WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

La Paz, Iloilo City

College of Education - Graduate School

Names: Ada Mae I. Robles Course: MAEd - Mathematics
Teacher: Rosemarie G. Galvez Subject: MATH 518 ICT in Mathematics

Paper No. 3a: Create handout using Microsoft Word. Use definition/description of any Math concept.


Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VI Western Visayas
Division of Iloilo
ESTANCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Estancia, Iloilo

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra - Matrix

Definition

A matrix is an array of numbers. In what follows, a matrix is denoted by an upper-case
alphabet in boldface (e.g., A), and its (i, j)th element (the element at the ith row and jth column) is
denoted by the corresponding lower-case alphabet with subscripts ij (e.g., aij ). Specifically, a m n
matrix A contains m rows and n columns and can be expressed as

= [

]

An n 1 (1 n) matrix is an n-dimensional column (row) vector. Every vector will be
denoted by a lower-case alphabet in boldface (e.g., z), and its ith element is denoted by the corresponding
lower-case alphabet with subscript i (e.g., zi). An 1 1 matrix is just a scalar. For a matrix A, its ith
column is denoted as ai.

Matrix Operations

Two matrices are said to be of the same size if they have the same number of rows and
same number of columns.

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

The sum of two matrices have entries that are the sum of the corresponding entries of the
two matrices.



WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT In MATHEMATICS
Examples:
[
1 3
1 0
1 2
] +[
0 0
7 5
2 1
] = [
1 +0 3 +0
1 +7 0 +5
1 +2 2 +1
] = [
1 3
8 5
3 3
]

Once addition is defined we have obviously also defined subtraction. A - B is computed by
subtracting corresponding elements of A and B, and has the same dimensions as A and B. For example:

[
1 3
1 0
1 2
] [
0 0
7 5
2 1
] = [
1 0 3 0
1 7 0 5
1 2 2 1
] = [
1 3
6 5
1 1
]


Multiplication of Matrices

The product of two matrices is the corresponding matrices of the product of the
corresponding two linear transformations.
Examples:
1.) (
1 0 2
1 3 1
) (
3 1
2 1
1 0
) = (
[(1 3) + (0 2) +(2 1)] [(1 1) +(0 1) +(2 0)]
[(1 3) + (3 2) +(1 1)] [(1 1) +(3 1) +(1 0)]
)
= (
[3 +0 +2] [1 +0 +0]
[3 +6 +1] [1 +3 +0]
)
= (


)
2.) 2 (
1 8 3
4 2 5
) = (
2 1 2 8 2 3
2 4 2 2 2 5
) = (


)

Number Theory Summation

Definition

Summation is the operation of adding a sequence of numbers; the result is their sum or
total. If numbers are added sequentially from left to right, any intermediate result is a partial sum, prefix
sum, or running total of the summation.

Often mathematical formulae require the addition of many variables. Summation or sigma
notation is a convenient and simple form of shorthand used to give a concise expression for a sum of the
values of a variable.
Let x1, x2, x3, xn denote a set of n numbers. x1 is the first number in the set. xi represents
the ith number in the set.
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS
Summation notation involves:
The summation sign
This appears as the symbol, S, which is the Greek upper case letter, S. The
summation sign, S, instructs us to sum the elements of a sequence. A typical element of the
sequence which is being summed appears to the right of the summation sign.

The variable of summation, i.e. the variable which is being summed
The variable of summation is represented by an index which is placed beneath the
summation sign. The index is often represented by i. (Other common possibilities for
representation of the index are j and t.) The index appears as the expression i = 1. The index
assumes values starting with the value on the right hand side of the equation and ending with the
value above the summation sign.

The starting point for the summation or the lower limit of the summation

The stopping point for the summation or the upper limit of summation






Properties of Summation
1.)
c = c +c +c ++c

=1
=
Illustration:
5 = 5 +5 +5 ++5
4
=1
= 5(4) =
2.)
c

=1

=1

Illustration:
4
1
= 4 (1 +2 +3 +4 +5) = 4 (15)
5
=1
=

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS

3.)
(

) =

=1

=1
y

=1

Illustration:
(

+5) = (

++

) +( + ++)

=1

Examples:
Calculate the following:
1.) 2.)
()
2
=
3
=1
(
2
1) =
4
=1


Solutions:
1.)
()
2
=
3
=1
1
2
+ 2
2
+3
2
= 1 +4 +9 =
2.)
(
2
1) =
4
=1
(1
2
1) +(2
2
) +(3
2
1) +(4
2
1)
= 0 +3 +8 +15 =


Algebra Sets

Definition

Sets - are simply collections of items
- may contain your favorite even numbers, the days of the week, or the names of
your brothers and sisters

Elements - the items contained within a set
- in a set do not "repeat" or it appear only once
- are often listed by roster (a list of the elements in a set, separated by commas
and surrounded by French curly braces)

Empty set is a set without element
- also called null set
- is denoted with the symbol:

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS


Sets are often represented in pictorial form with a circle containing the elements of the set.
Such a depiction is called a Venn Diagram.
A Venn diagram is a drawing, in which circular areas represent groups of items usually sharing
common properties. The drawing consists of two or more circles, each representing a specific group or
set. This process of visualizing logical relationships was devised by John Venn (1834-1923).



Each Venn diagram begins with a rectangle representing
the universal set. Then each set of values in the problem is
represented by a circle. Any values that belong to more than one set
will be placed in the sections where the circles overlap.
The universal set is often the "type" of values that are solutions to
the problem. For example, the universal set could be the set of all
integers from -10 to +10, set A the set of positive integers in that
universe, set B the set of integers divisible by 5 in that universe, and
set C the set of elements -1, - 5, and 6.



The Venn diagram at the left shows two sets A and B that overlap.
The universal set is U. Values that belong to both set A and set B
are located in the center region labeled where the circles
overlap. This region is called the "intersection" of the two sets.
(Intersection, is only where the two sets intersect, or overlap.)
U


The notation represents the entire region covered by both sets A and B (and the
section where they overlap). This region is called the "union" of the two sets.
(Union, like marriage, brings all of both sets together.)

If we cut out sets A and B from the picture above, the remaining region in U, the universal
set, is labeled , ( )

and is called the complement of the union of sets A and B.

A complement of a set is all of the elements (in the universe) that are NOT in the set.

Let set A be the numbers 3, 6, 9.
A = {3, 6, 9} (in roster notation)

The symbol, , is read is an element of
Let B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {3, 6, 9}
Set A is a subset of set B, since every element in set
A is also an element of set B. The notation
is:
A
C
B
A B
WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS

Calculus Differential Calculus

Definition

Differential calculus is the study of the definition, properties, and applications of
the derivative of a function. The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.

The most common symbol for a derivative is an apostrophe-like mark called prime. Thus,
the derivative of the function of f is f, pronounced "f prime." For instance, if f(x) = x2 is the squaring
function, then f(x) = 2x is its derivative, the doubling function.

If the input of the function represents time, then the derivative represents change with
respect to time. For example, if f is a function that takes a time as input and gives the position of a ball at
that time as output, then the derivative of f is how the position is changing in time, that is, it is
the velocity of the ball.

If a function is linear (that is, if the graph of the function is a straight line), then the function
can be written as y = mx + b, where x is the independent variable, y is the dependent variable, b is the y-
intercept, and:
=

=


=

.
This gives an exact value for the slope of a straight line. If the graph of the function is not a
straight line, however, then the change in y divided by the change in x varies. Derivatives give an exact
meaning to the notion of change in output with respect to change in input. To be concrete, let f be a
function, and fix a point a in the domain of f. (a, f(a)) is a point on the graph of the function. If h is a
number close to zero, then a + h is a number close to a. Therefore (a + h, f(a + h)) is close to (a, f(a)).
The slope between these two points is
=
(+)()
(+)
=
(+)()

.
This expression is called a difference quotient. A line through two points on a curve is
called a secant line, so m is the slope of the secant line between (a, f(a)) and (a + h, f(a + h)). The secant
line is only an approximation to the behavior of the function at the point a because it does not account for
what happens between a and a + h. It is not possible to discover the behavior at a by setting h to zero
because this would require dividing by zero, which is impossible. The derivative is defined by taking
the limit as h tends to zero, meaning that it considers the behavior of f for all small values of h and
extracts a consistent value for the case when h equals zero:

(+)()

.

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS

Example:
1.) The derivative of the squaring function at the input 3. Let f(x) = x
2
be the squaring function.

Solution:

() =

( + )

() =

+ +

() =

+

() =

( +)

() =



Trigonometry

Definition

Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon "triangle" + metron "measure")


b C a
Trigonometry ... is all about triangles

A B
c





Right-Angled Triangle
hypotenuse
opposite



adjacent

WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
College of Education - Graduate School

HANDOUT in MATHEMATICS

Right-angled triangle is a triangle with at least one angle measure 90
- is a triangle of most interest
Hypotenuse is the longest side of a right
Opposite side is a side of the right opposite to angle
Adjacent side - is a side of the right adjacent to angle

Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

Trigonometry is good at finding the missing side or angle of a triangle. They are simply one
side of a triangle divided by another. The special functions sine, cosine, and tangent will help us.

For any angle ,

Sine Function: sin ( ) = Opposite / Hypotenuse

hypotenuse opposite Cosine Function: cos ( ) = Adjacent / Hypotenuse



Tangent Function: tan ( ) = Opposite / Adjacent


adjacent



References

en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linear_Algebra/Matrices
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/math/summation.html
www.regentsprep.org/regents/math/algebra/AP2/LVenn.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus
http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/trigonometry.html




Prepared by:

ADA MAE B. INVENTOR-ROBLES
MAEd - Mathematics