"f

".~

¿,'..

Circular
Concrete Tanks
WifhollfPresfressing

5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie,lIIinois60077-1083

Phone:708l966-6200 • Facsimile: 708/966·9781

AA organlzatlon of cemanl manufacturera lo Improve and

extend 1he U&e8 af porUand cement and concrete through .
markel developmenl, englneerlng, research, educatlon, and
publlo a~a1rs work.
\.
\\
 ':JI" ....
." --r .•.~.~<"';.J.'~·•••"t
"';"~"'Vt.""""~í.'l'J
llntroductíoni.
. nye1.ltionalIy
con~te ~Jlaye.been
.11. '~'.'

reinfoic~~Hnon-prestressed)circular
"'1\; .~'.,~_,_•• ! .•...
-",.,
¡¡j.',{-l".": .." •.,.,r""''/;~'''!.''.:'''.''.'.1".'i'';l"".''i ..
···-~i,.I/·~

i ':;jfshown
.• 'Ji·','-t

f~;:tion.¡Anexample
:in::Fig.,l.
,tbat must ;..of
The
be.con sidered..for
-,,..i'L_

sorneof
used extensiyely in munici- ': f' detailed lo withstand the forees ftom' each ofthese .{"
,,-'.¡,' .. ~
the ·.all.·.
10ading'.~Jiditions
tanlc.must:.be~
a paro. d~sigi1ciiand
y.•.
buri
...···.ed
. .....
'.·.tank.
•'," ·.·.l·S
, ',' ,. :'--", '.J_ l.~".".
4:"'·,.~:;.\~,.,.•..•..

design
,paJ, and ofthese,
industrial structures
facilities requires thatdecades.
far severa! attentionThe.
be uplift forces
loading from hydrostatic
conditioos. pressureon
The tank may the bottom
alsobc>SUbjécted toJo ....
~
givennotonlytostrengthrequirements,buttoservice- of the slab when the tank is empty. Therefore. it is ~
ability requirements as well. Aproperlydesigned tank important for. the design engineer to determine all
must be able to withstand the ~ppliedloads without pÓssibleloading conditions on the structure. Accord-
cracks that would permit leakage. The goal of provid- ing to ACI 350. the full effects of the soilloads and
ing a structuralIy· sound tank that will not leak is water pressure must be designed for without the ben-
achievedbyprovidingtheproperamountanddistribu- efit of resistanee ofthe loads which could minimize
tion ofreinforcement, theproper spacingand detailing the effects of each othér.

placed using proper constnlction practices. l8akage test priorlo bacldiq.

O' .

[MJ
UA ~
of construction joints, and the use of quality concrete CoIxItion 1
A thorough review of the latest report by ACI
Cornmittee 350 entitled Environmental Engineering
Concrete Structures1 is essentialin understanding the
design of tanks. The latest edition (1983) of that Bacldil pñor lo adcing tarit COYeI'.
Condition2
document recommends that, unless noted otherwise,

IU
the structural design should conformto Building Code
Requirementsf~r Reinforced Concrete (ACI318-89) 'P.f ~M

.,_. ACI
(Revised
318 1992y2. Therefore, a working knowledge of
is also necessary.
The topics discussed'in this publication are:
Tank
~, ID'
fui wilhprovided
Resistance cowr in by
place
soiI ..
is ignoced ..

Figure l-Possible loading conditionsfor a partially

'.ot>. Loading Conditions (Section 2) buriedtank
• Design Methods (Section 3)
• Wall Thickness (Section 4)
• Reinforcement (Section 5)
• Crack Control (Section 6) 11 DesignMethods
Two approaches currently exist for the design of
• Design ofTank Walls (Sections7 tbÍ'ough 13)
reinforced concrete memkrs:
• Design of Roof Slabs (Sections 14 through 16)
• Effect ofVariation in Wall Thickness (1) Strength Design, and (2) Allowable Stress De-
(Section 17) sign (refetred to in Building Code R~uirements for
• Temperature Variatio~ in TankWall~:. Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-89) (Revised 1992)
(Section18) , ,_,~.<_
Appendix A, as the Alternate Deáign method).
·,Designof13ase Slabs (Secuon 19), The i Btrength DesignmethodbecaIi1e, thecom-
;;~.Adetailed designexample is,given in Section 20. monIy adoptedprocedure forconventional buUdings
,Al.so. , a..t,theend oftbe publicationis alistof refi..erences ·afterthe 1963revision to the ACI BuiIdingCOde. and
;. .. ," ' .." " ," .. ,_ - ':' " "', "-.,, '," " ..- ',"" .." ._".'_ '. _'.. " re ,_ ."': ,~ ;=

.. pertaiping
;'~.';''''''.'--''''';--<'f' ~..
t<>. 'tb~'
.é. l~sigri8ncÍanalys'¡~of
1..#",';"'.': '!.J~~ •......•.,~",.. •.
.:¡, .••••.•....,.."'.••
·iáIikS ..., ;' ",.>.'. _f."'.' ••.· ,-" i', •. ) ::.' ."
eonstitiltésthe baSicprocedure of design in the'present
AClBúildirig Códe <1\01 31~7~~);~~~~'A1ternate
oesign,m~thOdiliáliappendii. (Api>en~::J\),::::
•
':,"'f~ Loading,t:;bfúlitidñs'tITmnrrHrf;¡t:<,
;'i
' .. ~,,;.,-::;: ;~v;.;.,,:,,~.,.-~:~j_ ~;~;:r',
.~.<~·c: ~:?~X~.·l1:,;.!\--~~;;-'1 '.'<¡:, :'" • ",.",. •. _;~r: ~<' \""~ l',f~ ~)L-' ;;;n;,,~,.~j.~):·;r:;
..f~}'_J ,',/ ::~~l_:~_.~)/\~.•_::~;

{:,eA tank ~~t,~~~igned'toWitl1stancl th~loads that it , UIltll recently,.,th~l1§e:of.strength ~sign for mu-
¡>,:iWilJ):~~,§,~Pj~~.ót.Sh9~g.U1m1YtY,~J)f
.use.~¡B.ut
it nicipal andother facilities was considered mappropri-
ate due to the lack of reliabIe assessment of crack
. ""r:ii~eq~Y,"4Ppq~UgF9~i4~dQ~s;dup~g~~~tI11c:- ..;'~; " ,-"'~'f.

~;;~;;/¡ij..(JIr.cUMt~r4t)kl'·
" .. ;-;' .
' L:"~; '..~' .

~;~~~~~~r:t\
.-
 --

'~:;/"Jmowlédg~lÍJí\\th¡'H8Sf,tWOl~~~~I@)jij'.Íhe"-'~':tO~í1!C.ieC¡uired
)¡,¡widths,at¡ervice loads~dTheadyanees'm\thisratea of
, ,rj~cceptance,of.the'stiength'design methoo fo(~unici-
Modijiáltion2 - The~irength-;U.
membetSmustDe~si~~t,
J~/V89.1',:A(~1J3S0Jrequires~:that,the'v81tie"of'Ufbei'<1t
~~é!~~ ;1'

palliquid retaining structures in<generatañel circular '. :'f\ ;.'! '¡iDcreasoobYiising amultipliercalled the saniUiry ,
,concrete tanks in particular. The IatestACICOmmit-·
tee 350 report recoIll1llends proceduresfor the use of
both Allowable Stress Design,and Strength Design ,
forliquidretainingstructures. Thenewrecommenda-
tions by Committee 350 for strength design essentialIy
suggest inflated load factors to control service load
crack widths to falI in the rangeofO.OO4 in~to 0.OO8where~e
in .• as suggested in a1968 paper by Gogate.3
",: coefficieni:n:'The"'sarntary coefficieripwiU'in-
crease the design Ioáds to provide a more conser-
vative design with Iess cracking. The increased
.required strength is given by:
Required strength = Sanitary coefficient x U
..
samtary coefficlent equals:
1.3 forflexure
" ,A." •.....

Service state anaIysis of reinforced concrete strtictures 1.65 for direct tension'"
should incIude computations of crack widths and their 1.3 for shear beyond that of the capacity provided by the
long term effects on the structure in tenns of its stability concrete
andfunctionaIperfonnance. Thepresentstate-of-the-art WorkingStress Design-ACI 350 recornmends tha
of reinforced concrete design lea~ to computations this altemative design method be in accordance with
which are, at best. a modified form of elastic anaIysis of ACI 318. ACI 350 implies in its document that the
the composite reinforced steeIlconcrete.system. Due lo maximum allowable stress for Grade 60 reinforcing
the well known effects of creep. shrinkage. ~olume steel is 30 ksi. This is considerably larger than the 24
changes. and temperature, all anaIyses of this type. in ksi aIlowed in Appendix A of ACI 318-89.
tenns of computed stresses ,are indices ofperfonnanceof
the structure and should not be construed to have any ACI 350 recornmends the aIlowable stress in hoop
more significance than that. tension for Grade 60 reinforcing steel as 20 ksi and fOle
Grade 40 reinforcing steel as 14 ksi.
The following.discussion describes the alterations in
, the,:design methods of ACI 318 provided by ACI 350.
Strength Design- The load combinations to deter-
mine the required strength, U, are given in Section 9.2 11 Wall Thickness
Typically. in the design of reinforced concrete mem-
of ACI 318-89. ACI 350 requires the following two
modifications to that section. bers. the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. Any
significant cracking in a liquid containing tank is
Modification The load factor to be used for , 1- unacceptable. For this rtason. it must be assured that
lateralliquid pressure, F, is taken as 1.7 rather the stress in the concrete from ring tension is kept at a
than the value of lA specified in ACI 318. This minimum to prevent excessive cracking. Neither ACI
value of 1.7 may be overconservative for some 350 or ACI 318 provide guidelinesfor the tension
tanks, since they are filled to the top onlyguring carrying capacity'for this conditipn. The allowable
Ieak testing or because of accidenJal'overflow. tensile strength of concrete is usually bCtween 1% and
Since leaktesting usualIyocc~Only,on9Cand 12% ofthe coIllpressive'strength.'Avalueof 10% of
since,. most~ttUlks,are .eqÍrlpPed ;,}viihJó,v~Íf1.
"'''' ""'.: ",'
oW.,, .' " ,".,..< •.. ' .", " .-, .. ~: .. ' "'.- .',,' ,',,). '.-.' -," - ...• ,.- '. -".. -'- ~ '.
.,the.concretestreJ.lgth willbe us(Xiin thispublication.
pipes,soÍne'-pesigne,rs haveC()~iderP.d~¡ng the .• ,"' .. "1.' ",";",' ~ ,', • ; .. ' . 1:., "J. l.__ .. :, .,'. _,' _, _ ':-. ';_,'
• "":" '.':_ ,. ",_, ,. '. _t, "_'. ,_,: . ¡,,__ •. .'_.. "_'.. .' '. ~ __
, "'';-',,>. '••••.•" •. ' __
"':'" ~..¡' ,•• J __," '.'- _.' ,-, •.

;~::?i~;':~~idirtgioÁcf350:
reinfotSed'éóiiBtefuw8lls 10
,t ,_
_,".load ·'fact()f~9(:J;.4,¡m,ari,~~mpt~~,~I}SC;I'~~;": " '", t,!"'1Cit:1''.l: r¡: '::,'-,.' ',:'_'
~::': ~", -.,, .
~~- .... ,\=(-.r.')I'; j¡/~ ;:;,"",.¡, i- ,~._ .. :,.;¡..t'r.'~ ",' ,.-:. ~."),
ft high br taller ,whichare in contilct Withliqwd; shall
_"""am°uH~)9~;:~~{s~~J,'~M9~i~1Mt,§iWl!~~S, " havearnmun' . umthiclcnessofl·2.m· ,'.• ' ··"'Crc.fcc::,:'1F.
, . ,.', . ,,", __ ;- .·:'~·f~'f,~'::~~;,},
:'J.;(~-L~,;:·'?f~-it:..:ft,.~;:::,~"
S~~~i~~'~¡~Li\'1~R~~xerl~;\9!~};P~1>Y9!Y9~¡: • ,0,. ' ,_ " '.:'.' :!"í"'~-:~,"~r"; ~'~~"';"!'_?'~l':'
,..~:'t;," :~_f;w.'~~:~*,~A6-~i~''''~-1'[1ft;!~~E~'\i:,f

. suggests that tank designs meet ACI 350 ..and-._7::~AsooncretedriesañCfIos'es~~oisiUre:1i·éo~trias·in,

. 'therefore, reeoiinherids·the'use·i)f rfloaa factbr of
isi2'.é'J~tcThistbbfttmétióif\{drying'shrihkagC);;ñlcronl_
liistfained;'wID p~úce'tefisne'streSses'tlíáf@i)fexCeed '
,..;.....
-···'~~~i~:::lj;ZZ;~¡~;;~'!~~~;;~;{i;f~:¡~:.;~:;~;;,;r(~;~=~~~'il;
,, .....
" ..'.'.' -·olthecaliácl~~f~bfC6n~retC''ahd¿ausecracki1íg,!:¡:~ig:".
" . -;":;';;,,;:."',.:;';',;, ,:'-:',":"';·;;;:;:~=;";;;';"ft:::;i;~~:~"'::;1:;::'-,.,-.'- ,,-.. "-~.,,~::~~~;;
•.. n ... _- •.. , ,_ ,

.. >-'--¡::;':';~",:'J..c.-,:::<~i_j:"_~:jr:',,';",:·.,·" .. :-i -'-', , '-, • i;-:'-' ..•

 ,;> •. : •. ;1•..•. 1 •.. ~ ... _l',., .. "r.,_.,.,_· "!-f~"*'·J;,.,._lf>'~,;.'t9')'~,.lV'f";u:n~'
+!I,~,.í?(a.)iiUustrates a· blockJ()f~cxmc¡e.·
'.'.te,witha .bar as •.
,:;':;h.i.r.·é., •.,..li'~,~.;.\,Er~4¡¡¡:):"p· i'ti,,¡-; x~··;.,~:.
.. 'r'"
':"';'. ,./""';.'.'.'
¡."'. ;."".':".".,'. ;; .....'. '." •.•....•. '

;.. .bl OC k'lS,C

..._.. 'ShO.wI1i buthosen
Qthe1W.i~ ..... . ed~)X.:.h
as:! ft,unresJnún.' ·...,.¡.in
.eheightof the;: ...
smce.tensl0nJDactrCularring<:;it\V; ,"
......
~..\.... ...
r.-.·of ' ~"!'''';;
..~.' ...
;.'Í;1~!~h¡' np,.,(te.n.~iOI1)'¡I".
oi'.J .. "" ".r.';" ..\.·f1.....·..~.~.!.ti~~i~·
..,......' 'r'<""'~';';-"~;·::"¡"¡1
'."'l·.·.:+·"r .. ..
,;·:;·.
,1m,l",,:"""··"
;~;,:', '0".'

.,:-~fll' tank,:~wal1:.is computed:.iforthaLheight. The ¡;.!.;~}-e~ ~~pcrete stress due to,,~g ~,nsi.(:m,T, ispracti-;
é"dimension marked,t, corresponds te ithe wallthick_catlY'equal to T/~ (1 + np), whe~ i1 is the ratio EslEcf
ness. ThesteelareaisAsandthesteelpercentageis p. and the combined concrete tensUe stress equals:

~ the bar is left out as in Fig. 2(b) (which is "f~L CEsA.+T (1)
obvlously out of scale), shrinkage will shorten the 1- .' Ac + DA.
in. long block a distance of C, which denotes the This formula will be used to investigate ring stresses
shrinkage perunit length; The presence ofthe steel bar in cirCular walls.
prevents some ofthe shortening ofthe concrete, so the
difference in length ofthe block in Fig. 2(b) and Fig. The usual procedur~ in tank design is to provide
horizontal steel, As, for.all the ring tension at a certain
2(c) is a distance xC, in which x is an unknown
allowable stress. fs, as though designing for a cracked
quantity.
section. After determining As = T/fs, the concrete

(~ 1t
tensile stress in the uncracked section due to combined
ring tension and shrinkage is checked by inserting the
.(H:======D .' :: value of As in Equation 1. Setting Ac = 12t (t in in.),
A.
1•• 11nch ~I
and solving for t gives:

(b)
•.•.
I
, '1 t
CEs+fs-nfc
12fcfs
xT (2)
I I
I 1
This formula may be used to estimate the walI
'-
, 1
••..
, I
thickness. The value oí e,coefficient of shrinkage for
reinforced concrete. is in the range ofO .0002 to 0.0004.
The value of C for plain concrete ranges from 0.0003
(e)
to 0.0008. The shrinkage coefficient for plain con-
crete was used to derive Equation 2 which would
require a value of C between 0.0003 and 0.0008.
However. this equation has traditionalIy used the
Figure 2 -Shrinkage in a conaete section value of 0.0003. the average value for reinforced
Compared with (b)' the concrete in (c) is elongated concrete. with success. fur illustration. assuming the
by a distance xC fram its unstressed condition, so the shrinkage coefflcient. C, of concrete as 0.0003, the
concrete stress is: allowable concrete stress as 0.1 X 4000 = 400 psi, (for
fé = 4000 psi) and the stress in the steel as 18,000 psi:
fcs = xCEc
- ( ,'~( ,.,'~'~;"

Compared with (a), the' steel in (c).is shórtened by t ....

O.ooo3x29 x 106 + 18,000-8 x 400 X T
. a distance (l-x) C from its;unStféssed condition, so :..·.,.,riC",)2x4OQx18.000,
.. . '.'"
the steel stress is:

~IS~(~,,2;~?;'
~';'.1: !J;Ji'/,}1~<~':'~;:!(rit
j tir:N'I;h)fd~"b ;" (' .
Considering equilibri1l1I!,lAe..t9ta1
tensipn inthe.con-
crete must equal the total compréssion in the steel, so pfss
= fcs. The stresses derived from these equations are:
:" ''':;¡.ljRetnfiJréemeíit;;''':?;'{~;:~i;:~.¡;
.:~'~ . .... ,'
';:>;~~<'i:"~)!~"¡:"¡~' :;;': ' .:¡; :i;i·~,,~:;':~:,n
¡
.·.e·· 1 ';llThe aIDount~size;andspacing:'ofreinforcingbars has
, fal =CEs --(compression).
l+np , ;!'¡~J'grCIltoffectott~e eX~Iltof-9m61dñg:'The aIDollnt of
 ~i
:~

reinforcement provided must be s1;1ffipientforstrength ;'" ;j "Low steelistresses'actuallytend to',ttilike;the con- '.~
and serviceability inc1uditigtení~ijltUrei;alid shrink- f'i' Crete'crallk ;ilécausé4he·lower·!he !oIÍ';,,"8blil.'~leel
, " ''I~'
age, e!fec~.
..
J'he ainount ofteIllperature
:.. _"'~"f.tt1" ,.->.-, '- . .¡.
~dsbrinkage
_,"'l.,., ..
,. l., '
':" "_ ,-.
.stress ,the greaterthe area of steeI provided t&cari1lhee
HreiÍlforcemeni
~"·'~·.i;;:l:~·',~''''1.'·.;<~·''''-''
•• ~,: f
Js dependent
.':: __ .•
011 the length ,between
~:," ,,:A ..1·'/'T-;'~':'
·_~( •
tensUe force. This results in higher concrete stresses
'construction • _', "
Jomts as shown m FIg. 3.F1gure 3 lS
, ••.• : ••... 'o'" due to shrinkage. If As = T/fs is inserted intoEquation
baSoo ori'tlie'ás'sumption that the waIl segÍ11entwill be 1, the stress in the concrete is given as:
able lo complete shrinkage movement without being
restrained at the ends by adjacent sections. The CEs+f, xT
.. fe = A,is +nT
designer should provide proper details to ensure that
cracking will occur atjoints and thatjoints,are prop- For illustration. use the following data:
erly leakproofed. According to ACI 350,' concrete T = 24,ooolb
sections that are 24 in. thick or thicker can have the
n = 8
minimum temperature and shrinkagereinforcementat
each face, based on a 12 in. thickness. Es = 29 X 106 psi
e = 0.0003
0.006
~ = 12 x 10 = 120 in?

0.005

0.004
Grade60
Ifthe allowable steel stress is reduced from 20,000
psi to 10,000 psi, the concrete stress is actually in-
<(/).Q
-I.c 0.003 Mínimum
0.0028
creased from 266 psi to 322 psi. From this point of
view, it is desirable to use a higher allowable steell
- 0.002 stress so that Iess steel is used, resulting in less restraint,
+>. shrinkage and smaller tensile stresses in the concrete.
0.001 Reinforcement splices should conform to the require-
ments of A0318. Therequiredlengtb ofthe spliceis a
function of manyfactors. The length depends on the c1ass
o'
of splice required, the c1ear cover, the c1ear distance
O 10 20 30 40 50 60 . '
between adjacent bars, an.d the size of the bar. Other ."
Length between shrinkage-dissipating joints in feel
factors affecting splice lengtb incIude: the type of con-
Figure 3-Minimum temperature and shrinkage . crete used (lightweight or normal weight) ,bar coating,if
reinforcement ratio (ACI350)
used,and the amount offresh concretecast below the bar.
'Ihe size of reinforcing bars should be chosen recog- Chapter 12 of ACI 318-89 should be referred to in
nizing that cracking can be better controlled byusing a determining splice lengtbs.
'.' .
larger nUJIlberof small diameter b~Jather than fewer
larger diameter bars. The size/mreinforcing bars, . . In,circulartanks, the Iocation of horizontalsplices
according lo ACI 350, shouldpreferab1y not exceed #11. should be staggered. Splices should,be.staggered
Spacing of reinfoIclngbaISsho1.1l~.be)iÍ11itedlo a maxi- horizontalIy by not less than one lap lengtl1 or ~ ft and
; .... ·.,.·,., .•••. '_1,:·.·.> ..•. , .•. ; ..-','

mum of 12 in., and the mii1imUm."concrete cover for should not coincide in vertical arrays more ,f'tciillently
reinforcement in the tank wall should be at least 2 in. th·anevery thir"db
'Oí .. 4) ;,!.\:
.. ar'( see P'19. , .. ,...""",;",. , .',' ,
,!.",., .•...
~:$[;.~J:{
;'}ét\~',J~)~~k~~i~;';~!J~
.. )~;1..f;:~,~,P1~lolrJ~1.Jr~j 4~~ uirt e~lj'.:·
-1~~!-n;·U!;¿{:]5~.J,~\ '..
The wall thickness shoqI~;m!§uffi~i~n~;J&JC~p'the
."concrete trom crackirig;Iftlie coñéi-etedoes c~~;\the
;f,,:'rfug•.;stepl1n1,1§tyb~'~pl~)!ql:~,·fJlt:tl1~(.ring':'te~sion
':(~~flº~e!~~t~~!,~·ª~I1i~~~by.tI1e.!pl'()CC(i\ÍnlStat,edin \\ .

" .....
Section2. ;;, ..: ..:!;,t4\6·~t¡;,i;;!Ú<;:\;'~;,!·:···
 ';~,; ,';',1 rr r:

•.. >' •. "'~: ~ '. ,r ," .;••.. " '-..' ,..,.;

~ ..;
T " .; : ,"
i· ';.: -:~' " ... -

;,.,

"
.r""",.:", .• ",.""l"',-.,';""'V"""'!'r"·;;

t = waII thlckness
I
vertical
'relnforclng

Figure S-Diagram 10 determine effective tensión

area of concretefor calcu/ation of z

•
retaining structures. The limiting value of z specified
Figure 4-Staggering ofring bar splices in ACI 350 is 115 kips/41. For severe environmental
exposures, the quantity 1.should not exceed 95 kips/in.
Note that the z factor is valid only for one-way flexura!
Crack Control
members and is not directly applicable to hoop ten-
sion.
Crack widths must be minimized in tank walls to
prevent leakage and corrosion oí reinforcement. A Joints in the circular tank walls, will allow dissipa-
criterio n for flexural crack width is provided in ACI tion of temperature and shrinkage stresses and thereby
318-89 (10.6.4). This limitation is based on the reduce cracking. As discussed previously, the amount
Gergely-Lutz expression for crack width and is as of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is a func-
follows: tion of the distance between shrinkage-dissipating
joints. Therefore, it is prudent to limit the size oí
(3)
concrete placement. Maximum length of wall placed
where, at one time will usually not exceed 60 ft, with 30 ft to
i = quantity
limiting distribution of flexura! reinforce- 5.0 ft being more common. Note that water stops
'-t¡:i- mento should be used in alIjoints to prevent the possibility of
fs = ca1culated stress in reinforcement at service loads, leakage. The cracking from temperature and shrink-
ksi.
age will be a function of the base restraint. A sliding
de = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme
tension fiber to center of bar lacated closest thereto,
wall has no base fixity and this will have less restraint

•
in. than tanks with fIxed bases. Tanks with fixed bases
A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the tend to develop shrinkag~,. cracks just above the slab.
flexura! tension reinforcement having the sarne
centroid as that reinforcement, divided by the Wall with Fixed Base antf, Free Top-
number of bars, sq in.
Triangular Load
The determination of de and A are shown in Fig. 5.
In ACI 350, the cover is taken equal to 2.0 in. for any •.•., t ¡..
cover greater than 2.0 .. Rearrangi.pg-Equation 3 and
solving for the maxim~m bar spadng for agiven value
of z gives: o,' "'-
• z3. "
=.,
..max, spacmg ""'2xdxf'-'
2' '3 ··.F"y, ", ",
. -'>.' " ,

,,',
,~ .
y.¡-",_.,,~,/, .., c"¡~_¡"~" ~,f ' ~:-.'

·::¡',iACI 318-89'doosnofáll9w'itó ex~t751'ip~/in.

for interior exposure and 145 kips/in. for~l~xtérior T ..".. !.•-. ..........•••• ,...•.....

;'e:exposure¡'¡¡¡~TheselVa1ues>of.z-;correspondt;t(); crack '. 'F' RÚadlus'" . "~';';"

.'" ...'widths:of O¡O16:in'¡-ud·i)¡O 1;3'in;i,~tespectivelY':~?ACll {.,;L'f/i .;',,:tf~'~(::);.'1f~;¡~·: .'~~f8;;~¡ th'~ml):LjH'Y"!'~I(r."
350 has, .stric~&i;J:~B~m$"'tf(J,1J1<,~¡~S~;;~ l~,t~i~ce Fig~~~~:~a,'!,:&l~.fJ~~bai~;'a1UJfrte"tip~~i!!flg~~~¡~t,
•••••• ,' ,'_ " _ " • '-,'
.. :~,!,!".,."!,y>"".",,,,{
- :_~'.- -'. "" _,' ''' •• : -, _.,_':~_
"""''''':''''?,'''';.'
crackingisttypica11y ofgre''aterconseqUence inliquid';,,,,;~~~,"";,~_.;,¡:';';:~_-:.";'::~:;~'¡,,¡;¡~'~:~~:~:"';':;-';;;;""';;"'~~~'~\;"+'~~"'>-'/'};"-".
"o •••• ""~ ,,~~,
_~. ....
". ,.,L\-"":'·;:.~;r.-;'::::~""r"~;\.'-;·
,_,.:.,_ ••• ,::, .""_¡,.;,_,'_._,." .. ,. __, .. ')O_~~'-'f"•.•~", ••

";~CIrculal'"T.tmk.I .•.
.... <,
é ',_·,"-/n.:',: .' i···.' ..{ .•,:;~.,~,
••.. , .•
:_~ ..' •• ~::; ..'J;',\!.:.~
$.;,
. i"·t·,'.",·.,, ..::
This section will discussthe:anaIysis of a tank waU
assuming thai the top of thewatÍ-is rree to displace and ..
, .•....•
Coefficlent
TableM
+0.559
+0.213
+0.591
+0.329
+0.410
+0.165
.(1.011
+0.538
+0.440
+0.101 FromO ·1041 Tenslon
+9561
+55,945
O.. . -'RIng
+52,916
+50,928
+15,619
'W1b&Ift)
rotate, and the base is prevented from movement. In PoInt +20,163
+31,1«
.•••,,651
-+38,811
O.1H
O.2H
O.5H
tOH
O.7H
O.6H
O.9H
O.8H
O.3H
O.4H
O.OH
practice, it would be rare that a base :would be fIxed
against rotation and such 8flassumption could lead to
an improperly designoowau. Therefore~ the calcula-
tions in this section are for illustrative purposes only.
The numerical values listed below will be used for
design calculations in this and subsequent sections.
Height,H = 20.0 ft
Diameterto insideof wall,D = 54.0ft
Weightof liquid, W = 62,Slbs percu ft
Shrinkagecoefficient,c = 0.0003 " A plus sign denotes tension, so there is compression
Modulusof elasticityof steel, Es= 29 X 106psi at the top, but it is negligible. The ring tension is zero
at the base since it is assumed that the base has no
Specifiedcompressivestrengthof concrete,f~ = 4000psi
Specifiedyield strengthof reinforcement,fy = 60,000psi radial displacement. Figure 7 compares the rin•..
Ratioof moduli of elasticity,n = 8 tension for a tank with a fIxed base to a tank with a free
sliding base.
For a wall with a fIxed base and a free top, as shown
o
in Fig. 6, the coefficient to determine the ring tension,
moments, and shéars in the tank wall are shown in 0.2
Tables A-I, A-2, and A-12 (Note that table numbers

I
preceded by the letter A are located in the Appendix.). Base fixed
0.4
The appropriate values to be used forthe given dimen-
sion of a tank are determined by fmding the value of
0.6
H21Dt. This term is a common factor involved in all ,;
,;
valMes of ring tension, moment, and shear and is ,;
,;
0.8
therefore a convenient characteristic to use in the "
,;

tables provided. The value ofH21Dt with the thickness ,;

" Base slíding
1.0
of the tanlc, t, estimated as 10 in. is:
H2/(Dt)= (20)2/(54X 10/12)= 8.89, use9.0 1 .• 94,662 lb ~ I

The ring tension per foot of height is computed by Figure 7-Ring tension in lankjor wall withfixed base and
multiplying wuHR by the coefficients in Table A-I free top-triangularload

with the value ofH2IDt = 9. As discussed in Seetion The amount ofring steel required is given by:
2 of this text, wu, for ring tension is determined as A s -- tnaXunum
•. . n/(09 x f)y
nng tenslO
follows: = 55~45/(O.9X 60,000) .
Wu = sanitarycoefficientX (1.7 x LateralForce) = 1.04sq in.per ft .,'
= 1.65 X (1.7 x 62.5)= 175.3IbsÍ>ercuft " Uscr#6b8rsspa6ed~at10irt.c>:t;intwocurtains(As
Therefore, .... , = 1.06 sq in. perft)at this location. The reinforcement
wuHR= 175.3 X20. x .54/2 ?4!66~lbspercu ft =:= for ring tension elsewhere in theheigbÚiftbe wall is
This isthe factored ring tension that would exist at determined in a similar manne! though it may not be
the base if it ~u1d s1id~freeI)' .:;~!ncethe basecannot . "¡'r~~~~9~~~i',~~4~ª,t..,;l91 ~h.~g~¡"tb~bar.,.~izes and
move freely. this'ymue Jl1.~~~~)I:~justedby the coef-' ·i',:.~~t?~,?~g':i'!
(;ír\l:¡;'~;(ji·¡: :

ficients ~en fro~!~~!:~~:l.and shown in Table 1. ;Jv~¡~~e;~uní:tensil7'stress in.tbe.C?n~te,un~e~_

Note that point O.OHdenotes the topofthe tank and YJ~~~P.e~o~ ~4mclucIing th~effects'ofshrinkage lS.
,point 1,~OH~enote~,thebase'ofthé, tank.'{'::r~;in,;'l' ,; .. :<Yíh~;r;'~~~A;)+'T~·t¿J~~~+·'nAS}·!))'::\T(;;,i .....•..
'
••..." ... '... ' ••.•.. ; .' "." .• ' .!'):-r?,~"''''~"'-"
',l.";~~n
····h¡};~M".tl(..{ú,AW¡t1UI-,(~i'1fJ~rt~~,tttlh~f1.~;\J
.,<:S~. .vD¡\.t?,~t;¡lFhrt~!,';hwJ(t"
~-'
,- .. ....•.. ,-
<

--
·"t'C~', ~-:-, ..;~,I<·:
---. . ?_ •• ~' ~, •• , •. ",:, •• ,;:;,?.' ••• , ',".' '" '", -,< •. - -?--';;,;~'" ,',' •.. ,., .•...• " ...•
"
 = [(0.0003 X 29 X 106 X 1.06) + 55,945/(1.65 X Therequired amount of reiÍlforcing on the inside face fol'
1.7)]/(10 X 12 + 8 X 1.06)
the maximum moment of -14,804 ft-kips is:
= (9222+ 19,945)/(120 + 8.5)
Muf(4lf~bd2) = -14,804 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (7.5)2)
= 227.0psi ,
= 0.0730
Since 400 psi (0.1 'x 4000) is considered accept- where d = 10 - 2(cover) - 1.0/2 = 7.s
able, the 10 in. wall thickness is sufficient.
From standard design aid in Appendix A:
The moments in vertical wall strips that are consid- .ro = 0.0765 '.
ered as one foot wide are computed by multiplying As = robd f~/fy = 0.0765 X 12 X 7.s X 4/60 = 0.459 in.2
wuH3 by the coefficients from Table A-2. The value Use #5 bars at 8 in. (As = 0.465 in?)
ofwu for flexure is: ,
These bars are on1y needed on the inside face near
Wu = Sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral force) the bottom of the wall ~d temperature and shrinkage
= (1.3 X 1.7 X 62.5) = 138.1 lbs per cu ft .reinforcement will be réquired for the remainder. The
Therefore, required vertical reinforcement for the outside of the
wall for a maximum moment of 3.756 ft-lbs is:
wH3 = 138.1 X (20)3 = 1,104,800 ft-lb/ft
Muf(4lf~bd2) = 3756 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (7.5)2)
The resulting moments along the height are shown = 0.0185
in Table 2. These moments are plotted in Fig. 8 with
From standard design aid in Appendix A:
negative numbers denoting tension on the inside face.
ro = 0.0187
Table 2-Bending Moments for Tank Wall with
Fixed Base and Free Top As = robd f~/fy = 0.0187 X 12 X 7.5 X 4/60 = 0.112 in.2
Use #5 bars at maximum a1lowable spacing of 12 in.
Coefficient
O From
+0.0029
TableA-2
+0.0002
-0.0134
-0.0017
+0.0034
+0.0024
+0.0006
+0.0012 +221
+3204
-1878
+1326
+2652
+3756
Moment
O-14,804
+663
(ft-ll) (As = 0.31 in?)
Point
O.8H
O.1H
O.9H
O.OH
O.2H
1.OH
O.6H
O.7H
O.3H
O.5H
O.4H

The shear capacity of a 10 in. wall with f~ = 4000

psi is:

,Ve =2~ Xbw<!

',,>
= 2 -J4000 X 12 X 75
= 11,384 kips
. 4>Vc= 0.85 X 11,384 = 9676 kips

The applied shear is given by multiplying wuH2 by

the coefficient of 0.166 from Table A-12. The value
o
wu'¡s determined using a~anitary coefficient of 1.0 if
0.2 Vu is less than Ve.
Wu = sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral Force)
= 1.0 X (1.7 X 62.5)
= 106.3 lbs per cu ft

Therefore,
wuH 2 = 106' .3 X (20) 2. = 42,520

. Th~,~e~ultin~shear is:
_" .. :::~~ .. _,~ ... , .-' -""'_'~Oo"~-:' """. ' ,

,,V~ ~ 0,.166 X 42,520 = 7058 kips < 9676 kips

j.~) ;~;¡""'-'·!;.l.!~O:~-}""~\.';"',:o.'('''::'; .(.,:" - _o.
A4.804ftlb ···.1"
; -':.~'_':;':' I ·jl\r'··\':··,"r~ '~):: ~1
~it'_, ,-,o".J ;::l':~:'nf'rlf~.;r:¡fi i~;/:<,t
Fjgu~eª~,lle~¡ngmoments!or.~.wall with'¡f'<;; ;",ycALt.".; ;';0\
""~'-;Jixed báSéanafrée "iop::irf(iIi'fuliU'IOCid" "r' ";.. n W':', ""r'r'~,:' ¡; )';U:;. ' ... ", .

'¡e
",,:.,
,'1'.
.>

\''!be ~nsion on theÍ11$idef~ exis.tsfor a ~.of

'''''''.''';
, ,""o!' ,·.-,'-0" ';,

".".'
.' >

,ff
_"", o:

",P,f,
'_" , <_ ••• -.-"

';"".:';";""""
";,',.

:
T, ,i""
ll
''i'.·.·II·,'.'.·'.·U7:all.w·ith.. ing..edB ase' .and.. Free'
"_' •• ,-, "~,

,""Top~Trilitiirild"LóQd'
.-, ' ,',' , '

'
, ,):approxnnately,O.12)~,20,=.2A ft;aOOvethebase.,Rem- /(:'\:!,V;:!"i.:!.'¡ r • 'j;;,);:'~d;,;':::tL" . ,.'.; .. ' ..... " '"

".,.;:¡f0rcing~>willbe~ tqextendÚ1>1Dtl1e~:to2.4;,t10}(fh~~esignin ~~¡Pre!i9~ss~tion wasbaSedori,the

,.'i,,;fl p!~~~~~,.~r,,~Y.~!9p.m~n!1é.P~.ªººY~~1l1.e.J)~:';~:j:;~,~~1!~Pª9!!~~~~b.~~~9f!.he.tank
isr~ed.,:,Thq~gh
Circuliir'Tánk.r ,;";' ,."., "'/;';,.p, ,',';";': {,e:::.":.'" 7
 O

0.4

0.6

0.8
R: radlus
D:diameler
1.0

>, 94,6621b
Figure 9-Wall with hinged base andfree iop- ~ ·1
triangular load
Figure IO-Ring tensionfor tank wall with hinged base and
free top- triangular load
it is difficult to predict the behavior of the subgrade
and its effect upon restraint at the base, it is more which is prabably more realistic, gives a ring tensit
reasonable to assume that the base is hinged rather 21 % greater than the same loading condition with a
than fixed, which results in a more conservative de- fixed base.
signo The amount af ring steel required is given by:
The design example in this section will use the same As = maxirnum ring tension/(0.9 X fy)
numerical values fram the previaus section with H2/ = 67,494/(0.9 x fy)
= 67,494/(0.9 x 60,000)
(DO = 9 and Wu = 175.3 lbs per cu ft far ring tensian.
The ring tension is determined by multiplying wuHR
by the coefficients taken fram Table A-S. The ring
tension along the height of the tank is shown in Table
= 1.25 sq in. per ft

Therefore, at O.7H, use #6 bars spaced at 8 in. O.C.

in two curtains (As = 1.32 sq in. per ft). The reinforce-
t
3~uHR = 94,662 lbs per cu ft). ment far ring tensian elsewhere in the height of the
wall is determined in a similar manner.
Table 3-Ring Tension For Wall with Hinged Base and Free Top-

.
~
O
Triangular Load
.
Coefficienl
.().012
tM96
+0.558
+0.204
+0.663
+0.409
Table From
O A-5
+0.436
+0.318
+0.713
+0.649 -1136
+9088
+19,311
+67.494
+30,103
+41,273
+52,821
+62,761
+61,436
t38,717
(Ibslft)
Ring Tension
The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under
0.1H Poinl
0.6H
O.OH
0.2H
0.3H
0.7H
0.8H
1.0H
0.5H
O.4H
0.9H
service loads and including the effects of shrinkage is:
f~ = CEsAs + T max (unfactored/(Ac + nAs)
= [(0.0003 x 29 x 1~6 X 1.32) + 67,494/(1.65 x
1.7)]/(10 x 12 + 8 x 1.32)
= (11,484 + 24,062)/(120 + 10.6)
= 272 psi

Since 400 psi is considered acceptable, the 10 in.

wall thickness is sufficient.
The moments in the vertical wall strips that are
considered as onefoot wide are computed by multi-
Figure 1Oco~pares ling tensionfor tank bases that plying wuH3 by the coefficients fram Table A-7. The
are fIXed, 'free; and Wngéd.: \írithe 'lÍpperhalf of the value of wuH3 for flexure was calculated in the previ-
wall, the base condition has Httle effect on the value
.
of ous"',,!~;'?f1J"Jt-":"<~·~.:~'~'_-":f:
section as 1,104,800 - \-('.~ _
ft -lb/ftH.The re~ulting mo-
--!<",~~~' ';"::9_,,1:"i~~--_"_'~"'~:~-'-_' .:; .-:;,';: :',-: ~

ring tension. In ,~~.botto~half of the,~*~/the ménts\~~~~"JW~J!~ig~t~~,~\h()~#.Jh: r~ble 4. These

diff~rené:e~tw~n',tlj.~:Jrlp.BeQand.fix~dbaseJ#omes moments as well as the moments for a fixed base
increasirigly larg~~fH.JMMimum&,rillgtensiol1#,for
,_ -;'< ':I'~;','~;~rM:"~
'," ~': ~'~,:, ":' ":,,~,'.I_
a :,::'¡r,conditionare showninFig~' 1 L'The actual conditioJ;Lf
. ' ' .. _, __ .. __ . ",: __ 'o' ,,' ·,"'<lt,,·

",..binge(l.base is67 ;4941bs~Whilethat ftir a fixed base is ':),¡fi.Qftestraint'ofl~ wallfooting· is so:mewhere~tween

.,':~J-~.~,~4.~;,:'b.s:.if¡:J:'4e.~f9~t~itl1e01~ged., b~e.:eondition,t ,,}:t,!iXe4,an~ hinged• but probábly closchQhirig~¡R~m-

"~1;~¡~~;~:~~i;:~~~~~:=~:X;~',
·,{'~~¡¡J¡¡¡¡':l1:'iJ~¡~¡"Á,*~'i"";""¡'~::;~
 ,C'~l'-'~'" ,.,,~ -..-':"~ ,,";~' '_ -;.:- ¡·"._'·-'~r¡'-;,t/ ?r·:",;,·:,-'i ,"",~, "
" ously detenmned tooo42,520) by the coefficient of
O",,'.,OO'T8IlIeA-7
O O.092.The resulting,~l1ear is:
0'- ~.-., O', ~

' '¡J
' +0.0050
., O"+5524
·221'Il-ll)
,+0.0016
+0.0032
~.0005
-0.0002
OO O +3535
+1768
+552 , '
O.2H O.5H
O.7H PoInt
l.OH,O.OH
O.8H
O.6H
O.9H
O.3H
O.4H
O.1H
I .nt;,~,'·í-
,

i \'~'~"""_'
_ • \ " •. ~_ 1;-
>: T-'

VU = 0.092 X 42,520 =3912 kips < 9676 kips

IJ Wall with Hinged Base and Free

Top-Trapezoidal Load

-1 tI-
o

0.2

~-1P ¡:-wH .1
Hlnged R: radius
D:diameler
-14804ft-1bs
.0 . ...->
Figure 12-Wall with hinged base andfree top-
T enslan outslcle ~ t. T enslon Inslde trapezoidalloOO
Figure ll-Moments in wall with hinged base andfree top-
triangular 1000 Under certain 10ading conditions, the tank may be
subjected to a uniform loading along the height of the
paÍisons of the two different base fIxity conditions wal1. For example, this loading condition may occur
sltéw that for the exterior face, the hinged condition fram vapor pressure developed in a dosed tank. The
provides a conservative although not wasteful designo overallloading condition for the combination of the
Note that depending on the fIxity of the base, reinforc- vapor pressure and fluid pressure results in a loading
ing may be required to resist moment on the interior with a trapezoidal distribution as shown in Fig. 12.
face at the lower partion of the wall.
In this section, the design procedure for trapezoidal
The required vertical reinforcement for the outside loading is illustrated. The data used in the previous
face of the wall for a maximum moment of 5,524 ft-lb designs will also be used in this section with the
is:
addition, of a vapor pressure of 420 lbs per sq ft.
MuI(~f~bd2) =5524 X 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 x (7.5i) Becaus~ oí the: additionalload fromthe vapor pres-
=0.0273
sure, the wall thickness will be increased to 15 in. For
a wall thickness oí 15 in.: '
 -------------------::JI

iA~'JrThe
to~rii1gte~~!ons·~plottedin Fig.13 together ..J
,. ,.
... -.. '~'"
+0.327 o +3>,954
+0.639
+0.223
.0.011
..0.566
..0.643
+0.547 o +9750
·1041
+0.343i32,469
+0.103
T~A-5
.......0.463 +60,489
+21,110
+53,579
+60,868
+51,780
-, .,
..+43,829
-

.with ~~.J:iJ:lgtell~io~;~~t~~~d ~~stifthe ~asecoU!pe!

..

O.2H PoInt Coelliclenl FIOIll

0.3H
1.OH
O.6H
O.7H
O.9H
O.1H
O.8H
O.5H
O.4H O.OH . ~.
sUde ~ly ::The maxlinunrtens19J;1for a hinged base _.
condition -i(93,539Jps~flf·~~: ()CCursat O.6H.
Above O.6H, tbere is not Ínuch different in the ring
tension if the base is either hinged orfree sliding.
Below O.6H, ring tension for a hinged base decreases
rapidly until it ~omes zero at the base. Actually, the
condition at thebase will be somewhere between
hinged andfree sUding, so it is inadvisable to design
the ring b~ below point O.6H for a liinged base. This
condition will be discu$sed in greater detail in Section
The vaIue of the ring tension from the vapor pres- 11. The amount of steel required is given by:
sure is computed by multiplying PuR by the coeffi- o
cients in Table A-6 with a vaIue of H2IDt = 6. The
value of Pu is determined as follows: 0.2
Pu = sanitary coefficient X (1.7 X Lateral Force)
= 1.65 x (1.7 x 420)~ H78.1 psf
0.4
Therefore,pR= 1178.1 X 27 = 31,809 lb perft

The values ofthe ring tension are shown in Table 6.

0.6
Table 6-Ring Tension in Wall wilh Hinged Base and Free Top Tank
from Vapor Pressure
+
Coefficient
O FIOIll
+{).943
+{).427
TableA.fJ
+0.989
+1.003
+1.039
+1.063
+1.043
+1.066
+{).747
+1.023 O+33,176
+13.582
+31.904
i32,541
+31,459
+33,908
+23,761
+33,813
+33,050
+29,996 0.8
(IlsIII)
Ring Teosion
Polnl
O.OH
0.1H
0.6H
O.2H
0.5H
0.8H
0.4H
0.7H
0.9H
1.OH
O.3H
"
""

L 94,662 lb

Figure 13-Combined ring tensíon ín wallfromfluid and

vapor pressures

As = maximum ring tension/(0.9 X fy)

= 93,539/(0.9 X 60,000)
= 1.73 sq in ..
Use #6bars spaced at 6 in. b.C. in two curtains (As = 1.76
sq in. per ft) at this IocalÍon.
The vaIues of the combined ring tension from both
the fluid and vapor pressure are s~own in Table 7. The maxirnum tensile stress in the concrete under
Table 7-combined Ring Tension in Wall from Auid and Vapor service loads and inc1uding the effectS of shrinkage is:
Pressures
f~ = CEsAs+ rmax (unfactoredY(Ac +,~),.;,
O.9H
.,.
··-:~+90,864·
.,:'·1t
Ring
'+60,868
....."" FIuId O
'+51,780
..,..+32,469
+21,110
+30,954
\!-+S3,579
or·.·· fo:nf;,'
TensIon
·1041
+9750
Presuure
+31,459
'(.f60,489',,!¡
+43,829
,," 'f+53,651
O.{'~flft
.!
VaPor .•.lrom
Tenslon
,.,-t32,541
...
t:,.'
:+30,418
+23,781 +29,996
Jf"·.f33,t78/.,<.:·
".:f33,813
+31,904
+75,541
+41,654
•~.,
..'·''+13,582·
••Ring
:,
.:,
TolaI
t-'. ..:;. 'o....,....
'.Piéssule
,/;~'+93,639rr
'·;,''+33,908'
;',...
.t·'\':"'f33.050:
+77,642,
..e5,645
Tenslonfroni
'·''--.87,487'
+44,536 Ring <'" i'
......'.:.. f-;ir
... = [(0.0003 X 29 X 106 X 1.73) + 93,539/(1.65 X
1.7)]/(15 x 12 + 8 X 1.73),~;" ¡
~ (15,051 + 33,347)/(180 + 13.8)-
2497' .""..( '."' H :,
= , . pSl '--r .• ·,~{::'r(.,p "j-(~;;:':; 1,_

Sinee 400 psi is coIlsideréd 8llowab1e, the 15 in.

:3•.( ¡'.'~
StEH:·)'··'~t·f';'~I~~:~'
,~:.'l~
-H.;.~,~t/.}¡~'!i~'~:·d.i.{t:·-\:s..{·_f;J
~,Y;~J~~~_:,;.,y:"
~~:~;.
CJUless SSwllClent;;,;, ,";,';;' ¡::"n' :¡;::¡.':¡ , ,
thi~

WlW. .• :,,-··.~,:-\'!"J,·;},'\l"'.,~ __
' '-,í. ;, ') 't :"¡-~~_;,,·',-;'Y·"-,,,· ; ,

l''..••
J'//;r!t~mo~~n~h.rve~~
::croo aSone foot wide are deternililed ~8;llsJ~ipst~~t ~,consid-,.
onthe basisofth~':'."
- n,~t:I¡.',-~ "·..~'-'~.·.~}r{)j ..', ,~·f'~F·,'y>,'~"'\.::.;'_.¡··"2 .,' .:::,. ",.".--'
~"::""";~J ,'-.~:'·" .•.

'":'coeffiCientstakeÍlfrom Tab1e A-7for H lDt:i:,6./The

!'t~,••. ~~,I\;iIt••. :táble'are
:·.i-:~."""'~." ,1:.lO:'í'~Yl':T. ":'<.~~'''~~''''
..•~ooefflCieñtS'rroh1"tlie . mulU liédb':'
',J' ·'··('f·':t.~.·:t·n
.t .• ~,\;-.Al)'l-(~.~'5-
,_
'>'. ..L~;.,-
;¡.J·:",,·!i-'í';-~'
"
,),(:~;;,::,;,,;;;:;;.;(~:\:).,,>:: .., ........•.•.•..... ·.ti p.., Y
."~+_.\~'.,~~l.,.~,¿¡
..•
·:~,••.,:.;:'M,~..:..,:....;.., ;_':.'".:.~,,¡~~'c;....-¡..;~;\,
.• ,.":"~ .•.,";. '::';,...::c..;.~~"',(~
__,,:',;'.w.·,;<.-f.;.f:f':.:,-':,~~..,·i.~,-..•:...;~:·:.~~.~~·.<'.,8,":._.
v~~~" "''":~.,~-::~,.,..,.'''_~ ...•.
- ••-- 1,1<'· ,- •. ,.:~V :¿?;:,';i:~~:'
.' ·;;~;:':><,·\',':~~:~(:,:,;,~·Nh;~~
 WuH3+ pH2 ='i.ió4.800¡371:i80r~ 1;476,080' Ve =,2~ Xbwd
where wuH3. =' 1,104,800 (seo ~tion 7) = 2 :.J4000 X 12 X 12.5
and pH2 = sanitary coeffi~ient X = 18,974 kips
(1.7 X Lateral ForCe) X H2 . ~Ve = 0.85 X 18,974 = 16,128 kips
= 1.3 X (1.7 X 420) X (20)2
= 371 ,280 ft lb per ft The applied shear at the base of the tank usin~ the
coefficient of 0.110 taken from Table A -12 for H IDt
The resulting moments along the height are shown
in Table 8.
:·6 equals:
2
Table 8-Bending Moments for WaUwith Hinged Base and Free Top- Vu = 0.110 X (wuH + PoH)
Trapezoldalload
= 0.110 X (1.7 X 62.4 x (20)2 + 1.7 x 420 x 20)
o From
Coelficlent
..0.0002
..0.0062
..0.0078
TableA·7
..0.0008
..0.0039
..0.0019
..0.0068
O oO+10,037
·+295
'
+9152
+5757
+2805
+1181
'Moment
+11.513
(ft-l»
O.4H
0.2H
0.1H
0.3H
0.7H
0.6H
O.8H
0.5HPoInt
0.9H
tOH
O.OH
= 0.110 x (42,432 j',14,280)
··,t
= 6238 lbs < 16.128·lbs

a Wall with Shear Applied al Top

'1

1
1
I
1

The moments are plotted in Fig. 14. The required

1
1
I
I I \ :r
vertical reinforcement for the wall with a maximum I
1

moment of 11,513 ft-Ibs is: I

(t --
-~I
1
,
MuI(cj>f~b(¡2) = 11,513 x 12/(0.9 X ~ x 12 X (125)2)
- = 0.0205 PC-wH I
o
~ O:diameter
R:radius •
0.2
Figure 15- Wall with shear applied at top

As shown in Fig. 15, the presence of a slab on the top

0.6
oí the tank may prevent ~free movement at that loca-
tion. The previous designs discussed were performed
assuming that the top oí the tank was free to displace.
1.0 When displacement is prevented, the top cannot ex-

Figure 14-Bending
I~==:f 11,513lt lbs

momen/s for wa1L~ith hinged base and

pand and the ring tension will be zero at that location.
In the design of Section 9, with the top free to expand,
the ring tension is 30,418;To preventdisplacement,
free top-trapezoú1iiJioad
'.. .....
"- a shear must beadded at the topsuffiCient to eliminate
thi . te·~'''·-- -,.," . :..:)·'.n.~,';.
F dard d"d s nng nSlon - "
rom stan eSlgn ".' . ~ •.. <-."., , ,¡» '!'é:'" ':
'--,'. .''.' (1f..~~.
-" '.. /~-
' .:,,-,,~
-<\ '. ..,:\:
..
'.;"'.'.'
~:.'Cl),;=: p.0207: "j;",'~,:.' . n\~! ;;trrj:i:I".~:~C;él'i;Fi:,/; Ringte#.~r(f~;clrie.)o ashear, V,'at the top is com-
't:;•.AJ"~:lO>bdf~/f)'=:0.02()7 ~lt:X)~~icx~~t~=:;p·:297':';i' puted by using coefficients in Table A-8 for H2IDt =
P =0.207/(12 X 12.5)=0.00138 ,.''11"" '.:::,¡;' ".""C"'" 6 Th app1:cablecoeffic'entequaIs o 02VRIHperft
'Xl; p~\~~2oó/f¡= o;0033,~tO·.00138:Í:\t7tí:.~"tr.~;~~;Jt'.~~ ~·¿:r}~ .~(;:,\.,.~~¡;;,:~,
t, '~;.,q~-i'.:"~,";"f",:!., ..'..""" ':'Hf'~~:"\ ·c,....;
w .. :," .'"",l '1'"•.,(.;.;.,;" \',:,':"JH .,.,' nI-lJI'''''€r''~T):'·fl.,h ••,.H,.· a~t.he..top~eshear force required lit fue top of the

*..
!"'!'é'¡'
Use#6barsatmwmumallowableSpaCmgoJ()m",j""-~11proo"'"'''' .,." "¡:"\' ',:."' " :
•• :·.·.L.· ·. (A·.···0...3.1..·. 2....:
~ .·,,:,.:.,~tht~'i<"H~· ".'.0.'00.3.
:.:.e" ~>~v:. ..:..'.t".';,.· .. ¡tt 'd·,;~rJ/,:¡"'j~"{x
5.).~d.,;.!~.;!.'.~ t..'..
';4,·,.';'\ri,,:'lti!lfk";?Jlf:H:-, 'fQ~.ij!¡'i," .tái1lé "o ...:.{)~1t~ngr
,.u~zeronng tens:~~:""
<.:j:'!::;:'c';~ o~ps:,,:
t31';:;"L:: .":.' 'i
The"'shear capaclty of a 1~l~:,}r~~~~~}~J7é~' , ..... ~'02x VR=~30418 ..

.~~~-,..~""~~~~~~~;~:~;~~=P" ....
···;;.
 •

Therefore: ; .t ~.i

v = -30,418 xH
-9.02 R
20
V = 3372.3 X - = 2498 lbs per ft
.27
.~... ,
,
0.8
To determine the ring tension, multiply coefficients
inTableA-8 by VRJH = 2498 X 27/20=3372.3Ibsper 1.0
Mamenl
Rlng lenslon
ft. The results are shown in Table 9.
Table 9-Aing Tension in Wall wilh Shear Applied at Top Figure 16~Ring tensionand bending moments in wall with
shear ...c¡¡ppliedat top
Coefficlent
-0.50
+<>.53
+<>.17
+<>.01
O -17,335
+<>.35
+<>.34
·2.27
+<>.59
-9.02
-5.17
TableA-8 From
O+1787
+34
·1686
+573
+1990
+1180
+1147
-7655
-30,418
O.7H
O.8H
0.6H
O.4H
0.3H
0.5H
1.OH PoInt
O.2H
0.9H
Q.1H O.OH Ring~ Ring tensions and moments computed in this sec-
tion are added to those in Section 9. The results of this
addition are plotted in Fig. 17. It can be seen from this
figure that the assumption of the top being free would
be satisfactory. Consequently, the investigation made
in this section may be omitted in most cases with the
exception of tanks in which the ring tension is rela-
tively large at the top and the wall is rigidly attached
to the roof slab.
J,.0
O
The factored shear used to modify ring tension is
2498 lbs per ft. The sanitary coefficient for ring 0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6 Mament
Ring lension
tension is 1.65, the coefficient for bending moments is
1.3:- Therefore, the factored shear to determine bend-
. ingmoments is 2498 X 1.3/1.65 = 1968. The bending
moments are determined by multiplying the coeffi-
cients ofTable A-9 by VH = 1968 X 27 = 53,136 ft-
lbs per ft. The results are shown in Table 10.
Table 1o-Bending Moments in Wall wilh Shear Applied al Top
..
Coefficlenl
+0.006 +0.018
+<>.056+2976
u,',,' <,TableA-9
c.i O
-0.006 ,:í.
From
O+1913
+<>.062+3294
+0.036
-0.005
-0.003
+<>.070 ";
.:+3720 ""Mament
-O./:;..;¡.319
-159
';.-266
+956
:',
,"
'Cft-ll) ·0,
~,;,,319,;f,<',
",:'" Figure 17-Ring tensio":and bending momentsfor
PoInt
0.9H
O.1H
'·0.6H
O.5H
~.7HO.8H
O.3H
0.2H
O.4H
,1,OHO.OH trapezoidalload with roof in place

0_' e,·' _ ,',

ID Wall with Shear Applied al Base

The shear developed at the base{)f the tank wall ii1the

example ofSection 9 is 6238 lbs per ft.Thi-S shear can
only develop'if tbe .base,
, f,~
of the,'1:t8iUC.js,~str¡rl~ed
",,/ ,',w".t~,\,~.,;}~,;.A}
':"cf";; : .• , ,,~_. .•,.1.
'.;

against horizontal displ,~~~ffiellhJ~ ~ti§~,,}\,'~$p-ee

to sUd", the reactiQn atthis location would be zero ..
Therefore, fue' shear atthebase,no't ~cl~tW1.g~~tl::
s811Ítary,~fficient,factor, wil.1be. somew~e~f be·/"
,"ntWien~O,itia¡6238 lbs:! ¡ hA (~'itn.;';"~.;:fL;P:~;¡;;;';:;":'¡:;,(11.
'oO"
 r', -,!:. ,.
··'.k'n,~:t~ .. :.: effects from
2 Section 9 are shown in Table 12 using a
. Ti'
,;:
J.. ,:-":1 '. !:¡:x. -~:;~1\ .' ., value of H IDt = 6.0.
Table 12-Bendíng Moments tor Wall wilh Trapezoidal Lead and
Shear Applied al Base

CoefflClenl
-0.01
+0.003
OShearForce
-0.006
-0.036
-0.056
+0.005
-0.070
-0.062
0.006
A-18
O a Momer.lfrom
·14€O
+243
·5677
+243
+406
+4C6
-29"'.:!J
+2837
+295
-487
+4010
-50".:8
O
+487
+487
+295+5836
+5009
+1345
+694
+2805
+1181O
+S757
Momentfrom
+9152
+10,037
Total
O
O Section
O
+11,513
O
-4542' Mamen!
" 9
O.2H
0.4H
0.6H
0.7H
1.0HO.OH
0.3H
0.5H
O.9H
0.8H
O.1H Polol fromTable

Figure 18-Wall with shear applied al base

It is difficult to ascertain the ámount of shear force
the base can resist withoutmoving horizontally. There-
fore, any value used will be nothing more than a
reasonable estimate. For this example, an average
value will be used as shown below:
It makes a considerable difference whether the base
For direct tension: Sanitary Coefficient x Average Shear is fully or partially restrained for horizontal displace-
1.65 x 6238/2 = 51461bs
ment, as shown in Fig. 19. The effects of the move-
For bending: Sanitary Coefficient x Average Shear ment ofthe base, though difficult to calculate, cannot
1.3 x 6238/2 = 4055 lbs
be ignored. But, it is often possible to omit the
The ring tension and moments will be obtained by investigation in this section and still obtain a satisfac-
superimposing two design conditions, one is the trap- tory solution. A possible solution is to use the solution
ezoidal load with a hinged base as determined in from the regular ring tension for a hinged base from
(t Section 9, and the other for the shear of 5146 lbs for the top of the tank down to the point of maximum
tension. The maximum tension is then used from this
direct tension and 4055 lbs for bending applied out-
location to the base as shown in Fig. 19. The difference
" w~
at tbe at the will
base base.be The procedure below.
demonstrated for design for shear between the moment curves is considerable and using
the larger values obtained from the hinged base are
To determine ring tension, multiply coeffiCÍentsfrom recommended.
Table A-8 by VR/H = 5146 X 27/20 = 6947 lbs per ft.
These values, inc1uding the effects fram Section 9, are Another possible solution is to use the average of
shown in Table 11 using values for H2/Dt = 6.0. the results from that of a ••restrained base (Section 9
results) and that offree sliding base. These results are
Table 11-Ring Tension tor Wall wilh Trapezoidalload and Shear
Applied al Base shown in Figure 19(b). This method is much quicker
- -40997.
Coefticienl
.0.53
+9.02
-0.01
-0.17
Shear
O+41,954
-0.35
A-8
+5.17
.0.59
~.50
,,'
~tG2,li62_
.0.34
>"'-..2.27 -1181
Ofrom
.2431
.,+87,487'
",·2362
+77,642
Ring
o,' -69
Force
,+3474
-3682
''+75,541
:"".
+35,916
+65,645
"'~+44,536
+62,662
+90,864
+53,651
+30,418 O
.+93,539
+30,418
+63,214
'.+94,338
+83,388
+52,470
+41,585
+15,770
+91,311
"'<¡'80,452 . .','"
Section
Tensían
+91,177
+73,960
Total >. tor
-:- Tension
Tension
Ring Ring .. 9' .
and gives.results as reasonable as the previous method.
fromTable o

0.2

0.4

I
I
The bending mÓIrtent1s dllculatedby
the coefficients from TabI~' A';;;9 bY VH ~ 4055 X 20:<
••..' ," .' " ...
multiplying
, Rlngtel1$lon.
Figure 19a-Bendingm(Jmemltirid fing lensionf~~ ',~:~/lwilh
. l~apezoidqU0adqnds~~ar applied al base ,
"', .' .' ,Momenl

=.81,100 ft-Ibs perft..,These valuesincluding'the "';;TJ;tJ,, ·,¿/::;.;:,:;;.:"ii.\,.~~:·í~·¡·(.i18::

•. " , ....• , .• , .•••••. , •••••• ;.~".~.,~, "-~,;c:" •• ,'.':::~.:~;:~.?:-.:'~
,,"':~"~.¡.¡.~~.·_,~'''''',.:~:,;·~::;t:<:b~~.~:~~·:::"; ..-:_·~~,:'2:-'~"·~,·~;:::::.~:·~~:,;-j:··~,,·
·h>.~ ,,;••••.~,- ,;;~,~ f:"_'~:';·~

13
 ,

edge througÍ1 a' given angle is proportional to the ;;i

following relative s~ness factors.- .. C_

Por the wall (Table A-1S for H2IDt = 6):
0.0783e/H = 0.783 x 153120 = 132

For the slab (Table A-16 for c/D = 0.15 where c is

the column capital diameter = 8 ft):
• 0.332elR = 0.332 X 123/27 = 21
The distribution factors are:

132
For tbe wall:- 0.86
Figure 19b-Bending momenJs andring tensionfor wall wiJh . 132+21 ""','
trapezoidalload and shear applied al base (averaging method)
21
For the slab: - 014
132+21
The factored moment of -12,500 ft-Ibs per ft wj11
Wall with MomentApplied al Top tend torotatethef'IXedjointasshowninFig.21. Wheu
the artificial restraint is removed, the rotation of the
joint will induce additional moments in the wall. The
sum of the induced moment and the original fixed end
moments are the 'final moments. The moments must
be equal and opposite as shown in Fig.21. Calcula-
tions may be arranged in accordance with the usual
moment distribution procedure. ~.
WalJ Slab
Distribution factor 0.86 0.14
.~
FlXed end moment O -12,500
Figure 20- Wall with moment applied at top Distributed momen! 10,750 1750
When the top of the walt and the roof slab are made Final mamen! 10,750 -10,750
continuous, as shown in Fig. 20, the deflection ofthe Jolnt 12,500
Slab Jolnt
roof slab will rotate the top of the wall. This rotation. fixed+-
will induce a moment at the top of the wall.
rele~A' "
I
- ~ 1,9.250- - --
I
o
The caver assumed for the tank design in this section
will be a 12 in. thick reinforced concreteslab with a \\\
1

center support. 1t will also be assumed that the Walf

factored moment (excluding the sanitary coefficient)

with fIXed edges is -12,500 ft-lbs wrft Since the tank(a) Fixed9ndmoments (b) Anal mo.ments
roof and wall are integral,apcirliOlfof this moment ... , ..,,' .'<' ., .H •••.• '.

will be transferred to the tank wall. ,.' ..;:;.;¡;'~gur~~l-Rotatwn~f slab.~~~ll Jomt.

,.. ,~::.:;.:;, ... ::};tibéliri'- ten~i~ricause(f':' ~'é"+"",+· •
The pr0ce4ure used ~o·determmethe:amount of_,~:·,·",:;;..~:·;"~;;·g:: :,;:;.:.: _by.the~9ment applied at
moment transferredfrorilthefóoftOtbe\vá!i issimilar,.L t!tC?!9Plsdete~ed by multiplying ~coefficieilts
to~o.~ent. ~stributio~'of contuíuo~~'::lhune~. The ;.~¡-of:·[!-ble~.l~: 1jY:':MR/~i:2;';"1'heValue':ofMRIH2 is
data 'm Tables A-lS andA':16
,_"., _',. are·stiffries·····s'e:·:s<·w'
_'.. ,' _,._',":,',' hich "'f~e~!Ji1in~
....,,- ,... ";2 ~,foll~~sr .\>,",,~i.:""·:'·,.:
j; .•..•• ,t
--.,
¡~',.~~}J','L.:!'j H,
~.~ ~~
.•• - •••• , • -. f'

denote moments requiredthQ.slab'/:'\'~i

the edgeoftheWa1l811d tOimpart
... ·.a.'
..Unit rotation at .;.~MRJH. =}.65
= (san~tary coefticient x 10,7S0) x
X.10,7SO X,2712O~'''i; ell!!--
271202
1,
.-
•

Th e momen
'.- ;,'t: ? '.~~:.'''''''~';
UllcutC)'tOtáte'th·
..;.•
'..,;.,;.,.:.,.\.",.,.;.'._~·iU'.~."""."";'-" '- \\.3_;d',
,.F~ ~.9 ..pe...r,ít,•..
1.,~.s
I., ":"' )",:. "'j"n>.:··i,¡·;"':"
\7 .. -... , ,:,:
•.i);<,',. ,'" .•1 '
d.'.'"

U ......••. ~~~~.:~~~~~:~~~~~;.~~~~~~"Í¡~::'!lfe!~~~:~'
 Table 15--Cómblned Rlng Tenslon from Trapezoldal Load and
",' 'The 'rlrig 't2Iisióli;-'áloíiglffi~j¡;héikhf':or'
ilié'tank is
Mament Ap~lled at Top

,(t" sho~Table..~13-Rlng
,.~~~~~: ~.~~,~~,.~i!,: ;~::,:;,,';;.;:,:~:,~;;::::":';:<"'"
Poinl
. 0,7H
O.OH
O,3H
0.9H
1.OH
O.1H
0.6H
O~H
O.8H
0.5H
O,4H
".
Tenslon for,Wall w1thMornent Applied at Top
Ring O+90,804
T+93,539
ensIon
SecIion
+00,864
+75,541
+30,418
+44,536
+87,487
+41,654
+65,645
+74,835
+53,651
+30,418
+77,642 +1449
ltom
+91,486-706
9TensIon
·1245
·1245
O-60
+3999
+7830
Moment
+94,988
+43,506
+12,308
+13,661
+55,315
+77,953
+85,472
+15,661
+69,312
·1030
R1ngTensIon
ToIaI~ ltom

,(),86Coefficlent
-0.05
-0.59
FIOIIl
o +13,661
o·1245
+3999
+7830.'
+1.21
+3.34
. ' +13.08
+11.41
+6.54
·1.04
+10.28 -00
·706
·1030
+1449
+12,308
+15,661
~PoÍnt
0.8H
0.5H
0.1H
0.6H
0.7H
0.9H O.4H
O.3H
l.OH
0.2H TibleA-10
O.OH ~ensIon.:

Table 16-Combined Bending moments tor Trapezoldal Load and

o Moment Applied at Top

Momentltom
O
+295
+5757
+1181
+9152
+2805
+11,513
+10,037
Seclion
O +3522
+3522
O
+664
+8593
+1897
+9967 SectIon
OMomenl
+7994
+7994
+1092
+797
+4946 ·559
-811
-517
-908
9Moment
+13.975
+13,975
+11,161
Total ·70from this
·252
0.2H
0.1H
0.3H
0.8H
l.OH
0.5H
0,7H Poin!
0.4H
0,6H O,OH
O.9H

,1.0

Rlng tenslon Mamenl

Figure 22 -Ring tension and bending momentsfor wall with

mament applied attop . The effect of adding the moment al'the top of the
'-l¡he moments in the vertical wall strips that are wa11is shown in Fig. 23. The moment will increase
considered as one foot wide are determined on the both the ring tension and bending moments at the top
basis of the coefficients frOIDTable A-11 multiplied ofthe wall.
by M where:
M = 1.3 x 10,750 = 13,975

The resulting moments along the height are shown

in Table 14 andFig. 22.
Table 14-8ending Moments tor Wall with Momenl Applied al Top

PoInt
.. A"""
"Coefficlent
+0.252
+0.572
".o.037 +1.00
~;.
.o.065
,.+1),057/
TabIe
[.o,010 A-11 d
.....
+".•.
'~'+3522
",'-0.040
..13,975
.",'
.+797
-
From'~-'
.·,..·252
+7j94- ...."-517
Moment
.,'{,
-908
(It-b) .s59
. ii.
. .,..;. -811
,';;,
O.2H
0.1H
O.5H
O.OH
O.7H O.3H
O.4H -o.osa .

R1ng lenslon Mament

Figure 23-Combined ring tension and bending momentsfor

trapezoidallOád and ma~nt ,!ppliedat top
,'. ;',:~ ",
. :"

.. I<".",_,'~ l')"i.,~,>'; "'\ ;

(t
,; ." D§j >''7"''
'The,ifug~~sion :'imd'the-~o~entS d~teÍminedin
l' ,.~-
.. I 11 "'WaIÍ¡j,~iMoment AppUed ai Base
In the l'revious sectÍ-gris,the wall has been assumed to
.this sectionare,8dde(Úotho~ii1SCétl~n9as'~ownin rest on á footing,'no'fcontinuous with the bottom slab

ClrcillarTanks ... \ ..' .•.......... , . ]s

~':',:');'A~~;<Y~:?i'
.:' '; .". ',' '~;~:;'~·;,,'~y:':,>:'}:;)?¡!?Mh;:W+:·_~:~r'~:~~'~;-··
 , 1
;.¡

'i=~~~~~~~
-" Theringtension and bending mo~n~

inducedmoment is applied at the baSe. The results are

then conibined te obtain the actual base momento
throughoutthe1

The moments in the vertical wall strips for the fl1'St

part ofthe analysis are computed by multiplying w uH3
by ~e coefficients frem Table A-2. The valueofwuH3
Figure 24- Wall with momen! applied at base was previously caIculated in Section 7 as 1,104,800 ft-
lbs/ft. The resulting moments along the height for an
are one integral unit. Because of this continuity, a H2IDt value oí 6 are shown in Table 17. The moments
portion ofthe bending moments that may be present in along the height of the.wall for an applied moment at
the base slab will be transferred to the tank wall. the base of 60,255 ft-lbsare shown in Table 18. The
For this section it is assumed that the factored results are considered in'Table 19.
moment (not inc1uding the sanitary coefficient) at the Table 17-Moments in Tank from Liquid Pressure
fIxed edge of the base slab is 38,000 ft-lbs per ft. A Coefficienl
+0,0046
TableO A-2
+0.0032
+0.0001
+0,0003
+0.0008
+0.0051
+0.0029
+0.0019
-0.0041
-0.0187 From +5082
O-20,664
+2099
+3535
+5634
+3204
+331
+110
+884
MomenI
-4530
(It-Ib)
triangular load on the wall oí w = 62.5 lbs per cu ftO.lH
will
Poinl
O.7H
O.6H
O.5H
O.8H
0,2H
O.4H
O.9H
0.011
0.3H
1.011

be used for the liquid pressure.

The moment at the base oí the wall is fl1'Stcomputed
on the assumption that the base is fIxed, and a correc-
tion is then made for rotation of the base of the wall
caused by the continuity between the slab and the wall.
The fIxed end moment at the base oí the wall for the

liquid pressure is detennined íor the trian~lar loading

withthecoefficientfromTableA-2forH IDt=6. The
• moment is equal tO: Table 18-Moments in Tank from Applied Momental Base
Base moment = -0.0187 X wH3 Coefficient
-0.018
Table
-0.037
-0.065
-0,040
+0.057
+0.252
+0.572
+1.000
·M58. From
O A-11
-0,005 O -1085
-3495
-2229
-3917
·2410
·301
Moment
+3435
+15,184
+60,255
+34,466
(It-Ib)
= -0.0187 X(1.3 x 1.7 x 62.5) X 2030.2H
O.lHPoint
0.6H
O.5H
O.7H
O.4H
O,OH
O.8H'
O.3H
,O.9H
l.OH

= -20,664 ft-Ibs per ft

As long as the base oí the wall is artificially fued
against any rotation, it is subject te two moments. One "
moment is due te the outward pressure oí the liquid, the
other is due te the moment at the edge of the base slab.
When the artifIcial restraint is removed, the joint will
rotate and the moments will beredistributed. Calculation
ofthe final moments may be arranged in accordance with
the usual moment distribution procedure.
.,.;.",.
The resul?-ng ring tension along,theheight of the
Moment Distribution'Procedure
wall for th,etriangular load, with w~HR oí 94,662 lbs
percuft(seeSection 7) is givenin Table20. Forring
(=I~~ from Séétioí112) , .' H" ':; ,
wanI
_ "w\,w.'') .,~"""n,:.',,",Y'"" ", ':,'-,.,:",0.86,'
r\W.n.~.fl':'R'taCiOr
'C' •
_,0.14
SIab
tension, the ,saIlitarycoefficientis"~;~5 whereas· for
Fixed end moment (U X 38,000)=,
flexure itis.t:3 •.Therefofe,the induded moment, M,
at the base··~(.ihewall to dete1'IIlit1¿"rlng tension is
b3:,~t:i~A:f7}~i~t)1\~~:2?;~t;~~t~~~ [.\~}~;:;.OO¡,;~,~~.~!" (1.65113),){·'60,255'=76,478 ft~lbs'and MRfH2 = .
Inducedmoment _ 60,255 9808 """ .
5162. The ringtension along the height'ofthe 'Y,allfor,1
. FInal ~, . ". ,',. ,39,59f', 'l ,-39.591 an applied'm,?iiie~tof 76,478ft-lbs1s sho~nmT~ble '
,. ""'< ~:~fr~,,~,,~j
;::<l, :,,:,,-, v:'~;~;;·r'/<¡J'4~!:~\~t,.?y::? "' ',< ::' '(21'/The resuIts~\combiried in,jTable'22::~)::¡I::'''>'
,.li~~J:.:~';~:
"'{~f''''''''-<' -..... ""':~~\~{r~1J~J;,~~~~¡}'1Vii~rf1(rfs~'~"'
..df1; ~ ,,;.\, "; I }:~:{¿;;,h~···~~f~itéh~·,¡·.~·
" ~;
:;." f.f ..

·16 ',"'-'-- ...•. ~~ ,.,...,",~."

-.",,~.,,-.,;
_~ •.... .•.
.h,;, ...".;"~,,.
~,~..,
. '.~.,
'~ .,
,.. •..__

"'-;','c',!9.~';':~
 Table 19-Comblned Bendlng Momenls 'rom Uquld Pressure and
Ring tension and moments forflXed base and forthe
Applled Moment at aas~.,·':':":(;';"!;
l·',
<
actual basecóñdition'áre plotted in Fig. 25.
.'
+884 o,
Momenls
.l.IQIAd
-3917
, ,;",., o.,from
+5634
-4530
+331
+2099
. +5082
+110'
+3535
·20,664 ,
o-382
+2853
-191
+3204+15,184
+9069
-1085
';-2410
-1396 \ Moments
·2229
.,-754 -301
+3435
-3495
+60,255
+29.936
+34,466 ., ' Slab
,.Momenls
+39,591
+18,388
·1526
prll8lJ1 Total
Base from "
''',.,''
o

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0
Rlng tenslon
Table 2O-Rlng Tenslon from Uquid Pressure

Coelficlent
~.301
+0.112
+0.018
+0.234
+0.441
+0,504
+0.447
+0.514
TabIe From
o+42,314
o A-1
+0,119
~.344 +1704
+11,265
+10,602
+41,746
+47,710
+32.564
+28,493
+22,151
+48,656
RingTensioo
(RlsIIt)
0.1H Poinf
0.9H
O.4H
0.3H
O.8H
1.OH
0.2H
O.6H
0.7H
0,5H
O.OH

Actual

Figure 25-Combined ring tension and bending momenrsfor

~ Table 21-Ring Tension from Applied Moment al Base liquid pressure and applied moment al base
Coefficienl From
-1.04
-0.59
+6.54
+13.08
+11.41
-0,86
+1.21
-0.05 O-5368
-3046
+10.28+53.065
O +33,759
+3.34
TableMO -4439
·258
~46
+67,519
+58,898
+17,241
bsIIt) , The maximum ring tension is 48,656 if the base is
O.1H
O,OH
O.3H
0.5HPolnt
0.9H
1.OH Ri,Tensioo
O.2H
O.4H
O.6H
0.7H
O.8H
fixed and is 96,0 12 for the actual base condition. The
moment at the base is changed fram -20,660 to +39 ,591.
It is c1ear that continuity between wall and bottom slab
materially affect both ring tension and moments and,
if applicable, must be considered in designo
Shear at the base of th~ wall when the base is fixed
may be computed as the sum of the products of
coefficients talcen from Table A-12 multiplied by
wuH2 (1:0 X 1.7 X 62.5 X 202) = 42,500 lbs per ft and
Table 22-Comblned Ring Tens,lonUquld Pressure and Applied
Momenl al Base M/H (60,255/(13 X 20) = 231~lbs per ft.
<,+67,519
, • -'':)'';
'.,+96.012
-258
+47,992
Ring
+9$.379
LJquld
"
'o
-5368
j'-iJ
'. .·-¡.'t'..0
..
Tenslon
+28.493
+10.602
" ...
'.+1704
+42,314. -3664
TensIon
+11,265
+47,710
+48,656
+32.564
+41.748
+22,151 ",.'TolaI~
+ea26
from
+53.065
+82.415 .. 'Momellt
04439
y,+8248
-+33,769
+17,241
+69,500
+58,898
03046
<t':'lJ/J\'(;i
*.951
,+19.105
-+32,306
Pressure ',' O,; When the base is fixed:
~nslonfrom
0.197 x wH2::: 0.197 X 42,soo = +83731bs
<' , Effect of M at base:

-4.49 X M1H= -4.49 X 2318 = -10,4081bs

";'~"":'
'". -;.~'.~~.':;' .. .. lbs 'i":
'é"203S
__

11II Roaí SIiib W¡¡h~ráCe'RterSuppon

Conventionally, ~inforced flat plate tankroofs with-
out any interior supports will have limiteds~~ l.~~g~s
.".;....~,.,j"U~',... .....
"',;."li~'~'I.t~,,¡:.::~ .•l">:r..;:.::.!l)I'\dt:."::!:':."~:~'::,:::,"~-;""':.(~'-:':'"':.~:::"''':O;-;:;;::::_ ;;_",:,-~::.:.:',~'~~."!.-':'!f';.L:~~:~~~', ':':~:~;.,:.>;
~~.;.:;:,::::;:.:¡ ~:_~:-:>:'~:~: 0,,: '-_"~'-"~.'.';:. -..• "-~::~. _ " . 'V __
:~,':.':: __~:::'_~,,-_': ••• 0":':_":"'.': "~o •• ,~~:~;

Cifcultzr7'iZlib) 17
 :,

tL:',;- _.:'.,'"".(:.dJ·;, e :i->., "-;..'. ", .

. slab=--=007;,·¡.:n:",j),;¡,·;:n é

., ... 1091:8i . .....•..

',"
~,.c,.-... '" , .....,.... 8'""
"""'-'¡¡r"¡,¡,.,,~,,,¡.){:_.¡r':'él:\:"''..''',
>!.- .,~: •• _.,'~•• ";-"., ,'_' 'o "'.'
,' , '," ' 'J',.",'

,/.;'j'\Vhentheslabls fixed at theedgeithe edg~ monient '

. may be computed by multiplying pR 'by the coefficient
fromTableA-14 at point l.OOR:.;Q.l25X pR2 = -0.125
. X 765 X 132=':16,161ft-Ibsperftofperiphery.
Figure 26-RooI slab wilhout center support ·'The procedure fordetermining the fmal moments at
the edge has been previously illustrated.Theflxed end
and are feasible only for small diameter tanks. This
moments are shown in Fig. 27. The fmal moments
type of roof is typically used for tanks with diameters
less than 30 ft. , which are also shown in Fig. 27 are computed by
moment distribution. ~'"
.ACI 350 does not provide guidelines for the designs Wall Slab
of slabs and ACI 318 must be consulted. ACI318-89
Distribution factor 0.93 0.07
provides a minimum slab thickness for both one-way
FlXed end moment O 16,161
(Section 9.5.2.1) and two-way slabs (Section 95.3.2).
Neither ofthese two sections can be directly applied to Distributed moment 15,030 1131

a circular roof slab without interior supports. When Final moment 15,030 15,030
the roof slab is continuous with the wall, a suggested 15.030
Jolnt
approach is to ch.oose a minimum slab thickness fixed
Slab
between that of a one-way slab (V28) and a two-way 16,161

slab (V33) , where ~is the span length. In the case of a

simply supported slab, a minimum slab thickness of V
20 should be appropriate. Ir deflection control is
critica! or ponding of the roof is a possibility, the
(a) FIxed end moments (b) Final moments
" de~n~r should perf~rm a more detailed analysis to
determme the deflection.
Figure 27 -Roiation 01 slab wall joint
The dimensions of the roof slab to be designed are
shown in Fig. 26. The roof will be designed for a live .It is seen that a large moment is induced in the top
load of 100 psf and a superimposed dead load of 300 of the wal1. It has been shown previously how to
psf. The required strength, U, will not be multiplied by determine ring tension and moments in a wall caused
the sanitary coefficient. If crack control and corrosion by a moment at the top ofthe tank wall (Section 12)~
of the roof slab are a concem, the designer may OnIy design of the slab will be discussed in this
section.
consider using the sanitary coefficients. The required ,

strength, U, is: The shear capacity in a 10 in. thick slab with f~ =

U = 1.4 X (300 + 150 x 10/12) + 1.7 x 100 4000 psiis:
=765 psf
For the wall,H2IDt= 162/(26 X 1) == 9.8, say, 10.
From Table A -15, for H2IDt == 1Q, the relative stiffness
of the wall is 1.010 X t3/H::::l.01O X '123/16 = 109.
The relative stiffness ofacircular plate withQtlt' any
interior supports(Table A-16) is 0.104e IR = 0.1 04 X
103113= 8.0. The distribu~2n factors are:

-
~u ~ -.>- ..'~.
~.~_.~
•••..
, ·r·"
'1' «. ~--, ~
 :1

@..
For illustration, cOIlsidera tankin whic~.tl1~reis a
jointátthe.íOp~oftlie_wan~causiíÍg1li~¡llb
The moments in the hinged
determining the D.1.oIl1ents
PoInt
O.OR
0.1R0.2R
0.4R
O.SR
0.9R
O.7R
0.6R
LOA0.3R
O.5R
tó~Jifñged.
fromTebIe
slab may be cónifiliied by
in a fIXedslab (Table A-14)
~~~
?'t!~~'i' Coefliclent
+0.074
+0.011
-0.025
..0.075
..0.066
+0.059
+0.039
..0.026
+0.071
-0.006
, ...0.084
..0.050
A-14..0.009
..0.003
+0.009
+388 .'
..0.083'
+9696
..0.009
..0.020
..0.059
..0.060
-0.016
+6206
+2586
+4525
+7628
-2(;69
..0.075
..0.068
+a791
..0.035
..0.048
AddO.OO9
Coelliclent
Mómenl
+10.731
+10,343
+10,860
'9'
. ReYised
T~
~ ~\";'¡~)!\';'j'~m·L~upport I
~

and adding tothem themoÍllentsma:-slab in which the

endmomentofO.l25pR2ft-lbs perftis applied. These
combined results will give the results at a hinged
support.The most convenient way lo do this is lo add
0.125 lo all the coefficients in TableA-14, both theradial
and tangential moments, and tben lo multiply the modi-
fied coefficients by pR2• Note that the coefficients for
radial moments at the edge become zero by the addition
of 0.125, and the tangential moment becomes 0.100.
These are values for a slab hinged al the edge.
In the design problem of this section, the roof is
continuous with the tank wall and the induced moment
is 1131 ft-Ibs per ft. Therefore, the fmal moment
coefficients are those for a fixed edge (Table A-14) to Radial momo par ft 01 wldth ---..
Radial momo par segment
-each ofwhich mustbe added aquantityequal to 1131/ 0.2 0.3 0.4 O.
pR2= 1131/(765 X 132)=0.009. These~ewcoeffi-
cientsaremultiplied bypR2 = 765 X 132= 129,285 ft-
lbs per ft. The results are shown in Table 23, Table 24

6ft,. and'Fig. 28 with O.ORdenoting the center, and Point

\JW 1.0R, the edge ofthe slab. Note that these moments are
Figure 28-Radial and tangential nwmentsfor roofslab
fota one- foot wide slabacross the tankroof. Since the
without center support
, reinforcing will be placed radially, the design width
The maximum negative radial moment is 14,997 ft-
foTreinforcing will not be one-foot wide but will
lbs per ft. The required amount of reinforcing on the
decrease as the center of the tank is approached. For
top of the slab at that location is:
this reason, the moments shown in Fig. 28 inc1ude the
radial moment per section. These are obtained by MuI($'f~h<6 = 14,997 x 12/(0.9 x 4000 x 12 X (8.5)2)
=0.0577
multiplying the original moments bythe fraction indi- , .
cating its distance from the center .. For illustration at For standard design aid in Appendix A:
Cl) = 0.060
O5R, the radial moment per segment is equal to: 4396
X 05 =2198. As= robdf~/fy= 0.060 x 12 x 8.5 x 4/60 = 0.408 in?
Table 23-Radial Mements fer Roef Slab Without Center Support
Use #5 bars spaced 9 in. O.c. (As= 0.413 in?) in the top
slab at the wall.
Coelficlent
.Q.125
..0.073
o-'''+0.057 A·14
,...0.075
:.:~
',-,-0.023
+0.067
AddO.OO9
.0.087,
' '·.Q.053
...
..0.043
;+0.025
~per H6723:~~
'-14,997
",','/'..o.lX»'
.RaclaI'
.0.009
..0.084'
+0.076
+9826
+0.009
""·1810 ..0.009
'.".
""+0.009
..0.082
.0.116 +1060
.',:
,'tQ.066
""'~·1267
'<''f8533 .04551
,:.0.044;
.,,,MOOlent
";0.014
+1965
+0.012.+0.052"';
·06689
,·,1tO.009,.
j,.;t21S8
:+0.009,
·14,997 .Q.Q18:,
;¡O76
+931
+10,601
.....
Coefliclent
HO,OSe
+10,860 '+0.034
",..o.l109:'
,.:;.+4396 ..•+1551
,-..o.l109 ."F"
;'.,.., ".,~,'
'+0.009 /.~ ".~
o, ..-
'~, ,;.'...
f , ReYised RalIaI
+0.003 '!
.c'¡
.;¡ Sel1nenI'
X 13 X
'>;.f2!j6Q .•
Totalnumberofbarsrequiredis21tRls=21t
12/9 = 109 bars. For simplicity, these bars will be used
for the entire length of the negative, l110m~nts. There-
fore,:the, length ,of "these 109. barS' will be O.35R +
o> :i"~e.Y~Jpp~~mJeH&ttt~',o;,.,,
".:; .- •..,\ o,i' ,.,' .";' (
t~¡TheJargest positive, moment-,is loCa~ atapproxi-
mately Point 0.4R andhas~ava1ueof6723ft-lbs per ft.
TheJength of theconcentriccircle through 0.4R is
71t{Q:4gt~?.1t,
:,,'" ~~-.v-l
>S&:~"i8::~~.~:~~~?
-'fU ,1 r'!);' ,,~1 .; .,~
'fi:W..:- '':'>i~ -v:,
fi·,
'~-'.",~.~~
',.;" , ," ..
i·'·~~' ,-". ~'~-';.'.. -~
," r.'~ '.-~¡-_ ",~:,.: .~~, y
o

". Therequife4,aInoúniof rehlfórcing()D,thebottom

J~~1'footWldé' ~,~et¡~o~~XI~t~f:'«
atólJtsldé'8dgeq>(~~~Jl:'ll'~'~JJ .. of the slabat th¡'s!ocatiOIl is: ' '. ',. ' .. "

;;:'e;~;~¡"··"'""~~'"'TTI=;1:E~·=~''~~--'''-'';~=;'~,t:;.:~:''',
..·······
..·19
.•.•..•.••.
¡r-fl ••.,....._ •.••-I•.••.~ .~__ ._w._'_. , '-'-_ ..-,~ .
 ~
..

.~r',,~,_;:,C:,.!""¡::;/x ~1"'
.•:',~\:¡CJ 2'· -~i:i,'f(U\;~·'t~.·:~(jr;.;
:MH ~<::'~~);.].~Uh,l
.., lt.:.,,:g!'l::~·i;,:l'.·~,~- /)':< <'·'2

,:l:!§lf.t~.12/10.2i'~~~~2,,~.8.s;) .ii'Ro~lsllll/,:V¡ih!Ce~~~'S~PPort"';u,.,¡:.,,i,
. ·',r-.MJ<+
:Lk¡"5,:;T,
fcPdl
•..
,;(:\!~~~t "".',¡'l;;¡':~:l<?;.,:, ' i.Ír~'II1\'
, , ."
'~,;',,,,J, ,,,:;>,-;";'~,':dh,:C' ,..
:;j);tnl;r(}~t;?·t;"(~ '. 'J'<~ ....
~·FfOmstaildárddeslgn'aid in Appencfu(A: , f::' ,', ::,~: ; :J", l. 12''()'"'' -
.• C1)·'.~ .. Q~9~~~',·:~~:7-~~:
~::."
..~-~'~-,., ..~.:,~,:.~_.",,'
.... i'i.

A~<==cobdf~/fy=O.026 X"12 x 8.5 X·4160 .. :~

= 0.177 c.8'.()· •
:z:
Use #5 bars (A. = 031 in.' t .15' d.504'.()"

Figure 29 shows one arrangement witheight radial

bars in each quadrant. Sixteen bars are required for the
slab aIid are bentas shown. Note that there are only
two layers where the barScross at the center in Fig. 29
and only four type~ of bent bars are required.
Figure 29-Radial reinforcement at center ofroofslab
without celller support
-- ..
.Ring bars are proportion~ to fit the tangentI:u
. cutte in Fig. 28 .. The maxunum ~ea of steel IS
required near the center. The required amo~nt of
reinforcing steel at the bottom near the center IS:
MuI(4)f~bd2)= 10,860 x 12/(0.9
= 0.0418
From standard design aid in Appendix A:
ID = 0.0428
As = cobdf~/fy = 0.0428
p = 0.291/(12 x 85) = 0.0029
Pmin = 200/fy = 0.0033,~0~OO29: .
Use'5 bars on 10 in. 0.0. (A. =o~l-in;2,'p =0.(037)
Figure 30-Roof slab with center support
The tank dimensions fórthe design of the roof slab in
this section are shown in Fig. 30. The roof slab willbe
designed for a live load of 100psf and a superimposed
dead load of 300 psf. The required strength, U, is:
'--' 4 Bars U = 1.4 X (300 + 150 X 12/12)-+ 1.7 X 100
'----" 4 Bars =800psf
___ 4Bars
---4Bars Data are presented in Tables A-17,A-18, and A-19
for slabs with a center support for the following ratios
of column capital to wall diameter, cID = 0.05, 0.15,
0.20, and 0.25. The tables are for fixed and hinged
edge as well as for moment applied at the edge.
••..
The general procedure in this section is the sameas (
In the prevlOussectIon. Frrstthe edge ofthe roof slab.
is 'considered fixed and the fixed end moments are
computed. Then the moments at the edge are distrib-
uted and adjustments are made for the change in the
edgemomen.t
x 4000 X 12 X (8.5)2) The values In. T ables A- 17, A - 18,an d A- 19 are
based on a unuorm slab ~ickness. The presence of a -
drop panel will have some effect, but it is believed that
the change is relatively small especially since the ratio
x 12 x 85 x 4/60 = 0.291 in? of panel afea to total slab area is typically very small.
The relative stiffness factors for a roof slab and wall
with the dimensions used here wete previouslycalcu-
latéd in SeCti~n13.'The relative stiffness factors are

Since 1he' requirCd".á&a'bf9tebars for ~gential O.8..6..f~r.,~e~Vv.@.~~

0.14 for .t.?~~lab:.'. __.''':;
moments' deCreaScsgriidua1lyt~w~ P~~t. 9c.9,~,the :"'''-~l'heradiaÚiXedendmoment~u8Is thecoefficientof
#5 bars at 12 in. o.c. can be úsed fOl áll tlietop' cirCular '':0.049(>JijiñiTaol~A~17_(forCID:~'8154~óIsat'Point
·reinforcing; ..'Betw~nO.9R ~d'l.OR ~e.~~ ,willbe ,loOR) multipliedby.p~~~~Forp¿800psf,~fixea>~nd
.. placed '¡n·thetop'oftheslab':i'4¡l,~~}¡~;,¡.\;\:~
¡;"7' <,;>:,,;. ...
• ~ , .. J":~" '._ .;,t, ':,_
~.m()mentist<).()490)('8Qo'X'272,o:-'I. -28í577ft-Ibs'.pe1'ft
" "::;".'-'''''' : ...
.
,........•. , ',. ".,·~ .. o", ••. ,,:., ;" .• ,~ .••.•

";1 c¡t~.¡~'·.;'1,¡'0nlP.'!"wlr}>¡.~:1¡,'1Jlj\'~vh'." ·Thefirialedg~fmómeritfohvhich·theslahis·aesi~is '

ft·:F:Ci~;:.··t
. ' ~'·ri "f ..•..'. _
me~ttes~:d,~~~T!~kt'!~i:r:;~~~~~~!,~~;r4~~.s16ft'l~iPéf
¡the reworeingi.}kF\.)i ~¡.}._.:~l,.;.'IUÚ) ..:",,:~;!·:.1.·
.• W~.,1:¡~.~¡;~.Y.á?'~.f
.,. "'"Q":I""",,~T ';'«.{' ""., '1" ",1 '. '. ii~'aesrg~~':'sla6'10rii,~ea;ea. - ge ";~Th~'proc@rife
. "·f~Qbr.fÍ4~~¡.,~~,,,,,H¡¿J,"C¡;,.,;,,,~,,,,,,q,
.'dd th #. t f a .
,.""'i'."moment".of~.28~7.7-.and.,then
,'.','" .. ,_.:.~;;.>::;~:":;,:."...~:.,;.~~4;.;~~~~S;~~;.;~';:;'i1l:"i,,J~;""-'K"i'-~\"'.'" a .,.e,cr~~~.,;\~,,;'.
,. '20 .. ,:,,', 'CircularTanJ:s
"
'<:><":'.7;-:~¡'O::;:<·-'
 moment 28~77 - 24,576=: 4001 ft-Ibs applied at the
1t edge, but frrst, shearing StIesses must be investigated.
. The, column load is determined by multiplying
coefficients taken Irom TableA-13 by pR2•
For a fixed edge:
l.eX)? X pR 2 = 1 JYJ7 X 800 X 272
;'>19~r'ána ÍriultlplyfugÍhem by PR2"~'¡8()():'X272 =
"')583,200 ft~Ibsperft (forrlXededg'eY~'andby'M= 4001
'ft-lbs per ft (for moment edge).These moments are
shown in Table 25and in Fig. 31. The maximum
negative moment at the center occurs at the edge of the
column capital.
= 587,282 lbs Jable 25-Radial Moments for Roof Slab with Center Support

Effect of niornent at edge: ~.0002

~.0293
~.0220
·{)'o490
.0.0216-2181
.0.0200
~.0006
.0.0521
~.OI69 +117
-3461
+1292
-301
+5257
+312
~.323
~.078
+3601
+0.900
.0.545
-3721
-ta756
.0.930
.0.280
~.0269 -1003
+9190
-S096
+0.790~.510
+4001
+1.000
+2809
RacIal
~.663RaciaJ
-8996
+2653
.0.1089
CoocItions
Moment +9856
+3511
Tdal
-6821
+2041
-6378
+12.~
+3161
Coefliclent
Uomentlor'
-2&,577
-12,597
Moolenlfor
-11,664
+13,142
17,088
-24,576
-24,576
Moment
forMoment
Momental
RaliaI
+12,509
-34,106
-30,385
·13,845
+10,637
+17,729
-1120
+18,380
+
-63,510
15,688 ~ Raól8l
·10,483
~,888
,,·1.594
FlxedEdge
a1Edge
Edge
9.29M =
Poilt
0.4R
9.29 0.25R
O.SR
O.3R
0.6R
0.8R
0.9R
tOA
X 02R
0.7R
forRxed
4001
, CoeIIicIenI
= 37,169
0.15R ~

Total Colurnn Load = 624,451 lbs

The radius of the critical section for shear around
thecolumncapitalis4 X 12+ ~8-15=645 in.=5.38
ft. The length of this section is 21t X 645 = 405 in.
Load on the area within this section is 800 X 1t X 5.382
= 72,745 lbs. The shear al the face of the column
capital is (624,451 - 72,745)/1000 = 552 kips. The
shear capacity of a 12 in. thick slab with a 6 in. thick
drop panel is:

ve =~ Xbwd
= 2....J 4000 X 405 X 16.511000 = 845 > 552 kips, OK.

"~ The radius of the critical section for shear around

~ thedroppanelis 6 X 12+ 12-15 =825 in.=6.88 ft.

, Le~th of this
on tne area section
within thisissection
21t X 825:::
is 800518 in.XThe
X 1t load=
6.882
118,964. The shear edge of the drop panel is (624,451 'O
CIl
Cl
- 118,964)/1000 = 505 kips. The shear capacity of a 'C
W

12 in. thick slab is:

Ve =~ xbwd
= 2..J4000 X 518 X 10.511000 =688 > 505kips

Shear at the edge of the tank wall is:

V = 1tpR2 - colurnn load
Figure 31-Radial nwments for roof slab with
= (1t X 800 X 272) - 624,451 =,l/l.07,7261bs
cenler support
': '= 1207 kips

',' The circumfere~ce ~f the tank is 2 X 1t X 27 X 12 Thetheoretical moment across the section around
= 2036 in. The shear< ~apacity
~
"i, .••
ofa
¡ 12 in~thick slab is:
:-~;.~ the column capital is larger than the,moment that
,actually, exists. Jt should.be remembered .that the
, . ~ o', '. _. " _" ..• _;. __ •• " ' .. ' • __ , •... _ '.' . ,_, .', . ~: " ~ ,;:" ,,_ ': ••.. ~" . _ •.•

Vc=2.Jii xbwd l';;'~;:

moment éOefficiéritsin this ,sectiqn arecOlnputed for
= 2..J400(H< 2036 X 10.SI1000= 2704 . a slab thatis assumedto be' (IXOOattheedgeof the
capital;, Actually, the edge is not fIXed,but hassome
.) 4jIVc = 0.85 X 2704 = 2298 > 1207 kips 'rotation and areduction in the theoreticalmoment will
,:lThe :ndial,moments ,are oomputedby' se1ecting
, 'coofficients for.cID:'O.15JromTables A-17and A- /}:'-l~~OCcur. ~," ,~-\\ Y.::" :~:'·;:;}r1,~:::i~~':.
:~;<":~'.

ClrcuW'Tank,r 21
,,~"'l11e.pr<?bl~m()[determi~~Jlg,~O;~, IJ:l()ment at
the capi~i~,s.,~wM~lo tQatWhi~~~~st§;b.J:r.egiuarflat'
slab design.¡\sa matter offac~"th,e,rrgiQn~und the
center column in the tank slabisstressedvery, muchas
,in ordinary flat slabfloor constnictioll,'so"that the
design should be practically identic8Iin the colurno
region of both types of structures.
A rigorous ana1ysisoftwo-way slabs with circular
capitals was presented by Nichols in 19144• The
expression derived by Nichols for the sum of the total
positive and negative moment, Mo, is given as:

Mo=- 1- 2c
, , WL('
8 ')2
3L
where L = span length, center-to-center of column

e = diameter of column capital

W = total panelload

, .. -,' ", ._.-, "'-"~"".

-
 Use 212-#6 bars (93.3iDh.
n(}.n.:,;:,,'·:'~,,- ,.!u·,·,~·t,,,, ¡,'Jo'_':'':: l'i¡44,!:y 1, .;' ·;';'~}f:f',~~.f~bd~=18,4S1,X 121(0.9 X 4000~;J2X (10.5)2)
,·:;l:··H'{\. ~;..,-,,== Q.p46..-.' J..., ?: .. ' ..:;¡,';,,:.~I ¿,-r',: .
.:~.. .;,'.•The spacing atthisJocation - will be: 'From standard desigD aid in AppeIldix A:
spacing =2 X 1t X 27 X 12/212 = 9.6 in.
CJ) = 0.0474 ..
The tangential momentsarecomputed by selecting A. = Cllbd f~/fy = 0.0474 X 12 X 10.5 X 4/60 = 0.40 in.2/ft
coefficients for cID = 0.15 from Tables A-17 and A- Use',S bars spaced at 9 in. (A. = 0.41 in.1..
19 and multiplying them by pR2 = 800 X (27)2 = In theremainderoftheslab,RS bars at 12in. will be
583,200 ft-lbs perft (forfIxed edge),and byM=4001
ad~uate (Mu = 14,350). Asindicated in Fig. 32, some
ft-Ibs per ft (for moment edge). The resulting tangen-
oí the bars are in the bottom of the slab depending on
tial moments are shown in Table 26 and Fig. 33.
Table 26-Tangential

-o.om
+0.451
+0.363 =
+1102
+0.0031+1808
+1408
-0.472
+0.0086+5016
-0.0098-5715
+0.035
+0.157
+0.0057+3324
-0.0006
-0.0243
-0.0051
-0.0218
+0.0080+4666
-0.0284 -350lar
+4806
+1804
-3911
+0.263
-0.100
+1452
·1852
-0.463
·1004
-3978
-1888
-0.404
+5644
+140
+628
+1052
-+4376
-0.251-400
·1616
·1276
-0.319
·14,172
2,974
Morrient
-16,024
·18,451
-16,563
·11.939
-Coefficlent
10,323
·12,(14
·13,990
FlXedÉdQé
Cond'rtions
forMomenl
Tangenllal
~
Coefficlent
TangeoliaJ
atEdQe
ToIaI
Moments for Roof Slab with Center Support

Móment
the sign of the tangential moments.
This design utilized radial and circular reinforce-
mento It is also commoñ't~ use a rectangular layout for
the reinforcing ..

•UIIJ Roof Slab with Multiple Interior

Supports

~@
@ @
@
@
Column
@ Column capital

;8,45/ #t5@9'(top)

-- - - -: L#t5@12"(lop)
'-t> L _1 r"--,12' (lop)
#t5' 'i
Ungential moments par lt I 1 3:
I I I 1 'O
I 4>

'O
4>
I I
I
1
1.5
~

I Cl
"C I I Figure 34-Roof sÚlbwith multiple interior supports
w
.1'5.2 .3
I .5 I
:!-..:!J Figure 34 iUustrates a column layout for a roof slab
I
I that has multiple interior Stlpports. In the two previous
I
I sections (roof slabs with one or no interior supports),
I 1
the roof slabs are designed as circular plates. The
1
I
to- L'5@ 12' (bollom)1 -t
1 reinforcing bars for these types of slabs were placed
both radialIy and in a circular pattero. In contrast,
Figure 33-Tangential nwmentsfor roofslab witli center
when multiple interior supports aré'used, the reinforc-
support---
ing bars are placed intwo perpendicular directions as
Within the drop pánel, the effective depth ofthe slab is typically done for flatslabs inbuildings. Design
is 16.5 in~insteadofthe 10.5in.thatisbeyondthedrop .examplesJor flat sIabs are widelyav.allable.s,ó,7 For
panel.lf the moments'in thát region are reduced in the .; this reaSon, tbis.public~tion ~ijÍop1ybriefly ·discuss
ratio oí 10 .5/16.5, itis seen thatthe critica! momentíor ;the de~ign of.flatslabs '~;;;:~~;;"~;¡'!;i;''¡;'';!;'';:''H''
,'..
::.-~.•..•:, ., ',' ~~':.~u...,>~;.',~,~~"".'.dM'~~-t,:_~{~~~,;,:~,:~.~~_,:
..l"J~,;.~'~"'~,Lh', •
design occurs just:beyond the,edgeofthedrop'panel.
L'Y1~Thé:analysisofa:t1at'slab .sYsi~!it:~nsistsof two

t TIle moment at the edgethe drOp pánel is takenequal

to 18 ,451which is.slightly láiger thairthemoment at
.that location~:~Theréquired circúlarreinforeingatthis
steps. Thefrrst stepis lo .dete~ethe 'factored
moments at critical sections (usua1ly at midspan and at
the sUPP<>~)=u?;h~{~~~~;,~~P,J~.~o ;~stl:ibJlte .~e
location
.'momentstransverselyacross theslab •. ,. u /, -'.' ,•• >.' •. '''-'.' •• , ••. , ••••

....•..-..•..•.....•...•... - ...•...•-.¡- ••........ ~ 23

 i~i

•
. ","', .•... ,;;. /;',:~ ,-{',> ,:" .¡~

:.ACl318-89 provides two methOds to"perform the f2 = length of span transverse to direction '-',
,
':,',l

fll'St step •. These methods aretheEquivalent Frame
MetJwd aÍldtl1e :Direct'liesignMetW.' Both of these
methods will be discussed below.
,', ~"~.' ~ i _._>'
Equivalent Frame Metltod- This method provides
representation in two dimensions of a three-dimen-
sional system by defming flexura! stiffnesses which
reflect the torsional rotation possible in the three-
dimensional system. The equivalent frame consists of
.-:iof analysis, measured 'center-to:cen~
ter of supports"
.l .•
, fn,:= . length of clear span in direetion of
anaIysis.
Once this mament is determined, itis multiplied by
the.coefficients from ACI 318-89 Section 13.6.3.3,
which are reproduced in Table 27.

-
Table 27-Distribution of Static Moments
the horizontal slab, the columns above and below the
location Percentage of Mo .
slab, and the portion of the structure that provides
moment transfer between the slab and column (called Interior negativa 70%
factored moment
a torsional member). The three parts of the equivalent
Positiva factored 50%
frame are shown in Fig. 35.
moment

Exterior negativa 30%

octuol column !Nlo.
Figure 35-Equivalentframe
Once the equivalent frame is established, the
carryover and stiffness factors are determined. With
these factors and the fIXed end moments, the moment
distribution is performed. This method of determin-
ing the critical moments is tedious and time consum-
ing, and is best suited for computer use or where
geometry is irregular, preventing use oí the simple .
Direct Design Method discussed.below.
DirectDesign Methód...;.The,momentsat criti~al
sections are determined witll'much less 'labor under
. this, methOd than'by theEq'ÚÍvalérifFl'8Il1e Method.
The moments are determined áflnidsPartllÍ1d at col-
umn. f~s, ..by.~ffill1~pl)'~~ :i~fP9J~~!.8~y.)t!1e .tOtal
factoreddesignmoment~Mo, :w~ch equals: .
'Mo =wuf2f.n218 .;,\ .. '~;~/,;-'ii:·':·:,'~h:~t·+c
.'.-~he~~:.~~;~~=~i:~;¡~",
24 .
...
factored moment
I
Since the Direct Design Method is based on many
assumptions, its use is allowed only if the structure
confonns to certain limitations. These limitations are:
• There shall be a mínimum of three continuous
spans in each direction.
• PaneIs shall be rectangular with a ratio oflonger (,
to shorter span center-to-center oí supports
within a panel not greater than two.
• Successive span Iengths center-to-center of sup-
parts in each direction shall not differ by more
than one-third the longer span.
• CoIumns may be offset a maximum of 10% of
the span (in direction of offset) fram either axis
, between centerlines'<Ofsuccessive coIumns.
• AlI Ioads shall be due to gravity onIy and
unif,qrm1ydistributed over an entire panel.
• Liv~ load shall not exceed three times the dead
loado
Once the factored moments áre determined by
either the Direct Design Method or the Equivalent
Frame Method, the second step oflatera1ly distribut-
ing the moments across the slab must be,performed .
The·.widthof slab centered at·, a·column,··line and
extending to half-waybetweenadjacentcolurnri lines
.Js. ca11ed.thedesign:strip;; '<'l'hedesignstripisdiVided
into colunui and middle strips.The columnstrip is
defined as havinga widthequal to one~half the trans-·e:
, verse,pr1ongitudWal span, whichever is smallerji/fhe
remainder of th~de~ign strip ~scomposed oftwo~a1f- .
"'u' __ "'_'~ ' __,,_

•ClrcúlarTanú
-.. "
 ·,~~,~~~;~~~~stI
'. ]o: . ' ... " .( ..•••. ,"",: . 'f" , ..... , ~··~F·' ,-- -,0<,':

rtuddig'sfi{ps"::TheSe 'strip~are;detl;rrirlri¡Jlis shown in

:~ .Flg ..36.-..~...._.,....,....~...,...."....-.,-'''.,''.".,
. ,"",,. :,'. thickness oí 12 in'; Therefore, it is unlikély that very\:
o·';
1arge taperSwill occur. In the examples in the preced-
ing sectiOD,15 in. is the thickness req1lired for maxi-
mum ring tension whichoccurs appÍ'oximately 0.6H
below the topo As discussed in Section 11, tlie inves-
Column strip
tigation for ~shear applied at the base of the wall can
be omitted by designing for the maximum ring tension
from the location of this maximum ring tension to the
base of the tank. Therefore, in the preceding ex-
amp1és, the tank wall can be tapered from 12 in. to 15
in. only for the upper olÍe-half of the wall. The cross-
sectional area of the wall wilJ be reduced from 1.25 X
20 = 25.0 sq ft to 25 - 0.5 X 10 X 3/12 = 23.75 sq ft.
t = design strips The reduction in cost from the reduced volume of
concrete will probably not· offset the added cost of
Figure 36- Design strip of roof slab
forms for the tapered circular wall.
The percentages of moments carried by the column
and the middle strips are shown ili Table 28. Gral has presented data for wall sections that vary
from a maximum at the base to zero at the topo For
I exterior column
Table
75% I
28-Lateral
25% I
Oistribution ot Moments ter Roet Slabs
.. Negative moment at
I I illustration, consider a wall with H = 20 ft, D= 54 ft,
40%
60%
Positive moments
'~ Negative moment at and t = 1.25. For this wall, Gray's data show that
maximum ring tension is approximately eight percent
<~
greater for triangular than for rectangular wall sec-
tions, that is, when the sectional area is reduced from
25.0 sq ft to 12.5 sq ft. For the reduction of125 sq ft
in the foregoing paragraph, it may be estimated roughly
that the increase in maximum ring tension will be 1.25
Flat slabs must' also meet serviceability require- X 8/12.5 = 0.8%. At any rate, the increase appears to
ments. The roof slab must be designed to have .. be negligible.
adequate stiffness to preventdeflection problems. For Timoshenk09 gives an~xample with H = 14 ft and
slabs with drop panels, the minimum thickness sha11 D= 60 ft. The wall thickness is 14 in. in one case but
not be less than 4 in. (ACI 318-89, Section 9.5.3.2). varies from 14in. to 3.5 in. in the othercase. Moment
The slab must also have a thickness no less than ~n/36 and she~' at the base are as follows: !
for a flat slab and ~n/33for slabs without drop panels.
Moment, in.-Ib Shear, lb
For complete details of flat sla~-,:1esign,refer to the Uniform thickness
publications refe~nc~ at the ooginning of this sec- (14 in.): 13,960 564
ti~n:.", '_, " ;1., ."

. v' '., Variablethickness

II·Bffect oIV~~~ Wall Th~kness

.~ . '. ·'.:.~~:.i'.~,."," .,' ""'-- ,.. ,'"
.(35~,1014in.): '
",i :..t."~-_':""'.~'::: ."1_~:"'·'·"'··'" r,
•...
.', ~,._ .' .. ,...':', .. _'." "," .. ,','
' }:7
All tables and numerical exáiiipl~~·iIt.,l'receding sec- Itis 's~nthat tlÍe 'mo~eríiisptacti.cáiIYiil1chaIiged
tions are based on the ass~IpJ?~on,th~t the \Vall has and theshear is reduced by only 6.5 percent •. The
~ uniform thickness from the.top'to the base~The effect change will be even smaller when the tapel' iS'frOm14
.oftapering the wall will now be discu5Sed.'·'c ,.in. at mid-heignt to 12 in. at topo Howev~r, the taper
, .\If ACI 3S0reconunend8tioDs are followed, ~iD:._,__,_~m.!!!~~Jh~riDg tension and the decreas,ein;~~ .
:·;",~:=~.2
...·..__·:..~.,',. O'.".~.".",.~':;"'~"';'\''''o;''''';'~_~_;:'''-;'''''~~~<''.
. ,.O'"~;"'~~"":"'!~:"'~'~'4-"':ii.~,,;;.t;.W¡;";::,~~,,;;.',~;..;.:."·, "~':'.::;,;: ,-,·'~..~·.~;'·'."o¡"';;;:~:;;: _' ,.',.•.~...:.
__ .,.o",' ;O"o~~_.' ..• _ ,,~.,.'.,••.•" ••
.. ~·:~~-:; ~'-: ':'::~'.:'~~-;',.:.":."'"'. ' '~""o-' .•:.•.••..
~.•~; 'n0, ,:. ,u,c", •.'.'-, ..••.•.• ','0_"

1';C¡j.~~~'Tmab d •• 2S "
 ~width must l>etaken intOJlCC()UDt.~In ·this case,for Table 29-Closed Form SoIutlon forTemperatureStresses
':'~'+'<':!!f~'tf:ln'blrcularWall Thtí.t Cause Vertical Crác¡(Jríg"<'·;:
,. "'0.'."'", , ',. , ..' H , ,':".••.•••...••
~,.' ·J"I't.'J"'-rf""-' "'G·.1, .
.,IllO~~~; ~dshe,ar ~e ta~~R!r.~J~~~,(17tiMlIld~r :
Free
Axed&
extrem~ crr.c~stancesl~_ Jl!8.y~, ~v~a1?le}9J*e
Free 1t ,Free
. .-Ea
~.-sa
Hlnged
~
Top&Top
&
BoIIcm

TopFree 12(1-j1)
12(1-j1
22 ) . 2Ijl
N••N.·-sa¡'='(I'o+T!)ZI+
-Ea+--(To-T¡){t-jI(Z¡-ZZ
2Ijl2 (To-
hEah'-
(I'o+T!)Z,+--(I'o-T¡X1-1IZ¡)]
(To+T¡)Zz
~ N••• -sa¡.!!.(To
- 12(i":ji)
~"

+T¡)Z4 '¡'~cr.
(To-
212(1-j1)
.2Ijl
T¡)(Z3+
~-
12(1-j1)
TI) (1- IIZI-
-
(I'o-T¡)Z,I
Z3)+Z¡lll
j1Z¡)
-T¡)(Z, +Z, -MI
Bollom
Boítom ~~.' .,h2
h2 - -
into a~~unt.This maybe d.o~e..i'~~pw~!!P,,1\~!yby
inserting in H2IDt the value o.f wpie~,e~s~ ·~t ~e !
point beinginvestifated in thewall,or !in9tl1erwords,
to use values of H IDt which vary from top to base.

. 11I Temperature Variado" in Tank waU

When the temperature on the exterior oía tank differs
frorn that on the interior~a tempera~gr3.dient will
exist in the wall. A wall of a circular tank ciumot
Temperature on external f~, T o = 30° F
expand or contraet freeIy caú'sing re'Irtl>..enltllrein- Temperature on internal face"Ti = 0° F
duced stresses. The magnitude of these stresses are Height of tank, L = 20 ft
difficult to predict. The analysis requires the soIving Radius, r = 27 ft
of complex differential equations, complicated by the Poisson's ratio, Jl. = 0.16
Coefficient oí tbermal expansion, ex = 0.0??oo56
possibility of a nonlinear temperature gradientand the
Wall thickness, h = 10 in.
changing of geometric properties due to cracking in Modulus oí elasticity oí concrete, Ee = 3605 ksi
the wall. Determination of the stresses under these Bottom oí tank is ássumed hinged.
circumstances are beyond the scopeofthis publication
Based on the numerical values provided, the fol-
and references suggested in the bibliography should
lowing variables are determined to calculate the stresses
be consulted. In this section, temperature induced
at the top ofthe tank (x = L and x = L - x = O).
stress calculations will be presented using the c10sed
fonu solutions presented by Ghali and Elliot in Refer- ~ = [3{1-1l2)l'4,..{rl;
ence.l O. These c10sed form solutions can be used onIy
= [3{1- (0.16)2)l'4'~(12 x 27 x 10) = 0.02297
. if th"rJollowing conditions are satisfied:
I3x=0.02297 x 20 X 12=5.513
• Tank has a value of H2/(Dt) > 2.9 (Le. a deep
tank). ~x=O
e-Px = 0.00405
• Temperature varíes linearly through the thick-
ness of the wall. e-Px= 1

• The wall section rernains uncracked. cos (px) = 0.7179

The temperature gradient in' the wall will produce a (PX) =1
hoop force, N~, and a circurnferential moment, ~, sin(px) :::¡..Q.6961
which, when cornbined, may produce vertical cracking if sin (px) =0
the tensUe strength of the concrete is exceeded. The Z¡ =e-Px (cospx + sinpx) = 0.00405 x '(0.7179 • 0.6961)
ternperature differential may also ..J>.!'9duCe horizontal =0.??oo88
cracking. For a complete discussion ofthis :type of ~= e-f3x(sin~X)";'O.00405 x (-0.6961) ~:·~.o028i9 ','
cracking, see Reference 10. Table 29 shows the elosed Z3 = e~ (cospx - sinpx) = 0.00405 X (0.7179 + 0.69(1)'"
form solutions for various base SUpportC9~tions."""i,l"; .<' .'._~,;. ,'" ",.~ • , = O.(lO5721
1°" ._.":,,. '. "e, '....
•• l· • " - ¡, ".
." ~ .• ,' o ~·t_
.• ',.. ';: ,
:'.:

':'~;:"Zi;;i·:~~(cbipi)~'ó.0040s.X(O
:'" .. ,:' .... ~,;,:,~ r _. :.}. _ 1'"

The following numerica1 values'willbé ··uSedlo .71'19)'~O~OO29tt.

••. , .. ~. '·'J;W
calculate the stresses induced by a temperature gradi- Zl=e-. (cospx+sinpx)=l .. , , .. '", .,.

•.
·.en~~It shoi11d·I>e.noted thafthc'ridtittloñliSed 'in:Íbis . ~""'~i::'e~(sinax)='O
'\:i-~·i¡~rf:l-tt'~.;'il\¡';:v,. "f·jo'''';Y¡'.;'Hi ¡,,!h;.".t(:¡UI·t'f~,ín~f'~'~¡\'W¡::t):V)¡.:1:"
¡. \. , .' '.,
. section isdiffe~n~ th~that ofother sectionsin this ·''i~3=,e
.' ~'.
.. (cospx!'~inpx)=;.("".,
, "
"" ",.: .•
pubpcation.é, .
!,,,,/;,~:·~:~.~(~~P~)·~
1'~:~,
.,'...[,";;",'"
";>ft:":;{:::::.i',::,
..•
.. ,c.,.•••..
' ·"·"
,'_' .."FU·
,,,' ., ;; •••.••
;.¡~:¡)r~,
·".- ',o',.:
" ' ..•' n¡',·:
'_
h ." jO~' ;(:~f:' '·n.:~(-·"~·t'<;y-
..~.,·;,\~\1\,'!'W,M'.PJltSm"'¡:~~..rI,f
" ,-'" ,':'
.",y' .
't1~.,•.".,..._,Hrr,·l'''~
' .. , ,.T
 ",:(~{,.Subs.titutionof,!th~se)N.alueStinto· the 'closed form· "~'ti}...•·¡Ú..•r'~1:jf:'..N~?i~F.,.

"~~.givesthefollowing:l;~'
.....solutioll fora ...WaltW.\l.·Jh,'a;,~. "t.o.p ,and hin.g
;¡)l,:L";" ..o..o b.ase')¡-.:;~s';.'i:O'max;7.
}'",',i'·"W •• ' 'A ±. S ·:rt(Ó::·t~;~\f¡t
.'" ' •... "-,,.;,:.," "',/;;;:~j;::,i'ikt'r~j,
..n';':"'O;"'~;';:' ¡.>~here: n,.;~

N, = -Ea [ !!.ero +lllU + (1+ 11)rto -1l)(Z3+ Z3- ZI)]

2~¡;;il~~2; ,; A ==1Z.o7lrfm
NI in. X (1•.X 10) = 10in?
'" •
10
= (-3605) x (0.0??oo56) x ["2 x (30 - O)x (0.002908) .M = 5.05 kips inEm.
(1+0 16)x30 ;. S = bd2/6 = (1 in. X (10)2/6) = 16.67 in?
+ •. x (0.005721+ 1- 0.(02908)
(2 x 27 x 12 x (0.02297)2) O'max = (-2.07/10) - (-5.05/16.67):; 0.097 ksi = 97 psi

= (-3605) x (0.0??oo56) x [0.4362 + 102.1]

Table 30 shows theJ.~sultant stresses occurring on
= -2.07ldpsrm.r:'
the inside face of the taiik. These stresses can cause
vertical cracking if the tensile strength of the concrete
is exceeded.
M, = -Ea [-JU132h3 (To + 'I)Z2/«I- ~2) x 12)
Table 3O-Stresses on Inside Face of Tank Wall
+ h2 (To'- 'I)(I- ~(Zl - Z2 + Zl»)/((1- J.1) x 12) Slresson
o (kIin.)
·5.05
location
219.2
274.8
-5.12
343.2
406.4
406.9
399.7
366.6
-5.26
-6.12
-6.08
-6.03
-5.92
-5.63
406.3
-5.05
97.0
393.9
-5.82 ~
-0.41
-2.06
0.42
0.44
-3.04
.,-5.82-O.sa
(k·iniln.)
Mp
(PSQ
0.29
0.40
0.45
0.14
0.1L
0.9L
0.8L
O.2L
O.4L Inskle faca
= (-3605) x (0.0??oo56)]( -Ú.16) x (27x 12) x (0.02297)2
0.5L
0.6L
0.7L
0.3L
tOL (bottom)
O.OL (Iop)

x (10)3 x (30) x (-ú.002819)/((1- (0.16)2)x 12)

+ (10)2 x (30) x (Í -0.16(0'<)00088+0.002819 + 1»

/«1- 0.16) x 12)

= (-3605) x (0.0??oo56) x (0.197) + 249.86n

_ = -5.05 ldps-infm.
'lJ.1e maximum stress on the interior face at this
location is determined from the'following equation
+ denotes tensíon
and as shown in Fig. 37.
207 psl 303 psl Observations of existing tanks have shown that
tanks above ground are more vulnerable to problems
from temperature variations than those below ground.
+ In some ~ses, the previou~ calculations can be avoided
by increasing the horizontal ring steel by 10% to 20%
beyond that required for the criticalload case. AIso,
303ps1
it should be noted that if strength design is being used,
207psl
load factors must be used to increase the service loads
510 'exterior
Iace from temperature ~ff~~ .. ' < ",

- IPJ Base'Skzb'Design'
.When the bottom of the tank is below,the'\\,atertable,
',,;; .~

interior :i,:,theloaQing on the.slab·frQ~.hy~~til#.q,p~$~ must

face

97ps1
·F,l?einvestigated~'1IfitherUP'Y~!.p~~~u~·re~~s:, the
dead load of thetank flQ9r;there,¡p,ay,be a,dangerof
Figure 37 -Stress diagrams lor temperature variation in
heaving unJ~ssthe fl~r-i(cqn~trn9t!4:~;astru9tura1
tankwall
".slab.with IQadi~~id~ted:~pWarq·~ther;U1~.down-
ward. Jbereare . severalIllethods
'-í; to .deteI:nJ.ÍJl~5tbe
,; ,.. /:·;;,-;l;:U.;':~:,\'·L¿Li~'L:~;~~C~t:;L'::.r __
....
 '1

required base slab reinforcing.;iTijesemethods in·

clude fmite element anaIysis, cOmPleimathematica1
~'{ancedhydrostatic:pressure present~1n1this case, the,"
sOlutions,11.12 2nd approximate methOds. A rigorous ,,' upward
.i:Theisecood ,,?oditloo
force on the slaboccurSWh ·..th...
..~.~
.•..
is equál'to'tbe e..rhydrostatic
e.,
::i~Unbal- ... ,j¡
treatment of a slab on an elastic foundation is beyond pressure minus the pressure from the weight of the
the scope of this publication, so the discussion on the roof, wall, and slab as shown below:
'design of the bottom slab will be basedon what is
p = "(w x height of hydrostatic pressure
believed to be a reasonable estimate. The sanitary
. - (wroo{+ Wwall+ wslab)/(area)
coefficients were not used for the base slab design
since it is not c1ear in ACI350 whether this would be It should be noted that the two loading conditions
appropriate ..Tbe designer must use engineeringjudg- presented above will only occur in small diameter
ment to determine if the following analysis and the tanks. In large diameter tanks, it is not rea1istic lo
,absence of the sanitary coefficients'aresuitable for the assume that the weightof the wall and the roof will be
specific project. The following discussion will inves- uniformIy distributed over the area of the slab.
tigate three different base design conditions. The tbird condition is for tanks which do not have
The frrst condition occurs when there is no unbal- a small diameter. Forthis condition, the portion ofth("
anced hydrostatic force presento Tbe discussion that slab near the wall is designed similar to a cantilevel
follows is onIy applicable for tanks with small diam- wall base. The reinforcement in the remainder of the
eters. The loading on the slab equals the load on the slab is designed for temperature and shrinkage effects
roof, weight of the roof, and weight of the wal1. The as well as any other loading conditions that might
factored loads, exc1udiñg the sanitary coefficients are: occur.
Roof: Live Load = 1.7 X WL X TributaIy Area
= 1.7 x 100 X 1t X (13)2
= 9O,2581bs
Dead Load = 1.4 X Wo x TributaIy Area,

= 1.4 X (10/12 x 150) X 1t x (13i

= 92,9131bs
Wa1l: Dead Load = 1.4 X weight perradial foot x
Circumference

= 1.4 x (12/12 x 150 X 16)

x 2 x 1t X 13
= 274,450 lbs

Total Load = 90,258 + 92,913 + 274,450 = 457 ,621 lbs '

Tbe loading of 457 ,621 lbs is assumedto bedistrib-

uted uniform1y over the subgi-a~e.fot-small dianIeter
tanks,giving an upwar<J~p.~p~ <m ~eh?nom~l,~of:
; j.i;'4\{, ~·.··"',"_{"~_·"',.·,ll
•.', ~~
__
+.,"_J., ,.J;"¡J',l t,
'" P = 457,621/(1t x 131=-862,~f:'~~--;"--'::';:,: .;·i!.t~i,;
,,::';This load isapplied upwáfdón1l1éSlal)r8Í1dthé~e
type ofpiQcCdureasused¡inj-S~tud4¡ls fóllowed'to
_1 •• lb..e·reuu.orc
.'1.d etelwWe, :••~. 'ing~JnO~'Ulat
'7"'" -di~' th:"'b'" ..... -
e:. ase'areacan
be'incre8sed byexteI1(tihg:th~'siab';ooY611dthe wan,
tbereby reducingtbe soilsties-sO'~frrbis81sO'próvidesa
_,;"plaCe:todevelop.the ¡slabs\~mibf~rditigHáttd,·8t;work
.,."platfoJin. '"

',:'28,- ..... " ' .. -.,'"" ..,'''":~,~,<,~;;::,;~_~:._.,.",,,".P"" -Clrcuku"Tank.r

 Column
@
@~@ @@
@@
Column capital
)) l. ~ 90 11dlameter

Plan View of Circular Tank Section through Circular Tank

Design lnformation:

Interna! fluid pressure = 65.0 Ib/ft3

Externa! soil pressure = 90.0 Ib/ft3
Externa! soil surcharge = 3 ft (use 90 lbs per ft)
f~ = 4000 psi

¡;,.i •.{(.I
fy = 60,000 psi
= 29 Es X 106 psi
. n = 8
~.

Concrete roof is hinged connected to wa11.

Roof is in place prior to backfilling.

l. Loading Conditions

Loading Concfrtion No. 1

Leakage 1est prior lo backfi/ling.

~~~;':f~':':"';"Y:'~"~-'-;;.-:::.~~:"'---"-'~'
,";·:1.7t_,:,,-;'¡;;;~:,1:_~I;U"{!·~I':~':'<"·Ul":""'~"';':'f>I:":¡"'"''''''''''"""""-"'~;"""'''i1;.,."........:- , • ~ ..••--';''~'''~'''1~~'''~''''''V''''~'''':¡I':",;,-;, .•., " .
Circular Tank.r 29
1I. Estímate Tank Wall Thickness
'.' "... ···~~tt'r
Tank wall thickness is estimated by limiting the ringtenslpn stress'in the wall to 10% of f~. IniÚa11y,'assllme a
wall thickness of 16 in. This gives a value of H2/(Dt) = (28)2/(90 X 16/12) = 6.5.
Maximum ring tension is determined by multiplying the largest coefficient for ring tension (Table A-S) for H2/ '
(Dt) = 6.5 by wuHR.

Largest ring tension coefficient = 0.657

Wu = sanitary coefficient X 1.7 X w
: 3
= 1.65 X 1.7 X 65.0 = 182.331bslft

This gives a maximum ring tension of:

Tmax =0.657 X Wu X H X R
= 0.657 X 182.33 X 28 X 45
= 150,936 lbs
The required reinforcement to resist this tensile force is:
Area = Tmax/(0.9 X Fy)
= 150,936/(0.9 X 60,000)
= 2.80 in?
Use #9 bars E.F:. at 8 in. (As = 3.0 in?)
The maximum tensile stress in the concrete due to ring tension and shrinkage is:
.-

f~ _C_E_sA_s
_+_T_max
__ (u_nf_a_c_to_r_ed_)
Ae +nAs

where Tmax (unfactored) = 150,936/(1.7 X 1.65) = 53,810

fe = 0.0003 x,29 X 106 X 3.0 + 53,810

12xI6+8x3.0

_ 26,100 + 53,810
216

= 370 psi < 400 psi, O.K.

¡1I. Analysisfor Loadi1JgConditionNo.J·

During construction, prior to b,ackf1llirÍg~~~ta:p1c~mbe checked for leales. lt ~~ be assu~ect ~atthe tank cover
has not yet been constructedlÍtthe time ofthé leaIcage test. Thefollowing procedure will be utilizedfor this loading
. condition. _-_". __~,
,r"~.".,"""";._.," }¡_-', ',' "_"',!", ,c: r.;',¡.: .~.:. :i¡~;
.•!:, ..'

• Determine ring forces and bendingmoments from interna! fluid pressuie~'X'(;~~";';;":J'c;

,,;
• Add effects of possibility of outwar,dJll()yement of the.base()f the wall. '.1
For a wa11 with a hinged base and a free top subjected to a triangular load, the ring tension is calculated by
multiplying the coofficients f~.:
frtuttTable A~5 by".;wuHR
o,; '~;":;:". _.
_: 0"-:
as shown in Table E-l.
,,',,"

, 30 ."....'"""'_""._"_""" .•n='~'_''-.~'~_''-_~
.".~.,,";'; __'_'-''_·
__._~. --~.-'-'
.."...
..,.-~~
"·'''':''·';'''''~<=··''''''''·'·''''''''(I'', .. ":<";,:}.,<;~~;'{.~
 , ,~-,~ ..-~...•.. ~.. , Table E-1-Aing
••• -.; .•.•. -.,.. ." .. ' '-·"¿·f, •.•,:· •• ~~"'''''''''.'''~;
Tenslon In Tank Wall for Loading Coriditlon
':(' ''''''''_' ~'__
No. 1
~''''''_'''''T''''''_~'' .,.

Coelflclent
+0.657 101'
O
+0.458+105,216
+0.219
+0.565 ·2757
denotes
+0.645
+0.101
+0.566 (+
O '+129,797
+0.338
+0.342
-0.012 FlIng ' tensIon)
+50,311
+148,176
+150,932
+78,568
+23,203
+130,027
+77,649 '
Fon:e "
O.lH O.5H
O.3H0.6H
0.7H
0.8H
0.2H
l.OH
0.9H
0.4H seeT A-5PoInt (IH2/~"6fJ
O.OH

Note: wuHR = 1.7 X 1.65 X 65 X 28 X 45 = 229,730

The bending monients for the same loading condition are detennined by multiplying the coefficients taken from
Table A-7 by wuH3 as shown in Table E-2.
Table E-2-Bending Momenls in Tank Wall for Loading Condilion No. 1

+0.0016
+0.0034
+0.0056
+0.0001
+0.0006 on +5045
inlerior
+1892
O
0.??oo (+Bending
+0.0073
+0.0065
0.??oo +17,659
+23,020
+10,722
+20,497
denotes Iace)
315Moment
tension
Poinl Coe Bendi~
. H
nllar Moment
0.6H
0.4H
0.3H
O.lH0.7H
0.5H
0.2H0.8H
0.9H
l.OH
O.OH (see abIe A-7) ~/~Dt)•• 6.5

Note: wuH3 = 1.7 X 1.3 X 65 X (28)3 = 3,153,405

In the analysis for a free top and hinged base, it is assumed that the base is restrained from lateral displacement.
As discussed in Section 11, the base slab may not be able to provide complete restraint. It was also noted, and
will also be utilized forthis design, that this complex analysis could be omitted by using the maximum ring tension
to design the entire bottom' portion of the wall, and ignoring the decrease in moments that result from the
displacement of the base. ,
The resulting ring force and bending moments areshown in,Fig. E-l.

IV. Analysisfor LoadingCo~~ti~!JNo. 2

While in service"it ispos~iblé.~at th~ tatik Wtllnot be filled wi~Iiquid. U ~~erthis loading condition,soil pressure
will be acting,
.;..'
in~aid on the ,tank
.':.' ~',.J' " :,' , '. .}
wall
¡
....:;lJle fóllowing pI'()Ced~ ,willpe utilized for this)óading cbndition .
';0\ ,: ';;:.,.: .:",.;, '-." ":., - ,< ' ,'- .,.,- . ,.", '".- •...• ,' ; " ,. '. :--'. , -'. ", .. '

• Determine ring conipression and bending moments fromextemal soil pressure',rd,' "'
ti Add effects of lateral restraint provided by roof slab.
>',~" . ~';!',:.' ':.'< ':J.~:) "'{ t.~~>,·:'~."':'?,;:~):¡;.U::J-'-!,.~.l,:t~.~~'.rr:'F.~_:<.~<-
-> ,<'

Por a wall with a hinged base and free top subjected to a ~pezoidalload, the ring compression i8 calculated by
; multiplying tbe coefficients taken from Tables A-S and A-6, by wuHR and pR respectively. These results are
,. provided in Table E-3. Note that the sanitary coefficient for ring tension of 1.65 was usedeven thóugh the ring
forces are compressive since a sanitary coefficient for this condition is not provided in ACI 350 ..
o'::j.,:::,;-",:r"'l;:>-:fl ~-eg{;a's;:: "·'i ,o, ,
 o

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 1.0
o 30 20 10 o
200 150 100 50
Rlng Force X 1000 lbs Bendlng Moment X 1000 ft-Ibs
Figure E-I-Ring forces and bending moments in tank wall for loading condition no. 1

Table E-3-Ring Force in Tank Wall forTrapezoidal Loading

Ai+0.565
Force
+0.657
O
+0.342
+0.566
+0.458
+0.338
+0.645
+0.219
+0.101
.0.012 O +1.065
3816
+0.442
+0.766
+0.957
+1.038
+1.058
+1.045
+1.001
+0.988
+1.019
O
-208.583
-205,167
240,780
-35,613
+36,657
Aing
' -33,672
O-32,616
-108,786
-15,063
-180,036
241,599
-145.683
-107.514
142,S90
181,740
-35.376
-179,718
-34,728
216,012Force
-36,294
104.388
-34.113
-32.127
66,240
Rectangular
29,856
123,849
206,142
-26,106
-69.660 for
Loading
Load H~(Dt) =A-6 Ring Rectangular
Triangular
Ringfor Force
Force
(+denotes
Tolal
Load
6.5 Ring for
Loading ,
tension)
= 6.5
Force
H2¡(Dt)
Coefficie~t Coelliclent from T abIe
A-S from TabIe
for Triangular

'~

Note: wuHR = (1.7 X 1.65 X (-90) X 28 X 45) = -318,087

PuR = (1.7 X 1.65 X (-90 X 3) X 45) = -34,080
For a wall with a hinged base and free top subjected to a trapezoidalload, the bending moments are ca1culated
by multiplying the coefficients taken from Table A~7 by (wuH3 + PuH2). These results are shown in Table E-4.
The results for this loading conditió9 were obtained considering that the top ofthe tank is free to displace laterally.
In actuality, the concre~roof slab "N.illprevent lateral movement at the top of the wall and will result in changes
in the ring forces'and1ien.dirig mOIÍ1ents~'Vbenthe top ofthe tank is free to displace laterally,tbe ring force is
29 ,856 lbs iri cómpresSion': To prevént displacement, a shear force acting in an opposite direction of tbe soilloads

must be added to reducethéiingfOÍ'c(rto~zero;T(i::;',:(;t:::;~~i:,~':r~':::::'::';di;¡},; ~T'" '.. !¡ !;;;.h>;'~d,;,;·r;

Ring tension due lo a shear, V, at the top ofthewall is computed asdiscussed in Section 10. Thé shéar force
/req~ lit th~ lopofthe:~' toproduce,zerorlngforce is:' ," . ,;
.: "-"VR; ,'< :,.:~_.\ ~.i· ~"I? ,;·.!,.ir.··:'; -<f·' '".:,,,·\:y·>·~ .•. ~:,:-C.L.
-9.37x-, -",,2~,85~,;'i;'
"u'H ,,,.,, " .."".
.~-~::,':i'~1; _~
:. V = -1983'lbs Pcrft
..•..
32
 ·~""'.''''' __ ''~'.'-~''''_''_'_' •••••.••••• --~." ",,-. -0_ ••.• _., •••••• , •• ,.j.""';~"'" •.•••••...•.","~'"I-::.."' ..
<.-;< ".,.~': •.• -:., •. ~,i." _.~~,;.;." .. '~~~.;'~:·-~.r·
" ":""..-.'-'''~
Table E-4-Bending Moments In Tank Wall lor Trapezoldalload

(==
; 0.??oo
-MI.OOO6
Table A·71or
~.0034
-MI.OO16
~.0001
.• on' lnleI10r
~.0065
~.OO73
~.0056 '-31.422
·n43
o-2901
483trame)
-35,289
·27,072
·16,437
0.4H
0.1H0.6H PoInt
1.OH
O.9H
0.8H
0.3H
O.2H
0.7H O:SH
~~ = 6.5
H 2¡(Ot)
O.OH

Note: (wuH3+ pH2) =1.7 X 1.3 X «-90) X 283) +,(3 X (-90) X 282) = -4,834,065
The change in the ring force is determined by multiplying coeffiéients taken from Table A-S by VR/H. These
results are shown in Table E-S.
Table E-5-Rlng Force for loading Condition No. 2

Coefficient from T abIe -MI.32

-MI.61
-0.38
-MI.41
·2.17
-9.37
O
-MI.15
~.51
Ring
-522Force
-MI,01 O
O
240,780
216,012
-183,042-4n
·1020
+1212
-1944
+6915
-1305
O
O·1626
181,740
104.388
+16,632
123,849 -33 Force
29,856
·217,956
-141,678
-97,473
142,890
-49,608
+29,856
-123.882
-242,619
241,599
-242,406
206,142 66,240
'206,619
TrapezoidaJ Load V Total Ring Force
A·8 for H ~(OI)(+denotes
=applied
Ri~
6,5 at
tension)
top of wall
from
Ring Force from

Note: VRIH = -1983 X 45/28 = -318

Bending moments due t6 a shear, V, at the top is calculated in a similar manner exeept that the sanitary eoefficient
is different for bending moments. Therefore, the additional top force must be reduced proportionally. The revised
moments are shown in Table E-6. The resulting ring forees and bending moments·are shown in Fig. E-2.
Table E-6-Bending Moments for loading Condition No. 2

...
Hjl2/(01)
\\ A-9 for
~.032
.,.,.Bending0.000
~.067
-0.005
.,;-7743
-0.001
~.052
-0.004
+0.004
"+0.015
-0.003
+Q.061 T'·2931
MomentO-31,248
Load
-2667
.-1791
+219
.....
-4302
·2901
-16,437
'27,072
-31,422
(+denotes OO
/.483
-27,027
-35,289from
-16,611'"
-35,157
Bending Moment
-2667
·2931
+45
·2274
+174
·174
O-8391
·1401
.,
'+219
+132
Bending
Total
= .•.. -657
,wall
'/MOment
Trapezoidal
lension)
6,5. Moment
Bending ,\
om Table 1.65 X -1983 X 28from= V-43,740 ~ed allop

i- ':' ,¡ ~.""

Ni

1.-'.--

.._.~: ~',"'"~~.•.•..........
~.'..•--.h." ..,,:.,:''"'''~:,.~,:,.'.~-\:~~
.•.
:~~~;:~.:l~~~,':'.::'i-;-.~.-:.:;;2;:-.
~.~_,~ .';.'._'::~"::::':':'::;;:~:'_'~::~~::~':.;.:::"~;::-:_~:~\:;;;,,::'.::;:':'::::'.:~'
:', ~~".. ,"" :~::,,7~;~~'7.~:~:::'·_~~:~::Z::::
_.

, Clrcular.Tanks 33
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.6

0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0
O -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 010 20 30 40
Rlng Force x 1000lbs Bendlng Moment x 1000ft-Ibs
Figure E-2-Ringforce and bending momentsfor load condition no. 2

V. Analysisfor Loading Condition No. 3

This loading condition occurs while the tank is in use. The tank roof is in place, the tank is full with liquid, and
the backfilling is completed .. According to ACI 350, the resistance of the soil must not be taken into account as
a resisting force.
The following procedures will be utilized for this loading condition:
I
'-t>. Determine ring forces and bending moments fram internal fluid pressure. (This has previously been
completed in the calculations for Loading Condition No. 1.)
• Add effects of possibility of movement of the base of the wall. (This has previousl y been completed in the
calculations for Loading Condition No. 1.)
• Add effects of lateral restraint of top of tank pravided by roof slab.

The first two steps have been completed in the calculations for Loading Condition N 0.:1 , the third step, accounting
for the effects of restraint at the top must be added to those results. To prevent lateral displacement, a shear force
must be added at the top of the tank as previously discussed.

VR
-9.37x-=2757
H
:. V = -183.08 lbs per ft

The change in the ring forceis detenninedbymultiplying coefficientstaken fram Table A-8 by VR/H. These
results are shown in Tables E-7~and E~,8~;¿¡.";';', ... , .' ,
 Table E-7-Ring Tenslon fOl' Load Condilion No. 3
. --_ ..~_,---".~
.. ..~_..•.. - ... ....•.
' ,.. .. .. ' . ...
+0.51
+0.32
,- .,. +0.41
+0.61
+0.01
+0.15
-2.17
Coefliclent
R1ngO.129,797
-9.37
-5.22 from ·179
-150
+Z757
O
-2757
-'.
+e38
+129,618
+148,176
,+130,027
-0.38+105,216
+78,568 +112
+1536
TabIe
+150,838
+50,949
+23,203
+150,932
+50,311
+129,983
+78,565
+24,739
Triángúar
+77,649
+77,761
Total
(+denotes
Force -94
·121
-44
O+10s.o95
+148,026 -3Force
"Load
Filng Rlng .. ':,
Force
fenslon)'
atklpofwal
from
~(Ot) •• 6.5 ~ Force from V

Note: VRIH = -183.08 X 45/28 = -294.2

The bending moments due to the restraining force at the top is calculated in a similar manner.
Table E-8-Bending Momentsfor Loading ~ndition No. 3

+0.052
-0.004
Bending
+0.015
+0.061
+0.032
-0.001
0.000
+0.004
-0.003
-0.005
+0.067
Coefficlent from+105
O+315
+5045
+4985
+1892
Momenl
MomentO
·271
·246
+1763
O+20
Load
+23,020
+23,032
+10,722
+17,663
+20,497
+20,513
+17,659
+10,706
T olal
O. ·271
+16
·246
+4
·16
·210
·129
TabIe
from
from Vo/waIl
-61
+12
+20
O
Bending
Bending riangular
applied
Momentat top
Point
2/01 •• 6.5 Bendi~ Moment

'-t>

13
Note: VH = - X -183.08 X 28 = -4039
1.65

The change in ring forces and bending moments from restraint of fue mof are relatively small compared to those from
the lateral forces and therefore, the graphs will practically'be fue same as fuose for Loa4ing
.•.
Condition No. 1. .

VI. Design of Ring Steel

Figure B-3 shows the distribution of maximum ring tension and compression along the height of the wal1.
Check compression:
fe = C1A = 242,619/(12 X 16):::;:1264 psi OX.
Design of reinforcing steel for tensile forces:
T=As X 0;9 X fy
l·
Capacity of #9 bars at 8 in. E.F.
T = 12/8 X 2.0 X 0.9 X 60,000 = 162,000 lbs >..., r .¡ ~--;':~

Capacity of #8 bars at 8 in ..E.F . . \'

T = 12/8 X 1.58 X 0.9 X 60,000 = 127,980 lbs,

.. _'_):',\,;~{f
 18 @ 8 In. E.F.

150.932

..
~
19~ 81n. E.F,. I
200 150 100 50 o -100 ·150 ·200

Figure E-3 -Ring tension envelope ior tank wall

:.use #9 @ 8 in. E.F. (162,000 > 150,932 lbs) for the bottom 15 ft ofthe waIl and #8 @ 8 in. E.F. (127,980 >
120,523 lbs) for the top 13 ftofthe waIl.
Class B splices will be used for the ring steel since in most cases, the area of reinforcement is not greater than twice
that required by anaIysis. The basic development length, ~b, for #8 and #9 bars is caIculated as follows:

12.15.1
l~b = 0.04 Abfy/~ .

#tbars: ldh = 0.04 x 0.79 x 60,000/-./4000 = 30.0 in.

#9 bars: ldh = 0.04 x 1.00 x 60,000/-./4000 = 37.9 in.
The development length is determined by multiplying the basic development length by the modifiers provided
in ACI 318-89. For the present case, the following modifiers are applicable:
• Horizontal bars so placed that more than 12 in. of fresh concrete is cast ~ the member below the
development length or splice. Use modifier of 1.3.
• For #11 bars or smaIler, with c1ear spacing not less than 5db and with edge face cover not les s than 25db.
Use modifier ofO.8. ,''.
• Bars in inner layer ofwaIl with c1ear spacing ofnot less than 3db. Use modifier of 1.0.
Using these modifiers, the develoPlIlent lengths for #8and #9 is:
#8 bars: ~ = 1.3 X 0.8 X 1.0 X 30.0 = 31.2 in.
but not less than 0.03dJtyl.¡r: 12.23.6
fnún = 0.03 X 1.0 X 60,000/-./4000 = 28.4 < 31.2 OK.

#9 bars: ~ = 1.3·X 0.8 X 1.0 X 37.9 = 39.4 in.

but not less than 0.03dJtyl.¡r:

fmin = 0.03 X 9/8 X 60,000/-./4000 = 32 in. < 39.4 in. OX.

,e•., _ ..• _ .•..•.

,_." • __ '_." .~" .••..
.... '.' ." -.. ', .
36 ;~uu.,Bnk.r'
 The length of a Class B splice is equal to 1.3 X ~. ' ') .;.~.i •••

~:._ Splice length (#8 bars)= 1.3 X 31.2 = 40.6 in. (use 42 in.)
Splice length (#9 bars) = 1.3 X 39.4 = 51.2 in. (use 52 in.)

Adjacent reinforcing splices should be staggered horizontally (center-to-c~nter of lap) by not les s than one lap
length nor 3 ft and should not coincide in vertical arrays more frequently than every third bar.
Minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement requirements are shown in Fig. 3 of Section 4. The mínimum
reinforcement ratio provided in the horizontal direction is:
p = (2 X 0.79)/(8 X 16)
=0.0123

The mínimum required reinforcement ratio when the length between shrinkage-dissipating joints is 50 ft is
0.00475 < 0.0123. Therefore. the mínimum reinforcement requirements are satisfied.

VII. Design of Moment Reinforcing

Figure E-4 shows the distribution ofbending moments along the height of the wall.
I
I
:.---16@12In. 15@8in.

';0
s
..
._--~ - ,,
.

#i6@8in.

30 20 10 o -10 -20 ., -30 -40

Figure E4-Bending moments envelope for tank wall

The required vertical reinforcement for the exterior face of the waU with a moment of 23.032 ft-Ibs is:
Mu/(cpf~bd2) = 23.032 X 12/(0.9 X 4000 X 12 X (1351i)
= 0.0351
From standard design aid:
co = 0.036
As = cobd f~ Ify = 0.036 X 12 X 13.5 X 4/60 = 0.389
Use #6 bars at 10 in. on exterior face (As = 0.53 in?): .."", .. ,. V"',d;".
',' ",,' - ";"i.' -,':. ":" - '~_ ':- -:. '," .'-' :;,:'.:", • '-'-~"-'- J."" - .,' "':'-<:-.', """",:--~"~"_,:"_~,/:-,,,,.,:,,,_; "~'_',,'-·'-;:">··_·V~"\:~---~.-,:·:.,

I Thereqtiired vertical reinforcement fóÍ' the il1térior face of the wall witlÍamOlnent of 3S:1~?'lt:ll~s is:'
Mu/(~f~ bd2) = 35.151 ~J2I(O'.9
=0.0535
x4000><'iix (13.51)1 .
\\
,
 From standard design aid: .,.,. ,"
O) ='0.0555

As = <pbdf~/fy = 0.0555 X 12 X 135 X 4/60 = 0.60 .

Use #6 bars at 8 in. oninteriorface (As <0.66 in?) forthe bottomhalf ofthe wall. Use #5 bars at 8 in. on theinterior
face for the top half oí the wall (Mu = 27,600).
This gives a mínimum vertical reinforcement ratio oí:
p = 0.53/(12 X 135) = 0.0033
The bars will be spliced at inidheight immediately above the pour line. Since all the vertical bars will be spliced
at this level, a Class B splice will be required. The basic development length, ~b, for #6 bars is calculated as
follows:

ldb = 0.04 Abfy/ji¡

= 0.04 x 0.44 x 6O,OOO/~4000
=16.7 in.
The development length is determined by multiplying the basic development length by the applicable modifiers
in ACI 318-89. For the present case, the following multipliers apply:
• Since bars are vertical, there will not be 12 in. of fresh concrete below the bars. U se modífier of 1.0.
• Cover is greater than 2db, clear bar spacing isgreater than 5db, and since the tank is circular, side cover
requirements are satisfied. Use modifier of 1.0.
The development length for #7 bars using these modifiers is:
~ :; 1.0 X 1.0 X 16.7 = 16.7 in .

. but:not less than O.03dbfy/~

emin = 0.03 X 0.75 X 6O,OOO/~4000
= 21.3 in. > 16.7 in.
The length of a Class B splice is equaI to 1.3~.
Splice length = 1.3 X 21.3 = 27.7.in. (use 30 in.) ~
The same size lap can be used for the splicing of the bars on the exterior face.

The development length of the standard hook that will be embedded in the base slab is equal to 1200dJ ~ multiplied
bytheappropriate modifiers ofSection 125 of ACI318-89. Since thecoveris 2in., the yieldofreinforcementis 60,000
and no ties or stirrups are used, ~ app~cable modifiers are 1.0 and the development length is:

t& =
= 1200 dJ .•{¿
X (6/8)1.v4000 .
= 14.2 in.
but not less than8db (6 in.) nor 6 in. Therefore, use 15,~ •. "-

As discus.s~ pt~ection7 ,thr}~~t:n~PM ~p~~g mustpelimi~.~ c~ntrol flexural~rackin~ ..The maximum

flexura! moinent for the extenor ofthe wall occursat 0.8H. The maxunum unfactored moment 15 equal to 0.0073
multiplied by wH3• Note that this is the unfactored loado Therefore, the maximum unfactored moment for the
exterior face of the wall is:

+-",~
.._,,'; .•...••....
-'•..
38 .' ••• -. ,-, ~".,-~,""" > - •• ,.,... ••

Circidar.Tanks .c ••. '

 " Mmax = 0.0073 X 65.0 X (28)3 = 10,416 ft-Ibs per ft i \C> -:)';)' ¡,

'.«0 The increase in the bending moments from the effectof~straint ofthe top ofthe tank fromthe mof slab is omittecl
since that increase is very small at this location. The stress in the reinforcing is ca1cuIat~ using the working stress
method as follows: ,.

M
fs=--
Asjd
where:
As = 0528 in? 1ft
d = 135
n =8
p == 0.528/(12 X 13.5) = 0.0033

k = ~2pn + (pn)2 - pn
=0.204

j = 1 - k/3 = 0.932
Therefore:

fs = (10,41.6 X 12)/(0528 X 0.932 X 135)

\\!i.\I
~;.í'h
;(,.h,.· ... = 18,815 psi
.', ]'he maximum spacing to control cracking is:
3 2 3
'~ smax= Z /(2 X de X fs )
where:
de = Cover + bar radius
= 2 + 0.375 = 2.375

Z = 115 kips/in.
fs = 18.8 kips
Smax = (115)3/(2 X (2.375)2 X (18.8)3)
= 20 in. > 8 in. O.K.
Smaxfor the interior #6 bars is 15 in.

VIII. Shear Stre1}gth

The shear capacity of th,e wa11is given by: .

\'c =~ xbwd
=2~4000 x12x13.5
=20,492 lbs ,.
\'
~Vc = 0.85 x 20,492 =17,418
,,39
The maximum shear force is given by: ,;,l'f

V max ::= Coefficient X Wu X H2 ' ..

, !
where Coefficient)= 0.1065 (see Table A":12)
3 '
Wu = 1.7 X 90.0 = 153.0 lbs/ft
V max = 0.1065 X 153.0 X (28)2 = 12.775 lbs < 17.418 lbs O.K.

u:
u..i
ea
e
fa
's:::
o
.r::
¿
CI:)
@
Q)
""
o,
.•..

"
oI
Co
C\l

I ,.:
16' eo
.r::
"C
fa J I ~"16 @8 in. U;I
'6 @12In.-'n.
u..i
i¡
@
.É
co
ea
 '--Apjiififilix-

Table A-I Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)-Ring.Tension A-2

Table A-2 Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)-Moment ~_~

..; A-2

Table A-3 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)-Ring Tension A-3

Table A-4 Fixed Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)-Moment A-3

Table A-5 Hinged Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)-Ring Tension A-4

Table A-6 Hinged Base-Free Top (Rectangular Load)-Ring Tension A-5

Table A-7 Hinged Base-Free Top (Trapezoidal Load)-Moment A-6

Table A-8 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied at Top)-Ring Tension A-7

Table A-9 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied al Top)-Ring Tension A-7

.~ Table A-lO Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied'at Base)-Ring Tensíon A-8

Table A-ll Hinged Base-Free Top (Moment Applied at Base)-Moment A-8

Table A -12 Shear at Base of Cylindrical Wall A-9

Table A-13 Load on Center Supportfor Circular Slab ~ A-9

Table A-14 Moments in Circular Slab without Center Support A-I0

i"

Table A-15 Sti.ffnessof Cylindrícal Wall : A-IO

Table A-16. Sti.ffness of_C¡rc_lf!ar ·Plates , A-l O

Table A-17 Moníents in Circular Slab wlth Center Support-UniformLoad/Fixed Base ...•..•!••••••••• A-ll
".

Table A-J 8 l10me.nts'itt Cir~ular~lab wit~ Center Support-UniformLoad/Hinged Edge,~.~'.~

•. '~ . ,
.....;...A-ll
; :.1,' .'" - .... > . '., ,

;:- "!',l ~ ... >~"-r';'·:':J _;,-'f~'1"L'~>"- .:_~. ;-':-'::'-", :_, " ,:;_,:::-
...:~:-:"

Table A-19Moments in Circular

."" >~
Slab witkCenter Support~MomeníatEdge~ •..•.•.•...•.••..
: -t,''j'"
~~~;:
"1
.•;.•••..A~ll
,1~·ltC,,, ':::'~'-'.('!" .. "~ ;'\:'~,~\' ¡ ~ I,'r

Table A-fO pesign AMfor, Bending l1prn~1tr~~inforcing.....! •••••••••~•••~••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• A-12

.~,<'; t:. :-~:;.:-.~>;.~,_,.. :-;.:'~r:.:r, ..,~:5X'.;5~.:,~·,
..~~ ",_..:''<' ~" ,} .-; ;:t.. , ',i

,.
\\
 Fixed Base-Free Top (Triangular Load)
.1

rabie A-1- Tenslon In circular rlngs

T = ceef. x wHR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
+0.263
+0.234
+0.283
+0.265
.e.011
+0.134
+0.067
+0.025 +0.271
+0.239
+0.029
+0.014
+0.245
+0.494
+0.200
+0.097
+0.119
+0.134
0.000
+0.099
+0.541
+0.304
+0.199
+0.274
+0.104
+0.172
+0.267
+0.256
+0.203
+0.251
+0.160
+0.075
+0.130
+0.054
+0.010
+0.034
+0.226
+0.254
+0.016
+0.096
+0.215
+0.266
+0.004
+0.137
.e.002
.e.OO5
.e.Ol1
+0.149
+0.016+0.543
+0.633
+0.542
+0.440
+0.589
+0.211
+0.312
+0.323
+0.606
+0.179
+0.098
+0.202
+0.208
+0.396
+0.066
+0.301
+0.447
O.5H
0.6H
0.7H
+0.504
+0.259
+0.344
+0.514
+0.112
+0.092
+0.477
+0.062
0.4H
0.6H
O.2H
+0.120
0.1H
+0.361
+0.104
+0.582
+0.687
+0.666
+0.539
+0.531
+0.412
+0.265
+0.362
+0.285
+0.157
+0.052
+0.322
+0.031
+0.330
+0.273
+0.285
+0.164
+0.134
+0.063
+0.190
+0.234
+0.250
+0.266
+0.165
+0.023
+0.209
+0.142
+0.160
+0.429
+0.334
+0.210
+0.073
+0.628
+0.429
0.9H
0.3H
+0.428
+0.441
+0.346
+0.101
+0.049
+0.534
+0.530
+0.335
+0.639
+0.420
+0.306
+0.151
+0.641
+0.218
+0.241
+0.262
+0.357
+0.409
+0.339
+0.232
+0.437
+0.443
+0.575
+O.~ CoefflClents al polnl
O.OH
0.410.0

Supplemental Coefficlents
+0.325
+0.746
+0.762
+0.520
+0.372
+0.115
+0.137
+0.791
+0.763
+0.530
+0.459
+0.731
+0.593
+0.765
+0.162
+0.217
.9OH
+0.636
+0.265
.95H
.85H
+0.577
+0.702
+0.600
+0.663
+0.605
+0.628
+0.254
+0.716
+0.624
.llOH
+0.654
+0.768 CoefflClents al poinl
DI
24
40
32
48
56 .75H
20
H2

.. ,

,
-----,
....

rabie A-2- Moments In cyllndrlcal wall

Mom. = ceef. x wH3 ft-Ib per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
+.0005
+.0011
+.0006
+.0001
+.0002
+.0010-.~
.??oo +.0001
+.0021
0.9H
+.0014
-.??oo
+.0028
+.0013
+.0002
-.llOO6
.??oo
-.1205
-.0616
·.0012
-.0042
-,0104
+.0003
+.0035
+.0037
-.0001
+.0012 .??oo
0.6H
0.5H
0.2H
'+.0077
-.0465
-.0795
-.0122
+.0115
-.0165
-.0529
-.0150
-.0302
•+.0099
-.0021
+.0120
-.Q232
-.0060
-.0268
•-.0506
0.7H
0.4H
0.3H
1.OH
+.0047
+.0024
+.0041
-.0022
+.0001
40000 +.oooe
+.0007
+.0112
+.0070
-.0001
+.0016
+.0006
+.0042
+.0023
+.0103
+.0001
+.0004
+.0019
-.0079
'+.0015
•.Q222
+.0006
+.0003
+.0028
+.0075
-.o1.c6
+.0001
""ooeo
+.0003·+.0090
.??oo
-.0602
,.0311
+.0004
'••+.ooeo
+.0022
-.0002
+.Q002
+.0059
+.0111
+.0047
+.0069
+.0046
-.oose
+.0068
+.0059
~.0119
+.0121
~.0068
+.0029
.??oo
··~.Q097
.0.6H
+.0012
.•-.0051
+.0023
+.00770107
+.0058
.0071
.0019
-.0187
+.0063
"+.0038
••.oooe
+.Q029
4;0333
:+.0029 ' CoefflClents
." .: al polnl
J.
O.IH t:=
+.oosl
~.ol06.
•.
-.0224
+.0046
'"~.0041 0029
+.0090
0077 • .0028

Supplemental Coefflclents
+.0002
.??oo
+.0004
+.llOO6
+.0015
-.0013
+.0007
+.0005
+.0007
-.0006
+.0009
-.0001
.??oo
-.0023
-.0003
+.0006
-.0040
.9OH
95H
+.0012
-.0063
+.0001
-.0026
-.ooo:i
+.000Ci
1.CXlH
.85H
-.0018
+.0014
+.0012
-.0053 CoefflCient 11 poIol
DI
48
40
24
56
32
.". ~.0CX3Z
.8OH
20
ti'

.4,-2
Apptndix
 Table A-3- Tenslon In circular rlngs
T = coef. x pR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
+0.997
+1.000
+0.750
+0.705
+1.000
+0.999
+0.949
+0.975
+1.035
+1.007
+0.321
+1.003
+1.032
+0.969
+0.994
+0.591
+0.226
+1.022
+1.014
+0.996
+1.023
+1.010
+1.043
0.8H
0.9H
+1.052
+1.218
+0.5820.999
+0.127
+0.034
+1.041
+0.431
+0.505
+1.040
+0.652
+0.911
+0.859
+0.262
+1.039
+1.031
'+0.430
+1.085
+0.105
+1.038
+1.029
+1.057
+1.010
+0.669
+1.045
0.6H
0.5H
0.3H
0.2H
+1.253
+0.046
+0.186
+0.145
+0.092
+0.013
+0.667
+0.353
+0.929
+1.257
+0.9690.998
+0.998
+0.997
+0.149
+1.005
+0.921
O.lH
+1.047
+1.144
+0.153
+0.024
+0.449
+0.881
+0.808
+0.378
+0.946
+0.519
+0.322
+0.519
+0.788
+0.953
+0.189
+0.887
+0.977
+1.044
+1.026
+1.073
'+0.986
+1.034
+1.024
0.7H
OAH
+1.160
+1.037
+0.258
+0.345
+0.514
+0.055
+0.998
+o.oal
+0.825
+0.128
+0.206
+0.277
+0.646
+0.796
+0.912
+1.042
+0.949
+1.061
+1.112
+1.044
+0.089
+0.179
+0.742
+0.294
+0.045
+0.415
+0.289
+1.()()9
+0.600
+1.141
+0.246
+0.665
+1.078
+0.553
+0.746
+0.694
+0.879
+0.379
+0.459
+0.629
+1.015
+0.542
+0.806 CoefflcÍ8l1lS al poinl
0.01-1
004

Supplemental Coefflclents
+0.953
+1.022
+0.262
+1.026
+0.430
+0.149
+1.043
+1.040
+0.949
+0.996
+0.911
+0.519
+0.652
+0.705
+0.189
+0.294
+0.226
+0.986
+0.859
+0.825
+0.788
+0.949
+1.035
+0.879
+0.629
+0.379
+0.591
+0.128
.8OH
.95H
+0.694
.85H
.901-1 CoelflCient al poInt
DI
32
48
24
40
56 .75H
20
H'

.~

Table A-4- Moments In cyllndrleal wall

Mom. = coef. x pH2 ft-Ib per ft

Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
3.0
-mor
+.0026
+.0030
+.0021
-.0001
.??oo.??oo
-.0022
+.0022
-.0147
+.0024
+.0002
-.ooos
0.9H
0.7H
0.4H
l.OH
-.D223
-.0483
+.0088
-.0439
-.2593
-.3310
-.1455
-.0815
-.1835
-.1178
-.0227
-.05904
+.0037
-.0025
-.0089
+.D004
-.0012
-.0123
+.0014
-.0001
-.0007
+.lXl2O
-.0105
+.oooe
+.0012
+.0018
+.0010
+.D008
.??oo
·0.5H
0.8H
+.0007
-.00230.3H
0.2H
-.0529
-.0389
-.0167
+.0004
+.0006
.??oo -.0093
+.0029
-Q)19
-.0719
+.D089
+.0042
+.D083
+.0059
-llO53
+.0036
+.l102tl
-.0145
-.2!XXl
-.0355
-.D293
-.1018
+.Q081
+.0053
+.0033
+.Q035
+.0015
+.0008
+.0049
+QJ48
-.1325
-.0006
-.0917
-.0185
-.0083
-.0362
-.0009
+.0004
+.0026
+.0001
-.0184
-.0242
-.0093
+.D002
+Q)21
+.0010
+.0002
+.0001
+.0011 0.6H
+Q)75
+Q)18
+Q)77
+.0001
.??oo
-.0876
+.D091
+.0074
-.0101
+.0007
-.0013
+.0051
+.D052
+.0019
-.0710
+.llO22
-.0073
+Q)24
-.Q040
+.0038
+.??oo
-.0468
+.0068
+.0011
+.OCl62
+.0017 ,._0' CoefflcÍ8l1lS
• al poinl
O.lH

Suppiemental Coefficients
+.0008
+.0005
+.001295H
+.0007
+.0009
-.0026
1.001-I
+.0015
+.0013
+.0012
.85H
+.0004
. +.0008
-.0010
-.0CXl5
.9OH
+.0006
-.0024
+.0002-.0037
-.0031
-.0048
-.0003
+.0004
-.0001
+.0002
-.0018
-.D061 .
+.0005
-.~73 CoelflOlent al point
01
32
48
68
40
24 .8OH
20
lf.

\ '

.Appendix
Table A-5- Ten,lon In clrculsr rlng,
T = coef. x wHR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
+0.350
.c.Oll
.c.015
0.5H
+0.474
+0.423
.c.OO8
+0.074
+0.0170.9H
0.2H
O.~H
O.BH
0.1H
.+O.~
+0.582
+0.271+0.678
+0.730
+0.536
+0.776
+0.362
+0.356
+0.165
+0.057
+0.327
+0.235
+0.553
+0.381
+0.111
+0.361
+0.223
+0.463
+0.402
+0.355
+0.«0
+O~7 .
+0.697
+0.253
+0.341
+0.385
+0.303
.0.008
.c.OO2
0.000
+0.531
+O.~1
+0.552
+0.096
+0.311
+0.750
+O.~77
+0.761
+0.513
+0.433
+0.302
+0.197
+0.408
+0.200
+O.~28
+0.666
+0.720
+0.752
+O.~17
+0.664
+0.095
+0.299
+0.198
+0.764
+0.403
+0.650
+0.100
0.7H
0.3H
0.6H
+0.566
+0.297
+0.076
+0.205+0.294
+0.256
+0.606
+0.202
+0.358
+0.352
+0.395
+O.~7
+0.330
+0.503
+0.2~9
+0.1045
+0.306
+0.617
+0.215
+0.103
+0.639
+0.114
·+O.~9
+0.434
+0.385
+0.564
+O.~5
+0.210
+0.314
+0.098
+0.324
+0.206
+O.~
+o.2Íll
+0.479
+0.369
+0.151
+0.321
+0.124
+0.367
+O.~l1
+0.373
+0.186
+0.661
+0.309
+0.362
+0.233
+0.519
+0.506
+O.~19
+0.096
+0.137
+0.179
+0.386
+0.659
+0.097
+0.002
+0.521
+0.264
+0.343
+0.280
+0.579
+0.260
+0.821 Coefficlents al poirll
+0.375
O.OH
O.~

..
Supplemental
+0.911
+0.852
Coefflclents
.95H
+0.344
+0.603
+0.377
+0.639
+0.647
+0.781
+0.791
+0.802
+0.647
+0.563
+O.~
+0.859
+0.866
+0.436
+0.721
+0.864
+0.527
+0.820
+0.778
.85H
.8OH
.9OH
+0.756
+0.817
+0.816
+0.793
+0.814
+0.880
+0.900
+0.961
+0.812
DI
56
40
24
32
48 .75H CoetflClenl al poinl
20
H2

, '

\,\
 Hinged Base-Free Top (RectangularLoad)

R .-.' ,
:: ..-
.'.:)
.....
. .,

lV
.. '

Table A-6- Tenslon In circular rlngs

T = coef. x pR lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
+O.5n
+0.345
+1.058
+0.166
. +0.878
+0.920
+0.943
+1.064
+o.na
0.8H
0.3H
0.7H
0.9H
0.5H
0.2H
0.4H
0.6H
O.lH
+1.474
+1.423
+0.797
+0.764
+0.465
+0.154
+0.502
+1.181
+1.195
+0.930
+0.908
+0.649
+0.615
+1.302
+1.271
+1.350
+0.556
+0.224
+0.198
+0.614
+0.386
+1.161
+1.141
+0.843
+0.756
+1.255
+0.709
+1.203
+0.669
+0.251
+1.121
+0.985
+0.989
+0.992
+1.017
+0.992
+0.998
+1.000
+0.703
+1.064
+0.747
+0.821
+0.997
+0.356
+0.853
+1.050
+0.613
+1.060
+1.000
+0.486
+1.052
+1.030
+0.533
+0.906
+0.394
+1.081
+1.006
+1.008
+1.067
+1.002
+1.041
+1.031
+1.021
+1.028
+1.066
+1.056
+1.035
+0.575
+1.053
+1.045
+0.999
+1.023
+1.049
+1.075
+1.024
+0.919
+1.003
+1.039
+0.996
+1.059
+0.995
+1.079
+1.000
+0.311
+0.433
+0.885
+0.958
+0.985
+1.205
+0.460
+0.934
+1.073
+1.011
+0.819
+1.160
+1.074+1.340
+0.427
+1.002
+0.310
+0.647
+0.952
+0.998
+.1.063
+1.043
+1.062
+1.069
+1.003
+1.061
+1.017
+0.a79
+1.014
+1.037
+0.997
+0.998
+1.050
+0.636
+0.976 Coeffocients al poIol
O.OH
0.4

Suppmmenm/Coe"k~n~
+0.997
+1.064
+1.061
+1.066
+1.052
+1.021
+1.064
+1.041
+1.030
+0.943
+1.061
+1.050
+0.906
+1.017
+1.059
+0.952
+0.821
+1.039
+0.703
+0.533
+0.878
+0.920
+0.747
+0.577
+0.486
+0.427
+1.066
+1.062
+0.613
+0.394
.85H
.8OH
.9OH
.95H Coelflclenl al poIol
DI
32
24
40
48
56 .75H
20
H'

.~

\\.

"Appendix
A·j
 ¡
:J

Hinged Base-Free Top (Trapezoidal Lotid)

.!
al."

rabIe A-7 - Moments In cyllndrical wall

Mom. = coef. x (wH3 + pH2) ft-lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
.??oolDi
.??oo
0.8H
0.2H
-.0001'
+.0009+.0017
+.0002
+.0020+.0006
+.0019
+.0033
-.0004
+.0187
+.0008
+.0029
+.0197
+.0329
+.0348
+.0312
+.0357
+.0292
+.0022
+.0072
-.0001
+.0011
+.0002
+.D02S
+.0007
-.0002
+.0004
+.0016
+.0019.??oo
0.9H
0.3H
0.5H
0.7H
OAH
+.0005
+.0001
+.0012 o
.??oo
+.0001 o
+.0151
+.o:101
+.0230
.0002
+.0091
+.0111
+.0058
.??oo
.??oo
+.0038
+.0044
+.0040
+.0133
+.0237
+.0177
+.0207
+.0064
+.0039
+.0057
+.0078
+.0094
+.0060
+.0032
+.0034
.+.D062
+.0199
+.lXl68
+.D039
+.0073
+.0219
+.0205
+.0158
+.0114
+.0078
+.0092
+.0016
+.0063
+.0118
+.0109
+~7
+.0007
+.0012
+.0033
+.0026
+.0020
-.0001
+.0127
+.0018
+.0280
+.0171
+.0263
+.0296
+.0271
+.0236
+.0232
+.0145
+.0195
0.61-1
-.0002
+.0152
+.0153
+.0319
+.0045
+.0043
+.D255
+.0145
+.0155 CoelflCients al polnl
+.~
O.IH
0.4

H2
01
24
32
56
40
48 20 .75H
e
+.0005
+.0008
+.0003
+.0001
+.0014
+.0010
+.0024
+.0006
+.0020
+.0017
.85H
+.0004
+.0007
+.0011
+.0015
+.0013
+.0009
.95H
.9OH
+.0008
+.0005
.8OH
.??oo
.??oo
Supplemental Coefficlents I
CoefflClent al poInt

A·6

I
 Fixed Base-Free Top (Shear Applied atTop) ,¡\

v v

R ....
f"':::
"~-j"/'

~
.~.::~

Table A-8- Tenslon In circular r1ngs

T = coef. x VR/H lb per ft
Positive sign indicates tension
H2 ·14.74
-12.76
-1.57-0;05
-0.33
-1.03
0.00
-5.22
+0.12
+0.81
-0.68
·2.60
-11.674.73
-1.43
+0.78
+0.09
5.17
-0.47
0.5H
0.8H
-0.08
-0.18
-0.86
0.2H
OAH
-1.08
-2.04
-2.55
--3.17
O.lH
1.32
-0.03
+0.96
+0.32
+0.76
-0.04
-13.77
-7.34
·10.42
-6.22
·9.02+0.80
+0.42
+0.52
+0.02
+0.83
+0.21
0.00
+0.38
+0.62
-6.32
-5.12
-3.95
-4.57 ·5.41
·5.34
-5.43
+0.26
+0.63
+0.34
+0.20
+0.13
+0.33
+0.17
+0.24
+0.37
+0.66
-2.45
-2.27
-1.85
+0.38
4.99
-5.36
4.37
+0.01
-0.05
-2.68
3.83
0.3H
0.7H
0.9H
-3.090.6H
.0.05
-0.16
-0.65
-0.31
-o.BO
-0.81
-0.13
-0.03
-1.15
·1.17
·1.80
·2.44
-2.60
-3.54
+0.05
+0.33
+0.11
+0.19
+0.47
+0.59
+0.04
+0.06
-1.10
+0.35
-0.58
-2.70
+0.15
-0.79
-0.50
-0.19
+0.50
+0.46
+0.53
-0.52
-1.74
-1.02
-0.21
+0.01
-0.01
-0.59
-0.02
-1.79
-0.10
-0.25
-1.57
-O.2B
·1.25
-0.48
-0.51
-0,36
O.OH
0.4

Supplemental Coefficlents
H2 -23.34
+0.72
+1.62
+1.66
+1.56
-16.44
-20.64
-0.04
-1.59
+0.22
-27.54
-25.52
+1.60
+1.26
-10.86
-18.04-1.36
-2.06
-2.86
-10.72
-9.98
+1.26
-4.90
-3.70
.15H
-1.00
+0.68
-4.54
-10.82
·10.68
-10.34
.05H
.1OH
.2OH
DI
56
48
40
24
32 .OOH
20

.~

When this table is used for shear applied at the base while the top is fixed,O.OH is
the. bottom of the wall and 1.0H is the topo Shear acting inward is positive, outward is
negative.

Table A-9- Moments In cyllndrlcal wall

Mom. = coef. x VH ft-Ib per ft

Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
H2 +0.068
+0.085
+0.093
"+0.079
+0.082
+0.064
+0.0770.6H
0.9H
'.):.' 0.2H
+0.185
+0.172
0.6H
1.OH
0.7H
O.4H
0.3H
'.+O.Il67
+0.535
+0.300
+0.402
+0.578
+0.208
+0.214
+0.139
+0.492
+0.240
+0.354
+0.220
+0.046 +0.145
+0.122
-0.007
0.5H.
+0.025
-0.019
+0.063
-0.010
+0.224
+0.062
+0.084
+0.219
+0.145
+0.159
+0.081
+0.043
+0.448
+0.157
+0.062 +0.078
+0.029
-0.005
+0.013
+0.038
+0.008
-0.011
+0.119
+0.056
+0.070
-0.002
+0.038
+0.012
0.000
+0.164
+0.108
+0.127
+0.223
+0.053
+0.072 +0.010
+0.049
-0.024
-0.008
+0.138
+0.080
+0.105
+0.031
+0.125
+0.018
-0.019
+0.103
-+0.047
+0.003
+0.126
+0.028
+0.004
+0.022
+0.044 +0.132
+0.115
~l,
+0.017
-0.001
+0.042
+0.031
"0.000
0.000
0.000
.+0.100
~.030
..0.008
+0.056
-0.010
+O.Il57
-0.003
+0.041
-0.002
+0.021
-0.003
-0.001
+0.001
+0.049 +0.086
.+0.100
+0.058
"0.000
0:000
+0.000
-0.002
-0.001
+0.002
+0.012
0.000
+0.007
-0.001
'+0.007.
.¡" .. i
".~'." .. ' ,"
+0.044
+0.025
"

._r',
O.lH +o.Ó66

Supplemental Coefficlents
HI +0.031
.2OH
+0.011
+0.028
+0.024
+0.023
+0.011
+0.008
.25H
+0.020
+0.026
+0.004
+0.026
+0.018
+0.035
+0.003
+0.002
+0.018
+0.009
.15/i
0.000
.1OH
+0.032
+0.033
+0.023
+0.015
+0.021
+0.039
+0.014
+0.025
+0.006
+0.001
Di.w
fl6
32
24
48 .o5H
20

"'':'' .', ",-',<o - '; ... :...:'~' •..~ ... '.-,.-' f

When thls tabla Is usad for sOOar applied at the ~a \Yhlle the top Is flX8d. O.OH 18
the bottom of the wall and 1.0H Is tOOtopo Shear actlng Inward Is positiva. oc.itward 18

negative •..

Appendix ..1-7
 Hinged Base-Free rop (Moment ~pplied at Base) ,; " o o

..
- ..'
~
:r: .~:4:;
...... ~.,-
• o',
MU :'.::!.
:':':':'
D R
U) ,

Table A-10- Tenslon In c1rcularrings

T = coef. x MRJH2 lb per ft.
Positive sign indicates tension
H2 +1.06
+0.22
+2.03
+2.46
+4.29'
+2.02
+0.44
+1.13
+2.14
-0,94
-1.15
+3.52
+2.29
+2.70+Vll
+
+1.69
+1.91
0.7H
+24.53
+9.67
-1.30
+1.12
+0.12
-1.78
+2.01
+3.25
+2.65
+2.60
+2.22
+3.13
+2.72
+1.43
+2.80
+3.56
-0.08
+0.26+0.07
+5.66
+11.27
+10.55
+1.75
+0.80
+30.34
+2.02
+3.69
+25.73
+23.50
+2.10
+2.90
+21.80
+1.39
+0.80
+1.10
+4.08
+1.95
-0.28
+0.04
+2.12
+2.30
O.4H
O.5H
O.8H
O.6H
+0.32
+11.63
+10.28
+8.19
+11.41
+20.87
+34.65
+0.82
+2.47
+1.60
+0.43
-0.05
+13.08
-1.29
-1.28
+19.48
+8.82
+3.34
-1.04-0.59
+6.504
+11.03
+9.41
+2.05
+3.93
+16.52
+5.87
+6.60
+0.21
+3.59
+1.37 1.42
O.lH
-+2.06
+1.79
0.2H
+0.22
+2.50
+4.79
-0.05
-0.23
,.2.04
+4.73
+6.58
+4.54
+2.75
-1.54+4.30
O.9H
0.3H
+1.21
+6.81
+1.04
+4.31
+2.95
-0.08
+6.34
-1.00
+11.32
+0.45
+1.86
-0.02
-a.7B
-0.24
-0.58 0.79
1.03
+9.02
-0.71
.•6.55
+16.05
-0.73
-0.18
-0.96
-0.87
-0.67
-1.87-0.54
-0.46
-0.86
-0.53
-0.54
-0.42
-0.73
O.OH
0.4

Supplemental Coefficlents
H2 -3.40
+42.2
+9.2
+8.10
+121.0
+94.0
-0.70
+3.28
+23.2
+77.9
+
+63.6
+65.4
+87.2
.95H
+83.5
+45.1
+103.0
+45.9
+13.2014.1
+51.8
+40.7
+19.2
+46.5
.8OH
+25.9
+35.3
+43.3
+36.9
.9OH
.85H
+45.3
+15.30
DI
40
56
32
24 .75H
48 20

When this table is used fer momenl applied al the topo while the top is hinged, O.OH
ls the bottoni of lhe wall and 1.OH ls the lop. Momenl applied al an edge is positive
when il causes outward rotation al lhal edge.

Table A-11- Moments In cyIIndrical wall

Mom. = coef. x M ft-Ib per ft
Positive sign indicates tension in the outside
H2 +0.003
+0.006
+0.013
-0.007
-0.002
-0.008
+0.009 +0.040
.o.024
-0.022
-0.002
-0.026
0+0.296
+0.692
+0.196
+0.206
+0.109
+0.547
0.2H
+0.011
+0.051
+0.027
+0.414
+0.824
.o.018
00.061
.o.045
+0.354
00.029
+0.012
00.034
+0.845
.o.044
.o.03O
+0.570
0.6H
+0.253
+0.152
+0.078
+0.125
0.5H
o.4H
+0.843
0.3H
+0.063
+0.035
0.7H
.o.OO9
+0.659
+0.154
+0.802
+0.454
+0.090
+0.503
0.000
.(),(Q
.o.OO5
+0.252
00.065
00.058
+O.~
.o.015
+0.296
.o.057
+0.006
+0.519
+0.023
+0.034
+0.193
+0.748
+0.096
+0.340
+0.150
0.8H
1.OH
0.9H
+0.775
0.000
+0.081
+1.000
+1.tlOO
+0.426
+0.087
.o.06<C
+0.692
+0.424
.o.O«l
+0.227
.o.ll22
+0.002
+0.616
.o.051
+0.178
+0.375
+0.316
.o.021
00.003
.t.ooo
+t.ooo
.o.ool .o.037
.o.OO3
+0.010
.0.018
.o.G40
'0.000
.1.000
+0.123
.o.D68
+D.OO2
+0.487
00.082
.o.OO9
.o.067
.0.066
.o.031
0.000+0515
.o.OO2
+0.572
+0.005
+0.025
00.051
.1.DÓO
.0.028
+0.00
.0.059
00.044
+0.393
0.00>
+0.387
.o.ll29
.o1l9l 00
.o.Q53
O.lH

Supplemental Coefflclents
H1 .o.D87
.o.031
+0.467
+0.123
1.ll0H
+0.387
~.O$.l
+0.178
+1.000
+0.515
+0.296
.95H
.o.OSO
+0.048
+0.424
.o.037
.o.082
+0.057
+0.250
+0.002
+0.572
+0.606
.9OH
.o.059
.o.o15.65H
.o.O<lO
+0.081
+O.D95
+1.0000
Di
M
24
40
32
48 o -!IOH
20

When thls table Is usecf fer moment applled at the topo whlle the top Is hloged, O.QH..
Is the bottom of the wall and 1.OH Is the topo Moment applled at an edge I8pos1t1ve .0'
when It causes outward rotatlon at that edge .. o•.• ,'o' ',' '.' '":. ,.¡ v

. Appendix
Shear Di Base 01 Cylindrical WaIr

rabie A-12-Shesr st bss6 of cyllndrlcsl wall

V =coef.x pHlb.(rectangular)
MA-llb. (moment at base)
{WH2Ib.(tr¡an9Ular)

Positive sign indicates shear acting inward

Triangular
+0.158
+0.127Ioad.
H' . +0.317
+0.067
+0.072 hln
+0.102
+0.114
+0.174
+0.135
+0.236
+0.060
+0.069
+0.197
+0.145
+0.213
+0.299
+0.262
+0.339
+0.436
+0.374 +0.039
+0.074
+0.079
+0.055
+0.111
-8.94
·10.36
+0.122
+0.067
+0.172
+0.137
-5.81
+0.147
+0.271
+0.043
-13.76
+0.086
+0.062
-8.20
+0.068
+0.096
+0.193
-5.18
-7.36
+0.079
+0.110
+0.222
+0.158
-4.49
-6.38
+0.137
+0.121
+0.243
-3.68
-6.88
-3.18
+0.220
+0.460
·1.75
+0.036
·12.76
-10.62
+0.048
-4.10
+0.073
+0.158
+0.189
+0.370
+0.310
·2.57
+0.204
+0.407
-2.28
+0.234
+0.755
+0.552
·2.00
·1.58
fixed
+0.245
.+0.096 .
base
base
Rectangular
Momenllledge Ioad. Triangular or
"",-'
~a'1::larIoad.

Load on Center Supportlor Circular Slab

rabIe A-13-Load on center support for circular slab

Load = coef. x fPR2

1M (moment
(hinged atand
edge)
fixed)
cID 1.542
0.25
1.200
0.919
0.05
. 10.81
9.99
tl.150.839"
1.320
8.66
1.463
1.101
1.007
0.10
1.625
1.387
9.280.20
8.16

A·9
 Moments in Circular Slab Without CenterSupport

~,(I,I,LI}'.L!,,!.,t- .l}}.l}}~.I:I+.I\lr
••• ' • ,'o ••. ," ' .•• ' •••••• - ••• , •••• Oo' • " •••••• oo' .~

<t

rabie A-14-Moments In circular slab wlthout center support

Mom. = ccaf. x pR2 ft-Ib per ft
Positive sign indioatesoompression in surfaoe loaded ..,

O.OCA O.lOR I I 0.2OR I O.3OR I O.oIOR 0.5OR I I o.eOR I 0.7OR I 0.8OR1 0.9OR I 1.00R

+.075 I +.073 I +.067 I +.057 I +.043 I +.025 I +.003 I ·.023 I ·.053 I -.087 I -.125

+.075 I +.074 I +.071 I +.066 I +.059 I +.050 I +.039 I +.0261 +.011 I -.006 I -.025

Stillness 01Cylindrical Wall

rabie A-15-Stlffness ofcyllndrlcslwall, nearedge hlnged, faredgefree
k = ocat. x Et3fH
H2
H2 56'
0.399
24
16
14
46
0.345
0.139
0.635
1.010
0.270
0.445
0.546
1.106
1.261
1.430
1.566
1.610
20
32
12
10
2.025
40
0.713
1.196
0.763
0.903
2.220
2.400 DI
1.2 DI
3.0
2.0
5.0
0.6
4.0
1.6
6.0 0.4
CoefflCient
CoefflCient
'-t;:>'

Stillness oi Circular Plate$ .

rabIe A-16- Stiffness of cIrcular plates wlth center support
k = coet. x Et3fR

1:1. I o~:1:~ I :: 1 ~~
Without center support
Coet. = 0.104

A-ID 'Appendix
 Moments in Circular Slab with Center Support
p

¡ .•••••••

rabie A-17-Unfform load, fixed edge

Mom. = coef. x pR2 ft-Ib per ft

Positive sign indicates compresslon in surface loaded -
I +0.0177
.(1.0086
+0.0194
.(1.0098
+0.0231
.(1.0021
+0.0290
.(1.0078
.(1.0150
+0.0048
+0.0142
+0.0046
+0.0238
+0.0064
+0.0063
+0.0277
+0.0031
+0.0086
+0.0080
.(1.0393
.(1.0118
.(1.0441
.(1.2100
+0.0006
+0.0249
.(1.0429
.(1.0490
.(1.0417
+0.0002
+0.0293
+0.0136
+0.0326
.(1.0624
+0.0158
.(I.02S5
.(1.0011
+0.0276
+0.0013
.(1.0171
.(1.0005
+0.0075
+0.0052
.(1.0063
.(1.0070
+0.0347
+0.0342
.(1.0049
.(1.0589
+0.0059
.(1.0168
.(1.0177
+0.0061
.(1.0421
.(1.0284
+0.0057
+0.0049
.(1.0354
.(1.0051
+0.0098
+0.0099
.(1.0108
.(1.0258
.(1.0143
.(1.0027
.(1.0026
.(1.0275
.(1.0729
+0.0133
.(1.0161
+0.0254
+0.0085
+0.0109
.(1.0251
.(1.0381
.(1.0145
.(1.0541
.(1.0700
+0.0118
1.00R
+0.0002
.(1.0521
+0.0220
.(1.0200
+0.0269
.(1.0239
.(1.0203
.(1.0294
.(1.0351
.(1.0243
.(1.0006III
.(1.0009
+0.0133
0.??oo Moments.
+0.0176
.(1.0178
+0.0065
.(1.0216
Tangenlial
+0.0029
.(1.0003
0.7OR
+0.0)69
0.9OR
0.05R
O.SOR
0.2OR 0.1OR I I I.
.(1.1433MI .(1.0218
.(1.0287 .(1.1089
0.25R0.15R 0.3OR
.(1.0862
.(1.0172
0.4OR I .(1.0140
.(1.0698
O.SOR
O.SOR

...... ;..:.

rabIe A-18-Unfform l08d, hlnged edge

Mom. = coef. x pR2 ft-Ib per ft

Positive sign indicates compression in surface loaded -
II I II .(1.1465 I
(, 0.25
.{).1277
.(1.1388
+0.0245
.(1.0645
+0.0200
.{).0055
+0.0061
+0.0020
.{).0394
+0.0134
.{).0042
+0.0404oo
+0.0065
.{).0184
+0.0109
+0.0132
.(1.0221
+0.0340
.(1.0640
+0.0381
1.00R
.(1.0731
.(1.0375
+0.0218
.(1.0768
+0.0251
+0.0163
+0.0097
.(1.0014
.(1.0569
.(1.0766
.(1.0391
.{).0153
+0.0145
+0.0168
.(1.0470
.(1.0175
+0.0172
+0.0186
.(1.1040
.{).0121
+0.0234
+0.0175
+0.0197
.(1.0539
+0.0123
+0.0228
+0.0199
O.05R
.(1.0333
+0.0539
+0.0352
.(1.1180
+0.0451
+0.0258
.(1.0361
+0.0215
.(1.0467
+0.0518
+0.0452
+0.0148
+0.0103
+0.0122
.(I.36S8
+0.0614
+0.0058
+0.0247
+0.0255
+0.0437
+0.0629
O.15R
.(1.0684
.{).0516
O.lOR
.{).0263
.(1.0062
.(1.0184
0.3OR
.(1.0367
+0.0081
.(1.0135
+0.0393
.(1.0800
+0.0368
.(1.0557
.(1.0977
+0.0416
+0.0494
.(1.0176
+0.0226
+0.0391
+0.0578
+0.0158
+0.0566
+0.0501
+0.0Ó38
+0.0532
+0.0237
0.2OR.(1.0234
+0.0103
+0.0085
O.25R
O.4OR
.(1.0498
.(1.2487
0.6OR
O.SOR
.(1.0374
.(1.1869
0.9OR
0.7OR
.{).om
O.SOR
.(1.1172

~.... ~..... _.,,~:....._.«~.:.::

.•.....>'..~:~_ - -.,.'-:'.j..)

rabIe A-19-Moment per ft, M, applled at edge, hlnged edge

• D'::!: /2 ::::::R~=:
Mom. = coef. x M ft-Ib per ft Mi'··· ..········•· ~~M
Positive sign indicates compression in top surface cr.

-1.121
.(1.980
.(1.584
.(1.530
.(1.688
.(1.847
.(1.544
+0.466
+0.451
.(1.499
.(1.057
.(1.842
+0.029
+0.268
·2.650
+0.450
.(1.622
.(1.129
.(1.472
+0.414
+0.187
.(1.103
+0.558
+0.394
.(1.305
+0.433
.(1.042
.(1.608
.(1.211
.(1.418
.(1.641
.(1.518
.(1.333
.(1.123
+0.917
+0.596
+0.824
.(1.372
+0.078
.(1.930
.(1.280
+0.323
.(1.545
-0.072
.(1.100
.(1.251
-0.404
.(1.233
.;.0.035
'.(1.305
.(1.145
.0.214
+0.808
·1.026
+1.000
.(1.261
.(1.368
+0.007
+0.718
.0.129
+0.469
+0.405
+0.212
+0.510
+0.790
+1.000
+0.263
+0.066
+0.157
.(1,259
+0.130
+0.320
+0.768
+0.099
+0.624
+0.909
+0.692
+0.340
+0.240
+0.095
+0.314
+0.900
+0.663
+0.290
.0.363
+0.185
+0.392
-0.419
+0.451
+0.236
-0.463
+0.384
+0.680
+0.740
+0.577
+,.000
-0.216
-0.765
+0.891
.(I.~2O
·1.950
.(1.388
0.1OR
0.4OR II ·1.594
.(1.319
0.15R
O.25R
O.SOR II -1.366
.(1.272
0.2OR
0.3OR
O.60R I ·1.204
.(1.239
0.7OR I 1.00R
O.SOR I
CoefflClents el poInt
0.9OR I

Appendix A-11
 . Design AUllor Bending Momen! Reinforcing
rabie A-20-Deslgn Aidfor Bending Moment Reinforcing
.000
•• .1840
.1787
.1593
.2682
.2670
.2688
.2706
.2712
.2657
.2742
.2760
.2766
.2736
.2639
.2621
.2fiZ7
.2645
.2514
.2520
.2527
.2488
.2558
.2577
.2583
.2S65
.2602
.2539
.2552
.2590
.2596
.2430
.2456
.2443
.2423
.2404
.2270
.2384
.2337
.2297
.2160
.2089
.2117
.2096
,2X.4
.1914
.2060
.2875
.2818
.2039
.1892
.004o.007 .
.1an
.oos
.2718
.2614
.2864
.2824
.1900
.lXI3
.2937
.2887
.2881
.2010
.1968
.2892
.1937
.1855
.1870
.1862
.1847
.1817
.1794
.1llO2
.1825
.1772
.1764
.1565
.1726
.1741
.1569
.1561
.1718
.1577
.1710
.1553
.1601
.1695
.1667
.1529
.1664
.1506
.1481
.1514
.1497
.1473
.1671
.1449
.1400
.1433
.1375
.1367
.2664
.2694
.2676
.2601
.1342
.2730
.2748
.2783
.2724
.2754
.2771
.2796
.2777
.2633
.2651'
.0941
.2495
.2501
.1309
.2S08
.2606
.2548
.2571
.2533
.2450
.0744
.1259
.1268
.2417
.2410
.2437
.2463
.1200
.2469
.2249
.2229
.2364
.1063
.1002
.2236
.1069
.2371
.2391
.0551
.2256
.2344
.2263
.2377
.2222
.1141
.2357
.1226
.2201
.2317
.2110
.2159
.2103
.2187
.2324
.2173
.2311
.2124
.2331
.2062
.2290
.0391
.2067
.2131
.2931
.2915
.2658
.2002
.2017
.007
.006
.292l:l
.0976
.2024
.2046
.2896
.2841
.1885
.002
.2943
.001
.2812
.2031
.2870
.2653
.2830
.1907
.2OS3
.1965
.0295
.2835
.1944
.3024
.2970
.2986
.1966
.1929
.0275
.CXlBO
.1973
.0070
.3029
.297S
.3045
.2964
.2992
.2997
.3035
.3051
.3019
.2965
.1961
.3003
.1832
.1810
.1779
.1703
.1545
.1749
.1733
.1756
.1537
.1465
.1489
.1648
.1640
.1656
.1679
.1632
:1522
.1457
.1609
.1425
.1384
.1408
.1392
.1416
.1441
.2670
.2789
.1351
.09SO
.0897
.0923
.1316
.0915
.Ql88
.ol79
.000&
.0932
.0861
.0652
.2482
.0735
.0706
.2475
.0699
.1276
.0726
.0753
.1284
.0671
.0653
.1217
.1011
.1072
.1096
.120
.0532
.1158
.1183
.0560
.1234
.1149
.2215
.1175
.1166
.2351
.2206
.0541
.1061
.1020
.1055
.2243
.1106
.2397
.0569
.1029
.0485
.1115
.2075
.2145
.Q467
.0438
.0429
.2166
.2284
.2277
.2152
.2194
.2138
.Q42O
,04(X)
.·.0362
.0geS
.03oC3
.2904
.2847
•0010.ll352
.2926
.0324
.2909
.0381
.009
.0304
.3040
.ll2.e
.1XSl
.0040
.3013
.3003
.2969
.0236
.ll266
.1961
.2981
.1959
.lXl6O
.ll226
.C2S6
.llOJO
.0099
.00ll0
.0285
.1922
.2948
.0197
.1624
.1617
.1359
.09S9
.1326
.0670
.1334
.0717
.1301
.0689
.0680
.1293
.0&43
.r:HJ7
.0789
.0B62
.1046
.0523
.1251
.1192
.0513
.0495
.1037
.1209
.0410
.0476
.0579
.0314
.1133
.0333
.0994
.0020
.0217
.0207
.0178
.0139
.0168
.0159
.0129
.0625
.Cl834
.0798
.0818
.ll634
.0843
.0504
.0588
.0762
.1124
.0372
.0119
.01.cg
.0168
.0109
JS17
.0825
.•.al18
.0597
0771
.0448
.2J!I:i7
J1?I67
.07&0

.~ Design: Using factored mament Mu. enter table with MJ41f; bd2; find ID and
compute steel percentage p from p = ID f; /fy

Investigation: Enter table with (J) from (J) = pfyl r; ; find value of MrJ f; bd2 and
solve for nominal strength Mn.

,4,-12
Appendix
(l. References

1. ACI Comrnittee 350, Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (AC/350R-89),

American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1989.

2. ACI Comrnittee 318, Building Code Requirementsfor Reinforced Concrete (Ae! 318-89)
(Revised 1992), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1989.

3. Structurai Design Considerations for Settling Tanks and Similar Structures, by Anand B.
Gogate, ACI Journal Proceedings, Vo1. 65, December 1968, p. 1017-1020.
I
4. Statisticai Limitation Upon the Steei Requirements in Reinforced Concrete Fiat Slab Floors,
by John R. Nichols, ASCE Transactions, V77, 1914, p. 1670.

5. Notes on ACI 318-89, S. K. Ghosh and B. G. Rabbat, Portland Cement Association, Skokie,
Illinois, 1990, part 21.

6. Design ofConcrete Buildingsfor Earthquake and Wind Forces, by S. K. Ghosh and August
W. Domel, Jr., Portland Cement Association, Skokie, lllinois, 1992, Chapter 2.

-- 7. Design of Reinforced Concrete, by Jack C. McCormack, Harper and Row Publishers, New
-1> York, New York, 1978, Chapter 14.

8. Reinforced Concrete Reservoirs and Tanks, by W. S. Gray, Concrete Publications, Ltd.,

London, Second Edition, 1942, 166 pages.
- -

9. Theory of Piates and Shells, by S. Timoshenko, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,.1940, 492 pages.

10. Serviceabilityof CircularPrestressed Concrete Tanks, by Amin Ghali and Eleanor Elliot,
ACI Structural Journal, May-June, 1992, p. 345.

11. Anaiysis ofCircuiar TankPoundations, by C. V. G. Vallabhan ~d Y. C. Das, Journal of

Engineering Mechanics, VoL 117, April1991, p. 789;

12. Elastic Soiutionsfor Axisymmetrically Loaded Circular Raft with Free or Clamped Edges
Founded on Winkler Springs or a Half-Space, by 1. A. Hemsley, Proceedings of the Institu-
tion ofCivil Engineers, VoL 83, March 1987, p. 61.
 '.'; I .
'. ~
\'
1 .
:. J .. >.... .,

Additional Suggested Readings ··..e·;;;

1. ~estley, M.·]. N., Amb(entThermal Stresses in Circular l'restressed Concrete Tanks, ACI
Journal, Proceedings V. 73, No. 10, Oct. 1976, pp. 553-560.
..
2. Wood, J. H., and Adams, J. R., Temperature Gradients.in Cylindrical Concrete Reservoirs,
Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials,
Christchurch, N~. 2, 1977..
. ','
3. ACI Committee 209, Prediction ofCreep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in Concrete
Structures, Designinglor Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures; SP-76, American
Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1982, pp. 193-300.

4. Tank Foundation Deslgn, Brow~, Andrew A., Hydrocarbon Proceedings, Oct. 1974, p.
153.

5. StructJlral Design ofConcrete Sanitary Structures, Rice, Paul F., Concrete International,
Oct. 1984, p. 14.

6. Structural Design 01Reinforced Concrete Sanitary Structures-Past, Present, and Future,

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