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Chiefs of Masonry
by Barry J. Lipson 33, PSP
Since Masonic time immemorial the
Princes of Jerusalem held a position of
special importance and prestige,
1
exemplified by the title the Chiefs of
Masonry
2
as a reward for the services
rendered by them to the people of
Jerusalem, for their profound knowledge
and the obligations under which they laid
Masonry.
3
They were deservedly the
equals of the great Prince Zerubbabel, of
the race of David.
4
The Princes of
Jerusalem, to the number of five, were
the judges in the last resort of the
decisions of the Lodges, there being no
appeal from their judgments. They derive this power from their predecessors, on whom the
people of Jerusalem conferred it.
5
Councils of Princes of Jerusalem were styled 'Council of
the Very Valiant and Very Illustrious Princes'." But is this still true? If not, why not? Are not all
Masons mandated to maintain and support the Ancient Usages and Customs of the
Fraternity?
6
Let us turn the key to this mystery.
But before delving into Masonic time immemorial, let us first return in time to the year of
the formation of the modern Scottish Rite, Anno Domini 1801, when what we now know as the
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States came into
being, with their self-proclaimed mission of bringing Order Out Of Chaos
7
(Ordo Ab Chao).
But were the title Chiefs of Masonry and the privileges appended thereto to be retained? And
what has been the similar and/or dissimilar fate of the Princes of Jerusalem and this designation
3
thereafter, both in the Southern Jurisdiction (SJ), and in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of
the United States (NMJ), the NMJ having been spun off from the SJ in 1813?
To determine what transpired beginning in 1801 we need to examine the first SJ tome
Ordo Ab Chao, which identifies itself as containing the Original and Complete Rituals of
the first Supreme Council, 33, dating back to the SJs formation in 1801, as [t]ranscribed
from newly discovered manuscript rituals in a private collection.
8
According to Ordo Ab
Chao, upon receiving the 15th Degree of the First Series (1801) of the Southern Jurisdiction
of the United States, called Knights of the East, or Sword, the candidate promised to
recognize in any part of the earth, the Princes of Jerusalem, as the Chiefs of Masonry, to
render them as such all the honor & homage due to their dignity, and to do my best to merit &
aspire to that eminent degree. So may God maintain me in uprightness & Justice. Amen.
Amen. Amen.
9
The same tome then, under the 16
th
Degree of the First Series (1801) of the Southern
Jurisdiction of the United States, called Princes Of Jerusalem, again stressed that the
Princes of J erusalem areChiefs of Masonry and sets forth the Privileges Of Princes Of
Jerusalem,
10
to wit:
[T]hey have a right to inspect all Lodges, & councils, as far as the Knights of the
East, they can revoke & annul all the work done in such, if found repugnant to the
Constitution and Laws of Masonry. If it is in a Council the Sovereign orders the
door to be thrown wide open, he calls to order, to form the Arch of Steel, & places
him to his right hand, and does him all the honors due to him. If it is in a Symbolic
Lodge Worshipful deputes 4 of the most eminent Brothers of the Lodge Those
deputies accompany him to the door, which is then opened, & the Arch of Steel is
formed. They give him the most eminent place, & if the Worshipful is not a Prince of
Jerusalem, he must offer him his place and mallet to the visitor, who is at liberty to
accept or refuse it, when he leaves the Lodge, the same ceremonies is [sic.] performed
as at the time of his entry.
4
It is interesting to note that these privileges extended not only to Scottish Rite bodies, but to
Symbolic Lodges, which today are often referred to as Blue Lodges and encompass the first
three degrees.
But was this status and these privileges created out of whole cloth in 1801, at the onset of
modern Scottish Rite Masonry, or did these roots really go further back in Masonic history as
asserted above? To find these roots we must go back in time and space to Masonic time
immemorial.
While Masonic ritual dates back to the building of King Solomons Temple, which
historically is placed at about 950 BC and biblically at around 832 BC,
11
the United Grand
Lodge of England, the Worlds first Grand Lodge, advises that Masonic scholars generally
agree that Masonry descends directly or indirectly from the organization of operative stone
masons who built the great cathedrals and castles of the middle ages,"
12
which would be during
the period 1066 AD to 1485 AD; and that the "first documented making of an English
Freemason was Elias Ashmole, at Warrington in 1646 AD.
13
As to the Scottish Rite, it appears neither England nor Scotland was its birthplace, but
France.
14
Nor was its birth time in ancient or medieval times, but during the period of the
colonization of the New World. While Blue Lodge Masonry had been brought to France in
1688 when the Royal Irish Regiment followed James II of England into his French exile,
15
Scots fleeing the strife in the British Isles"
16
brought the seeds of Scottish Rite Masonry to
France in the early Seventeen Hundreds. But for fertilization and germination a very fertile
[French] environment for the spread of Masonry was needed.
17
France by its very nature enjoyed a flair for royal courts and honors and so developed
Higher degrees to honor Masons who came into their midst, beyond the three Symbolic
Lodge degrees. Indeed, during that period the record shows that a Fourth Degree was created
entitled Scottish Knight [Chevalier Macon Ecossais] and it is believed that from this
stems the term Scottish Rite.
18
Thus we are told as early as 1733 a reference to a Scotch
Masons Lodge appeared and the following year it was again mentioned in a printed list of
5
Masonic lodges. The early designations Scots, Scotch, and Scottish refer to a type of
Masonry practiced, rather than referring to native Scotsmen. Thus, we read that from 173340
a Scotch Master Masons Degree was being conferred on normal Master Masons, and by
173435 additional degrees were invented, two of which were the Excellent Mason and
Grand Mason. These early Scotch (or Scottish) Degrees are ancestors of the Scottish Rite in
both name and tradition.
19
Viva la France!
Next, in 1743 a French Creole merchant tienne (Stephen) Morin was among the
founders of Loge Parfaite Harmonie [Perfect Harmony Lodge], having been formed by
Loge La Franaise which had a penchant for the so-called hauts grades (high degrees),
then coming into vogue.
20
Loge La Franaise was an early offshoot of Loge LAnglaise, an
English lodge ... founded in Bordeaux, France, it is believed in 1732.
21
The following year [1744] the book Le Parfait Maon [The Perfect Mason] was published
in France, purporting to unveil the secret of the Scottish Masons (Secret des maons
cossaise).
22
The theme it described remains the ritual basis for the Scottish Rites 15 Knight
of the East and 16 Prince of Jerusalem.
23
Additional Scottish Lodges offering "higher
degrees" were established in France over the next decade and a half,
24
including in 1754 the
Chapter of Clermont with seven degrees;
25
and in 1758, the expiring of the Chapter of
Clermont, and the rise of the "Emperors of the East and West," which increased Clermont's
seven degrees to twenty-five and introduced the nomenclature the "Rite of Perfection " or "Rite
of Heredom."
26
The year is now 1761 and Stephen Morin of Perfect Harmony fame reaches towards his
Masonic apex, becoming Inspector General for a part of the West Indies, thus bringing the
embryonic Scottish Rite to the Americas. While his colorful and some may say sorted Masonic
career is discussed in another of your authors papers,
27
suffice to say here all English-speaking
Scottish Rite Masonry in mainland North America, regular and irregular, appears to trace
themselves back to him.
6
The next year the Grand Constitution of 1762 and related Statutes, Regulations, Duties
and Privileges of the Princes of Jerusalem were adopted.
28
[S]oon after their adoption and
ratification by the Grand Consistory of France, they were transmitted to Brother Morin.
29
Therein the Princes of Jerusalem were clearly identified as being the Chiefs of Masonry.
30
As legislated therein, the Princes of Jerusalem are the Chiefs of Masonry, and as such may
lift Charters, have the right to visit and inspect Lodges, up to the degree of Knights of the East
and West; and may quash and recall their work, if it be contrary to the laws of Masonry.
Moreover, they may remain covered and the East is to be surrendered to them when they enter
under due protocol. However, not even these Chiefs of Masonry may challenges another to
fight a duel, for if they do they are to be expelled.
31
But havent we read this before, except
perhaps for expulsion for dueling which doesnt seem to be explicitly provided for in the 1801
Ordo Ab Chao? Then too, doesnt it say their authority extended to all Lodges up to the
degree of Knights of the East and West?
And they remained the Chiefs of Masonry all during the remaining Colonial Period in
English-speaking mainland North America. Thus, sometime between 1762 and 1767 (probably
1767) Morin appointed Henry A. Francken a Deputy Inspector General (DIG) at Kingston,
Jamaica, where Morin had relocated after he had been removed as Inspector General in 1766
by the Grand Lodge of France. Thereafter it appears that DIG Francken promptly journeyed to
the City of New York and in October, 1767 conferred for the first time in the Thirteen Colonies
that where destined to become the original United States, the Scottish Rite "Degrees of the
Lodge of Perfection, 4 to 14, and of the Council of Princes of Jerusalem, 15 and 16." He
then on December 20, 1767, at Albany, N. Y." chartered the "Ineffable Lodge of Perfection,
4 To 14, and Grand Council of Princes Of Jerusalem, 15 and 16, creating as characterized
in 1907 by William Homan, 33, NMJ Deputy for the State of New York and Honorary
Member of the SJ, "the oldest working Bodies of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite in the
World, and are under the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Council, 33, for the Northern Masonic
Jurisdiction, U.S."
32
Such was done under the auspices of the Princes of Jerusalem by Deputy
7
Francken, who on December 20, 1767 established and convened a Grand Council of Princes of
Jerusalem at Albany, New York in his creating of the Lodge of Perfection there.
33
And Ill. Bro. Homan, with hands-on research, substantiated this Chiefs of Masonry role of
the Princes of Jerusalem, locating in the Masonic archives of Ill.: William E. Fitch, 33 the
original Minute Book of the Ineffable Lodge of Perfection of Albany, New York, 1767-1774,
which confirmed his assertions concerning the Princes of Jerusalem;
34
and an original
WARRANT issued by the Grand Council of Princes of Jerusalem, which self-identifies itself
as the Most Equitable Grand Council of Valiant and Illustrious Princes of Jerusalem, and
asserts its authority as being duly and lawfully established, and convened in the city of
Albany, in the state of New York, in the United States of America, by authority emanating
from the Il Br Henry A. Francken, Deputy General Inspector, Etc, Etc. on the 29
th
day of the 9
th
month, called Kislev 7767, A.D 1767, and since the establishment of the Supreme Council
&&d. for said United States of America, duly acknowledged by said Supreme Council, and
then did grant this our WARRANT to form and constitute a Lodge of Perfection.
35
Thus,
the Princes of Jerusalem acting as the Chiefs of Masonry convened as a Grand Council of
Princes of Jerusalem to create and preside over the subordinate degrees.
Then, in 1768, DIG Francken appointed Moses Michael Hays, destined to be the first
Jewish Grand Master of Massachusetts, a DIG
36
who in 1781 similarly appointed Isaac
DaCosta in Charleston, South Carolina. DaCosta, a prominent merchant, Liturgical Master of
Congregation Beth Elohim, and most importantly here founder in February 1783 of the
Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfection in Charleston, South Carolina.
37
DaCosta expired the same
year and his successors continued his work creating in Charleston the additional high degree
bodies of the Grand Lodge Council of Princes of Jerusalem on February 20, 1788,
38
and the
Sublime Grand Council, Princes of the Royal Secret in 1797.
39
The groundwork was thus laid
for the formation in 1801 of modern Scottish Rite Masonry, by which time it has been reported
these Charleston bodies were the only extant bodies of the Rite in North America.
40
On May 31, 1801, under the authority of the Constitutions of the Supreme Council of
Sovereign Grand Inspectors General of the Thirty-Third and Last Degree, reportedly
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promulgated at Berlin, Prussia, the 1
st
of May, 1786,
41
and through the good work of five
Protestant, four Jewish, and two Roman Catholic Brothers, these Charleston bodies formed
the Supreme Council of the Thirty-third Degree for the United States of America, the first
Scottish Rite Supreme Council in the World,
42
which today is known as the Ancient and
Accepted Scottish Rite of the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States.
While the Constitutions of 1786 raise to and freeze the number of Scottish Rite degrees at
33,
43
and provides uniquely for two Supreme Councils in the United States,
44
contrary to
modern Masonic concepts their Regulation 109 provides that the first degree is inferior to the
second, that to the third, and so ascending regularly to the Sublime Degree (the thirty-third and
last) which watches over all the others, corrects their errors and governs them,
45
as under
modern Masonic concepts the Grand Lodge of each Jurisdiction is the supreme Masonic
authority in its jurisdiction, and exclusively watches over the first three degrees, corrects
their errors and governs them. Regarding the Princes of Jerusalem, the Constitutions of 1786
appear to be silent, apparently thus leaving the Grand Constitution of 1762 in full force and
effect here. Accordingly, the SJ for over its first six decades refrained from exercising direct
authority over the degrees below the Seventeenth Degree.
46
We have already reviewed how the SJ was formed in 1801 from the Grand Lodge Council
of Princes of Jerusalem and subordinate Charleston, South Carolina bodies.
47
It is significant
to note that shortly thereafter, on January 21, 1802 it was the Grand Council of Princes of
Jerusalem that issued the Warrant of Constitution for the establishment of a Mark-Master
Masons Lodge in Charleston, and then on December 4, 1802, issued a Warrant of
Constitution for a Lodge of Perfection at Savannah.
48
Likewise, the SJ Manifesto of December 4, 1802
49
officially announcing the formation of
this first Supreme Council, specifically provided that the 16th degree is the Grand Council of
Princes of Jerusalem, who hold jurisdiction over the 15th degree, called Knights of the East,
and also over the Sublime Grand Lodge ["4th to the 14th degree"], and is to them, what a
Symbolic Grand Lodge is to the subordinate Lodges [1
st
-3
rd
]. Without a Warrant and
Constitution regularly issued by them, or by an [sic.] higher Council or Inspector, they are
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deemed irregular and are punished accordingly. Interestingly, in addition to again reaffirming
the Princes of Jerusalem Chiefs of Masonry role, this Manifesto begins the acknowledgement
that the Scottish has no authority over the Blue Lodge degrees by both advising that the
Princes of Jerusalem have the authority of a Symbolic Grand Lodge over the 4
th
through 16
th
degrees, while thus alluding to the fact that they have no authority over the first three degrees,
by advising that they are to the 4
th
-14
th
degrees as a Symbolic Grand Lodge is to the
subordinate Lodges [1
st
-3
rd
]. Between then and 1870, at least four other SJ Councils of
Princes of Jerusalem were formed,
50
including by SJ Grand Commander Albert Pike, himself,
establishing Casiphia Council of Princes of Jerusalem No. 1, at Memphis, 1n 1867.
51
But in the SJ the mighty fell in the early 1870s when Pike inserted the spike, neutering the
Princes.
52
For some not readily discernable reason, after himself creating a new Council of
Princes of Jerusalem a relatively few years earlier, he turned, first questioning the value of
their ritual (as also done by him regarding other rituals), and then presumably their Chiefs of
Masonry status, perhaps because he felt this diluted his Grand Commander authority.
53
Thus,
commencing in 1870-1872, the SJ took steps to bury a comatosed Princes of Jerusalem
within Rose Croix and their they have been languishing to the present, though the 15
th
and 16
th
degrees and their content remained, re-classified as Rose Croix degrees. The final
acknowledgement of the Princes of Jerusalem in the SJ Supreme Council Statutes was in the
1890s.
54
One Masonic Scholar has called this SJ treatment of the Princes of Jerusalem a
manifest innovation on the ancient system, the expediency, or at least the propriety [of which],
may be greatly doubted.
55
Not so in the NMJ! While today in the SJ Councils of Princes of Jerusalem have joined the
Dodo, Princes of Jerusalem in the NMJ still ply their trade. They exist and openly, proudly and
notoriously administer their Fifteenth and Sixteenth Degrees as they have done for Masonic
time immemorial,
56
and as, for example, is observable in Princes Of Jerusalem Feasts,
Scottish Rite Valley of Pittsburgh (Circa 2000 -- 2001), by Barry J. Lipson, Sovereign Prince
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/49065631/PRINCES-OF-JERUSALEM-FEASTS-Barry-J-
Lipson-Sovereign-Prince-Circa-2000-2001), where you can learn of the Festivities of one
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Northern Masonic Jurisdiction Princes of Jerusalem year. Of Princes of Jerusalem feasting of
the body and the mind, with innovative and out of the box explorations.
Today, however, even in the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction the Princes of Jerusalem exert
no authority over the degrees below the Fifteenth or above the above the Sixteenth.
Still the lives of Princes of Jerusalem in the modern NMJ Scottish Rite can be regal and
princely, and if we comply with Article XXXIV of the Grand Constitution of 1762, which
requires the Princes of Jerusalem to sponsor the Feasts of the Return to Jerusalem (November
20
th
), the Rebuilding of the Temple (February 23
rd
) and the Equinoctial Days (March 22
nd
&
September 22
nd
), we could certainly be hailed the Chefsof Masonry!!!!
And Hic Jacet Arthurus Rex Quondam Rexque Futurus! Who knows, the SJ Princes
of Jerusalem, like King Arthur, may just be biding their time: Here Lying in the Bowels of
SJ Rose Croix the Once and Future Chiefs of Masonry, the SJ Princes of Jerusalem and
perchance the key to the future.
Copyright 2011-12 by Barry J. Lipson
1
S. Brent Morris, Masonic Papers: Why Thirty-Three?, http://www.freemasons-
freemasonry.com/brentmorris8.html (2008). W. Bro. S. Brent Morris 33 G.C., Masonic scholar, and since 2005
Managing Editor of the Southern Jurisdiction flagship publication The Scottish Rite Journal of the Supreme
Council, 33.
11
2
Albert Gallatin Mackey, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Volume 1, p.198 , title formerly given in the Ancient
and Accepted Scottish Rite to Princes of Jerusalem (.http://books.google.com/books?id=lU5e-
E6wBeEC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=%22chiefs+of+masonry%22&source=bl&ots=v1gAohLFy4&sig=y2
xMUWWRnH6AGAlZW61-
iyA6a44&hl=en&ei=ahp0TbWTC8GAlAfXvoxy&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ
6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22chiefs%20of%20masonry%22&f=false )
3
Albert Pike, Statutes and Regulations, Institutes, Laws and Grand Constitutions of the Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite (New York 1859).
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid.
6
The Laws Of Masonry, VII Short Talk Bulletin 12, supra; emphasis added.
7
What is Scottish Rite Masonry, Valley of Chicago, http://www.valleyofchicago.org/ (to bring order out of
chaos, a Supreme Council was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1801).
8
Ordo Ab Chao - Original and Complete Rituals of the first Supreme Council, 33*, VOLUME ONE , pp. 1,
151-171 (Poemandres Press Boston & New York 1995), http://www.scribd.com/doc/29683261/Ordo-Ab-Chao-
the-Original-and-Complete-Rituals-of-the-First-Supreme-Council-33-Degree-Masons;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/50149218/Ordo-Ab-Chao-the-Original-and-Complete-Rituals-of-the-First-
Supreme-Council-33-Degree-Masons#
9
Ibid, p.165; emphasis added.
10
Ibid, pp 172, 178-179; emphasis added.
11
Solomons Temple, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple .
12
History of Freemasonry, United Grand Lodge of England, http://www.ugle.org.uk/what-is-masonry/history-
of-freemasonry/ . Middle Ages Timeline "starts in 1066 with the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest
and ends in 1485 with the death of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field" (http://www.middle-
ages.org.uk/middle-ages-timeline.htm ).
13
Ibid.
14
History of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Bolivia Supreme Council,
http://www.dannyboy.ca/HistoryAASREnglish.htm, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46640835/Supremo-Consejo-
Bolivia-History ; see also Alain Bernheim, Did Early High or cossais Degrees Originate in France?
Heredom, vol. 5 (1996), pp. 87113.
15
History of Freemasonry in France (according to 1777 tradition Masonry started in France in 1688),
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry_in_France .
16
History of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Bolivia Supreme Council, supra.; emphasis added.
17
Ibid.
18
Ibid..
19
Arturo de Hoyos, A Brief Overview of the Scottish Rites Origins and Rituals, The Scottish Rite Journal
(September-October 2007), http://www.scribd.com/doc/46640757/A-Brief-Overview-of-the-Scottish-Rite-s-
Origins-and-Rituals-by-Arturo-de-Hoyos .
20
Ibid.
21
Ibid.
22
The complete text of Le Parfait Maon is translated in Harry Carr, The Early French Exposures 17371751
(London: Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, 1971), pp. 157200.
23
De Hoyos, supra.
12
24
Including one in Toulouse in 1748, one in Marseilles in 1750-51, and two in Paris in 1752 and 1754.
25
Charles Summer Lobingier, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, p. 60,
http://books.google.com/books?id=hPHR9PYn_6oC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=%22Chapter+of+Clermont%22+Lobingier&source=
bl&ots=c6d4WHZyZD&sig=OMelh18jB8uN8XJ08uCzLOYWxo4&hl=en&ei=b1grTcT5I4T58AbvrMWyAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ; See also Samuel Harrison Baynard, History of
the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree of Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Part I, p. 41 (1938),
http://books.google.com/books?id=EGAOcfEpTuAC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false
26
Baynard and H. Paul Jeffers, Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society, p.
52 (2005),
http://books.google.com/books?id=qvXIYSYBwC0C&lpg=PA173&dq=reed%20durham&lr=&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q=reed%20d
urham&f=false. According to the SJ's Scottish Rite Research Society, "Heredom [orig. unknown] is a significant
word in 'high degree' Freemasonry, from French Rose Croix rituals where it refers to a mythical mountain in
Scotland, the legendary site of the first such Chapter. Possible explanations include: Hieros-domos, Greek for
Holy House, Harodim, Hebrew for overseers; Heredum, Latin for of the heirs," and since 1992 the name of that
Society's "flagship publication" ( http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/symbolism_colors.html ).
27
Barry J. Lipson, The Browning of Masonry & The Symbolism of the Lost, Transactions, PA Lodge of
Research, Vol. 5, pp. 65-114 (2011); http://www.scribd.com/doc/59822509/Browning-of-Masonry-The-
Symbolism-of-the-Lost-The-Scottish-Rite-And-The-Cerneau-Wrong-Revisited-by-Barry-J-Lipson-33rd-Degree
28
Edwin A. Sherman - New Edition of the Brief History of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of
Freemasonry (Carrutu & Carruth, Oakland, CA 1890)
http://www.archive.org/stream/editionofbrienew00sherrich/editionofbrienew00sherrich_djvu.txt
29
Ibid.
30
Statutes and Regulations, Institutes, Laws and Grand Constitutions of the Supreme Council,
http://books.google.com/books?id=ToVpe37XdykC&dq=mason+%22statutes+and+regulations%22&source=gb
s_navlinks_s; John H. Cowles, Supreme Council 33
rd
Degree, SJ, Part 1, p. 439 (1931),
http://books.google.com/books?id=DTdnmGBHgGIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+H.+Cowles,+Supreme+
Council+33rd+Degree,+Part+1&hl=en&ei=KOYrTfg9wf-
WB7yd4IAL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=John%20
H.%20Cowles%2C%20Supreme%20Council%2033rd%20Degree%2C%20Part%201&f=false .
31
Ibid.
32
William Homan, The Scottish Rite and The Cerneau Wrong (1907); emphasis added,
.http://www.scribd.com/doc/32418589/The-Scottish-Rite-and-the-Cerneau-Wrong-1907 .
33
Cowles, Supreme Council 33
rd
Degree, SJ, Part 1, supra., p. 439 (1931): This 1767 Grand Council is said to
be the oldest working council . in the world.
34
William Homan, The Scottish Rite. p. 13 (1905). The minutes read (spelling as in original): About the 7
th
October 1767 Messr Pfister & Gamble were Introduced at New York to Mr Henry Andrew Francken who a day
or two after, by Authority invested in him, Initiated them in the 11 Degrees of Ancient Masonry from the Secret
Master being the 4
th
to the Perfection which is the 14
th
and Known to be the utmost Limits of Symbolick
Masonry. [Homans Note: The degrees here alluded to, are Knight of the East & Prince of Jerusalem: the
degrees above that of Perfection, being denominated degrees of Modern Masonry or Masonry revived.]
About a week after the above date Mr Franckin conferred on them the 2 first Degrees of Modern Masonry or
Masonry Revived Munday the 28
th
the Members of the Ineffable Body that were in town went in Procession
with the Brethren of Union Lodge the Brothers ware Br. Stringer Br Lynott, Br Cartwright Br Gamble & Br
Pfister. The Order of Procession was Princes of Jerusalem & 2 Stewards. [Homans Note Continued: Brs.
Gamble & Van Pfister walked in procession the 28
th
day of Decr. Following in the capacity of Princes of
Jerusalem. See page 3d. of these minutes, above.],
13
http://books.google.com/books?id=iKTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA184&dq=William+Homan,+The+Scottish+Rite.+p.+13+(1905)&hl=e
n&ei=tOYrTamKAcGclgf8y9nTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false .
35
Ibid., Princes of Jerusalem Warrant dated Feb 1827 (Emphasis added):
36
Freemasons and Moses Michael Hays, Jewish Virtual Library (2010),
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_06772.html .
37
Ibid.
38
Charles T. McClenachan, The Book of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, pp. 16-17 (1884),
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2897387/Charles-T-McClenachan-The-Book-of-the-Ancient-and-Accepted-
Scottish-Rite, p.18; by Myers, Spitzer, A. Forst, Deputy Inspector-General for Virginia.
39
S. Brent Morris, The Royal Secret In America Before 1801, p.1,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/21049755/Morris-B-the-Royal-Secret-in-America-Before-1801 .
40
Ibid.; emphasis added.
41
McClenachan, supra.
42
What is the Scottish Rite?, Valley of Cleveland; emphasis added http://www.aasrcleveland.org/aasr/wisr.htm .
43
Waco Scottish Rite, History of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry,
http://www.wacoscottishrite.org/html/history_of_scottish_rite.htm .
44
McClenachan, supra.; see also Albert Gallatin Mackey, History of Freemasonry, Part 7, p. 1850 (1898),
http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/mackeys_history_volume_7.htm : Only one Supreme Council of the 33
rd
Degree can exist in each nation and kingdom (by Article V, of the Grand Constitution of 1786); two in the
United States of America, as far as possible one from the other; one in British Islands of America, and one also
in the French colonies. Emphasis added.
45
Pike, Statutes, supra., pp. 109-111.
46
Cowles, supra., p. 439.
47
McClenachan, supra., p.18; History, Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, District of Columbia, supra.
48
Manifesto of December 4, 1802 (a/k/a Dalcho Circular Creating the Supreme Council); emphasis added,
http://scscottishrite.org/history/dalchocircular.htm; see also Cowles, supra., p. 439.
49
Manifesto, Ibid; emphasis added.
50
Cowles, supra., p. 439: On October 2, 1829, a dispensation was issued by Deputy Perez Snell of the Mother
Supreme Council for a Grand Council of Princes of Jerusalem at Natchez, Mississippi; in December 1867
Inspector Batchelor of Louisiana organized Mobile Council No. 1; Casiphia Council of Princes of Jerusalem
No. 1, at Memphis, 1n 1867; and Charles Scott Council at Vicksburg existed at least as early as 1868, all
Councils of Princes of Jerusalem.
51
Ibid.
52
Lipson, Browning, supra., p. 89.
53
Cowles, supra., pp. 308, 439.
54
Ibid. p. 439.
55
Mackey, supra.
56
Though not as a Grand Council, and without the title Chiefs of Masonry or the privileges appended
thereto.

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