Z ,
:
B E ZA
= 1 ( Ceva)
EA ZB
) A , E, Z AB
B, A, AB , A, BE, Z
.
3.
190
AB A, BE, Z H. H EZ
A M
B N. N
.
5.
A AE
AB AB A. H
B
AE I K . A
Z, H I, K B,
E ZA
= 1 ( M)
EA ZB
) A AB, AB B,
A, Z
BE,
, E, Z .
2.
4.
N AB,
A
AM A .
Z EH = H EZ.
6.
N AB,
B, A .
7.
AB. A
AB B,
A E. H
E AB B Z, Z A
AB , H
B A
AB B K.
N K
A .
ANAOIE
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 7
7
1.
E () ()
;
2.
) A M
AB , MA = AB.
)
A
A.
A M
AB > 1, :
A. T M A.
B. AM = AB
. AM = MB
. AM < AB.
3.
A AB
A, BE Z,
) A AB E // B
EZ // AB, Z // A.
:
A.
B.
2
. 1
. 1.
) A AB, , , A, B.
A
4.
) O , 1
,
A.
) ,

.
) A
AB
B = 30,
A
B
.
ANAOIE
B E AZ

AE BZ
A
E
A AB
A E
B, :
A. AB = A B
B. T A, E,

. T E
B
AB
. = .
B A
5.
A

A A
= 1, :
B B
A. T , A, B
B. T ,
. T , AB
30
A A, B, , -
. T A, B , .
191
EPIA
K 7
ANAKEAAIH
7
( ) .
.
H .
T
.
E ,
.
, ,
.
M

.
A ,

( A).
192
ANAOIE
8.1.
8.1.
8.1.1. -M O

2 3

. K

, ..
, . ,
,
*, , . T .. , ..
AB
,
.
E . T , ,
,
180;
A
B
* .
193
EPIA
A B
,

. T , , B , ,
(
, 1 ). T
, , ,
.
A
( )

. T
,
. ,
, :
K 8
A
B
O P I M

.
O ,

. O
.
, ,
A,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
AB B, E (
G )
E. T GB GE
:
B G = GE ()
B GB G
= = = 2
E G GE
GB = G E, GB = G E ( )
194
OMOIOTHTA
8.1.
EPIA
, , , 2.
GBGE.
A , , :
, 1.
8.1.2. K
K
T .
EPHMA 8.1. A
, , .
A: AB
B AB A E . T AB AE ,
:
A = A (),
B = AE, = A E (, ) ,
, :
AB A
= .
A AE
(1)
A EZ // AB, BZE , BZ = E (2) , ,

A B
= .
AE B Z
(3)
A (1), (2) (3)

AB A B
= = ,
A AE E
AB A
, , .
195
EPIA
K 8

H ,
, :
.. AB
O. O
A, B, ,
A1, B1, 1, 1 ,
B
A
OA1 = OA, OB1 = OB, O1 = O O1 = O.
A
OA
OB
O
O
1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = .
OA
OB
O
O
,
OA1B1, OB11, O11, OA11

B1
A1
AB //A1B1, B // B11, // 11 A // A11.

A 8.1.
OAB, OB, O, OA . ,
A B
B

A
11 = 11 = 11 = 11 = .
AB
B
A
, , AB
A1B111 . E , , .
..
OA11 = OA O A1B1 = O AB
A1 = A.
T , , , , .
XOIO:
O
,
. H ,
..,
.
H
, , , , .. A .. 2,
.
196
OMOIOTHTA
8.1.
EPIA
EPHMA 8.2
O .
A:
AB A1B111.
A ,

A B
B

A
11 = 11 = 11 = 11 = .
AB
B
B1
A1
A ,
, :
A1B1 + B11 + 11 + A11
= .

AB + B + + A
H
.
A .

M
, .
, A, B
A B. 1
A, .. = A
4
1
B, E = B. T,
4
, E AB ,
8.1., E, AB ,
1
E =
AB.
4
, , E
A B. (
, 3.1, 9 ).

A
B
XOIO:
T

A
( 1 . X.) .
(.. ),

.
197
EPIA
K 8
8.2.
3 , ,
. A
- .
EPHMA 8.3
, .
A: AB A1B11,

A = A1, B = B1.
T = 1. A1B11 AB.
AB ,
A = A1B1 E
B. T, 8.1., AE
AB.

E, = B (, )

B = B1, = B1. , AE A1B11
, (A = A1B1) . ,
.
A
ABAE AEA1B11

ABA1B11.
A1
B1
XOIO:
,
, . M

.
198
OMOIOTHTA
8.2.
EPIA
M ,
. T AB
A A
B.
T AB AB , .
A AB.
T AB A, AB,
. , , , AB, AB A.
EPHMA 8.4
,
.
A: AB, A1B11,
AB
A
(1)
=
A1B1 A11
A = A1.
AB ,
A = A1B1. A E
B. T, 8.1., AE AB.
E, ,
E
A1
B1
AB A
= .
A AE
E, , A = A1B1,
AB
A
= .
A1B1 AE
(2)
A (1) (2)
AE = A11. , AE A1B11 , , , . , , .
A
ABAE AEA1B11

ABA1B11.
EPHMA 8.5
,
.
199
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 8
A: AB, A1B11
AB
A
B
= = .
A1B1 A11 B11
(1)
AB A B
= = .
A AE E
AB ,
A = A1B1. A E
B. T, 8.1., AE AB , ,
A1
2)
1
B1
E A = A1B1, (1) (2)

AE = A11 E = B11. , AE
A1B11 ,
. , , .
A ABAE AEA1B11 ABA1B11.
O .
A: AB EZ

A = , B = E = Z. AM, N.
AB AM
= .
E N
E
AB B 2B BM
= = = ,
E EZ 2EN EN
A
E
ABM EN .
E, ( B = E). ,
,
AB AM
= .
E N
.
200
OMOIOTHTA
8.1. - 8.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
A ,
.
A: AB EZ
(. 1) (. 2)
.
.
, :
A + = 180, B + E = 180 + Z = 180,
i)
ii)
A + = 180, B + E = 180 = Z,
iii) A + = 180, B = E = Z,
iv)
A = , B = E = Z.
O (i) (ii) ,
360. H (iii) ,
A = = 90 , ,
,
.
H M
M .
A: A B AB. A
MAB, ME MZ,
ME M
= .
M MZ
T AME BMZ
,
. E, M E = M AE
M Z = M B. H M AE
AM , M AE = M B.
, M E = M Z.
O, M E = M A = M BZ = M Z. T ME MZ ,
. E,
,
ME M
= .
M MZ
201
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 8

1.
2.
) N .
) ; A , ,
, ,
;
AB, AB, A :
AB A
AB
A B B
) = , ) = , ) = .
B
A A
A
6.
E AB
EZH,
A
EZH 28 cm, EZH;
AB A
= ;
EZ E
A=E
E
A
3.
7.
T ,
, 7,5 m. T
2 m 1 m. ;
A AB A
EZH EH , AB
EZH.
Z
B
H
E
8.
2m
AB (A = 90)
AB, EAB ZA.
;
1m
7,5m
A
Z
4.
5.
202
A

B

A,
K

K

B. A A = K = 6
cm K = 9 cm, B;
AB
(A = 90) A.
N

E
B
9.
OMOIOTHTA
8.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
10.

E
. B

E;
11. N

AE
EB . A
AE = 1, BE = 2
E = 2,5,
E.
E
1,5
B
E

1.
N
AB
AB.
;
2.
N .
3.
A H A, BE,
Z AB, :
) HA H = HB HE = H HZ.
)
.
4.
AB ( A = 90)
AB EAB. N
A2 = A E.
5.
N AB
B
AB A .
3
6.
N .
7.
N
.
8.
A A AB
E,
BE2 = AE E.
9.
A AB A
AE , AB A = A .
10. N

.
11. A
AB B
E,
AB A
= .
A AE
12.
AB B = 90
A. N
A2 = B .
203
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 8
B
1.
A O AB
AB, A B
E Z . N
6.
E AB, B. A
B Z,
A AZ = AB A.
) OE = OZ,
OA
AB
) =
A AB +
7.
2AB
) EZ = .
AB +
2.
A A AB, A
AE . N :
) T AB AEB
.
) A = AK,
) B K = A2.
8.
AB
AB. A A B
, B A
E Z. N
AE BZ
= .
AE + BZ
4.
5.
204
M
A AB
B E
Z . N BE Z .
A
, .
AB AB =
= . A
E . H
E ,
B Z. N
) I B E = BE .
3.
AB
( A = 90)
ABE AZH. A BZ
AB A K , :
+
EZ = .
+
9.

. A
, .
10.
AB AB < A. O
B
A A E Z
. N E, Z
A, .
OMOIOTHTA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 8
8
1.
AB AB,
A , E
B = E. A E
B Z, :
BZ AE
EZ AB
= = .
Z A
Z A
2.
7.
, .
A, B
M . A MA MB
,
.
8.
A, B, .
1 2, ,
A B
. M ,
, 1 2
A B,
E .
A AB A = 120,
3.
. N , .
= .
+
AB (A = 90)
B. A E B B,
AB B Z H .
N :
) T BHZ .
) AZ H = BH2.
) H A AB = AZ B.
1
1
1
) + = .
AB B BZ
4.
T 1, 2, 3 A, B, , E, Z
. N :
2
B
1
A
) A 1 , 2, 3 // ,

.
) A //
, , 1,
2, 3
.
) A 1 , 2, 3 ,
, // .
5.
N

.
6.
AB AB
,
A -
9.
T AB, Z
O. N :
A BE Z = AZ B E.
10.
I AB,
K

AB. N I,
K .
11. A ,
OMOIOTHTA

(1 ).
205
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 8
8
1.
E () ()
;
3.
) A AB EZ A =
B = Z,
AB B A
= = .
E EZ Z
) .
4.
) A OAB EZ ,
AB
EZH .
A
3
. cm
5
B. 2,5 cm
5
E. cm
3
60
H AM
AB

, AB,
B A ,
E Z .
Z
A
) N
2.
A. 2 cm
15
. cm.
8
) .
)

, B :
E
i) = =
AM
EZ
ii) = = .
AM
) T E + EZ
A O AB EZ
4 cm 6 cm
. N
,
EZ.
A
4cm
A. AM, B. 2AM, . B, . 2A, E. 2Z.
5.
) N
AB B = 2
A. AB BE = B. A
E A Z, :
B = 2E, = E = 2 Z = Z = AZ.
A
Z
6cm
206
AO AB
= = ,
O
AO
AO
= = ,
A AO+
EO
= EO = cm,
A
OZ BO
= = OZ = cm,
6
A
EZ = EO + = cm.
2
1
) A AB
AZE ,
AB
= = .
AE
) T ABAE
A. AB2
B. AZ2
. 2AZ2
. Z2
OMOIOTHTA
EPIA
K 8
ANAKEAAIH
K 8
, :

O
H
H , .

O
, :

ANAKEAAIH
207
EPIA
208
K 8
OMOIOTHTA
9.1.
9.1.
, , , ( )
, , .
( 5.10 5.12) ,
. O
. , (, )
(, , ..), .
, ..
AB A, ( )
. , , . . T 2.3.3. E
AB AB , A, B A, B .
B
A
A
B
A
B
209
EPIA
K 9
9.1.1.
EPHMA 9.1
A ,
.
A: AB, A = 90,
A. Z
AB2 = B B (1)
(1), (2).
AB, AB, ,
A2 = B (2).
1
2
A = = 90 A1 =
A). A AB, AB :
AB B
= , AB2 = B B.
B AB
OPIMA 9.1.
.
A: AB :
AB2 B
= .

A2
H
(1), (2) 9.1.
EPHMA 9.2
( ).
.
A: AB A = 90, A, , 9.1,
AB2 = B B (1)
A2 = B (2).
M :
AB2 + A2 = B B + B = (B + ) B = B2.
210
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EPIA
EPHMA 9.3
(A ).
A
,

.
A: AB
B2 = AB2 + A2.
(1)
. A
. A BA < 90 (
B A > 90),
A AB ,
A = A. AB ( A = 90)
,
B2 = AB2 + A2
(2).
(1), (2) A = A
B = B. T AB, AB , (--) . ,
B A = BA, , BA < 90.
, AB A=90
APATHPHH: M ( ).

. T (
) , . H ,
, (6 .X.). ,
, , .
EPHMA 9.4

.
A=90,

2 = 2 + 2
A: AB A = 90 A
.
A2 = B .

211
EPIA
K 9
T AB, A B = A1
. ,
A
= ,
B A

A2 = B .
OPIMA 9.2. AB A = 90
A :
A AB = B A
= .

AB2 = B B
2 = B
A2 = B
2 =
B2 = A2 + AB2
2 = 2 + 2
A2 = B
2 = B
A AB = B A
POBHMA 9.1.
N :
i) ,
,
ii) .
E:
i) AB AB = A = ,
B2 = 2 + 2 = 22,
B = 2
ii) AB B = A
. E
, = . E
2
A,
A2 = A2 + 2
212
2 32
A2 = 2 =
4
4
2
2 = A2 + .
4
3

A =
2
/2
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EPIA
POBHMA 9.2.
A , .
A: Y : = 2. T
= .
H , , . M
, . A = 2,

2 , 9.1.
2 + (2
)2 = 32 = (3
)2.
H 3
. ,

2 ,
3 ( ). ,

2 + (
1
)2 = ()2,

1 ,

.
: (),
.
:

. , 1
0

3,
5
4
(3)2 + 2 = (1
0
)2.
213
EPIA
K 9
POBHMA 9.3.
N
.
A: A ,
2 = .
H 9.1. E
A2 = B .
A B = = ,
A = . T , ,
,
+ .
: B = + (M, MB) M
B. B, B = (
= ) B. H A. T A

B. T A B = = .
A: A , BA

A2 = B ,
9.4.
: T , . =
2 = = 2,
= . A , ,
.
214
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EPIA

H

M

6 .X. .
, , ,
, . ,
,
.
A

. T
,
. M
3,
4, 5 5, 12, 13,
32 + 42 = 52 52 + 122 = 132.
O
:
21 2+1
, , ,
2
2
.
(5 .X.)

. O :
2
2
, 1 , +1 .
4
4
A, ( 3
.X. )
,
2 + 2 = 2 , ,
. H

(2)2 + (2 2)2 = (2 + 2)2,
. H 2 + 2 = 2
+ =
,
(Pierre de Fermat, 1601-1665)
. H ,
300 ,
1995 Andrew Wiles.
T
:

; , ,
; T , ,
,
. H . H ,
A,
,
E,

2.
POTAH O .
A: AB AB =
B = .
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 22.
(1)
A
, = , ,

( ) . A
2 2
=
.

2
2
A (1), (2)
(2)
2 = 2 2
= ,
, 2

. ,
.
H
2
. M 7,
.
215
EPIA
K 9
9.1.2. M

. M, , ; H ,
,
,
, .
EPHMA 9.5. T ,
,
,
,
AB2 = A2 + B2 2B .
A: AB <90 A.
AB :
AB2 = A2 + B2.
(1)
E A :
A2 = A2 2.
(2)
, B = B , ( ) = ( )

B2 = B2 + 2 2B .
(3)
(2) (3), (1) :

AB2 = A2 2 + B2 + 2 2B ,
AB2 = A2 + B2 2B .
T
,
(...).
EPHMA 9.6. T ,
,
, .
A: T 9.5 :
216
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EPIA
AB2 = A2 + B2 + 2 .
(...) ( ),
T. A
M:
F2
F 12
+ F 22
+ 2F1 F2 ,
OPIMA 9.3.
< 90.
r r
F1, F2 F1, F2,

F
.
2 < 2 + 2,
F1
F2
XOIO:
( ).
AB :
AB2 = A2 + B2 2A B
) 2 > 2 + 2,
> 90.
A2 = AB2 + B2 2AB B B
B2 = AB2 + A2 2AB A A
T (...)
. T ( ) ,
, ,
. 9.3. ,
.
POBHMA 9.4.
A , , AB,
, , .
E: AB A
, ) ). AB
A2 = AB2 B2
(1)
(...)
A2 = AB2 + B2 2B B
:
AB2 + B2 A2
B = .
2B
(2)
217
EPIA
K 9
M (2) (1) :
AB2 + B2 A2
A2 = AB2
2B
AB2 + B2 A2
AB2 + B2 A2
= AB + AB =
2B
2B

[(AB + B)2 A2] [A2 (AB B)2]

=
=
4B2
(AB + B + A)(AB + B A)(A + B AB)(A + AB B)
=
4B2
T
(

)
(

)

)
2
(
=
AB. B
A2 = AB2 + B2 2B B
.
: O
B A, AB
.
EPHMA 9.7
(1 ). ,
,
, ,
B2
AB2 + A2 = 2AM2 + .
2
A: AB AM
A. M (...)
ABM AM
AB A. A A MB ,
A M 9.5 9.6
218
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EPIA
:
AB2 = AM2 + MB2 2MB M
(1)
A2 = AM2 + M2 + 2M M
(2)
A (1), (2) ,
MB = M, :
B
AB2 + A2 = 2AM2 + 2MB2 = 2AM2 + 2
2

B2
= 2AM2 + .
2
H , A MB
. = = 90,
.
: T 9.7
AB. O
, ,
. , 9.7 :
22 + 22 2
22+222
2 = , 2 = ,
4
4
22 + 22 2
2 = .
4
EPHMA 9.8
(2 ). H
,
A2 AB2 = 2B M.
A: AB AB < A, ,
6 3.4, M1 < M2. , (..) AMB, AM,

:
(1)
AB2 = AM2 + MB2 2MB M
A2 = AM2 + M2 + 2M M.
(2)
M ,
B
MB = , :
2
A2 AB2 = 4MB M
A2 AB2 = 2B M.
219
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 9
T AB 2
. N
A B
.
AB
: A A = , , = 2
, A
2. , AB =
AB
B2 = AB2 + A2 = 22 + 2 = 32
, , B = 3
.
A2 = B E,
2
3
B
A2
E = = = = .
B 3
3
3
O, B ( AE BZ ) B
BZ = .
3
B
E EZ = , E = EZ = ZB.
3
A E, Z A, B AB,

AB2 + B2 + 2 + 2 = A2 + B2 + 4EZ2 ( Euler).
A: AB A,
1 ,
A2
AB2 + B2 = 2BE2 + ,
2
E,
A2
2 + A2 = 2E2 + .
2
AB2 + B2 + 2 + A2 = 2(BE2 + E2) + A2.
(1)
E EZ EB,
, , (1)
B2
BE2 + E2 = 2EZ2 +
2
B2
AB2 + B2 + 2 + A2 = 2 2EZ2 + + A2 = 4EZ2 + B2 + A2.
2
220
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
A
,
.
A: AB
AB2 + 2 = B2 + A2
AB2 A2 = B2 2
(1)
Z M
E
A AB = A, (1) B = .
, A B, A,
B .
A AB A, .. AB > A, (1)
B > . A AEB ZB, , 2
,
AB2 A2 = 2BEM, B2 2 = 2B ZM.
E, (1), EM = ZM, E, Z ( M). , , A
B.
A A, B , M , :
) MA2 + MB2 = 2
) MA2 MB2 = 2.
) M
MA2 + MB2 = 2.
A O AB, MAB
AB2
MA2 + MB2 = 2MO2 +
2
2
A
B
, ,
2 = 2MO2 + ,
2
2
2
AB
MO = = ( AB 2
).
2
4
N
A

A M O R =

2 AB2
.
2
4
A: N (O, R)
NA2 + NB2 = 2.
, NAB NO
221
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 9
AB2
2 AB2
AB2
NA2 + NB2 = 2NO2 + = 2 + = 2.
2
2
4
2
O , , O AB
2 A4B. AB > 2, .

2
R =
, .
, = 2
) M MA2 MB2 = 2.
A O AB MAB, -
MA2 MB2 = 2AB O , ,

2 = 2AB O,
2
O = = .
2AB
T , O OB ( MA > MB).
, M AB.
A: N
2
NA2 NB2 = 2AB O = 2AB = 2.
2AB
O , , .
:
R =
;
222
24 O = 2AB . ,
2
AB 2
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
6.
AB,

) 2 = 22 + 2,
) 2 = 2 2,
) 2 < 2 2;
7.
AB
AM
A
.
B

;
B
B
4
2.
A 3
60
3 3
3.
8.
B /2 /2
4.
5.
A , , , x
;
9.
M

AB;
O
5 cm

B 2 cm.
AB;
B 2 M
B
3
O 3
10.
F F1 F2 ;
, ,

2 cm. E

) 3
cm,
F1
F1
F
120
F2
F2
) 5
cm,
) 1
5
cm, )
, > 0.
1
1
11. A
A = 2AB,

B ;
2
2
223
EAPMOE - AKHEI
12. )
) A 11
AB, AB A R, R1
R2 ,
i) R < R1 + R2 ii) R2 = R12 + R22.
K 9
16.

, ;
13. A
AB ,
A2 + A2 = AB2.
17.
AB
AB, A B, , , .
A
B
14.

9 cm 6 cm.

AB;
A
18. T
R . N , R,

.
K
O
R
15. A
, ,
R
K
2, y =
2
x =
2+
=
2+
;
224
METPIKE XEEI
9.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
N AB AB = 4
cm, = 10 cm
5 cm.
10. A AB
2 = 2 + 2 ,
= 60 .
11.
AB
. N
2.
3.
4.
AB
. N B
A.
AB A = 90,
B = 60 AB = . N , ,
.
T AB = 8, = 6 = 5.
) N .
) N
AB A B.
5.
N AB,
= 2 =
7.
6.
AB A = 3, B = 8
= 60. N
AB AM.
7.
8.
AB B
= . N A .
A AB , :
AB2 + 2 = A2 + B2.
9.
N

.
B2 = 2AB B.
12. N
13.
O AB, :
OA2 + O2 = OB2 + O2.
14. A
AB 2 + 2 = 22,

)
2 + 2 = 22
3
= = = .
15. A
G AB,
:
1
GA2 + GB2 + G2 = (2 + 2 + 2).
3
16. N

AB (A = 90)
)
1
1
1
2 + 2 = 2 .
17.
AB (A = 90).
AB. A E
B,
E2 EB2 = A2.
18. N

AB AB = A = B = .
225
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 9
1.
AB B < 90
A. A AB2 = B B,
.
2.
A AB A
B,
B , A = 90.
3.
4.
A AB = ,
A.
AB AB ,
:
A2 + B2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB .
5.
6.
M B AB AB
A E . N
BE2 = E2 + B E.
AB
B, E :
AB BE + A = B2.
7.
A , E
B AB , :
5
A2 + AE2 = B2.
9
8.
A , , ,
) x =
2
,
2,
) x = 2

2+3

) x =
2+
2

2 3
2.
9.
H A B
. N
M ,

2
) MA2 + MB2 = 22, ) MA2 MB2 = .
2
10.
AB B, BE B. N
A2 + AE2 = AB2 + B2 + A2.
226

AB, AAE;
11.
AB
A . A E Z
AB A ,
BE AB3
=
.
Z A3
12.
(O, R) (K, ) R > . N ,

R , .
13.
(O, R) AB
. OA
OB. N .
14.
AB B = 90. R
,
AB2 + A2 = 4R2.
15.
(O, R) AB OA. A
OA AB,

E. N
A AE .
16. N
AB,
B = , A = ,
AB2 + A2 = 2, .
17.
AB AB < A A AM. A E
B
,

M +
) = ) M
2 ME.
ME
18. A
B AB,
AB2 + A2 B = A2 B + B B
( Stewart).
METPIKE XEEI
9.2.
EPIA
9.2.
9.2.1.
,
. M .
EPHMA 9.9. (, ) = . , ,
. E:
A B = 2 2,
,
A B = 2 2,
.
A: (O, ), , O
. AB
B = A = A. E, B A
, . A

A
= , A B = .
B
E
= O + O = + = O O = ,
A B
A B = ( + ) () = 2 2.
(O, ),
. T A, B

, 1 = 2 (), A = = B
( ). E,
B
= = A B.
A
E
= O + O = + = = ,
A B
A B = ( ) ( + ) = 2 2.
227
EPIA
K 9
APATHPHH: T
. T A B ( ) .
O P I M A
(O, ) O = ,
2 2 ,
(O, ).
2 2
. ,
2 2 > 0, ,
2 2 = 0, ,
2 2 < 0, .
OPIMA 9.4. A (O, ),
(O, )
E2, E
.
2 = 22 = () (+) =
A: A EO ,
,
E2 = O2 OE2 = 2 2,
E2
(O, ).
PA T H P I OT H TA
9.1.
N :
Y , .
,
. N
, .
, ,
,
, .
228
METPIKE XEEI
9.2.
EPIA
9.2.2.

,
. A,
, , .
, ( )

. .
POBHMA 9.5.
N
x2 + 2 x = 2,
, .
A: H
( + 2) = 2.
(1)
A
A B = E2
(2)
E , A
B
2.
H (2)
AE BE

, AB E .
:
E = . E
O, EO = . K
(O, ), . , , O. A (O, ) A, B. T A (1).
B
O
229
EPIA
K 9
A: H (O, )
E2 = A B, E = AB = 2
. ,
(3)
2 = A (A + 2).
A (1), (3) = A, , , A
(1).
: H (1),
, ,
,
,
. H ,
2 + 2 = 2 , .
T
,
. T
. H
.
POBHMA 9.6.
( ).
N ,
.
A: A AB =
A = > B = ,

=
H (1)
2 = ( )
(1)
2 = 2 2 + 2 = 0.
O, 9.5. M ,
2, ,
, .
230
METPIKE XEEI
9.2.
EPIA
A: T AB , 9.5.
2
E
2
B
ITOPIKO XOIO
O

, ,
,
. T ,
.
H 2 + 2 = 0
1
= (
5 1).
2

5
+1
= = 1,61803.
2

,

,
A A. O
,
. T

.
231
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 9
A O AB
AB, ,
OA OB = O O.
A: A AB
(K, R), OA OB
O O O . ,
OA OB = O O.
A
E
A:
OA OB = O O.
(1)
B
(K, R)
AB O E. ,
ABE (K, R)
OA OB = O OE.
(2)
A (1) (2) O = OE, , E ,

, AB (K, R).
: M : A O
AB OA O = OB O, .
.
A A AB
E, :
A AE = AB A,
A2 = AB A B .
: H A AE = AB A
A A
=
AB AE
, AB AE
(A1 = A2 B = E). O AE B -
A
1 2
, ,
A E = B .
H A AE = AB A
A (A + E) = AB A A2 + A AE = AB A
A2 = AB A A AE = AB A B
232
METPIKE XEEI
9.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
N , A, B .
A: C A, B
. A AB
M,
A
C
M2 = MA MB.
A M
MA, MB
, , . , .
: M AB . K MA, MB.
M = C AB, .
A: E M2 = MA MB, M
C , , . E, C A B.
: AB M, ,
B
A
M
C
M2 = M2 = MA MB.
O
AB AB.
A AB , AB.
.
T, A, B ,
,
A, B .
233
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 9

1.
2.
A M R2
(O, R), M
OM;
3.
6.
) A , M .
)
;
M
A
O
B
4.
7.
A M MB
,
M ;
, AB
A,

AB B2 AB2.
B
B
R
A
8.
5.
N
.
A
O
K
B
A
O
T M
M ;
.
K
B
234
METPIKE XEEI
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
2.
R
A
2
R. M
B A 1
A . N
4
.
H AM
AB
. N
M,
.
9.2.
B
1.
A , .
2.
A A
AB E,
1
A AE = (2 + 2).
2
3.
A M (O, R)
MA
MB . N MB A B 2
=
.
M A2
3.
(O, R)
AB =
BxAB. E Bx
B =

. A = 2,
R .
4.
A M (O, R)
MA
MB , . A
M MB A ,

A = M2 MA2.
4.

A B.
A A , , E Z, H. N , E,
Z, H
.
5.
AB A. A
AB
A A AB
E Z ,
BZ = E.
6.
(O, OA) OA
. A
B
, B B = AB2.
7.
A H
AB,
AH .
8.
A AB

, AB.
9.
(O, R) (K, ) R >

. N

. (A
).
5.
6.
O
A, B O. N , O ,
OA OB = O O.
N
:
) x2 10x + 16 = 0,
) x2 + 8x 25 = 0,
) x2 8x 25 = 0.
235
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 9
9
1.
7.
A AB
AB3 + A3 = B3,
2 + 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 ( > ),
2.
AB (O, R)
(I, ). N
OI2 = R
3.
,
.
8.
(R 2).
B, E AM
Z. N :
A K AB
M
, :
1
MA2 + MB2 + M2 = 3M2 + (2 + 2 + 2)
3
M,

MA2 + MB2 + M2 = 2,
4.
A M AB
,
5
MA2 + MB2 + M2 = 2.
4
5.
N
AB ,
.
236
AB
2 + 2 = 22.
) A < 90
3

2
) AE = AM =
2
2
) EZ = Z =
4
4
3
) E = .
2
6.
A AB A = 2B,
2 2 =
.
) T , E, Z .
) A K
AB,
KAB KA
B.
9.
A ,
> ,
4
x =
4
4
y =
4.
4+
10.
(O, R) AB
A . N B
, R ( ).
METPIKE XEEI
9.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
9
1.
A AB
= 4, = 5 = 6,
:
A.
B.
5.
) T
3
.
A.
B.
2
2
M
;
2.

3
.
2
) 3
, 4
, 5

) , 2, 3
) O

) 2 2, 2, 2 + 2 ( > )
2
2
) 1, , + 1 ( > 2)
4
4
)
3.
2,
2 + 2.
6.
N ()
() .
) K
.
) A AB E , 2 < 4EA EB.

;
A. x2 2x 2 = 0
B.
x2 +2x 2 = 0
. x2 2x + 2 = 0
.
x2 + 2x + 2 = 0.
METPIKE XEEI
B. 60
. 100
E. 90
. 30
T B AB
A. 10
B. 8
. 21
3
E. 3
4
. 21
7
7.
) H A
AB
B.
) H .
A. 45
) ,
.
4.

5
E.
2
) H O
AB

3
2

A.
B.
. 2
.
E.
2
2
2
) 3, 4, 5
2,
AB AB // AB = , = 2 A = .
A

E

Z

M B.
B
M
O
ABM AM
A AB E Z
. N
) BZ BA =
) E A =
1
2
2
) (BZ + E) AB = ( + ) B
) BZ + E = = .
237
EAPMOE - AKHEI
8.
AB
2 A, AE
.
B
A
E
9.
K 9
AB A > 90;
)
>+
> >
2 > 2 2
2 + 2 > 2
3 > 3 + 3
3 = 3 + 3
4 > 4 + 4.
ANAKEAAIH
,
.
T
.
( ) ,
.
O ,
,
.
,
.
238
METPIKE XEEI
10
10.1.
10.1.1.
. O
. ,
. .

. , . N
, E
,
. ,
. M
A
X, .
A, ,
A = X,
,

239
EPIA
K 10
A, X, . .

E. E,
A1, A2, A, EA1A2,A. ,
, , E.
, , .
, ,
. , ,
, (),
.
(.1) K
.
(.2) A ,
.
(.3) .
(.4) T 1 1.
E2
E1
E = E1+E2
1
1
E=1
1
1
(
), ,
.
T
, .
240
(.1) A
,

.
.
(.2) A
P, P.
EMBAA
10.2.
EPIA

( ).
. A, ,
( ).
10.1.2.

. M
7.2,

, . T , ,
.
EPHMA 10.1
T 2.
O , . H
.
E = 2
10.2.
10.2.1.
EPHMA 10.2 T
E = .
A: AB
AB = B = . K BEZ
I ,
AB. EZ I, H. T HZ
, Z = 90
. E, AIHE
241
EPIA
K 10
, A = 90, AE // IH AI // EH.
E, AB = HZ, = = , B = Z = .
I:
EAIHE = EAB + EBZE + EHZ + EI
, ,
( + )2 = 2 EAB +2 + 2.
A ,
,
EAB = .
EPHMA 10.3 T ()

E = .
A
A: AB
AZ, BH. T AZ, BH .
E, EAZ = EBH.
EAB = EABHZ.
, EABHZ = ,
EAB = .
E =
OPIMA 10.1.
.
B 1 = 2
EPHMA 10.4 A
,
1
E = .
2
A: AB B = AE = .
A A,
B, AB , . T AB

A B = A . E
EAB = EAB + EA,
242

EAB = 2 EAB, = 2 EAB.
1
O EAB = .
2
1
E =
2
EMBAA
10.2.
EPIA
OPIMA 10.2. T
,
= = = 2E.
A
EAB = EA
APATHPHH: K
. A ( 1).
B
OPIMA 10.3. T

2 3

E = .
4
A: AB
. I
EAB = (1)
2
3

= (2).
2
A (1) (2)
2 3
EAB = .
4
B

2
2
OPIMA 10.4. T .
A: AB A, B O.
AB A ,
EAB
A BO A O
= EAB + EA = + =
2
2
(BO + O) A B
= A = .
2
2
APATHPHH: T 1 2

1 2
.
E=

2
243
EPIA
K 10
EPHMA 10.5 T B,

E = (B + ) .
2
A: EZH E = ,
ZH = B. E
E EK = ZH.
O, HZ Z
Z = . I
E + EK = HZ + Z, K = H.
A KH ( ). T
EZH, EKZ ,
. ,
E = ( + )
2
EKH = EEZH + EEKZ = 2 EEZH.

A = ( + B)
EEZH = (+B) .
2
PA T H P I OT H TA
10.1.
N , (, , .) .
10.2.2
T
,
. A . M . A ,
, .
,
.
244
EMBAA
10.2.
EPIA
EPHMA 10.6
T
E = ,
.
A: AB O . 10.4, :
EAB = EAOB + EBO + EOA =
= AB + B + A =
2
2
2
E =
= (AB + B + A) = .
2
EPHMA 10.7
E = ,
4R
, , R .
A: AB, A
(O, R). I
1
(1)
E = .
2
AE , AB
AE ,
B A = A E = 90
O
B
( )
B = E, A. A
A AB
=
A AE
=
2R

= .
2R
E =
4R
(2)
, (1) (2)
1

= =
2
2R 4R

245
EPIA
K 10
EPHMA 10.8 T
, , *:
E =
(
) (

)

)
(
A: H
E = 9.4
2
2

(

)
( )

)
(
= .
EPHMA 10.9 E AB :
1
1
1
E = = A = B .
2
2
2
A: AB A = . I
A
= = , , = .
1
E E = , E = . A 2
2
.
A 10.7 10.9, ,
T,
R .
OPIMA 10.5. (N ). AB
:
= = = 2R.
A B
APATHPHH: A 10.6 10.9
, ,
:
) E,
) R ,
) ,
) .
* O M A (1 ..). . O , , A.
246
EMBAA
10.1. - 10.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
O
.
A: H AM AB , ABM
AM (MB = M) A.
A MEAB MZA,
EABM = EAM
1
1
ME A
AB ME = A MZ = ,
2
2
MZ AB
.
Z
E
B
M
A , .
A: A K AB,

EKAB = EKA = EKB.
H AK B M. H
AM AB ABM AM. O,
KB KM KBM, KM
. A
K
B
M
EABM = EAM EKBM = EKM,

EABM EKBM = EAM EKM EKAB = KA.
O, EAKB = EKB, BK
A.
: M : O .
247
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 10
T M AB .
A: A AB
,
EAB = EMAB + EMA + EMB
1
1
1
1
= MZ + ME + M
2
2
2
2
, ,
= MZ + ME + M.
Z
M
B
1.
M

;
3.
A , ,
AB,
R
;
7.
A
AB
AE = Z,

ABZE EZ.
2.
6.

AB 2 3
4
;
8.

;
5.
248
A AB
AB > A,
AB, A, B.
AB BEZ
B.
;
E
Z
AB, AB,
EAB ZAB;
9.
A
Z
4.

AB
:
)
B
M
EA = EB
) EMA = EMB;
EMBAA
10.1. - 10.2
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
2.
N AB
:
AB = , A = 2 A = 150
A = 90, AB = A B =
AB = A = B =
2
A = 90, AB = = .
3
N AB
:
)
AB = 10 A = 16,
AB = A = 45.
N AB
(AB // ) :
A = = 90, B = 120 B = =
AB = 4, = 10 A = B = 5.
4.

. N
.
5.
N
.
6.
AB . N
7.
A , .
AB,
AB.
N AB,
B = , B = 45 = 30.
AB
AB = 4, A = 3, = 2
1
0, A = 7 B = 5.
3.
8.
9.
N
AB A = 90
E = ( ).
10. T
AB -
= 10, = 12 = 14.
N ,
.
11.
AB
B E. N
EAE = EAB 2A.
12.
AB. N
, M
AB, M
.
13.
AB (AB // ). A
E B
A, AB
Z H . E, E
AB .
N AB, AZH A
.
14.

. (
A ).
= ( ) .
249
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 10
B
, E, Z ,
E B MA MB M
= .
A
EEZ M ME MZ
1.
A M AB,
EMAB + EM = EMA + EMB.
2.
N

.
3.
N

.
11. A
AB AB =
3
= 2, . N 2
.
12.
10.
AB (AB // ) AE. N :
EA = 2EEA.
4.
5.
A AB
30,

1
A B.
4
6.
N AB
AB = 4, = 8
A = 5 B = 7.
7.
N , .
8.
M A AB AB // , :
1
EMB = EAB.
2
AB,
AM, E Z
BE. N :
1
EEZ = EAB.
8
13.
AB B AB
E Z
,
2
AE = BZ = .
3
AZE
,
.
14.
, AB
, :
EMA = EMAB + EMA.
O (K, x) B
AB AB
A. N x , , AB.
M
B
9.
250
A M AB AM, BM, M -
15.
(K, R) (, ) AB
( (K, R)
(, )). N KAB R .
EMBAA
10.3.
EPIA
10.3.
E

. .
EPHMA 10.10 A , 2.
A: AB EZ . AK , , , .
, , ,
B AK
= = .
E Z
1
B AK
2
E B
B
=
=
A
1
EEZ
EZ
EZ
2
B K
AK
= 2.
OPIMA 10.6. A
, 2.
A: AB EZH
. A, EH
AB EZH. I
AB B
= = B = Z.
EZ ZH
T , , . E
= = = ,
E H
A, EH
. EAB = 2 EEZH EA = 2 EEH,

,
EAB + EA = 2 (EEZH + EEH).
EAB 2
, EAB = 2 EEZH,
= .
EEZH
, : O
2.

251
EPIA
K 10
T .
OPIMA 10.7. A ( ),
.

, .
1
2
B
OPIMA 10.8. A
,
.
, ,

; T ,
10.10, .
EAB 1
=
EB 2
EAB B
=
E EZ
EPHMA 10.11 A
,

.
A: AB, EZ A = . A E1
E2 , :
E
AB
1 = .
E2
E Z
E AB, A ( ) K, , AK EZ. KM BN
AK AB . T AKM ABN . ,
BN AB
= .
KM AK
(1)
AB AK
E1
A BN
=

E2
A KM
, (1),
E 1 A A B
= .
(3)

E2 A AK
252
EMBAA
10.3.
EPIA
H , , ,
A = Z AK = E.
OPIMA 10.9. A ,
.
PA T H P I OT H TA
APATHPHH: 10.11
10.9 10.9.
10.2.
) N

.
) .
E
AB
1
1
1 1
+ + = .

A: E
1
1
1
E = = = E = .
2
2
2
,
1
1
1
2
1
+ + = + + = = =
2 2 2 2
I
B
M, , :
+ + = 1.

H AB
IB, IA IAB.
T IB AB B , ,
E B
.
O,
= IA
= IA
EAB
EAB
,
EIB + EIA + EIAB EAB

+ + =
= = 1.
EAB
EAB

253
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 10

1.
A E // B
A = 2B,

AE
AB;
6.
// B
, AE BE;
2.
A , E, Z

AB,
E EZ

;
EAB
3.
7.
Z
x
1
EAE = EAB;
9
E B
A //, A
.
EA
A
8.
AB,
E O AB

;
EO
4.

E AB;
A
9.
A ,
;
E
3
B
3
/3
4E
5.
E AB
AEZH; x
AB
AEZH;
254
EMBAA
10.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
A A AB,
4.
AB A AB
1
1
A = AB AE = A.
3
4
N
1
EAE = EAB.
12
E B
= .
A
EA 2
2.
) A A, BE, Z AB H . N

5.
H HE HZ
+ + = 1.
Y EZ .
A
) A AB
A > 90,
70
H HE HZ
= 1.
3.
12
70
A M
AB AB ,

EMAB AB

= .
EMB
100
80
5
, AB EZ
A = B + E = 180,

A Z
= .
B EZ
B
1.
N

.
2.
N .
3.
B, A, AB AB
5.
AH = A, B = BE K = Z.
N HK
AB.
6.
= B, AE = A BZ = AB.
M B
AB AB A
E . N
2 .
E2ABE = EAEEAB = EA
AB, B A AB
, E Z
,
2
1
1
A = AB, BE = B Z = A.
3
4
2
N EZ
, ,
AB.
N
EZ AB.
4.
A, BE, Z AB

7.
A M N B
AB,
3
EAMN = EAB.
8
255
EPIA
8.
AB, B, A AB , E, Z ,

K 10
9.
A = AB, BE = B Z = A,
0 < < 1.
) N
EZ AB.
A AB . A
E1, E2, E3
E
AB,
E1 +
E2 +
E3 =
E.
) N ,
EZ .
10.4. T
10.4.1. H

E = 2.
. ,
. A
M: .
, .
, , . .
EPHMA 10.12 ()

1 .
A:
. . , , . . -
256
EMBAA
10.3.
EPIA
= .
,
(
). ,
= + = + = .
PA T H P I OT H TA
K . 7 ,

. O : )
, )
. , A-:
M ,
.
10.3.
2
8
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
POBHMA 10.1.
A ,
.
: T 10.12 1 . . T
, , , .
:
AB, A
M A. M B M BZE. ,
AB
A
E
257
EPIA
B M. T BEZ.
B B
H, BH = BE.
H H B,
.
NH ( N = 90)
K 10
N
Z
E
H
NB2 = HB B.
, HB = BE. E,
NB2 = BE B .
T
BZE. E,
NB.
10.4.2. A
T
. H

. 9 .
: E
() ,

. , E,
, .
:
AB A = 90. K AI, ABZH, BE.

:
(1)
EBE = EABZH + EAI .
258
EMBAA
10.4.
EPIA
AE, A,
BI Z. O K
A
() B E .
T BZ ABE , ,
AB = BZ ABZH,
B = BE BE
A BE = Z B (
AB). ,
EBZ = EABE.
A
I
Z
(2)
M A
BI ,
EA = EBI .
(3)
E
,
EBE = EBK + EK .
(4)
,
EBKE = BE B = 2 EABE.
O, EE = 2 EA. E, (4)
EBE = 2 EABE + 2 EA.
(5)
A (2), (3) (5)

EBE = 2 EBZ + 2 EBI.
(6)
BZ
EABZH = ZB AB = 2 EBZ.
(7)
O, AI BI,

EAI = I A = 2 EBI.
(8)
A (6), (7) (8) (1).
259
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 10
1.
N AB = A = .
2.
N
, .
3.
4.
B, EZ. A
AB, BE, H KE
, ,
.
E
N

.
AB (A = 90)
BE. A Z, H
E, A , K -
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
A G AB
EGAB = EGA = EGB,
G AB.
AB
ABEZ. N EABEZ EAB.
;
A O
AB,
EOAB + EO = EOA + EOB.
AB E
B,
B A = AE. N
B EB AB2
.
=
E A2
5.
6.
260
7.
A
K
H
1
M
9
AB.
8.
T A, BE, Z AB
H, , K . N H E ZK
+ + = 1.
A BE Z
9.
N AB, , , .
AB. M
A B
E
Z. N BEZ
E .
A
E // B,
ZH // A,
K // AB,
EMH = 1,
EKME = 4
EMZ = 9,
M
AB , E, Z AM,
BM, M B, A, AB . N
EABM B
B AZ E
)
= ) = 1.
EAM
BZ AE
9.
A AB ,
A
ABA+B
=
B
BAB+A
(2 ).
EMBAA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 10
10
1.
N ()
() :
5.
) .
) .
) T
.
) A ,
.
) T
.
) A ,

.
) T .
) A ,

.
) A
,
.
)
.
6.
)
)
)
.
) A AB < ,
> .
2.
3.
4.
7.
8.
. 3(8 + 73
)
EMBAA
1
E >
2
= =
< 1 > 1
A. 59
B. 45
) ;
E
B
ABE A // E. T

) ;
) ;

AB E;

) ;
1
EABE = EAB
2
2
EBAE = EAB
3
1
EAE = EAB
4
EAE = EABE.
1
) E =
2
1
) E
2

) =

O

3
3

1
A. 1 B.
3 . . E.
2
2
4
O

2
2
1
1
A.
B.
.
. 2

E.
3
2
4
2

;
) EAB = 2EAB
) H
.
) O
.
,

.
;
. 10(1 + 3
)
8
A
60
E. 24 23
10
120
261
EPIA
K 10
ANAKEAAIH
,
E = 2,
.
,
.
T
.
H , ,
,

.
262
EMBAA
11
11.1.
11.1.1. O

, : . T ( ) .

:
EPHMA 11.1 A ,

.
A:
A1, A2, , A. O
A1A2A . E,
,
2
A1
A2
A3
263
EPIA
K 11
, ,
.
,

.
T
,

. , :
O P I M ,
.
( -),
.
EPHMA 11.2
-
360
= 180 .
A: 4 ( 4.11.)
- 2 4 . A
1
4
(2 4) = 2 .
, , , -
4
360
= 2 90 = 180 .
OPIMA 11.1. H -
360
.
264
METPHH KYKOY
11.1.
EPIA
11.1.2. B
E ,
. E,
,
. ,
. T
.
O
B
EPHMA 11.3 K
, .
A: ABE
A B. E

A = B,
360
A1 + B1 = 2A1 = A = 180 < 180.
, AB
180.
, O
( 4.6.).
O OAB
OB. A , AB B
, B1 B2 , OB
1
. , 1 = A1. E, , A1= A
2

1
A = , 1= , O 2
. M
O. A OAB, OB, O, , ,
OA = OB = O = O = , O
. ,
.
T O, , , ,
, OK = O = OM = ON = . , O , ,
.
1
1
B
M
265
EPIA
K 11
, ,
,
.
T
. T ,
, ,
,
, . T -
. T,
-
. , (
) -
360
=
OPIMA 11.2.
.
A:
. A , ,
, :
360
= 180 = .
O .
,
, ,
.
, - .
P E. I :
266
METPHH KYKOY
11.1.
EPIA
EPHMA 11.4 -
R :
2

2

+ 2 = R2
P =
1
E = P.
2
A:
) A OK
K2 + OK2 = O2,

2

+ 2 =R2.
O
) H -
P = + + + = .
) -

, . ,
K
2
1
1
1
E = O = = = P .
2
2
2
11.1.3. E ,

POBHMA 11.1.
N R.
A: AB
(O, R). E
AB = B = = A,
A, B, ,
90. , A B 180,
(O, R).
: (O, R)
A B. T
267
EPIA
K 11
AB .
A: T A, B, ,
,
( 11.1.), AB
.
: .
OPIMA 11.3. R :
) 4 = 2
R,
2

) 4 = R.
2
POBHMA 11.2.
N R.
A: ABEZ (O, R). O

60. T OAB , (OA = OB = R)
AOB = 60 ( 60). , AB = R,
o .
Z
R
A
60
R
B
: M (O, R)

R. T
.
A: AB
. A AB = OA = OB = R,
OAB , , A OB = 60.
)
1
, AB 60,
6
. M
, , , , .
: E
.
268
METPHH KYKOY
11.1.
EPIA
OPIMA 11.4. R :
) 6 = R,
3

) 6 = R.
2
POBHMA 11.3.
N R.
A: (O, R). O
120,
.
: K ABEZ (O, R).
, AE BZ .
H
.
OPIMA 11.5. R :
) 3 = 3
R,
1
) 3 = R.
2
11.1.4. E
POBHMA 11.4.
N R.
A: (O, R). O 36.
A AB , OAB
A OB = 36
OAB = OBA = 72.
A BZ,
72
36
269
EPIA
Z BO = 36 = Z OB
K 11
B AZ = 72 = B ZA.
, , ZOB BZA , , OZ = ZB = AB.

E, BZA AB > ZA, OZ > ZA.
A , OAB
OZ OB
OZ OA
= , , = ,
ZA AB
ZA OZ
OZ2 = ZA OA. H Z OA
(
).
: OA
(O, R) Z
( 9,
9.6.). , A,
OZ,

. T
.
A: AB . E Z OA
OZ OA
, = , ZA OZ
AB OB
OA = OB, AB = OZ, = .
ZA AB
A Z AB = OBA,
, BAZ OAB .
, BAZ A OB = A BZ.
A A OB = 36,
)
1
AB .
10
: .
APATHPHH: A

.
270
METPHH KYKOY
11.1.
EPIA
PA T H P I OT H TA
11.1.
X
, ,
R .
ITOPIKO XOIO

4, 6, 3, 10 5

. E,
1 1
1
=
6 10 15
,
15 ,
1
. H
15

. E,
, ,
, , , 2 .
A
, , :
) 4, 8, 16, 32, ,
2, =2, 3, 4, 5,
) 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, ,
3.2, =0, 1, 2, 3,
) 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, ,
5.2, =0, 1, 2, 3,
) 15, 30, 60, 120, ,
3.5.2, =0, 1, 2, 3,
O
,
(..
7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, ...) . T 1796 C. F. Gauss,
19 , , , , .

,
, :
) 2,
)
p = 2 + 1,
2,
) 2.
E
p = 2 + 1 = 2

3, 5, 17, 257 65537
(
= 0, 1, 2, 3 4 ). ,
, ,
7, 9, 11, 13, 14,
18, 19, ...,
.
271
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 11
- R. N 2- A:
2 =
2R
2R

4
R
22 .
: A1A2A -
(K,)
R). A)
) M1, M2, ,
M A1A2, A2A3, ,AA1 , 2 , , 2-
(K, R).
H KM1 N
A1A2 . , NA1M1
A3
K
M2
R
N
A1
A2
M1
2
1
1
A1M21 = A12 + M1N2 = + (R )2 = 2 + R2 + 2 2R
2
4
1 2
2
2
A, = R , (1) :
4
22 = 2R2 2R = 2R2 R4
R
22

, ,
2 =
(1)
22 .
2R
2R

4R
-, (K, R),
. N -

= R ,
E = R2 .
2
A: A1A2A -, (K, R). O

A1, A2, , A
- B1B2B .
T - ,
. O . T , , B1B2B KA1 = R , , -
272
K
A
A4
B3
B
A1
B1 A2 B2
A3
METPHH KYKOY
11.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
= = R .

O
,
E
R 2
= .
E

E,
R2
.
E = E
2
1
E = ,
2
1
E = R2 .
2

1.
2.
M

-
R

;
3.
4.
1
1 1
= ,
6 10 15

15-
(K, R);
5.
18
,
18
18;
R=1
AB = 10
K
R R
2
M
A
B
10
O 18
6.
,
;
7.
M
;
273
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 11

1.
) N .
5.
N
(K, R)
R.
6.
N
.
7.
(K, R)
AB = 4 = 6. N
AB

R.
8.

R. .
) 18;
) Y
100;
2.

.
A > , :
)
< ,
>
2 2
= 4(2 2)
E, .
3.
4.
N ,
(O, R).
) N , ,
.
2 cm
12 cm2. N
.
) N R.
B
1.
) T
.
) N (K, R)
,

R.
) O A B M
.
) T .
2.
3.
A , .
N
ABE (K, R)
:
) K .
) A2 AB2 = AB A.
274
4.
R 2.
A E2 2- P
-,
1
E2 = P R.
2
5.
) N 2
2
R
METPHH KYKOY
11.2.
EPIA
1
2
2 = R(R + ).
2
) N
R
.
6.
ABE (K, R). N

)
B A
B R.
7.
ABEZ R. A AB M,
B
MEZ R.
8.
N .
11.2.
11.2.1.
2 (2.4.4.)

,
1
. ,
360
360.
.
(O, R), AB KM,
A, B, . M , , (O, R)
6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...,
.
,
.
E, ,
.
M
A
K
O
275
EPIA
K 11
K, , ,
.
A, ,
, , ,
, .
M
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
. E,
.
E ,
. A , , ,
.
L. E,
L .
11.2.2. M

,
L ,
,
(,
).

. , ,
276
METPHH KYKOY
11.2.
EPIA
:
EPHMA 11.5. O
.
O
( ) , 40 ,
3,14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41972
O
,
, ,
.*
* O N. X (1872-1942),
M A,
,

23
:
A .
3, 1 4 1 5
9
T ,
2
6
5
3 5
8

9
7
9
K !
.
3 2 3
8
4
6 2
6
OPIMA 11.6. T R
L = 2 R
A: E , ,
,
L
= .
2R
,
L = 2R.
A AB ,
,
A, B. T S.
E (O, R) 360
L = 2R, 1
2R R
S = = .
360 180
O
S = R
180
.
A
277
EPIA
K 11
XOIO:
O

,
, , ,
. ,
(1 rad),
.
,
R
L = 2R S =
180
:
2 rad,
L = 2 (rad)
= rad,
180
S = R (rad)
A
1
. , :
2
1
1
1 rad = 360 = 180.
2
X = 3,14159,
1
180 = 57,295828 ,
,
1 rad 571745
E,
, =
180
=
180
E ,
,
30
. .. 30 = 0,5236 rad, 180 6
rad. T,
6
, .
278
METPHH KYKOY
11.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
E
T R A, B .
N AB.
: T O, K M
2R. T AB,
A B 60 , ,
AB
R R R 60
3 = = = R.
180
60
60
K
B

1.
2.
1 ;
;
3.
A 1 m 20
sec,
;
4.
30 (O, R) 30 (K, ).
R ;
3m
4m
7m
2m
4m
3m
6m
K 1:300
279
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
N
M

K 11
1.
(K, R)
AB = R, B = R2
= R3
.
) )
N AB, B,
)
)
180
A.
2
90
/6
2.
R A, B . N AB.
3.
R
(K, R) ,
2
/4
60
0
2/3
270
/36
5/6
210
3.
36 Km 16500 . N .
280
4.
M
AB 2
. N
.
5.
AB . M
A, B E. N
E.
4.
A1, A2, ,
A ( 3) . N
A1A2, A2A3, , A1A
A1A.
5.
N ,
AB A
6 cm 8 cm .
6.
N
) 3 cm 4 cm,
) ,
) 12 cm
10 cm.
AB A.
AB (K, R)
36 rad . A
8
)
AB ,
.
A. A K
K,
B . N
2.
METPHH KYKOY
11.3.
EPIA
11.3.
11.3.1.
,
,
. M
,
. H , ,
. H , ,
.
K

,
. ,

. T E.
T , ,
:
M
A
K
O
EPHMA 11.6 T

.
OPIMA 11.7. T R
E = R2
A: 11.6.,
1
1
E = L R = 2R R = R2.
2
2
E
281
EPIA
K 11
11.3.2. E
A OAB (O, R),
OAB
. T E.
E (O, R)
360 E = R2, 1
R2
E = .
360
,
E = R2
360
,
,
= ,
180
1
E = R2
2
T AB , OAB )
OAB.
A AB
E ,
:
E = E OAB
R2 1
1
= R2 = R2 .
360 2
2
180
ITOPIKO XOIO
H

. ,
1650 .X.,
9
282
8 . A
9 2
= 82,
2
= 3,16.
E, ,
METPHH KYKOY
11.3.
EPIA

36
57
+ 2 = 0,96.
60 (60)
A
6R
= 0,96,
2R
= 3,125. O , .. ,
.
E
, ,
.
O E ( XII,
2)
, O ,
A K , (6, 12, 24, 48 96),
10
3
71
1
3 . A
7
3,1408 < < 3,1429.
O
, , ,
. O , 2 = R2 = R
, ,
. E

,
, ,
. T

.
O K Tsu Chung-Chi (5 . .X.)

3,1415926 < < 3,1415927,
Al-Kashi (15 .)
16 . M A . T 18
100 .
J.H. Lambert 1761
(, , ,
), , .
T
, 1882,
F. Lindemann
,
. A
.*
H
,
.
, 50 ! O
:
) T
. ..
10 .
E,
, 0123456789
6 ,
12 9.
)
T ,

,
,
.
* , ,
3
.. 2
2
x2 2 = 0 x3 2 = 0. A , .
283
EAPMOE - AKHEI
PA T H P I OT H TA
K 11
11.2.
, .
T .. ,
. H
() , . O I X ( 5 . .X.) .
1 ,

. N

.
2 , . N , , .
. 1
. 2
N
R AB = R.
: T 1
KAB ,

R2 60 R2 3
E1 = E KAB EKAB =
360
4
3 R2
R2 R2
= = (2 33
)
6
12
4
T E1 ,
R2
R2
E2 = R2 (2 3
3) = (10 + 33
).
12
12
284
K
R
60 R
R
A
METPHH KYKOY
11.3.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
(K, R) AB .
(A, A), , AB E. N
EB .
A: T E EB
E2 E
E1 .
H (A, A)
R2+
=
R
2 = R2

A . E,
R K
E2 = E A E. A
2 90 1
2R2 1
R2
= AK = 2R R = R2.
360
2
4
2
2
,
1
R2
E = E1 E2 = R2 R2 = R2,
2
2
EB R,
.

1.
R ;
3.
rad
(K, R)
R;
2.
(K, R)

AB =
.
E
R .
4.
T

( )
;
285
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
2.
M AB
1.
2
. N .
(O, R) (K, R)
OK = R3
. A
,

.
2.
KA, KB
(K, R) (A, R),
)
AB . N

KB.
3.
N
(K, R)
AB = R2

= R
3,
K.
R AB.
) N

.
) . N
R.
3.
N
R, .
4.
M . N
.
4.
N (K, R)

.
5.
N
R 90.
5.
N
.
6.
6.
7.
286
K 11
) )
AB, B A
A
B
. N

.
N
, .
7.
T AB
5
= 2, = = 3.
2
N

.
O
AB = 2R. A OA OB ,
.
8.
R 3R A. B ,

AB.
METPHH KYKOY
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 11
11
1.
OK. B. N

OBK.

. N :
) A ,
.
) A ,
.
2.
N
2-,
(O, R),
-,
(O, R).
3.
N
,
(O, R) .
4.
5.
AB
, AB.
A, B
. N
,
,
A
B.
6.
AB (O, ).
(O, )
. N
(O, ).
(O, R) (K, R) A. OB
K
11
1.
N ()
() :
)
.
)
) 1 .
) H
36.
)
K
360
= 72.
5
)
10.
)
K -
.
) O .
)
A -
METPHH KYKOY
, ,
)
A
, .
) (O, R) (K, ) . O
R
.
) 2
cm, x rad x cm2.
) E
.
) .
)
.
2.
, ,
. A = 2 ,
A. <
. = 2
B.
. .
287
ANAKEAAIH
3.
- - . A
> ,
5.
O

AB
A. T -
-.
A. 2
B. 3
. 2
B. < (, ).
E. 3

. < (, ).
. H -
-.
4.
K 11
A AB
EZ ,
A.
1

6
A
E
B
6.
A. 2R2
Z
. AB E .
B. R2

A

B, AB A. T
B R O R

1
B.
4
. OE > BO
1
. R2
2
R 2
. E. ( 1)R2
2

. .
ANAKEAAIH
T 11
. ,
.
K ,
. .
T -
.
H .
, , ,
, .
O
. T R L=2R.
T
.
T R E=R2.

, .
288
METPHH KYKOY
12
12.1.

12.1.1 E

,
. ,
. ,
, . H ,
. , .
,
( ) . ,
.
.
O
.
. M -
E A
289
EPIA
K 12
, , , , . H
.
.

.
,
,
.
. ,
.
.
12.1.2 T
E . K . , ,
. T , . ,

(.. )
:

.
T
, .
1) T .
2) .
AIMATA
TOY XPOY
.
3) Y ,
.
4) H
.
290
EYEIE KAI EIEA TO XPO
12.1.
EPIA
5) A ,
.
.
, . O

.
, ,
:
. [ ].
1
p
.
[ ].
A
p
EPHMA 12.1. .
A: , .
, ,
. p .
A . , A,
B , 1
A,
B .

. :
1. T A
, (, A).
2. T , (, ).

291
EPIA
K 12
3. T
A, B, (A, B, ).
12.1.3.
E, ,
. T ,
:
Y ,
;
M 4, . .
O P I M , .
(
).
EPHMA 12.2.
.
(, ) .
B
A
: (, ). ,
. , .
. , ,
. A , . , , ; T
.
292
12.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
p :
) p ( )
)
p,
p ( )
p, p ( )

:
) ( ).
) , .
T , ,
.
A: 1, 2,
, . O 1 2,
A, p.
Y A.
1 2 B . E, , B, p,
p, . , ,
1 2.
B
2
1
2
N ,
.
: Y 1
2 1, 2 A, B
, . E A, B, , 1 , 2 p 1 2, A B, 1 2,
p, . , , .
1
A
APATHPHH: , A, B, , .
293
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 12
1, 2 A
. N * , A 1, 2.
: H 1 A p,
2 A q. E p, q A, , A. A // 1 // 2,
. A 1
B, 2 , AB,
, .
p
1
A B
* , , . , , .

1.
E ,
;
2.
Y
;
3.
5.
M
; A ; T
; A
.
6.
A A, B,
A
,
,

) AB
B
, ) A
B, ) A B;
(T AB, B, , A ).
7.
A A, B, ,
,
;
8.
A , ,

A, B, , ;
O, O
p, O, O
q. T O
. E
; A , ;
O
4.
294
A ,
, ,

, ;
9.
12.1.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
10. -
A p
A
B
, q

B , p q;
11.
;

1.
A , .
1.
A ( 3)
,
.
2.
N

.
2.

1, 2, 3, 4 1 // 2. N
,
.
3.
N ,
.
3.
A ,
.
4.
p
1 2, A, B 1
, 2. A E
, p,

EAB E.
4.
N , 1,
2 3.
5.
A p, p
.
5.
p
1, 2
M 1. N A,
1,
p, AM
2.
295
EPIA
K 12
12.2.

12.2.1 E

,
.

.
. , ,
.
O P I M M ,

. A ,
.
p
p p
// p p// .
EPHMA 12.3. (K ).
M ,

.
A: p p, . p,
.
A . A = 90. p,
, B, . A A A ,
AB, BA , A, A, . , AB, AB ,
A B, BA. A -
296
12.2.
EPIA
AB, BA , A = A.
, AA . E ,
A .

, .
.
EPHMA 12.4. .
:
p, q . ,
p q , . t , 12.3,
.

. ,
, t. (, ) t ,
. , , , (, )
.
,

.
,
.
T . E
.
EPHMA 12.5. (T ). A
p B, A ,
p B
, :
i) A ABp B, A.
ii) A ABp A, B.
iii) A A, B ABB, ABp.
297
EPIA
K 12
A:
i) .
= 90. E ABp B, AB,

AB, B . :
AB2 = A2 B2
(1)
A2 = AB2 + B2
(2)
B2 = B2 + 2,
(3)
A2 = AB2 +(B2 + 2) = (AB2 + B2)+2 = A2 +2,
A2 = A2 + 2 .
(4)
, A = 90,
A .
ii) (1), (2) (4). A
(3),
B = 90.
E, B.
iii) (1), (3), (4). A
(2),
AB B = 90. T, ,
p (
B B), , 12.3, p.
p A,
, A . A B p. T AB A p.
12.2.2
,
. , .
EPHMA 12.6. A
, .
298
12.2.
EPIA
A: A p
A. O , , 12.1, (, ).
T p (, ) A
5, ,
. O , , . H
, . A p
.
A
q
EPHMA 12.7. A
,
.
A: p. T ,
q. H p, q . A p,
, . ,
p.
p
q
A ,
.
A , .
12.2.3

T .
, p
q,
q.
p
q
q1
q2
q3
299
EPIA
K 12
EPHMA 12.8.
.
: p, q
t, p q
. , t,
. , , ,
p q, . ,
.
q
t
p q,
. ,
p , q,
, .
.
,
= . .
A
B
EPHMA 12.9.
A
, .
A: p, q
p, q. O A, B
p, q . , ,
, . A , , . AB. T , A B. K, , .
E, p q .
p
A
q
EPHMA 12.10. A p,
p.
A: A , p. T ,
q. A p, q , . O ,
300
12.2.
EPIA
. T ,
. T, , ,
p, ,
p.
q
p
A
, . T ,
E.
EPHMA 12.11. A
, .
A: O p, q, p // q // . A ,
A, B, , E, Z ,
AB E
= .
B EZ
p A
A .
q, r //
. O B,
q, . O , , A, , B, B, ,
. //, // //.
, // //, p, q, r (, ). , .
A
AB = B
(1)
B = B.
(2)
q B
O , ( ) , , B, E, , Z . E,
BE // Z, , q .
BE, Z ,
B E
= .
B EZ

(3)
301
EPIA
AB E
A (1), (2) (3) = .
B EZ
K 12
APATHPHH: T
,
E .
12.2.4
E
.
. K

.
A p A ,
A p,
p p A.
T A p
(A, p).
A , p p
(, p).
A
B
(, p)
I :
EPHMA 12.12. H ,
, .
p,
p. .
B
O P I M

.
E , // p p, p . A p,
p 90.
302
12.2.
EPIA

0 90.
.
EPHMA 12.13. , p A. T p

p A.
A: A p, . p.
p p,
A. A B
B p. E
, A = AB. T ABB
B = 90, BAB
p. E, BB
B = 90. I BB BAB.
12.2.5
A
, :
)
: .
E.
: .
//. . . A

A
p
303
EPIA
K 12
,
.
)
A .
)
T .
p1 p2
. . H p1
p2 . , , .
,
.
q . A 1 2 q p1
p2 . 1 2
.

. ,
. ,
,
. A , ,
, .
A ,
. A ,
90. A , . K
.

.
304
1
p1
p2
<180
>180
12.2.
EPIA
EPHMA 12.14.
) A
, .
) A
, .
PA T H P I OT H TA
12.1.
N ,
E , :
, , ,
, . I
.
12.2.6. K
,
( ) .
,
.
EPHMA 12.15. A
p, p.
A: p A
. q
. T p, q, , , . E
p, .
p, A . H q,
, , . T p, q
, -
pp
q
q
305
EPIA
K 12
, , . A p q
.
EPHMA 12.16. A p q
A p q,
p.
A: p q.
p A ,
B. A B q
B . H AB
, p q. E AB ABB, ABq. H
A q AB
p.
EPHMA 12.17. A
p, , ,
p.
A: q, w. H q, w p .
E q, w
p. A
p.
,
q, w, . A p.
306
p
q
12.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
p // p. A A p // . p.
A: A p A. A ,
, ,
p, . , p.
A ,
.
A: p, q
. A
A p q // , ,
1, p
q, A p q. , // .
N ,
) A B, ) p q.
:
) M ,
MA = MB. A O AB,
MAB MOAB. A
MO, M, p O AB AB.
A: A N
p, NOAB NAB NO . , NA = NB. O ,
B
, p,
O AB AB. T
AB.
307
EAPMOE - AKHEI
) AB = p q. K M
p q, p q
, , r
2
p q . E, r
2
p q. r
q,
= //.
K 12
M
r
, , //. , r q,
//. , r//q ( r//p), r q.,
r, p, q . T p q.
A ,
.
A: Y
p.
A A p 1
2 p,
. E
, 1 2,
p.
: p
p ( ), p.
A 1 2, :
) Y , .
) Y , 1 2.
) A 1 2,
1 2.
A:
) A A 1 1 // 2, B 2
308
12.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
2 // 1. p
p
A
1
q 1, 1 2, 2
. T (
1
1 2 ) 2 q
,
B

2
. A p // q
1, p // p. A,
, , p, p 1. , , p
q .
) p q p
1 2 . A
A A
1
1
q. T 1 q
. E 1, 1 // q, 1 // . E, 2
B
2 B ( B
q
, 1 // 2, ).
1, B , 1 A. E q, ABq ABp. E, AB 1
2. Y AB 1 2.
1 1//, . T AB, 2
, q, p. E, AB // AB, AA BB, 1 2, , .
, AB 1 2.
)
1 2 .
AB < , AB
1 2. H
q q E. ABE AB = E, E E
. , AB < . T
AB 1 2.
E
q
309
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 12

1.
2.

A p

p;
3.
4.
5.
6.
310
8.

p
p
q. N
p
q.
9.

M
AB p;
B
A M
p A
10.

p;
A
p
B
q
E
p ;
A AB
B
A
p AB
B
p A
AB
p, AB
AB.
) AB = AB,
: A , ,
,
.
A A
A
p
AB
B
p
A
p. N AB A.
A
p q
, AB
p
q;
7.
11.
i) 0 ii) 90;
12.

:
)
) ;
13. ;
;
) AB = 0.
12.2.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
A ,

.
7.
A A AB

A = 2. B.
A 1
2 p 1
2,
1 2 p.
8.
A p,
p
.
A p,

p.
9.
) N
.
) A
,
.
AB AB = A
B. A
A

M. N B
AM.
p q . r p q
// . N

r.
10. T
AB 30
p, B.
) N A
p.
) N
AB p.
A, // r, // .
5.
A AB
1
p AB = AB, 2
AB p.
B
1.
2.
A p
AB O p ,
, O .
) N AB.
) A
p p, p.
3.
N
,

.
4.
H 1 2
60, AB = . 1 2
A = B = 2.
N
.
311
EAPMOE - AKHEI
5.
K 12
O
O p. N
O ,
O p.
A p, p .
9.
7.
A, B .
N , A B.
11. N
8.
p
q. A M
p q,
A B .
N A B
.
12.
6.
A ,

.
10.
p
AB p. N M p
.
A p
p.
O O . A
A, B, O,
O, O , O
AB .
12
N ,
.
2.
A
,

.
6.
A AB

. N

AB B
B.
AB
EBZ, .
A K, M, N
B, K , B, K MN.
7.

OA, OB, O A, B,

3.
4.
5.
312

M. A E
A MB M , MB
AE.
1.
OA = OA, OB = OB O = O,
A A B
p, M p ,
MAB M.
AB
. A A -
0 < < 1. N :
) T AB AB
.
) H
AB AB,
O.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
8.
9.
AB B
B p q . A ,
A AB A, ,
B
AB = .
K 12
A B .
10.
p AB. A
A, B,
p p,
A = B, BE = A, Z = AB.
p,
A p B
p. N p,
N EZ .
12
1.
2.
N ()
() .
)
.
) H
.
) A
p, p.
) A 1 2
p, 12.
) A p A, p
.
) A p,
q // p .
) O
(
).
) A p,
p.
) A ,
.
) A p, p
.
A p,
;
) p .
) Y p
.
) Y p
.
) M p
.
3.
4.
5.

;
) Y
.
) A

.
) Y .
A AB
p
1
AB = AB ,
2

AB p;
) 60 ) 30 ) 45 ) 15
A AB B
B
, A B
) )
) ) .
313
EAPMOE - AKHEI
6.
7.
T
)
)
)
) .
O = 45 A
O OA = 2. A A

B AB = . H 2
B O :
)
) 1,5
)
2
)
4
3
) .
4
8.
K 12
AB
1 2.
1 2
)
9.
) .
A
1

1, 2
45 AB

B
2
. A
A = B = =2
,
1 2
4
) 2
2

)
2
)
2
3

) .
2
ANAKEAAIH

,
.

.
T
E .
T ,

.
B , .
O , ,
, ,
E.
.
314
13
E
. ,

, .
. , . ,
.
.. . ,
, ( ) ,
. T , , . H . , , .
T .

. H , -
315
EPIA
(). . H
, ( ).
.
,
. H
,
, . E,
, , . T , . T
:
, , -
. A ,
.
K 13
13.1.
p, p p
( ). A . T
, . K
, p
. E, . T
. A , -
316
A
p
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.1.
EPIA
.
.
A , ,
, . H .
A , .
. T ,

,

. O

.
. A , .
A, , , . ,

. O
. T , , , , .
T
. O
. A,
.

. K ,
. . T
. ,
..
,
.
B
A
B
A
Z
E
317
EPIA
K 13
13.1.1. I
,
.
E
Z
EPHMA 13.1.
.
:

.
//= //=.
, //=,
= .
,
. , , , ,
(
).
Z
E
OPIMA 13.1.
.
A
,
: . E,
, .
, , . I .
318
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.1.
EPIA
EPHMA 13.2. . A , , ,

2 + 2.
=
2+
A:
ABEZH AB, A AE
, . AH . E
EH, AEH

EH2 = 2 + 2,
(1)
2 + EH2 = 2.
(2)
M (1) (2)
2 = 2 + 2 + 2,
2 +
=
2+
2.
M

2 +

2+
2.
OPIMA 13.2. K
= 3
.
,
,
.
, , :
, ,
,
O, .

.
, , ,
,
, . -
319
EPIA
K 13
, .
, .
, .
APATHPHH: O .
M .
E,
,
(. 13.6).
13.1.2. E
O
( , , ..),
. ,

. E
. A
, ,
E.
EPHMA 13.3. A E

, :
E = (1) E = + 2E (2)
A: O A1, A2, A
- . T

A3
E = A1 A2 + A2 A3 + + A1 A =
= (A1 A2 + A2 A3 ++ A1 A) = .
O (2) .
320
A2
A4

A5
A1
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.1.
EPIA
13.1.3.
M , , .

10, . A .

,

. , . O
. M
X, . A,
, = X,
,
, X, . . O () .
(.1) O .
(.2) A
, .
(.3) .
(.4) O 1 1.
V1
V2
V = V1+V2
.
T
, .
(.1) A
,

.
.
321
EPIA
(.2) A
P,
P.
(.3) O 3.
K 13
V = 3

. O V.
13.1.4.

( ) , ,
V = .
V =

( , ) . :

.
, ,

:
EPHMA 13.4.
, .
EPHMA 13.5. .
: ABEZH
, ( ).

. ABEZ BZH
322
V1 = V2 =
, .
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.1.
EPIA
,
,
.
EPHMA 13.6. .
:
. .
,
. ,
, .
.
. ,
. V0 V
,
V0 = 2V
H
B
(1)
, ,
0 .

V0 = E0
(2)
, .
,
0 = 2
(3)
(1), (2) (3)

V= E
(4)
( ),

(.1). .
323
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 13
O
.
A: O
ABEZH AH, B, E
Z. E BZ // BZ = ,
E
BZ , , B Z O.
O
O, ABH AH
O B . T, AHE E
A
AH O. , O,
.
H
Z

1.
, ;
2.
A ,
;
3.
324
7.
A
,
;
4.
; T ;
5.
,

;
6.
T 40
cm. A ,
50 cm. ;
1 m.

; ,
.
H
Z
8.
9.
T ;
EMETPIKA TEPEA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
13.1.

1.
2.
N , 2, 3, 4
208 cm2.
, , ,

.
4.
N
,
2.
5.
.
N .
6.
N
1
3
.
O ABEZH
AB = 4 cm
A = 3 cm,

84 cm2. N :
) T , , .
) H AE
B.
3.
B
1.
2.
3.

. p
, . p
60 , .
O AB EZ ,

45. A
AB
AB,
.
1,
2 -,
1 2. A
1
1
1
1
+ = + .
1 1 2 2
4.
N
.
5.
. N .
6.
N

.
325
EPIA
K 13
13.2.

, .
p . A
K p
, . T ,
,
. T K , ,

. T
. H
.
. , . A

, .
E
, ,
. T * . H

( , , ),
, .
. A
, . , : ,
, .
.
* K , .
326
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.2.
EPIA
O
, (
) .
T
. T
,
,
. M , .
. T
, .
13.2.1. E
,
,
. O
. Y
,
.

.

,
, () .
h
h
h
h
T h -
h
1
= (h + )
2
327
EPIA
K 13
,

h
E =
2
T E h,
- ,

1
E = (+) h
2
13.2.2.
:
.
:
, ,
. ,
, .
EPHMA 13.7. K
.
A: ABEZ
B, ZB
, . O, ,
, BEZ, BZ , AB,
,
BZ ( ) B
. E,
,

. AB, BEZ, ( AB = EZ ) A, . ,
VAB = VBEZ.
328
B
A
(1)
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.2.
EPIA
H BZ BZE
, BEZ
BZ. M, .
,
VBEZ = VB.
(2)
A (1), (2)
VAB = VBEZ = VB,
Z
A
OPIMA 13.3. O
( )
,
1
V = E .
3
A: M . E,
.
O B,
:
1
V = (B++

) .
3
329
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 13
E
N .
:
H

23
E = 4 = 3
.
4
A AK , K
B

3
2
2 3
BK = BM = = .
3
3
3
2
6

2 22
E, 2 = AB2 BK2 = 2 = , = .
3
3
3
,
6 3
2

1
1 23
V = E = = .
3
3
4
3
12
330
1.
H , ;
2.
N .
3.
E

.
4.
O
;
(T
).
5.
E ;
6.

A

B

( ).
7.
T
;
8.
M ;
EMETPIKA TEPEA
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
N
, 5 cm
6 cm.
2.

,
5
. N ,
6
24 cm2.
3.

30.
1.
4.
2.
M OAB AB . H OA
2.
N .
3.
M

. O
, 2
60 . N
.
4.
A
. N
.
5.
) N , ,
( ).
AB
= 8, = 5 = 7.
E O
OA = OB = O = 6.
) N O
.
) N
OAB.
5.
. N
.
) N

.
) N
.
) N
.
) A
,

.
13.2.
) N

.
6.
OAB OA, OB, O

. N
OK
1
1
1
1
2 = 2 + 2 + 2 .
OK
OA
OB
O
331
EPIA
K 13

M . :

. 360 ( ) , . .
. ,
.
: ,
.
13.3.

360
, .. , ,
, . A
, , *. O
. H
. H

.
,
* , , , .
332
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.3.
EPIA
. ,
.
O
.
A
E
A
E
13.3.1. E
A , , ()
,

. T
.
A ,
,
,
. M,
. ,

( )
.
E

E =
V = E ,
,

:
E = 2 R
V = R2 ,
333
EPIA
K 13
, , R
. E,

E = 2 R + 2 R2 = 2 R( + R).
T

.
M, , , ,
: N
( ) ,
,
.
A
, ,

, , .
, , , ,
,
( ).
334
R
2R
A
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.4.
EPIA
13.4. K
KAB ( A = 90)

(.. KA), KBA
*. T K
AB .
KA
-. T
( ), . T ,
. H
.
O
. , ,
.

. , . E,
,
,
. . E,
.
( = = 90) , ,

, . O
* K , . ,
.
335
EPIA

. H
. A .

:

. A
. T ,
, .
M ,

, . O .
,
. O

. O

.
.
K 13
13.4.1. E
.
,
. M
. T E

. O
.
336
h
O
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.4.
EPIA
M ,
. ,
h
(h+)
1
E = , E = V = E ,
2
2
3

E = R h,
(1)
E = R (h + R),
(2)
1
V = R2 ,
3
(3)
. A , ,
.
H
. M ,
,
2 R
h. O . ,
E
h
=
E R
E
h
= ,

2
R
R

R2 h
E = = R h.
R
(4)
2R
R
2R
O (4) (1).

R ,
337
EPIA
K 13
* h. T

. E
1
E = (1 + 2) h ,
2
( h )
1
E = (2 R + 2 ) h = (R + ) h
2
(5)
,
,
,
E. = (R + ) h + R2 + 2
(6)
E
1
V = (B + B
+ ) ,
3
,
1

V = ( R2 +
R2

2+ 2) =
3
1
= ( R2 + R + ) ,
3
1
V = (R2 + R + 2)
3
*
. E .
338
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.5.
EPIA
13.5.
, ,
.
, ,
.
H ,
. ,

, ,
, . H . T ,

.
H , , : K
R. K R
, K R. T

K R. M K R,
, (K, R).
B
A
E
13.5.1.
E ,
, ( )
,
. T . A ,
, ,
339
EPIA
K 13
,
*. E ,
.
A ,
. T ,
.
T

.
A
B
EPHMA 13.8. A ,
.
A: A, B,
. T A AB A . T K
AB A . O ,
K
, O. T O
A, B, A, , . E,
A, B, .
A O , OA = OB = O = O. A O
, O. ,
A, B, .
O
A
K
B
K

. A ,
.
K
.
,
.
* . H 3.24,
.
340
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.5.
EPIA
K .

, ,
( )
,
. K
.
13.5.2.
T
,
3.5. H K (K, R)
K p. H p (K, R)
. A K.
) > R, .
) = R, .
.
) < R, .
A
A
A
R
K
>R
B R
K
K
=R
<R
O
() . A (K, R), K
p ,
:
341
EPIA
K 13
) > R,
,
R,

.
R
K
) = R,
.
) < R,

= R
22,
.
= 0, p ,
p , = R.
13.5.3. M
, ,
. , BA
AB, OB, O, OA. H AB ,

. M
. T AB,
,
.
M

R :
E = 4 R2
342
4
V = R3
3
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.5.
EPIA
13.1.
PA T H P I OT H TA
Y .
) R R,
) R,
R
) R R.

, , ;
R
R
R
, ,

,
A (4 .X.). , , ( ) ,

.
EPHMATA TOY AOY

EPHMA 13.9. A ,
,

.
:
E = 2 ,
(1)

.
EPHMA 13.10. A
,
,

. :
V = E 2 ,
(2)
343
EPIA
K 13
O
,
. A
,

. A, ,
,

.
R,

2R
= . A
(1) = R
E = 4R2
.

4R
=
3
. (2)
4
V = R3,
3

PA T H P I OT H TA
13.2.
X ,

:
) ,
) ,
) ,

, .
344
EMETPIKA TEPEA
EPIA
13.6.
13.6.
* .
, ()
. O ,
, , . . T
. H , , 13 E.
H
E M
. A :
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
T
.
T , , :
K + E = A + 2 **,
K = ,
E = ,
A = .
(427-347 ..) (: , : , : , : : ).
** O Euler, E Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), . , ,

A.
345
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 13
A
, . , , , ,
. T .
N , 2
.
: O . H AB 2
. O , ,
2

= 2
R = .
2
E
Z
E,
2
2

E = 2R(R + ) = 2 + 2
= 32,
2
2

2
V = R2 =
2
346
A
B
32

= .
2
2
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.3 - 13.5.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
A AB B = ,

1
1
1
V = 2 = EAB = EA ,
3
3
3
EAB AB.
A:
) A B ,

1
1
V = A2 B + A2 =
3
3
1
1
= 2 (B + ) = 2 .
3
3
) A B , .. B,

1
1
V = AB2 B = 2 .
3
3
) A B , ..
B,

,
1
1
V = A2 A2 B =
3
3
1
1
= 2 ( B) = 2 .
3
3
E AB
E
A
= = = 2E ,
(E ),
1
V = 2
3
1
1
1
1
V = () = () = () = AB ,
3
3
3
3
AB
O,
- , -
EAB = Rh = .
1
V = EA .
3
347
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 13
A AB ,
A ,
1
V = EB .
3
A:
) H
B .
) B . O

1
1
VAB = VAB VA = EB E =
3
3
1
1
= (EB E) = EB .
3
3
) // B. A
AB BE, Z .
A
B
A B ,
1
1
VAB = VBZE VABE VAZ = 2 B 2 AE 2 AZ =
3
3
1
1
1
= 2 [3B (AE + AZ)] = 2 2B = EB ,
3
3
3

= 2R = 2
O, B.
348
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.3 - 13.5.
EAPMOE - AKHEI

1.
O ,
AB
AB A,
;
2.
,

) ,
) ,
) ;
3.
M 4 m
4 m3.
;
4.
5.
T
) ,
) ;
6.
7.
8.
9.
E ;
,
) ,
) ,
) ;
A
,
;

R ;
10. T
11. T
;
- , -
12.

h
R
;
h
R
13.
14. T

) ,
) ;
15. E
)
) ;
16. A
OK,

;
A
K
17.
,
A
AB
;
18.
19.
(O, R) A, B
M .
) ABM;
) T ABM;
349
EAPMOE - AKHEI
20. M
A
(O, R) OA.
;
K 13
22. A ( ), ;
21.
(O, R)
(K, ) ;
) OK = R +
) OK < |R |
) OK = |R |
) |R | < OK < R +
23.

,

;
) OK > R +

1.
A AB
AB,
18 m3. A, , A,
12 m2. N .
7.
2.
N ,
2
3 cm3.
8.
3.
E 10 cm
4 cm 0,1 mm
19,3 kp/dm3. N .
AB AB = A = ,
A = = 90 = 60. A
A,
.
9.
N 36 cm2.
4.
N
3 cm 20 cm2.
5.
N

.
A V, V1, V2

AB (A=90)
B, AB, A ,
1
1
1
+ .
2 =
V
V21 V22
10.
AB = , B = 2 AB, B
A . N
,
.
11. N
, :
6.
350
AB AB = A =
A = 150. A AB,
.
E R.
EMETPIKA TEPEA
13.3 - 13.5.
EAPMOE - AKHEI
B
1.
2.
3.
,

R,
. N

, R
.
N
.
AB
B = B = 30. A , E
AB, A ,
E,
B.
A, B
. N
AB .
4.

AB = B =

AB BE. N
AE .
5.
N
1
3

9.
AB
AB // , A = = B = A = 60.
N
,
A B.
10. A
B = -
AB AB, A A, AB
E, Z . N
B, ,

B, 2
AEZ
3
AB.
11. N , A, B,
R.
6.
7.
8.
12. N
N
,
,
.
AB , E
AB, A . A
B, BE
AE.
. H
- , -
,
AB.
13. M . N
R .
14.

,
. N

.
351
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 13
13
1.
,
. N
E = 6,
.
2.
AB A = = 90,
M B. A M
B,
A K. A A,
E = 2 MK A.
3.
AB AB
. N

4.
(O, R) (K, ) A, B
. A OK,

B (O, R) (K, ).
5.
AB A = 90,
AB = A = B = B = . N ,
,
AB.
ABEZH AB, A,
AE AH
. N AH
BE
1
.
2
7.
352
AB EZ,
E1 E2 , E1 > E2. A
BZE, AB A
K M . N AKM
E1, E2
.
9.
N
.
1
V = .
6
6.
8.
N .
10. -
(O, R)

, O
AB . T
B

, ,
,
. N

, R
.
11. )
OA, OB O OAB , E
Z . N
EZ
OAB
O OE OZ
.
OA OB O
) O, O
O,
60. A, B

OA = , OB = 2 O = .
3
N .
EMETPIKA TEPEA
EAPMOE - AKHEI
K 13
13
1.
N ()
() :
) T
.
) T .
) O .
) E
.
)
.
) H
.
)
.
) O
.
) A
AB , AB .
) E
,
.
2.
A
R,
:
2
A.
3
3.
4.
3
B.
2
. 1
. 2
4
E.
3
A
, :
3
B.
.
. 2
E.
3
A.
2
2
M
3 :
3

A. 3
4
3
33

B. 3 . 2
4
4
. 33
3

E. 3
2
EMETPIKA TEPEA
5.
N
:
) M
.
) T .
.
) K
.
) M A 2 B

4
AB
A
.
)
.
) A O
,
M

.
) K .
) A 2 cm,
,
.
353
EAPMOE - AKHEI
6.
K 13
I
1) O
) K
2) O
3) O
)
) O
4) O
5) H
6)
)
)
) O
4
7) R
3
8)
9) O
10) O
ANAKEAAIH
T ,
, .
A .
B :
, .
E .
O E = . + 2 . E.
M
V = E . .
O .

.

.
A , , .
I .
, .
T
.
354
EMETPIKA TEPEA
A
, 23
. , 13
E, 95
, 96
, 11
, 317
, 326
. , 11
, 266
, 30
, 339
, 36, 278
, 157
, 20
, 43
, 171
, 276
. , 12
, 20
, 36
, 10
, 95
, 290
Hilbert, 357
, 332
, 335
, 60, 61
, 22, 36, 215
, 39
, 3
, 25
, 34
, 34
, 309
, 16
, 300
, 112
, 298
, 21
, 266
, 53
, 283
, 277, 282
YKEIEIA EMETPIA
, 283
, 231
, 184
B
, 331
, 137
, 130
, 44
, 326
, 336
, 332
, 335
, 317
, 326
, 44
, 316
, 290
, 1
E, 3
E, 95, 359
, 229, 231
, 294
, 83, 157
, 290
, 32, 63
, 23
. , 13, 167
, 18
, 44
, 31
, 304
, 304
, 303
, 143
, 41
, 31
, 143
, 304
, 40
, 302
, 44
361

, , 319
, 22
, 94
, 94
, , 94
, 22
, 25
, 25
, 44
, 25
, 19
, 317
, 40
, 317
. , 173, 177, 178
, 79
, 130
, 45
, 30
, 340
, 24
, 14
, 88
, 320
, 305
, 20
, 105
, 45
, 227
E
, 336
, 134
, 317
, 326
, 304
, 327
, 338
, 281
, 282
, 282
, 333
, 336
, 320
, 342
, 239
, 240
, 10
, 41
, 19
, 39
, 30
, 76
, 31
, 305
, 293
, 290, 291
. , 307
, 308
, 334, 335
362
, 18
, 39
, 30
, 33
, 146
, , 15
, 171
, 168, 186
, 13
, 168
, 19
, 87
, 76
, 76
, 296
, 293
, 296
, 78
Euler, 164
Simson, 156
Steiner, 156
, 93, 292
, 304
, 93
, 134
, 76
H
, 11
, 11
, 31
, 75
, 291
, 25
1 , 218
2 , 219
1 , 205
2 , 260
Ceva, 190
Euler , 220
Stewart, 226
, 182
, 125
, 174
M, 190
, 216
, 210
, 217
, 297
, 292
, 343
I
, 321
, 112
. , 12
, 45
, 19
, 304
, 241
YKEIEIA EMETPIA
362

, 317
, 40
, 19, 30
, 335
, 322
, 30
, 43
, 43
, , 43
I , 3
, 69
, 68
, 169
, 194
, 21
, 317
, 4
, 267, 271
, 196
, 266
, 137
, 266
, 30
, 113
, 324
, 60
, 339
, 39
, 302
, 40
, 81
, 308
, 81
. , 168
, 326
, 335
, 39
, 18
, 335
, 317
, 320
, 44
., 50, 51
, 45, 47, 48, 65
, 198, 199
, 114, 115
, 298
, 317
, 31
, 285
, 30
, 32
, 80
, 80
, 80
, 80
, 30
, 341
, 152
, 249
, 135
Euler, 164
A, 184
, 332
, 332
, 19
, 304
, 171
. , 13
, 33
. , 21
. , 15
, 342
, 35
, 210
, 209
, 36
, 35
, 40
, 19
. , 15, 169
, 276, 277
, 384
, 35
N
, 246
O
, 329
, 338
, 333
, 337
, 322
, 329
, 321
, 342
, 316
, 20
, 43
, 194
, 20
, 21
, 317
, 119
, 43
, 138
, 136
, 171
, 317
, 111
, 332
, 335
, 317
() , 335
, 336
, 135
363
YKEIEIA EMETPIA
363
AANTHEI
, 39
, 345
, 18
, 35
, 19
, 39
, 40, 239
, 39
, 152
, 152, 153
, 264
, 316
, 25
, 33
, 317
, 333
, 317
, 317
, 333
, 316
, 230
, 256
, 236
, 302
, 68, 209
, 302
, 215
, 326
, 326
, 326
P
, 235
, 119
, 30
, 184
, 10
, 290
, 80
. , 11
Fermat, 164
Miquel, 164
Vecten, 140
, 43
, 332
, 345
, 290
, 44
, 19
. , 12
, 33
, 61
, 60
, 21
, 60
, 60
, 291
, 339
, 346
, 346
364
, 352
, 339
, 360
, 360
, 360
, 352
, 194
T
, 120
, 39
, 171, 177
, 33
, 88, 283
, 119
, 316, 327
, 327
, 330
, 39
, 294
, 286
, 341
, 291
, 31
, 31
, 31
, 31
, 32
, 35
, 130
, 130
, 66, 67
, 244
, 39
, 154
, 319
, 320
, 88
Euler, 345
A , 272
, 245
Y
, 44
, 326
, 332
, 335
, 112
, 327
, 317
, 326
, 130
, 45
. , 11
X
, 30
, 340
YKEIEIA EMETPIA
364
K 2
2.1-2.2
A AB,
1
1
1
M = (A B) (B A) < (A + B)
2
2
2
A OMAA
2.3
1. 15 .
A OMAA
2. 10.
1. O (.
1).
3. MN = MB + B + N ..
AB
2
2.
A
2
4. A = + .
.
5
4
5. MA = 6 MB = 4.
3. .
6. OM = OA AM ..
4. H O .
5. A OE
BO,
B OMAA
AOE = EO.
( 1)
1. ) . .
2
) 2 .
B OMAA
OB
2. = A A = = .
2
5
3. M = A + AM = A + (B M) ..
7
4. A O BP,
MB = PN.
1. ) A O
O,
O = O.
365
5
7
2. AOB = OB + OA = OB + OA =
5
= OB + (OB AOB) ..
7
5. A AB,
1
M = (A + B).
2
O + O = = 2O.
3. AO + BO = 2O = .
365
AANTHEI
K 3
2.4
K 3
A OMAA
3.1
1. I KA = KB = K = K.
A OMAA
2. MN = AB
1. A B E ( -
3. AB = 180 AK = 150.
), A AE .
4. 90.
2. AB EZ
5. 70.
( ) AK, M ABK, EM.
6. 36, 72, 108, 144.
3. ) A , E, Z B,
B OMAA
) )
) )
1
2
) )
1. MN = M N = ( B ) ..
1
2
1
2
) )
1
2
2. MN = ( AB + BN) AM = AB + ( AB + B) A
..
) )
3. A BP, MB = PN.
4. K .
A, AB AB = A, BZ,
E .
T
.
4. T .
5. ) T OAM OBM .
)
i) T OA OB .
ii) .
iii) T MA MB .
6. .

7. X
A
A
1. ) A EZ = H = .
2
2
) A M Z,
EM = MH.
O + O
O = .
2
A O O,
O O
O = .
2
O .
10. E
4. A O O,
8. T OA OB . T
9. T M OA B.
( 1)
2
( 1)
3. .
2
2. .
11. B 8.
12. A = Z.
13. ) E = B.
) A A P = AMB.
) A.
14. O .
15. .
B OMAA
1. A
AO
BA.
366
366
YOEIEI
2. A M, P B,
E
AM = AP B AM = AP.
3. ) A B = EZ, = Z. A B > EZ, -
K 3
2. .
3. A A B,
AB, B .
B BH = EZ
+ Z = 180.
)
A + Z = 180,
= Z.
4. ) T. AB = . EN
A OMAA
1. A AB, B < .
. AK = . PN.
)
3.4
5. ,
3. ) N

B,
.
AB = AB B = B.
6. ) T. AB = . AE.
)
N MA
BMA = EMA.
7. ) T AB, BE AZ .
)
2. I B < B.
T. ABH = . EM.
T AKZ, BH E .
8. N A
.
9. A M A B,
OM O
EOZ.
10. AM, P

.
11. T AE
AM
A.
E ) .
4. ) A A = , > B > .
)
E ) .
5. A O ,
OAB
O.
6. E < BE < B.
7. I OA > O.
8. B < AB + A ..
9. B > B A > A (A = ).
10. A A = A.
11. X 6.
12. O 11.
12. N .
B OMAA
13. 12.
1. E < B, Z <
EZ.
3.2
2.

A,
A < A , B A A.
+
) < ..
2
K 3
1. BMK = KMA = AM.

2. M K.
6. X -
3. H A.
3.6
7. A H, , I E, EZ, Z
B, A, AB
H = E + EH < I + IB + BH ..
8. A E AE = AB,
1. N KM.
2. O + + K OK.
B = E ..
9. ) A P
)
A OMAA
AP = AB.
A
P AP = AB.
10. B
3. MB = MA = M.
B OMAA
1. H OK .
M B.
11. A MB O O.
12. A M ,
2. (A, ) (B, ). N
,
AB
.
A, MA < MB.
3.7
13. )
)
.
E + > AB + A, E < A + AE .
A OMAA
14. T MO.
1. M .
15. ) T AB.
2. x = 2, 3, 4, .
) )
) A < B
3. .
16. A A B A B
O O , M
N AB O
O.
17. 3.
3.5
B OMAA
1. T
KA AB.
2. AB A =
B. T A B = .
3. K O -
A OMAA
(A, ).
1. T AB .
2. H KM -
1. N OM
3. AB < AK.
4. , -
EOM = ZOM.
2. H A (.
368
368
YOEIEI
9, B 3.4)
B OMAA
3. X 6 3.4.
)
I AO > 2AO.
2. ) A A = B E.
5. ) X : A

.
)
1. A A
B.
4. ) A A < B.
K 4
M
A,
OA.
E = 90.
3. A B ,
B + B < 180. E, B = 90 + > 90

2
4. O .. B
B 90.
6. N B = .
5. ) O , ,
, .
K 4
Y
.
6. O A B
A OMAA
1. I B = .
2. O ABE A 30, 40
110, AE 40, 70 70.
3. ) .
)
AB
A+B
180 .
2
A
7. A A A, A B = +
2
..
8.

O.
B = 2A. T A = 36
B = = 72.
4. = 20.
5. ) .
)
M
.
6. O ,

A, B .
).
10. A = B + B A ..
B
11. B = = 25.
2
A
12. B = 90 + .
2
10. K - 4 .
9. A B = M E = ME (M -
Z,
8. AE = B AE B A ..
11. A A BE
7. A B = A ..
2
B
BH = BE.
9. ) BE = A B = 60 + .
A
A
90 , 90 A.
2
2
B
12. A AZBE, Z AE = B = A.
2
13. A M
MA .
M.
14. A K + K = 90.
15. A K ,
13. B AE > A E.
)
8. A O + K = 180.
1. T AE
K 5
OB < O + B, O < OE + E.
E, E < AE.
3. T AEZ .
2. A BEAE, ZAZ E AZ = 180.
4. A E Z = 180.
3. )
5. A AB = A = , BEA
E = B.
E = B.
ZB, A = B.
6. T EZH . T
AZ .
4. O Z = O = O.
5. ) H A O.
)
B 11 .
7. ) T BZ E (. 3.7).
)
6. K KM
M . A A // K, B // KM. Y
( // KM // K).
7. ,
= = .
N BH // E // A (A
BH) E + Z = BH.
8. N ZH //=AB, Z //= H ZE = ZE.
9. A BZ < Z E < E.
10. O OE
B A .
K 5
5.2.
5.1.
A OMAA
A OMAA
1. A .
1. T AEZ .
2. .
2. ) .
3. ) .
)
3. AZ //=B AH //=B.
A A = A E.
4. ) .
4. 15, 15 150.
5. ) T BE BZ
(Z
5. .
B
).
7. I A //=B. N .
370
370
7. A EZ //=H EEZ.
8. A E = BAZ.
= 75 + 60 + 45 = 180.
A AZ A.
6. T ABE AZ -
6. EZ = EA + A EB + B EZ =
9. Z = A E.
YOEIEI
K 5
B OMAA
8. Z E.
1. E .
9. H
2. .

AN .
3. E 2.
10. A BA = AM (AB, M
4. E (.
5. A
6. A .. EB = BZ E BZ = 180.
A BZ ,
B = .
8. ) OE = OZ = OH = O (O AB).
X 1 5.1
5.2
.
B OMAA
7. ) AE = H ME = MH.
B).
12. T
10. E 3 5.2.
11. O .
2. X
.
H = Z. H AH Z
K ..
E
2
BH
2
4. A KM //= , M //= , E = BH
EBH.
AB
2
5. M = ME = BM + AME = 90.
12. E H EH = AE
6. A M N B AZ, M = ME N = NE.
A
2
AB
2
7. A AE = A = .
5.3.
8. M B
A OMAA
1. O
.
2. Y
.
B
AM = .
2
9. H B
B
EH = .
2
10. E
3. ) .
, .
O .
4. X 3.
5. H E BH ..
1. A EH + BZ = 90.
3. A M A + E ZA = 90.
9. Z = Z BE = EB.
11. A BE A Z, ABZ
2).
6. E A = B A .. E
AB .
11. A BE // HZ BE = HZ.
12. T ABK
..
13. ) AB = AZ AE = AH.
)
7. N AM AB.

371
T H Z.
14. = = 1802 .
371
AANTHEI
K 5
B A = AB = . AB
.
5.4.
A OMAA
1. AB = + 2E.
5.5
2. AB < OA + OB (O ) ..
3. X
.
1. .
4. K
AB.
5. ) A E, Z AB,
, AZ BZ
, ZAB .
)
E ().
2. ) O EZ (E, Z
AB, A)
AB.
3. O A
ABE.
4. T Z
6. X 2.
7. N .
8. H A E. A BE B.
9. T
A.
5. ) T H AE.
A +B
2
6. K .
7. T I EZ.
8. = (. 1).
10. N MN .

B OMAA
1. E ABM.
1. A M B, MZ.
2. O A, ZB, E -
2. N A.
AEZ.
3. -
3. N EH ,
EZ = H ..
4. H A B E
Z. A A = Z,
AB = Z AE = EZ.
5. N
.
6. H O
A
B .
2

AB.
4. O AEZ
.
5. N A. E AB ..
6. A A K
AB, A B < A
KB < K.
7. A AB = BH.
7. T OK EZ
.
8. K AB
372
372
8. A ( K) E AK. N
, E .
YOEIEI
K 6
9. A, MH ABM. A
12. ) H B A
AMEZ (. 3 B 5.3).
E. T BE
.
H B A
E. T
BE .
1. AB
B E. Y B > ,
> BE. K
BZE, EZ
Z
< Z = BE, .
13. N A K = B.
14. X 1 5.5.
K 6
2. A K AB, A H = K. E BKH
| | < < + .
3. BK BZ,
A M M .
M ,
AM = B AM = B. MB A,
BZ, .
4. T AB B, E
A B. H M B
.
5. A AE = A = , A E = 30.
6. N
Z AM
A Z = 30.
6.1
A OMAA
1. ) = 88, = 136
)
)
= 65, = 25, = 30
= 110, = 70
) = 15, = 32, = 75, = 35, = 23,
= 73
= 30
) = 45.
2. A = = 110 B = = 70.
3. A A
AE,
B A = AE
7. K, , P, N A, , M, Z
B P B
B
MP = .
2
8. N B EZ.
EZ = 2 + 2.
9. N E
E AB = E BA = 15.
A
2
B
2
4. = 90 , E = 90 Z = 90 .
5. A B = 90 A B = 90.
6. A = 120 = 30.
7. K MA = 90.
8. X 3.
9. .
10. A A
O, O, O . ,
2 5.2.
11. M EZ
EZ
M = M = B.
2
B OMAA
1. ) .
)
ABH .
B
) OM = .
2
373
373
AANTHEI
2. N .
) )
3. ) A = B
)
A = 90.
4. X 1 2.
5. MA M = MB.
6. AEB = ABE.
K 6
4. A M , E, Z
M B, A, AB ,
, EZ = 180. A, , E, Z ,
M
.
5. T
Simson.
7. A EMB ENA.
8. I AMB. A
M A , = M.
9.
E A
(O, ). A B AE = AB.
6. T

.
7. A Z = EH = 2E B.
8. T AZE, AEH AB
.
10. A
6.3
.
A OMAA
6.2
1. T AM .
A OMAA
2. T

1. O
.
2. A , , .
3. + E = 180 . = EZ E // Z.
4. A E
B .
5. A B = ZHA.
6. O .
7. I BK = I K = 90. K IK.
O A
O.
3. ) A B B E, KB
, K
AB.
4. :
) H A B.
) H A
B.
5. T ABM .
6. T
.
7. H .
B OMAA
1. O .
B OMAA
2. 4 A 5.4 1 A -
1. KOA OK
6.2.
3. 4 A .
374
374
2. EZB BEZ
YOEIEI
K 7
3. A
AB + B
A, B, AB B = B. T A
.
4. T
AB, A.
5. O AK = 90 ( ).
6. A = B A.
7. A K = B = .
5. O , (
).
6. A K KB,
K .
7. A AB,
A
H = . T BH .
8. A A BE (AB = A),
ZA AZ
.
9. O AB.
8. A
I ,
IA IB .
9. N A
E = B
ABE.
10. A P
AI E,
B PA = 90.
11. ) M BB,

A MA = 180. E, 5, B , 6.1.
)
T APN .
) E , BB. T P AA, BB .
10. E (K, ),
12. ( )
.
2

.
.
1. ) O B A
K 7
MAOK (M B).
)
O OK M
MNB (N OK).
7.1-7.2
2. A O H
A OMAA
AB,
OH AM , A = 2M.
1. ) 2.
3. A, BE Z, H, K, , M B, A, AB
N, , T HA, HB, H. A
MT MNTK .
4. ) X
.
)
X -
375
3.
2
) .
3
16
20
3
3
9
14
) = , = .
2
3
15
) = , = 4.
2
2. ) = , = .
375
AANTHEI
3. N BM M AB A.
4. E .
K 8
3. = , E = ..
5. A
A = 2, = 3 E = 5 ..
OB
AB
BM
ME
AE
4. A = .
BE
AZ
5. A = . T E, Z
E Z
AB .
6. = OE = .
6. H E
7. = ..
O
OZ
OA
B, Z
AB.
8. N = .
B
3
2
7. = > 1 .
B
BA
B OMAA
8. = = < 1.
OA
OZ
O
OB
EZ
AE
AE
EH
1. N = .
B OMAA
2. N = .
1. A A > B, A = . A A < B,
3.
AB Z
A E
= = .
AE ZE
AZ ZE
AE
BE
A = .
2
B
B
AZ
Z
B
E
4. A = .
2. ) A B = E = .
5. H E A
3. A
A Z. A
OZ OB
BZ // , = .
O O
E B. A B
A Z, Z
4. ) MB, MA M MEZ.
EZ EA 1
6. ) = = .
E E 3
E AE
) = .
EH E
OE OZ = R2.
BE
BA
BM
B
5. = ..
4
BE
EM 3
A).
AK AI
KM I
, I K ).
7. = (N M
6. A = (A , AM -
8. A EH // EZ // B.
7. O O, O O
EOM.
7.3
A OMAA
8
3
1. ) H A E
E ZA H
B H. I = , = ..
EA H ZB B
) E ().
7
3
1. B = , = E = 35.
()
2(+)
2. ) M = .
2. ) A O, -
376
376
YOEIEI
M AB
A.
E ().
A
3. I B = M, A =
K 8
8. T BE AEB .
9. T AB AE .
10. ) A I, K -
2
A = 90, B = 60 = 30.
4. A (M, N, E, Z), (M, , A,
H) (B, , , N).
Z
AI AI
AB
EZ
IE IE
BE
5. I = , = ..
AB
A
AB, EZ IMB,
KNEZ, IBM, KEN
..
A O, K AB, EZ OB
KEZ .
11.

BE
B = A E.
6. = .
12. T AB A .
) A = , .
)
A , A A ,
B .
7. A K // A,
A K
= .
B KB
B OMAA
OE
AO
A
BO
B
OZ
1. ) = = = ..
2. ) B EA = BA
)
B AB
= ..
BE AE
AE
BZ
3. A + = 1.
K 8
4. BE Z = AB A = .
5. AB EZ A = = 90
A OMAA
B AB
= . B, BA
EZ E
H, BH = EZ, B = E ..
1. .
2. T AOB O (O ).
3. ) T HAE HB ..
)
6. A AB AZ
A A
A = .
BE B
4. A AE A
7. ) A = = AK.
)
2
2
B = K = .
+
+
5. A K, M E
A, EKM EB
.
6. A .
7. N AE, AZ
8. M EZ, A
EM = ..
+
9. A, ,
.
EA
E
AE B
= .
AZ
ZA
Z
10. A = .
377
377
AANTHEI
K 9
AB.
1. N H // AB E // AB.
2. N A
AE = AB A
EB .
11. = . , ,
, .
3. ) T E ZH.
)
H
A
) B .
AZ
BZ BZ
) + = = 1.
A B B
4. ) .
)
K 9
T AZ, H .
A A, BE ,
BE, Z . A
A, BE O, BE, Z
O, O, O .
) A A // ,
2, 3 B, .
A B AB
= , BB// , .
B B
5. A A
B.
6. A O
, A E. T
EO = AE = .
+
+
O O
E, .
+
7. M ,

. A = .
8. A A, B
A
t, A = 1 t, B = 2 t =
B
1
AE 1
. A = .
2
BE 2
9. M ,
A BE
Z
, .
B AZ
E
9.1
A OMAA
1. 4 cm 6
5
cm.
7

2. .
4
3
2
3. .
1
4
53
16
4. ) A = BE = .
5. = 120.
6. AB = 7 AM = 1
3
.
7. A = 3
.
8. E .
9. A2 AB2 = 2 B2 (A ).
10. N A A = 30.
11. B2 = AB2 + A2 2AB A ..
12. E 1 .
13. OA OB 1 .
3
3

3

14. = , = = .
2
2
3
15. GA = ..
16. ) T AB BA .
)
().
17. E .
10. A A IK ,
378
378
1
2
18. = 4
2 = = 4
2.

2

2
YOEIEI
K 9
B OMAA
17. ) 2 .
1. T AB BA .
18. AB A.
2. T AB A .
9.2
3. Y A 90 BEA.
T BE A (AB).
A OMAA
4. A B.
5. E 2
BE.
6. A2 = AB2 + B2 2AB BE ..
7. E 1
AE.
8. )
2. .
2 + 22 2
22

10

3. R = .
2
4. X 1.
=
2 2,
2+2,
= 2
, = 3

= .
5. N AO BO.
) 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 2 2, = 2
,
= 3

B OMAA
2 + 2.
3

1. A AB, E,
9. ) O O, , O
AB.
)
5R3

1. .
H AB,
O B O = (
4
OB, O AB).
AE E
= AE BE = E E.
BE E
2. A AE = A (A + E) = .
3. I MA2 = MB M MAB, MA
.
10. E 1
AE. AAE, 2 + 2 = 22.
4. M2 MA2 = =M B M,
AB .
B AB2
11. B2 = AB BE, 2 = A Z = 2 .
A
5. B
12. A AB ,
KOA.
6. T OBA .
R
3
OEAB.
7. X 1
13. H
14. N A
AB = .
(2 + 2 2)
AH = .
4
(

)(

)
(

)
8. N .
9. X 5 9.1.
15. A AE2 = 2A2.
1
2
2 2
16. H A M,
2

(M B)
B .
379
1. A A
2 < 2 + 2.
379
AANTHEI
2. H O B
K 10
10. 11, 8.
E, Z. IHB IEZ. E

OIE. E,
K 10
IE = BE = E E2 = EZ E.
3. E AK. A
B, 1 MB, MAK ME. O M
K
2 1
(2 + 2 + 2).
3 9

4. T A
3

E = O = OE = AE = . E6
1 MB,
MAO ME.
5. AM, K
AK. E 1
OAK OM,
1
OK2 R2 = (2 + 2 + 2).
9
6. N A, M
E. , M // E
ME = .
2
10.1.-10.2.
A OMAA
2
1. ) .
2
8. ) 2 < 2 + 2.
)
1 .
) T EZ
AEM.
) I B = E A AB, AE .
)
EZ + Z = E.
) MK MA = MB2 = M2.
9. ) 2 = 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 2 2.
)
4 = 4 4, 2 = 2 + 2 2 =
2.
380
380
25

) .
5
2. ) T 96 d = 9,6.
)
2
22

E = , d = .
2
2
323

3. ) .
8
28.
4. .
5. H .
6. )
2.
)
7. T A M
1
B 2
2
2. E,
2
B, B B M,
2
M = .
2
23

) .
3
2
) .
4

2
.
2
7. Y A. T
2(
3 1)
.
4
8. A = = 90 E = 3(2 + 1
0
).
1
2
9. A ( ) = .
246
246

10. E = 246
, = , = 46
, = ,
5
46

356

= , R = .
12
3
11. N A
1
E = A.
2
1
12. EM = EAB.
2
13. T BEZ, EH BE, E .
YOEIEI
14. = + B,
K 10
13. A H AZ E,
1. EMAB + EM = EAB.
13
13
13

3
4

E = AZ = , H = , EH = ,
3
13
39
1
2
3
32
42
AH = , EAH = , EAHE = ,
13
39
13
2. N A
32
172
EBEHZ = EHZ = .
13
39
B OMAA
1
2
AB AB

.
14. MA, BBMA MA.
3. O AE AZ,
15. A R , E = (R + ) R
. A R =
E Z B
2
2
BE = B Z = .
3
3
2
4
M ).
2
2
A = BB + .
E = 2R2.
10.3.
4. EMAB = , EM = 2, EMA = EMB = (

A OMAA
1. T AB A .
5. BEA ZA,
EAB = EAB + EA ..
2. T HB AB
6. H B A
E. Y BZ
BE. EAB = 126
.
7. T 1 2
1
1 2. A
2
,
1
1
1 2 < 1 2.
2
2
E B H
B, H
= ..
EAB
3. X 10.11.
E
EAB
1
12
E
4. A A
= .
5. X 10.11.
= 10.
B OMAA
2(

)()
(
)
8. = .
1. -

9. X E = . E,
4R
AB MA
= ..
E ME
10. N BZ
EAB = E AE.
1
2
11. A EMAB + EM = EAB.

12. K 1
1
. , EEZ = EBE = EB ..
2
4
381
2. H 3
.
3. EE = 2EAB ..
E
EAE
AB
A
BE
4. A
= ..
5. T AB HK
2
.
5
E
EAB
5
24
EZ
6.
= ..
381
AANTHEI
K 11
2+22
E AE = ..
2
7. EAMN = EAM + EA EMN,

1
EAM = EAB ..
2
8. ) 32 2 + 1.
)
BE E
EEZ
EZ
E
6. A B
= ,
= ..
1
= .
2
EEZ
7. E = 36 (. 9, B 10.3).
9. T MZK, AB
8. A O , H E B
O = H = O
.
A EAB

E1 ZK

ZK 2
E
1 = , = ..
B
E
E
B

E
EA
E
EM
B
B M
9. A = A
=
.
10.4.
1. H
K 11
1
.
2
11.1.
2. H
+
.
2
A OMAA
3. N
.
4. A E , AHEB 2 + 2E, 2E + 2 + 2.
K .
) .
2. ) M . I
< > .
1. A AG B ,
1. ) 12 = 150 12 = 30.
3
4
3
2
3. E3 = R23
E6 = R23
.
B = .
4. 12 = 22

3 12 = (2 +3 ) 2
3.
1
1
4
2
, AB .
2R3

5. 6 = E6 = 2R23
.
2. EABEZ = (A2 + B2) EAB= A B. T
1
2
3. A EOAB + EO = EAB.
4. T AB, AE
A, B A ,
AB A B
AE. E, = . O
AE A E
ABE A.
5. A A, BE, Z , AEZ AB ,
E EZ
AE 2
= .
A
EAB
AB

382
382
1
6. .
4
R2
4
R2
4
7. (
2 +
1) (
2 +
3) (
2 +
1)(
3
2).
8. ) K 6 = R 150.
)
3R2(3
+ 2).
B OMAA
1. ) E 1
YOEIEI
K 11
R
8 = R
2

2, 8 =
2
+
2 E8 = 2R2
2.

2
R
) 12 = R2

3, 12 = 2+
3
2
E12 = 3R2.
2. O -
5. L = 10 cm.
6. ) 2 cm 5 cm .
)
3

23

.
) 6 cm 12,5 cm .
.
B OMAA
3. ) I .. A // E.
)
E 2 AB.
) .
) T AB BM
4. A AB = M AB,
E2 = EOAMB.
5. ) A AB = , AB, OMAB
E = 2R,
AE = 22.
)
R
R
5 = (1 + 5
), 5 =
4
2
AE2 = E
EM
R R 2R
1. , , .
3
2. R( + 2).
3. A A KB = , A B = 2.
4. A (K, )
, AK
( AB)
+
2
AK
K = = . T
2
2
= (23
3) L = (23
3).
6
3
102
5.
6. A M B Z MA KB, MB = MZ
AZ = AK.
7. T MB
R23

5. ( + 3).
11.3.
A OMAA
, MEZ
4
1. (4 ).
3R23

.
4
2. ) R2( 2).
2E
8. T .
2
4
R2
L = R2
, E = .
2
R2
2
3. (23
).
11.2.
R
R
3
6
4. O .
3
A OMAA
5. O = R
2+2
= R
22 (R > ).
1. 180 = rad ..
2. 70 cm.
2
3 + 2
6. .
5
3. .
8
15
7
7. T E = . O
4. I
A1A2 + A2A3 + + A1A = A1A.
383
16

383
AANTHEI
7
47

= R = .
4
7
B OMAA
K 12
R2
2. E = , E2 = R E = (.
2
2
2
2 4 B 11.1).
3. A OA , B -
1. H R
R2
(2 33
).
6
, O = 3 B = 3. O 4 33

.
8 + 33

2. T KA R
4. A .. B (K, R)
R
BK = 30. H ( + 2),
2
R2
3 ).
(3
12
1
, E = E1 E2 + E3, E1 = R2,
2
E2 E3
AB.
3. A K K AB,
R2
E = ( + 6 33
).
12
2
4. H 2 ( 2).
2
5. A

. T
E = R2(3 2
2).
1
4
R
3
8. I
BOK = 60, AK = 120,

AB = 3R, A = R3
B = 2R3
.
O AB
3
R2(2 3
),
2
2
3R .
1
3

. H R = .
3
K 12

7. H = .
6. I = . A (O, )
6. ,
1
B 2
E = AB B = ,
4
2
A B A.
A

B
2
5. E = A B = .
12.1.
A OMAA
1. 1.
2. X
.
3. T 10 .
4. H EO, O 1
2.
B OMAA
1. 1.
1. ) A A1A2A ,
2. p 1, 2
A2 = A3, A1A2 = A3A4 ..
A A1A2 = A3A4 = = A21A1

A2A3 = A4A5 = = A22A21 = A1A2.
384
384
3, 4 p.
3. O ,
,
YOEIEI
.
K 13
4. A ,
(. 3).
5. Y , p .
12.2.
,

.
AB,
= 2. A ,
AB, = 22
.
1. A B.
19

2. .
5. A .. O // p, OOO O
O.
3. A
p.
6. A O
p A, B OOp,
AB2 > A2 + OB2.
4. A // q // .
5. 60.
7. T p,
6. K .
7.
.
8. A A p
B Bp, AB
.
9. ) O .
) A, B
p,
AB ,
)
A, B p,
AB.
8. N A B.
9. T
.
10. O (E, ) p, E
E ().
AB p =
AB
E .
2
3

10. ) .
4
3. A M -
4. N B // 1 EB. A ,
A OMAA
O p, M O, O, O
p MO = MO = MO. O, O,
O A, B,
OA = OB = O ().
A B2
E2
4

11. p
23

.
A .
12. H AB
OH
.
B OMAA
1.
.
2. ) H
1. E
AB .
A , AB -
385
385
AANTHEI
K 13
AB.
K 13
2. A p q
A B , Aq, Bp, AE BZ,
. O A E B Z
.
3. N AE BZ AB. A AEB ,
, B
.
4. T M p AB. E, M

O AB p =
2
2,
AB
= = O.
2
5. M
, MB
ME . ,
MB MBE.
6. H B
MK.
7. ) I AB // AB ..
)
13.1
A OMAA
1. 192 cm3.
2. ) = 6 cm, V = 72 cm3, E = 108 cm2
= 6
1
cm.
)
E
AKB, AK = 2,4 cm.
(2
(2
1)
1)3

3. A , ,
2
32
(52
7) E = (3 22
).
8
2
4. V = 333
E = 32(4 + 3
).
3
2
5. V = E = 222
.
6. X
.
B OMAA
A K AB OK
AB
K 2
K, = .
3
8. O, M B, A
AO = 90 BM = 90. T23

, B = .
3
9. H A
(, ), B
p, B = =
22.
10. Y
EZ , ,
AB.
, EZ2 < E2 + Z2 ..
1. T = ,
2
333

2
V = E = (9 + 3
).
2
2. A K AB,

3
3
K = AK = V = .
4
3
3. O
E1 = (1 + 1), E2 = (2 + 2)

1
1
V1 = 11, V2 = 22.
2
2
4. A
.
5. A K, (
) M, N , K, , M, N
.
386
386
YOEIEI
6. A .
K 13
6. A OA ,
AK B. E, BO.
13.2.
13.3. - 13.5.
A OMAA
153

1. E = (5 + 7
3
) cm2 V = 753
cm3.
2
1. = 2 = 3.
2. = 3 cm V = 6 cm3.
33

18
2. cm3.
3. ) V = E = (23
+ 3).
3

2
) V = E = (5 + 23
).
73
72
4. ) T AB.
)
A OMAA
105
9

V = .
3
3. 675,5 kp.
4. 16 cm3.
1
4
5. V = 3 E = 23
.
1
12
5. .
1
3
7. V = 2 ..
B OMAA
1. ) A E Z A
B, BE .
)
1
2
6. V = 3 E = 21+ 2
+
3 .
1
9
2
9
8. V = 3 (10 + 3
3) E = 2
3(6 +
3).
9. 36 cm3.
10. 33.
2

EZ = .
2
4
3
1
2
E = 3 , V = 33
.
2
11. ) E = 4R2, V = R3.
2. A OBB O. T
E = 2(2 + 5
).
3. O
B OMAA
AA, BB, . A M
AB, OM = 60. T
E = 23
.
4. H .
K . A E1,
E2 E
1
, E = (E
1 + E
2)2.
4
5. ) K
AB OB OAB.
A OK
A P
3
3
OP = OK AP = A.
4
4
387
1. O
.
3 23

2. EE = 2 = .
8
3. ,
A B.
4. T
1
. V = ( + )(2 + 2)
4
1
3 [2 + 2 + ( + )
2
E =
2+
].
2
5. X .
387
AANTHEI
6. M ,
, ,
1
.
3
7. VBE
1
= 2 VAE = VAB VBE.
6
8. A AKZ AM
(R )
KM = .
R
2. E = 2 OM B , , OM B = MK BZ, BZ.
3. E AB
. N EZAB, EZ = . A
E ,
V = VABE + VABE ..
4. A EB = B2 B = 2R
.
9. I AB, AB = 2, A = 3

VAB = VA + VAB.
X 3,
11
VAB = 3.
4
3
4
2
B = B = .
3
3
10. VAB = VAEZ = VAB VBZ VE
5.

1
V = 3(5 + 33
).
6
6. K AB
EM
M AH EK. A = 2.
MK
7.
11. T , A,
B , , AB
.
12. T
( )
A.
13. M
R = .
+
2+
2
14. =
K 13
8. A AKM, AB, EZ
EAKM = (E
1 E
2)2
1
V = (E
1 E
2)2 .
3
9. A .
360
4
3
360
10. E = 4R2 V = R3 .
11. ) N AH

E EZ OE OZ
O
= = .
O
EOB OB O
OA AH
1.
3.
388
388
OAE ().
2
3
VOAB = .
18

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YOYPEIO ENIKH AIEIA KAI PHKEYMATN

OPANIMO EKOE IAKTIKN BIBIN

OPANIMO EKOE IAKTIKN BIBIN

5.1. O ......................................................................... 111

5.3. E ......................................................................... 124

5.1.1. .................................................................. 111

8.1.1. -M O ..... 193

9.2.1. ................ 227

10.1.1. E .......................................................... 239

10.2.1. B ........................................ 241

12.1.1. E .......................................................... 289

10.4.1. H ...................... 256

12.2.2. ................. 298

13.1.1. I ............................... 318

13.5.1. ....................................... 339

EIAH THN EYKEIIA EMETPIA

EIAH THN EYKEIIA EMETPIA

EIAH THN EYKEIIA EMETPIA

EIAH THN EYKEIIA EMETPIA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

H AOEIKTIKH MEOO TH AAH E ATOO

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

EPHMATA KAI AOEIEI

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

H EYEIA AOEIH KAI H EMMEH AOEIH

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

O < O O + O < 180.

TA BAIKA EMETPIKA XHMATA

A: OA, OB, O O. T OAB O OA = O, OB = O (

EPHMA 3.6. (3 . --) A

4 KPITHPIO IOTHTA TPINN

, A < AB, B < ,

MA < M < MB.

A A < , B < EZ,

R1 R2 < d < R1 + R2.

< BE, AB < A.

) AOB > 2AO

(O, R1) (K, R2)

A1, A2, A3, A4 4 B,

B1, B2, B3, B4. O

T (A1, B1) (A2, B2)

T (A1, B2) (A2, B1)

T (A1, B3), (A2, B4), (B1, A3) (B2, A4) , .

3.14, A1 > B1. A, ,

A1 B1 (.. A1 > B1) . T

A2, B2, AB 180,

A1, B1, A2 = B2.

A1, B1, A2 = B2.

A + B + + = 180 + 180 = 360.

(2 A1) + (2 A2) + ... + (2 A) =

B < <A < B +

A = 100 B E, B = E = AB. N ABE, AE

2 A4B. AB > 2, .