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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearly, working on a project to improve rifle
barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain
resistance. In addition to iron, carbon, and chromium, modern stainless steel may also
contain other elements, such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel,
molybdenum, niobium, and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.
It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust, or
stain 'less' than other types of steel. The chromium in the steel combines with oxygen in
the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer of chrome-containing oxide, called the
passive film. The sizes of chromium atoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack
neatly together on the surface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick.
If the metal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quickly
form and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidative corrosion. (Iron, on the
other hand, rusts quickly because atomic iron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide
forms a loose rather than tightly-packed layer and flakes away.) The passive film requires
oxygen to self-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygen and
poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy
the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment.

1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
1.What is stainless steel ?
2.How many types of stainless steel are there?
3.What components are made of stainless steel?

1.3DESTINATION
To find out what it is stainless steel and the components are made by stainless steel





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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1.STAINLESS STEEL

In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable",
is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5%
[1]
chromium content by mass.
Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does; but,
despite the name, it is not fully stain-proof, most notably under low-oxygen, high-salinity,
or poor-circulation environments.
[2]
There are different grades and surface finishes of
stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless steel is used where
both the properties of steel andcorrosion resistance are required.
Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present. Unprotected
carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film (the rust)
is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide; and, because of the greater
volume of the iron oxide, this tends to flake and fall away. Stainless steels contain
sufficient chromium to form a passive film of chromium oxide, which prevents further
surface corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and blocks corrosion
from spreading into the metal's internal structure, and, due to the similar size of the steel
and oxide ions, they bond very strongly and remain attached to the surface.
[3]

Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough and oxygen is
present.. Other alloying elements are added to enhance their structure and properties such
as formability, strength and cryogenic toughness. These include metals such as:
Nickel
Molybdenum
Titanium
Copper
Non-metal additions are also made, the main ones being:
Carbon
Nitrogen






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2.2 TYPE OF STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steel is usually divided into 5 types:
a. Ferritic These steels are based on Chromium with small amounts of Carbon usually
less than 0.10%. These steels have a similar microstructure to carbon and low alloy
steels. They are usually limited in use to relatively thin sections due to lack of
toughness in welds. However, where welding is not required they offer a wide range
of applications. They cannot be hardened by heat treatment. High Chromium steels
with additions of Molybdenum can be used in quite aggressive conditions such as sea
water. Ferritic steels are also chosen for their resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
They are not as formable as austenitic stainless steels. They are magnetic.
b. Austenitic - These steels are the most common. Their microstructure is derived from
the addition of Nickel, Manganese and Nitrogen. It is the same structure as occurs in
ordinary steels at much higher temperatures. This structure gives these steels their
characteristic combination of weldability and formability. Corrosion resistance can be
enhanced by adding Chromium, Molybdenum and Nitrogen. They cannot be hardened
by heat treatment but have the useful property of being able to be work hardened to
high strength levels whilst retaining a useful level of ductility and toughness. Standard
austenitic steels are vulnerable to stress corrosion cracking. Higher nickel austenitic
steels have increased resistance to stress corrosion cracking. They are nominally non-
magnetic but usually exhibit some magnetic response depending on the composition
and the work hardening of the steel.
c. Martensitic - These steels are similar to ferritic steels in being based on Chromium but
have higher Carbon levels up as high as 1%. This allows them to be hardened and
tempered much like carbon and low-alloy steels. They are used where high strength
and moderate corrosion resistance is required. They are more common in long
products than in sheet and plate form. They have generally low weldability and
formability. They are magnetic.
d. Duplex - These steels have a microstructure which is approximately 50% ferritic and
50% austenitic. This gives them a higher strength than either ferritic or austenitic
steels. They are resistant to stress corrosion cracking. So called lean duplex steels
are formulated to have comparable corrosion resistance to standard austenitic steels
but with enhanced strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Superduplex
steels have enhanced strength and resistance to all forms of corrosion compared to
standard austenitic steels. They are weldable but need care in selection of welding
consumables and heat input. They have moderate formability. They are magnetic but
not so much as the ferritic, martensitic and PH grades due to the 50% austenitic phase.
e. Precipitation hardening (PH) - These steels can develop very high strength by adding
elements such as Copper, Niobium and Aluminium to the steel. With a suitable
aging heat treatment, very fine particles form in the matrix of the steel which
imparts strength. These steels can be machined to quite intricate shapes requiring
good tolerances before the final aging treatment as there is minimal distortion from
the final treatment. This is in contrast to conventional hardening and tempering in
martensitic steels where distortion is more of a problem. Corrosion resistance is
comparable to standard austenitic steels like 1.4301 (304).



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2.3 COMPONENT MADE OF STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steels resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance and
familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. There are over 150 grades
of stainless steel, of which fifteen are most commonly used. The alloy is milled into coils,
sheets, plates, bars, wire, and tubing to be used in cookware, cutlery, household
hardware, surgical instruments, major appliances, industrial equipment (for example,
in sugar refineries) and as an automotive and aerospace structural alloy and construction
material in large buildings. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and
other food are often made of stainless steel, because of its corrosion resistance. This also
influences its use in commercial kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-
cleaned and sterilized and does not need paint or other surface finishes.
Stainless steel is used for jewelry and watches with 316L being the type commonly used
for such applications. It can be re-finished by any jeweler and will not oxidize or turn
black.
Some firearms incorporate stainless steel components as an alternative
to blued or parkerized steel. Some handgun models, such as the Smith & Wesson Model
60 and the Colt M1911 pistol, can be made entirely from stainless steel. This gives a high-
luster finish similar in appearance to nickel plating. Unlike plating, the finish is not subject
to flaking, peeling, wear-off from rubbing (as when repeatedly removed from a holster), or
rust when scratched.
Some automotive manufacturers use stainless steel as decorative highlights in their
vehicles.
Stainless steels of various kinds are used in thousands of applications. The following gives
a flavour of the full range:

1.Domestic cutlery, sinks, saucepans, washing machine drums, microwave oven liners,
razor blades
2.Architectural/Civil Engineering cladding, handrails, door and window fittings, street
furniture, structural sections, reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry
supports
3.Transport exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road tankers, ship containers, ships
chemical tankers, refuse vehicles
4.Chemical/Pharmaceutical pressure vessels, process piping.
5.Oil and Gas platform accommodation, cable trays, subsea pipelines.
6.Medical Surgical instruments, surgical implants, MRI scanners.
7.Food and Drink Catering equipment, brewing, distilling, food processing.
8.Water Water and sewage treatment, water tubing, hot water tanks.
9.General springs, fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers), wire





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2.4 ADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL
1. Corrosion Durability
All stainless steels have a high resistance to corrosion. The numbers are low alloy resist
corrosion in conditions of vacuum, the numbers of high alloy can resist corrosion in most
acids, alkaline solutions, and environments that produce chloride, even at elevated
temperatures and pressures.
2. Durability Low and High Temperature
Some numbers will resist scaling and high power settings at temperatures very high, while
others show the exception of violence at cryogenic temperatures.
3. Ease of Fabrication
The majority of stainless steels can be cut, welded, formed, machined, and made easily.
4. Power
The properties violence formed metal profiles with temperature indin of most stainless
steels can be used in designing reducing the thickness of the material and reduce weight
and costs. Stainless steels may be heat treated to make the components of very high power.
5. Consideration of Aesthetics
Stainless steels are available in most layers of the surface cover. This stainless steel set
with ease and simplicity produces a high quality, fun penampilannnya.
6. Hygienic properties
Cleaning ability of stainless steels make choices in the main hospitals, the kitchens,
pharmaceutical and food processing facilities.
7. Characteristics of the Way of Life
Stainless steel is a material that is low maintenance and durable and is often the least
expensive option in comparison cost of street life.










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CHAPTER III
CLOSSING
3.1 SUMMARY
'Stainless' is a term coined early in the development of these steels for cutlery applications.
It was adopted as a generic name for these steels and now covers a wide range of steel
types and grades for corrosion or oxidation resistant applications.
Stainless steels are iron alloys with a minimum of 10.5% chromium. Other alloying
elements are added to enhance their structure and properties such as formability, strength
and cryogenic toughness. These include metals such as:
Nickel
Molybdenum
Titanium
Copper
Non-metal additions are also made, the main ones being:
Carbon
Nitrogen
The main requirement for stainless steels is that they should be corrosion resistant for a
specified application or environment. The selection of a particular "type" and "grade" of
stainless steel must initially meet the corrosion resistance requirements. Additional
mechanical or physical properties may also need to be considered to achieve the overall
service performance requirements.
Stainless steels of various kinds are used in thousands of applications. The following gives
a flavour of the full range:

1.Domestic cutlery, sinks, saucepans, washing machine drums, microwave oven liners,
razor blades
2.Architectural/Civil Engineering cladding, handrails, door and window fittings, street
furniture, structural sections, reinforcement bar, lighting columns, lintels, masonry
supports
3.Transport exhaust systems, car trim/grilles, road tankers, ship containers, ships
chemical tankers, refuse vehicles
4.Chemical/Pharmaceutical pressure vessels, process piping.
5.Oil and Gas platform accommodation, cable trays, subsea pipelines.
6.Medical Surgical instruments, surgical implants, MRI scanners.
7.Food and Drink Catering equipment, brewing, distilling, food processing.
8.Water Water and sewage treatment, water tubing, hot water tanks.
9.General springs, fasteners (bolts, nuts and washers), wire






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REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel
http://www.lenntech.com/stainless-steel.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/cs/metalsandalloys/a/aa071201a.htm