ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT

WORK 1/2014


NAME :

CLASS : 5S2

IC NUMBER :

ANGKA GILIRAN : PC016 A

SCHOOL : Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan
Heng Ee

TEACHERS NAME : Mr Khaw Inn Seng




CONTENT

No. Content Page Number
1. Acknowledgement 3
2. Objective 4
3. Introduction 5-6
4. Activity 1 7-9
5. Activity 2
Part (a) 10-11
Part (b) 12
6. Activity 3 13
7. Activity 4
Part (a) 14-15
Part (b) 15-16
8. Activity 5
Part (a) 17-18
Part (b) 18-19
9. Reflection 20








Acknowledgement

First of all , I would like to thank the principal of Sekolah Menengah Jenis
Kebangsaan Heng Ee, Mr. Low Lim Wah for giving me the permission to do this
Additional Mathematics Project Work.
Not forgotten my parents for providing everything , such as money to buy
anything that are related to this project work and their advise , which is the most needed
for this project . They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so
that I will not procrastinate in doing it .
Then I would like to thank my teacher , Mr Khaw Inn Seng for guiding me and
my friends throughout this project . We had some difficulties in doing this task , but he
taught me and my friends patiently on ways to accomplish this project work and the
ways to solve the question in this project work . He tried and tried to teach us until we
understand what we supposed to do with the project work .
Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends who were doing this project
with me. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together , sharing
information and ideas in order to get this project work done.






Aim and Objective
Aim :
The aim for this project is to survey the suitable perimeter for track and field
event tournament.
Project Work Objective :
At the end of this project, I will be able to
Collect data of the circumference and radius of semicircle.
Calculate the distance in each lane.
Solve problems by using various strategies.
Relate my knowledge with data obtained.
State the cause of injury during the running and ways to avoid accidents.








Introduction
A Brief History Of Running Track
The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory. Track and
field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as
running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human
physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field
events at a sports festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first
Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested:
the stadion footrace. The scope of the Games expanded in later years to
include further running competitions, but the introduction of the Ancient
Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized
todayit comprised a five-event competition of the long jump, javelin
throw, discus throw, stadion footrace and wrestling.
Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece
around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC. After
the period of Classical antiquity (in which the sport was largely Greco-
Roman influenced) new track and field events began developing in parts
of Northern Europe in the Middle Ages. The stone put and weight
throw competitions popular among Celtic societies
inIreland and Scotland were precursors to the modern shot put and hammer
throw events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the pole
vault, which stemmed from competitions such as the Fierljeppen contests in
the Northern European Lowlands in the 18th century.

An early model of hurdling at the Detroit Athletic Club in 1888.
Discrete modern track and field competitions, separate from general sporting
festivals, were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically
organised by educational institutions, military organisations and sports
clubs as competitions between rival establishments. Competitions in the
English public schools were conceived as human equivalents of horse
racing, fox hunting and hare coursing, influenced by a Classics-rich
curriculum. The Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt is the oldest running club in
the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was
established by 1819. The school organised Paper Chase races in which
runners followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes" even today
RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill". The first
definite record of Shrewsbury's (cross-country) Annual Steeplechase is in
1834, making it the oldest running race of the modern era. The school also
lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still in existence, originating
in the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840. This featured a
series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the
Derby Stakes, the Hurdle Race and the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered
by "owners" and named as though they were horses. 13 miles (21 km) away
and a decade later, the first Wenlock Olympian Games were held at Much
Wenlock racecourse. Events at the 1851 Wenlock Games included a "half-
mile foot race" (805 m) and a "leaping in distance" competition.
In 1865, Dr William Penny Brookes of Wenlock helped set up the National
Olympian Association, which held their first Olympian Games in 1866
at The Crystal Palacein London. This national event was a great success,
attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people. In response, that same year
the Amateur Athletic Club was formed and held a championship for
"gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated
elite. Ultimately the "allcomers" ethos of the NOA won through and the
AAC was reconstituted as the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880, the
first national body for the sport of athletics. The AAA Championships,
the de facto British national championships despite being for England only,
have been held annually since 3 July 1880 with breaks only during two
world wars and 20062008. The AAA was effectively a global governing
body in the early years of the sport, codifying its rules for the first time.
The establishment of the modern Olympic Games at the end of the 19th
century marked a new high for track and field. The Olympic athletics
programme, comprising track and field events plus a marathon race,
contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 1896 Summer
Olympics. The Olympics also consolidated the use of metric
measurements in international track and field events, both for race distances
and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme
greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field contests
remained among the Games' most prominent. The Olympics was the elite
competition for track and field, and only amateur sportsmen could compete.
Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was
strictly enforced: Jim Thorpe was stripped of his track and field medals from
the 1912 Olympics after it was revealed that he had
played baseball professionally.
With the rise of numerous regional championships, as well as the growth in
Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the Commonwealth Games and
the Pan-American Games), competitions between international track and
field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onwards, the sport gained
more exposure and commercial appeal through television coverage and the
increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, the
amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by
growing professionalism in the late 1970s. As a result, the Amateur Athletic
Union was dissolved in the United States and it was replaced with a non-
amateur body solely focused on the sport of athletics: The Athletics
Congress (laterUSA Track and Field). The IAAF soon followed suit in 1982,
abandoning amateurism, and later removing all references to it from its
name by rebranding itself as the International Association of Athletics
Federations. The following year saw the establishment of theIAAF World
Championships in Athleticsthe first ever global competition just for
athleticswhich, with the Olympics, became one of track and field's most
prestigious competitions.
From the 1990s onwards, track and field became increasingly more
professional and international, as the IAAF gained over two hundred
member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a
fully professional competition with the introduction of prize money in 1997,
and in 1998 the IAAF Golden Leaguean annual series of major track and
field meetings in Europeprovided a higher level of economic incentive in
the form of a US$1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the
more lucrative IAAF Diamond League, a fourteen-meeting series held in
Europe, Asia, North America and the Middle Eastthe first ever worldwide
annual series of track and field meetings.

100 m
100m
Field
1.2m Lane 1
Lane 2

Lane 1 Lane 3

Lane 1 Lane 4

Lane 1 Lane 5

Lane 1 Lane 6

Lane 1 Lane 7

Lane 1 Lane 8

Lane 1

Activity 1 : Collecting Information


You and your friends are asked to help your sports teacher to make the lanes
for track and field event as illustrated in Diagram 1 below.














Given that the smallest circumference of semicircle is 100 meter. The length
of straight line of the field track is also 100 meter. The width of each lane is
1.2 meter.
Show your working to determine the distance of each lane and complete
Table 1.
(Use = 3.142)

Solution :
Let S be the circumference of the semicircles, R is the radius of the first
semicircle
S = R
But = radian
Therefore, R =

By using the formula of arithmetic progression,
Radius of each semicircle = a + (n-1)d, where a= radius of the first
semicircle, n=number of term, d=difference between any two consecutive
terms
But, a =

, d = 1.2 m
Therefore, radius of each semicircle, r =

(n-1)1.2
Distance of each lane, d = 100 + 100 + 2S
= 200 + 2S



Lane
Circumference of
Semicircle (S) , in
meter
(3 decimal places)
Radius (r) , in
meter
(3 decimal
places)
Distance of Each
Lane (d) , in
meter
(3 decimal
places)

1 100.000

(1-
1)1.2=31.827
100 + 100 +
2(100.000) =
400.000

2
33.027 =
103.771

(2-
1)1.2=33.027
100 + 100 +
2(103.771) =
407.542

3
34.227 =
107.541

(3-
1)1.2=34.227
100 + 100 +
2(107.541) =
415.082

4
35.427 =
111.312

(4-
1)1.2=35.427
100 + 100 +
2(111.312) =
422.624

5
36.627 =
115.082

(5-
1)1.2=36.627
100 + 100 +
2(115.082) =
430.164

6
37.827 =
118.852

(6-
1)1.2=37.827
100 + 100 +
2(118.852) =
437.704

7
39.027 =
122.623

(7-
1)1.2=39.027
100 + 100 +
2(122.623) =
445.246

8
40.227 =
126.393

(8-
1)1.2=40.227
100 + 100 +
2(126.393) =
452.786


Table 1
100 m
100m
Starting line of
Lane 1
Finishing line
Activity 2 : Data Analysis

Diagram 2 shows the starting line of Lane 1 and finishing line of all lanes.












Diagram 2




(a) Based on Diagram 2, the starting line of Lane 1 has been given. You are
asked to determine the distance of starting line of Lane 2, Lane 3, Lane 4,
Lane 5, Lane 6, Lane 7 and Lane 8 from the finishing line for a 400 meter
event. Hence, complete Table 2. Use at least two suitable problem
solving strategies.

Solution :
Method 1:
Shortest distance between starting line and finishing line
=

- 400m
Method 2:
Distance between two starting line
=

, where L = Distance of lane , n = number of term of lane

nth lane
Shortest distance
between starting line
and finishing line, in
meter
(2 decimal places)

1 400.00 400.00 =0.00 0.00
2 407.54 400.00 = 7.54 407.54 400.00 = 7.54
3 415.08 400.00 = 15.08 415.08 407.54 =7.54
4 422.62 400.00 = 22.62 422.62 415.08 = 7.54
5 430.16 400.00 = 30.16 430.16 422.62 = 7.54
6 437.70 400.00 = 37.70 437.70 430.16 = 7.54
7 445.24 400.00 = 45.24 445.24 437.70 = 7.54
8 452.78 400.00 = 52.78 452.78 445.24 = 7.54

Table 2
(b) Make a conclusion from the data obtained in Table 2.
The shortest distance between starting line and finishing line increases
down the lane. This is because of the distance of the track increases. As the
lanes keep increasing, the shortest distance between starting line and
finishing line will be increased also. But the distance of starting line
between two consecutive lanes is the same. This explains why the starting
line of each lane is different because distance of starting line and finishing
line of each lane will be 400 meter. Fair game will be played.










Activity 3: Data Interpretation

Oil paint is to be used to draw all the tracks. The price of a tin of 5 liter oil
paint is RM10. Given that 2 liter of oil paint is needed to draw a 100 meter
track. Calculate the number of tin of oil paint needed and the cost (in RM)
to draw all the eight tracks.
Solution :
Price of 1 liter oil paint =

= RM 2

Length of track that 1 liter of oil paint can draw =

= 50 m

Total length of tracks
= 400 + 407.542 + 415.082 +422.624+ 430.164 + 437.704 + 445.246 +
452.786
= 3411.15m (2 d.p.)

Volume of oil paint needed =

= 68.22 l

Number of tins of oil paint needed
=

=13.644
= approximately 14 tins of oil paint needed

Cost to draw all the eight tracks = 14 10 = RM 140






1.2m
Finishing line
Starting line of
Lane 1
Activity 4: Further Exploration

The design of tracks shown in Diagram 1 is the track that is usually used in
the tracks tournament.
(a) Using your own creativity, create two designs of tracks which has a
measurement of 400m in Lane 1 and width of each lane is the same.

Answer :
















Design 1
400m
Finishing line
Starting line of
Lane 1
1.2m














Design 2

(b) Based on your track designed in question (a) and Diagram 1, Which
design would you choose for your school tournament?
State your justification.
I will choose the design of Diagram 1 for my school tournament. This
design of track is recognized by the International Association of Athletics
Federations .If a track is to allow for such a curb (it can be removed when
not in use), the track's inner lane line must be specified at 30 centimeters
inside the aforementioned runner's 400-meter path. If no curb is needed, as is
the case at the high school level, the track can be built with an inner line 20
centimeters removed from the runner's circuit. Says Fisher, "Somebody
400m
decided however many years ago that if you're running against a white stripe,
you can run 20 centimeters from that stripe and not step on the stripe. You
can safely compete at that distance. And if you step on the stripe, you may
get disqualified, but you're not going to get hurt. At the high-end levels, you
run against a rail, and because of the psychological fear of hitting that rail
and breaking an ankle, you're afraid to run that close to it. It's determined
that the path of travel is 30 centimeters from a rail. So there are tracks built
for a rail. There are tracks built to not have a rail. One track cannot be built
for both."












Activity 5: Conclusions

Based on a study by American Academy of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, 70% of athletes were injured during the track events.
According to runnersworld.com, about 40% of athletes were knee injuries.
For women, backbone and ankle injuries always happened while running.
Headache can also be occurred especially during hot weather.

(a) What are the causes of track and field injuries?
Examples of track and field injuries are shin splints, high ankle sprain,
groin strain and back muscle pain.
Shin splints are caused by overstraining of your muscles where they
attach to your shin. The most common cause is overuse or overtraining
associated with poor foot and leg biomechanics. Shin splints can be caused
by a number of factors which are mainly biomechanical (abnormal
movement patterns) and errors in training . In appropriate footwear,
increasing your training too quickly and running on hard or angled surfaces
will also cause shin splints.
A groin strain is a muscular tear or rupture to any one of your groin
muscles; usually one of the hip adductor muscle group. Your body has five
adductor muscles: adductor brevis, longus, magnus, pectineus and gracilis.
Any of these groin muscles can be strained but the most common is adductor
longus. A groin strain usually occurs with high speed activities such as
kicking, change of direction or sprinting.
Most causes of low back pain are muscle, ligament or joint related. Most
commonly, these back injuries are caused by muscular strains, ligament
sprains and joint dysfunction, particularly when pain arises suddenly during
or following physical loading of your spine. Muscle fatigue, excessive loads,
high speeds or poor lifting postures are the most common causes.
High ankle sprains most commonly occur when your foot is planted on
the ground and then an excessive outwards twisting of your foot occurs.
High ankle ligaments can also sprain when your ankle is loaded severely and
pushed into excessive dorsiflexion. This often occurs in football tackles.

(b) What are the ways to avoid track and field injuries?
Start slow and gradually, never increase training by more than 10% per
workout AND 10% per week. Good warm up and cool down, maintain good
strength to get this, try hitting the gym. Stay well hydrated and dont diet
while training because this will affect your workouts.
The amount of training you carry out plays a key role in determining
your real injury risk. Studies have shown that your best direct injury
predictor may be the amount of training you completed last month. Fatigued
muscles do a poor job of protecting their associated connective tissues,
increasing the risk of damage to bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. If
you are a runner, the link between training quantity and injury means that
the total mileage is an excellent indicator of your injury risk. The more miles
you accrue per week, the higher the chances of injury. One recent
investigation found a marked upswing in injury risk above 40 miles of
running per week.
If you have been injured before then you are much more likely to get
hurt than an athlete who has been injury free. Regular exercises have a way
of uncovering the weak areas of the body. If you have knees that are put
under heavy stress, because of your unique biomechanics during exercises,
your knees are likely to hurt when you engage in your sport for a prolonged
time. After recovery, you re-establish your desired training load without
modification to your biomechanics then your knees are likely to be injured
again.
The second predictor of injury is probably the number of consecutive
days of training you carry out each week. Scientific studies strongly suggest
that reducing the number of consecutive days of training can lower the risk
of injury. Recovery time reduces injury rates by giving muscles and
connective tissues an opportunity to restore and repair themselves between
work-outs.



Reflection
1. What have you learned during the implementation of this project work?
Throughout the project while I was conducting it, I have learned many
things. I have realized the importance of mathematics in daily life apart from
the regular calculations of simple numbers. Moreover, I have learnt to be
more patient and not to give up easily when doing my work. These are the
positive attitudes one should have to be able to do something successfully.
Besides, I learned how to cooperate with friends. My friends and I discussed
about the project and we shared ideas amongst ourselves. This discussion
has made me more confident when doing something. I also learned the ways
to communicate with the people around us when I try to ask information
from the workers, designer, architect and engineer.
2. List the good values that you have practiced during this project.
I have practiced several good values while carrying out this project work
such as self-discipline. I have tried my very best to complete this project
work without procrastinating and hence, managed to hand it in on time. This
project had taught me to be responsible on the works that are given to me
and to be completed. Nevertheless, I have to be hardworking when doing the
tasks given and have to be patient when solving problems that occurred.
Besides, I have also practiced teamwork with my fellow friends by sharing
ideas and information throughout the process of doing this project work. I
have also learnt to be polite when talking or asking information from other
people. By practicing all these good values, I have succeeded in completing
this project work of Additional Mathematics.