1

TheExperienceofevil:Itsarchetypalandsensualdimensions
DavidRussell

Introduction
Itisnotuncommon,today,forthinkingpeopletowanttoavoidtheuseofthe
conceptofevil.Whileithasaplaceinpopularculture,theyargue,ithasnoplace
inthepracticeofpsychiatry,psychology,psychoanalysisorlaw.
1
Forsuch
thinkers,evilexpressessomeconflictwithGodsoshouldremainexclusivetothe
domainoftheology.
Idisagree.Iseeevilasausefulterm,preciselybecauseitcapturesaworldthatis
notclearlydividedintwo.Ratheritisaworldinwhichthesacredandsecular
meetandmingle.
Itwillbemyargument,tonight,thateviliswhatwillnotbecontainedinany
properplace.Ithasawayofseepingout.Evilisaboundaryviolator.
TheFrenchphilosopher,PaulRicoeur,writinginTheSymbolismofEvil,best
describesevilasalossofwholenessresultinginwhathecallslossofrootand
coherence.Theexperienceofevilisalossofboundaries,thewayinwhichinside
andoutsidearenolongerdistinct,andthefeelingsofdreadandtotalhorrorthat
thislossincurs.
Americanpsychoanalyst,ThomasOgden,intalkingabouttheexperienceofevil
writesthatitcannotbelocatedorcontained,thatitisviscousorslimy.
Thisimageryisprimordial,mercurial.Itisimagerythatlinksthearchetypalwith
theimmediatelysensual.Thisisnotapleasanttopic.Rather,byitsnatureitis
upsettingandtransgressive.

DrDavidRussellisaJungianpsychologistinprivatepracticeinSydneyandcanbecontactedat
[davidbederussell@gmail.com].ThispaperwaspresentedtotheSydneyJungSocietyon13August,2011.

Recenthistory
Overthepast40yearsithasbeengenerallyacceptedinthefieldsofpsychology
andhistorythatordinarypeoplecandoveryevilthings.
InpsychologythereweretheobediencestudiesofStanleyMilgraminwhichwell
adjustedadults,participatinginabogusmemoryexperiment,provedwillingto
deliverelectricshocksofmurderousmagnitudetoanotherpersonwhoposedasa
learner.ThentherewasPhilipZimbardosprisonexperimentinwhichyoung
adults,randomlyassignedtobeguardsinasimulatedprison,adoptedtheirroles
withsuchbrutalitythatthestudyhadtobehaltedbeforeitwashalfwaythrough.
Fromhistory,wehavetheworkofpoliticaltheoristHannahArendtwhose1963
book,EichmanninJerusalem:AReportontheBanalityofEvil,hypothesizesthat
evilinhistory,andtheHolocaustinparticular,werenotexecutedbyfanaticsor
sociopaths,butratherbyordinarypeoplewhothoughtwhattheyweredoingwas
normalandacceptedasthewaythingsaredone.
WhatstruckArendtasshesatinonthetrialofAdolfEichmannwasnothowevil
heappearedbut,onthecontrary,howutterlynormalhewas.Hecameacrossas
abland,passionless,simpleman.This,forher,wasatrulyfrighteningthing,
becauseitmeantthatEichmanncouldnotbedismissedassomadthathisactions
wereincomprehensiblebutthathewasreallynodifferentfromus.InArendts
words,thelessonofthetrialwasthatofthefearsome,wordandthought
defyingbanalityofevil.
Initially,whentryingtomakesenseofthisphenomenonitwasthoughtthatthe
perpetratorsofevilsuspendedtheircapacitytomakeinformedmoraljudgments
andrelinquishedresponsibilitytothoseinauthority.Or,ifitwasnottoan
authorityitwasablindallegiancetowhatwasexpectedofthemasanactive
groupmember.
Today,wehaveamorenuancedappreciationofwhatmightbehappening.Both
historicalstudiesandrecentpsychologicalworkhaveconcludedthat:Ordinary
3

peoplecommitevil,notsomuchbecausetheyareundertheinfluenceofleaders
andgroupsandarethuspowerlessinthecircumstances.
No.Peoplecommitevil,notbecausetheyareunawareofwhattheyaredoingbut
becausetheyconsiderittoberight.
2
Because,theyconsideredittoberight.Lets
pauseforamomentandletthisstatementsinkin!
Howcanthisbepossible?Wellitispossiblewhentheyactivelyidentifywith
groupswhohaveabeliefsystemthatgivesthemauthority,especiallyareligious,
faithorspiritualauthority,onewhichbothsetsthemapartandisconceivedas
somehowsuperiortoanyother.However,itisnotrestrictedtoaspiritual
authorityasthesameargumentcanbemadeforpsychotherapywhereina
psychologicalauthoritycanbeassumed.
Onceitisacceptedthatapersonmightcommitevilbecausetheyconsidertheir
actionstoberight,thenusingcreativityandimaginationtoinventnew
humiliations,aphenomenonobservableinsituationsofabuseandexploitation,
becomesunderstandable.
Myemphasis
Myemphasis,tonight,willbeontheexperience,inonesbody,ofevil.
Myhypothesis,followingJamesHillman
3
,isthatevilanesthetizestheheart.Itis
asthoughwetakeitintoourbodyand,asaconsequence,ourheartorpart
thereof,nolongerreactstowhatitfaces.
Evilcanbearchetypalaswhenoursoullongsfor,desires,adivineencounterand
meetsonlyaclosedoffheart.Evil,inbotharchetypalandbodilyforms,is
particularlypresentwhenthedivineandthesexualareconflated(collapsedinto
one).Whilethisinappropriateunionmightwellbeunconsciouslymotivatedthe
resultsaredevastating.Theexperienceofevilisakintoapossession,psychicor
diabolical.Inalmostatheatricalmanner,thesacredandtheprofanearesordidly
intermingled.
4

Theexperienceofevilwillbeillustratedbytwoeventsfromclinicalexperience,
specifically,theclericalsexualexploitationofadultsandtherapeuticsexualabuse.
Twocommonlyexperiencedconsequencesoftheexperienceofevilare:binge
eatingandpsychicpossession.

Evilinart
TwogreatworksofartmuchlovedbyJung,andweknowthisbecausehe
referredtothemfrequently,areRichardWagnersRingcycle(fromthe19
th

century)andJohnMiltonsParadiseLost(fromthe17
th
century).Onebasedon
theancientGermanicmythandtheother,themorerecentChristianstory.
Boththesegreatworksofartcentretheirattentionontherelationsbetweenthe
divineandthehuman.
JungwasgreatlyinfluencedbyWagnertheprophetoflove,whosemusicruns
thewholegamutoffeelingfromincestuouspassiontosublime
spirituality
4
.
Imentionthesetwoartisticexpressionsbecause,firstly,theyunderscore,in
dramaticfashion,thehugedividebetweenthegodsandushumansand,inthe
samebreath,thefascinationanddifficultythateachhaswiththeother.
Secondly,Iusethemasameansofsettingthestagefortonightfortheyreferto
theterribleconsequencesthatgreetuswhenthedividethatseparatesthe
humanandthedivineistransgressed.
Whenthereisanattemptatunionofthedivineandthehumanitisexpressedas
atransgressiveviolationofallthatweholdsacredandsacramental.
Inarchetypallanguage,itisanincestuousunionthatisthequintessenceofevil:
Asifthefatherwasimpregnatinghisowndaughter.Themonstrouschildofthis
unionisdeathtothespiritoflife.
5

Theevilresidesinthefailuretochoosehumanloveandhumanfateoverideals
andabstractions.
IwantedtouseMiltonandWagnertohelpushearwhatitmightsoundliketofall
intoaplace,adisposition,ofevil.
Itisnotamatterofdeftcolorationorsubtlemelody,thisisdramaof
transgressiveviolation,ofgoodandevilbeingconfusedandconflatedwith
horrifyingandlonglastingconsequences.
Evilinmythology
AkeyarchetypalimageinGreekandWesternmythologyisthetaleofyoung
Narcissus.
5
ThethemeofthismythologemistheimpossibilityofNarcissusuniting
withhisloveobject.JamesFrazer,TheScottishanthropologistandmythologist,
andcontemporaryofJung,arguesthattheNarcissusstoryreflectedthelongheld
superstitiousbeliefthatwaterspiritslurkaboutpoolsandstreamsandare
capableofstealingthesoul(i.e.,thereflectedselfimage)shoulditfallintotheir
reach.ThepsychoanalyticalpositionhasbeenthattheNarcissusstoryisan
illustrationoftheconsequencesofviolatingtheotherdirectedimpulsesofloving,
thusoffendingEroshimself.
Frazersviewisthatanarcissisticactisasoullessact.Theperpetratorofevilhas
losthissoultothewaterspirit;hehasdiedfromwithin.Sofascinatedhasthe
perpetratorbecomewithanideal,animageofhowthingsshouldbe,thathe
forgotthedangerandlosthissoulimagetothelurkingwaterspirit.
Thenarcissuslilyoriginatesnearriversandsprings;wasthelilynamedafterthe
youth,ortheyouthafterthelily?Inanyevent,botharelooselyassociatedwith
waterandwecan,throughamplification,associatethewaterspiritwiththe
youthsmother.Narcissusbecomesanexampleofthepuerwholoseshislifetoa
motheranimapossessor.ManywillsaythatthissortofJungianpsychologisingis
pointlessatbestandsexistatworst,andIwouldagreeexceptthatthereisat
leastanecdotalevidencethatperpetratorshave,asitwere,neverlefthome.
6

ThenameNarcissus,likenarcotic,derivesfromtheGreeknarke,torpor.Both
thelilyandtheyoutharebeautifulandshortlived.Theflowerissterileandhasa
soporificperfumeandispoisonous.Onecansaythattheseattributesdescribe
thestateofconsciousnessthatbothNarcissusandtheperpetratorembody:
dreamy,sterile,andpoisonous.Onegetstheimpressionthatthispuerfigureis
redolentwithpsychologicalpassivity.
WhattheNarcissusstorylacksisanythingabouttheheroicjourneyoutintothe
world,awayfromhome,meetinglifewithallitsconflictualandambiguous
emotions.TheNarcissusstoryflirtswithlife,withdeath,witheroticism,itlongs
foranembracebutavoids,asalifestyle,thecomplexrealityofjustsuchan
embrace.Egodevelopmentisdiminished.Narcissusdoesnotknowthatheisin
lovewithhisownimage.
Whenyouareinlovewithanimage,anddonotknowit,consciously,youthink
thatitisalovethatisobjectorientated.Whatyouthinkislove,isloveofanideal,
animage,youthinkthatitisaloveobjectthatyouareinlovewith,butindayto
dayexperience,itisaloveofyourownimage.Butbecauseitisaloveofanideal
itgivesyouasenseofauthorityandthisgivesasenseofcertitudetoyourlove.
Aninternalvoiceissaying:Thisisalovethatisgoodformeandfortheother.But
inrealityitleadstodestructionanddeath.
Theperpetratorofevilhasaprofoundunconsciousdrivetowardouroboricself
absorption,towardlovingitselfasitcatchesaglimpseofitselfreflectedinthe
eyesofGodorsomesimilarauthority.Tolook,overlong,atanidealistolook
awayfromthehereandnow,forushumansitisbothfascinatingandtempting.
Narcissusisinlovewithhisreflectionbutnotareflectionofhisordinaryand
everydayengagements;rather,heisinlovewiththereflectioninitspurestform,
asanabstraction.Itisthisabstractingthatoffersauthority,andoffersacertain
rightnesstotheactionsthat,onewayoranother,follow.
Thestoryisawarningnottoleavetheworldbuttolivefullyintheworld,inthe
waysoftheworld.Itisastorywarningusagainstintrapsychicincest.Narcissus
7

essentiallykillshimselfbyrefusingtoeat.Thisanorexicsuicideismotivatedby
desiringtheidealoverthereal;thelovercaughtinhis/heridealwillbe
disappointedbywhatrealityhastooffer,andwillbegintofurtherdisparageall
thatordinaryloveiscapableof.
Inpsychologicallanguage,theperpetratorofevildoesnot,cannot,lovetheideal
becausewhathelovesisreallyareflectionofanaspectofhimselfofwhichheis
unconscious;itishisdesiretolovethatheisinlovewithandwhichalwayslets
himdown.Thereisnothingconsensualhere,itisallterriblyonesided.Theprice
thatanarcissushastopayistheunleashingofarchetypalretribution.Wehearit
inWagnersRingcycleandweseeitinMiltonsParadiseLost.
Theloveofanarcissuscharacterisseeminglysocloseyetunattainable.Listento
whattheRomanpoetOvidsaysinhisMetamorphoses,111,45358:
Helongs
Formyembrace.Why,everytimeIreach
Mylipstowardsthegleamingpool,hestrains
Hisupturnedfacetomine.Isurelycould
Touchhim,soslightthethingthatthwartsourlove.
6

Thisidealofperfectharmonyisnotwhatweexperienceindailyliving.Thereisno
perfectsynchronizationofthought,feeling,action.Soperfectisthisideal,this
unionwiththedivine,thatitisnotofthisworld.
Whattheperpetratorisunabletodo,butheorshewouldneedtolearntodo,is
tolivethroughthefantasyoftheideal,theprojection,byusingittoenlarge
consciousnessandtomakeconnectionbetweenpsycheandimagebyaworldly
engagementwithreflection(reflectionofreflection).
Freud,intalkingaboutthelackofengagementofthelibidowiththeoutside
worldwritesthatThecharmofthechildlieslargelyinhisnarcissism,hisself
sufficiencyandinaccessibility.
7
Theriskofsuchadisposition,aslivedoutbyan
8

adult,istobetotallyunconsciousofitsarchetypalorigins.Theperpetratorofevil,
theonewhobelievesinsomeauthoritativeworldview,livesinaliteralisticimage
oftheworld.Hisorherrelationshiptothedivineisaliteraloneratherthanan
imaginativeone,animagemakingone.
InJungianlanguage,thestoryofEros(Amor)andPsycheisparadigmatic:Psyche
(soul)issmittenbyloveandmotivatedbythistoundertakethejourney,the
journeyoflife,andendurethetribulationswhichintheendleadherintothe
realmoftheGods.Andwhatarethesetribulations,thetribulationsofeveryday
life?
ThefirsttaskthatAphrodite,thegoddessoflove,givesPsycheistosort,before
midnight,ahugepileofmixedseeds.Ifshefailsthistaskthepenaltywillbe
death.
ThesecondofPsychestasks,againgivenbyAphrodite,istocrossaragingriver
andbringbacksomeofthegoldenfleeceoftheramsthatpasturethere.Sheisto
bebackbynightfallonpainofdeath.
ThethirdtaskistofillacrystalgobletwiththewaterfromtheriverStyx.
Andfinally,shemustgodownintotheunderworldandobtainfromthehandof
Persephoneherselfajarofherspecialbeautycream.
Eachoneofthesetasksisseeminglyimpossibletoaccomplish.Theyare
psychologicalmorethanphysicalinnature.Nottoseethemassuchistocertainly
failthem.Theyare,infact,theworkofthesoul.
Westayintheworldofdailylivingbybeingresponsibleforcompletingthetasks
requiredofus.Toliveinaworldoffantasyoridealismistofailtolearnfrom
Psychestribulations.
Patriarchy
Beforeaddressingtwospecificexamplesofinterpersonalsituationsthathaveasa
consequenceoftheirplayingout,theexperiencesofevil,Iwanttotalkaboutthe
9

phenomenonofpatriarchy.
8
IncallingitaphenomenonImstressingthe
unconsciousreproductionandperpetuationofassumeddomination.Not
necessarilyanespouseddominationorsuperiorityofmalewaysoverfemale
ways,but,rather,anunconsciouslyassumedone.
Notallperpetuatesofevilaremale,notallrecipientsofevilarefemale;what
thereisasacommondenominator,however,istheunconsciousnessand
consciousnessofassumedauthority.
Inthe12
th
centurywehavethestoryofAbelardandHeloise.Itisastoryof
theologyandpassion,onewhichisoftendescribedasromanticbutwhichwas
characterizedbyviolenceandabuse.WehaveAbelardwritingtoHeloise:Even
whenyouwereunwilling,andresistedtotheutmostofyourpower,andtriedto
dissuademe,asyourswastheweakernatureIoftenforcedyoutoconsentwith
threatsandblows.Suchwasthe12
th
centuryexpectationthatviolence,both
emotionalandphysical,accompaniedlovethatdespitehisharshtreatmentof
her,HeloiserepeatedlyprofessedherloveforAbelard.
9

ThomasAquinas,theearly13
th
Centurytheologianandphilosopherandmajor
shaperoftheChristianchurchsattitudetowomenrightuptothelastcentury,
arguedthat:Ifevilisafallingawayfromfullbeing,andwomanisafallingaway
fromnormative(male)being,thenwomanisinevitablyassociatedwithevil,a
conclusionThomasbelievedtobescripturallysupportedbyEvesinitiationofsin
intheworld.
10

Thisistheevilofpatriarchy.Anevilthatequateswithexploitation.
Psychotherapyandtransgressionofboundaries
BywayofanillustrationofevilIwilltalkbrieflyoftheexperienceofsexualabuse
atthedirectionofatherapistwhobelievesin,ormoreimportantlywishesto
believein,hisorherlegitimacyasanauthorityofthesoul.Theevilinthis
situation,whichismostoftenarticulated,andthusjustified,asconsensualsex,is
thetherapistsunconsciousdesiretoremainunconscious;essentially,
10

unconsciousofthepowerofthetransferenceexperience;itspowertocorrupt
thetherapeuticrelationship.
Thisisparticularlysobecausewearetalkingaboutarchetypalimagesbeing
projected.And,weknow,thatsuchimagesconcealasourceofenergythatthe
patientfindsveryconvincingandthetherapist,verydisturbing.Bothpartieswill
experienceresistancetomakingtheseenergiesconscious.
Thereisalwaysapatterntosexualabuseintherapy.Thereisalwaysastoryto
tell.Thetherapist,verballyornonverbally,offersareassuringstorytothe
patient.
Theintention,thedesire,mightbelargelyunconsciousbutitistherejustthe
same.Thefirsttimeithappensitmightcatchbothpartiesunawaresbutforthe
perpetratoritcaneasilybecomehabitual.
Freudalwaysunderstoodpsychoanalysisasanexperienceofunfoldingdesire.
Initially,heunderstoodtheunconsciousdesiredirectedtowardtheanalystasan
obstacletoachievingthegoalsoftherapy.Quickly,however,hesawthemutual
experienceofdesire,ofemotion(thetransferenceandcountertransference)as
beingattheheartofconstructingabridgetoreality.
Workingwiththetransferencefacilitatesthewithdrawaloftheprojection,even,
onoccasionitstranscendence(asinindividuation).Itisalsoavulnerableeventin
therapywhenboththerapistandpatientareatamostunprotectedplace.Joseph
Henderson,himselfanalysedbyJung,relatesthatWheneverhis(Jungs)
analysandsseemedtobetoopowerfullytransferredtohimhewouldsendthem
tohisassistant,AntoniaWolfffromwhomtheywouldreceivereductive
analysis(quotedinFordham,p.49).
11

Ispeakofthissituationprimarilytostresstheimportanceoflearninghowto
consciouslyworkwiththeprocesswithanopenheartandanopenmind,rather
thangiveintotheunconsciouspotentialandthustofallintoevil.
11

AsIsaidatthebeginningofthistalk,evilanesthetizestheheart.So,whenthe
transferenceofpowerfulemotionsisnotworkedwith,thenourheartsnolonger
reactstowhattheyface.Theconsequencesofthisdenialaredeepand
troublesome.
Adultclergysexualabuse
BywayofasecondillustrationIwillrefertotheexperienceofsexualabusebya
clericalorreligiouspersonofhighstanding.ByhighstandingImeanonewho
espousesadeepandabidingfaithandhasbeengrantedaroleofauthorityina
communityofbelievers.
12

Againthereisalwaysapattern.Seenfromtheoutsideitisasconsistentasitis
extraordinary.Aswiththesexualexploitationintherapy,thefirsteventis,most
probably,unconsciouslymotivatedbutperhapsthatisanovergenerous
judgment.Weknowthatthepatternhasthefollowingelements:
Thereligiouspersonmakestheotherfeelsafe:
Iamheretocareforyou!
ThisishowIshowmycareforyou!
perhaps,forsomereason,theLordhasbroughtustogetherfor
friendshipandsupport.
Itisastepbystepwearingdownofresistances.Butmoreimportantlyitisa
failuretoacceptresponsibility.
Theexperienceofadultsexualexploitationbysuchareligiouspersonresultsin
complex
13
psychologytrauma.Thisisnottheconsequenceofasingletraumatic
incidentbutofawholerangeoftraumaticexperiences,thetraumaitselfis
multifaceted.Theexperienceofevilisdivisive,corrodingofself,andconfusingto
thedepthofonesbeing.
12

Thisisaninternalenactmentofanexternalsituationinwhichitiscontinuously
impliedthattherecipientisresponsibleforwhatishappening.Thesilence,the
lackofnegotiationismanipulatedintoafeltagreement.
Theinternalenactmentbecomesaninternalphenomenology;itisexperiencedas
onepartofthebody(orpsyche)becomingbadandanobjectofhatredbythe
self.Theselffeelstheneedtopreserveitswellbeingbyattackingtheevilpartof
thebody.
Suchistheinternalizationofevilthathatredandcontempttowardoneselfisthe
inevitableoutcome.
Whatatravestyofjusticethisis!Itisnowonderwewanttouseabusiveor
exploitativeasthemostfittingdescriptorofthissituation,especiallywhenitis
ongoing.
14

Therearetwocommonconsequencesoftheexperienceofevil,namely,feeling
likeIampossessedandfeelinglikeIneedtoeatasameansofmanagingmy
anxiety.
Psychicpossessionasanexperienceofevil
Inthepast,evilwaspersonalisedinthedevil(manydevilsactually).Cultural
historianstellusthat17
th
centuryFranceepitomizestheglacialshiftfroma
religiouslanguagetoasecularlanguage;fromsacredimagerytosocialimagery.
Possessionmighthavefinishedin17
th
centuryFrancebutevildidnt.
Atalltimestheexperienceofevilremainsconstant.Whatwehaveisa
psychologicalmovefromgoodandbadbeingcosmicforcestogoodandbad
beinginnerresponsibilities.Whatwasaninvadingforcefromoutthereisnow
inhereandItsallmyfault.
Historically,whatwasexperiencedasanopenwarbetweenheavenandhellwas
playedoutinthebodyofthepossessed.Itisthesametoday.Nowwehavea
covertplayofpowerinwhichoneistheperpetratorandtheothertherecipient.
Andonceagainitisplayedoutasaninvasivepowerinthebody.
13

Partoftheselfhas,asitwere,beentakenoverbyanalienpowerandisnow
attackingitself.InFreudswords:Theexperienceisoneofturningagainstthe
selfinhatred.
Itfeelslikeapossessionbecausehowelsecanweexplaintoourselvesthisself
destructiveexperience.
Iseeitasanexpressionofevilbecausewhatwasanidealisedobjectthatwas
desired,passionatelylongedfor,suchastheunionofheavenandearth,divine
loveandhumanlove,hasbeeninvertedasaninvasivepowerthattakesover
onesautonomy,eventotheextentofquestioningonesidentity.
Eatingmyselftodeath:anexperienceofevil
Feelingbad,constantlyanddeeplyfeelingbad,leadstolookingforfood.A
commonexperienceistofeeloneselfinthegripofdaemonicforces,adaemonic
voicetellingyoutoeat,toeatmore,tokeepeatingmore!Theeatingseemsto
convertunmanageableanxietyintoamanageableform.
15

Whatwasanidealizedobjectofdesireisnowabadinternalmethatneedstobe
alternativelypunishedandsoothed.Theviciouscycleisasperverseasitis
sustaining.
Thelevelofpsychicpainhasbecomesointensethatepisodesofbingeeating
havebecometheonlyformofemotionalrelief.
Theeatingtakesonanaddictivepatterninwhichfoodisusednotfornutrition
butrathertochangeandnegatedistressingstatesofmind.
Asameansofcopingwiththefeltemptinessandemotionalhungeronewould
resorttobingeeatingandtheguiltthatwouldinevitablyfollow.
Clearlythesameappliestootherformsofselfharmsuchascutting,fasting,and
purging.Thenatureofthisdamagetooneselfisarchetypalaswellasimmediately
ofthebody.
Conclusion
14

Theexperienceofevilisaformofsoulmurder.
16
Thisisespeciallysowhencarried
outinthenameoflove.Itisevenmoresowhenitisperpetratedundertheguise
ofanauthority,beitareligiousorganizationoratherapeuticone.Intruth,what
wedesirewhenweopenourhearttoanotherisaliberatingconversation:One
whichisfreelygivenandfreelyreceived.

1
Levine,M.L.(2000).SeeNoEvil,HearNoEvil,SpeakNoEvil:psychiatry,psychoanalysisandevil,Psychoanalytic
Studies,Vol.2,No.3.
2
Haslam,S.A.andReicher,S.D.(2008).Questioningthebanalityofevil.Thisarticlecanbefoundon:
http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/
3
Hillman,J.(1993).TheThoughtoftheHeartandTheSouloftheWorld,Dallas,TX:Spring.P.64.
4
Jung,C.G.(1971).PsychologicalTypes,CW6,BollingenSeriesXX,Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,para
408.
5
Formythoughtsonthismyth,IhaveheavilydrawnonMurraySteinspaperNarcissus,inSpring(1976),pp.32
53.
6
Ovid,(1986).Metamorphoses,Trans,A.D.Melville,OxfordWorldClassics,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.
7
QuotedbyHavelockEllis(1828)inStudiesinthePsychologyofSex,Vol.7,Philadelphia,p.359.
8
Wright,E.(1992).Ed.FeminismandPsychoanalysis:Acriticaldictionary.Oxford:Blackwell.
9
Miles,M.R.(2005).TheworldMadeFlesh:AhistoryofChristianthought,Oxford:Blackwell,p.153.
10
Miles,M.R.(2005).TheworldMadeFlesh:AhistoryofChristianthought,Oxford:Blackwell,p.1723.
11
Fordham,M.(1978).JungianPsychotherapy:AStudyinAnalyticalPsychology.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.
12
Flynn,K.A.(2003).TheSexualAbuseofWomenbyMembersoftheClergy,Jefferson,NC:McFarland.
13
Herman,J.L.(1992).TraumaandRecovery,NewYork:BasicBooks.
14
ForachillingawardwinningdocumentaryonthesexualabuseofchildrenbyclergyseeBerg,A.(2006).Deliver
UsFromEvil,Lionsgate.
15
Kalsched,D.(1997).TheInnerWorldofTrauma.London:Routledge.
16
Shengold,L.(1989).SoulMurder:TheEffectsofChildhoodAbuseandDeprivation,NewYork:Columbine.