8.

* Proof of the Ampere's circuital law

Biot-Savart law and numbering

Idl
aR
aR
J
H =

=
4 R2
4 R 2 dv
I 1 d l 1
a 12
a 12
J1

=
H2 =
2
4 R 12
4 R 212 dv 1

Check the below equations first !!

2

1
R 12

= 2

( R1 )
12

{ (x 2 - x 1 )

+ (y 2 - y 1 ) 2 + (z 2 - z 1 ) 2 }

3/2

R 12
a 12
a 21

=
=
R 312
R 212
R 212

= 1

- ( x 2 - x 1)
a x - ( y 2 - y 1)
a y - ( z 2 - z 1)
az

= -

1
2
2 1/2
{ ( x 2 - x 1) + ( y 2 - y 1) + ( z 2 - z 1) }
2

1
2
2 1/2
{ ( x 2 - x 1) + ( y 2 - y 1) + ( z 2 - z 1) }
2

( x 2 - x 1)
a x + ( y 2 - y 1)
a y + ( z 2 - z 1)
az

{ (x 2 - x 1 )

+ (y 2 - y 1 ) 2 + (z 2 - z 1 ) 2 }

R 12
a 12

1
=
= - 2
3
2
R 12
R 12
R 12

- 1 -

3/2

 Make H 2 in the form of 2 G 2

J 1
a 12
H2 =
4 R 212 dv 1
=

a 12
1 -
J 1 dv 1
4 R 212

1
1
2

4
R 12

[ (

) J ] dv
1

Since
( C ) = ( C ) + ( ) C
2

1
1
J1 =
R 12
R 12

( 2 J1 ) + 2

1
R 12

) J

then
H2 =

1
1
2

4
R 12

[ (

) J ] dv
1

J1
1

2
4
R 12

J1
1

2
4
R 12

dv 1

[ ( )
( )

1
R 12

( 2 J 1 )

dv 1

Remind again
( C ) = ( C ) + ( ) C
J1

2
R 12 dv 1 = 2

J1
R 12

J1
dv 1 -
R 12 ( 2 dv 1 )

then
H2 =
=

J1
1

2
4
R 12

( )

dv 1

J1
1
J 1 ( dv )
2
dv
+
1
2
1
R 12
R 12
4

[ (

= 2

J1
dv 1
4 R 12

That is,
J1
G2 =
4 R 12 dv 1

- 2 -

 curl of H 2
- Make curl of H 2
2

2 H 2 = 2 ( 2 G 2 ) = 2 ( 2 G 2 ) - 2 G 2

- Calculate 2 G 2 first
J1
2 G 2 = 2
4 R 12 dv 1

J1
=

4 R 12

[ 41R

12

J1
dv 1 +
4 R 12 ( 2 dv 1 )

2 J 1 + J 1 2

1
=
J 1 2 4 R 12

) dv
1
1
J
=
( R ) dv
4
1

= -

( 41R ) ] dv
12

12

J1
1

1
4
R 12

( )

1
J 1 ) dv 1
R 12 ( 1

For the steady-state, is time-independent.

1 J 1 +

= 0
t

2 G 2 = -

1 J 1 = -

J1
1

1
4
R 12

= 0
t
1 J1

d s 1
4 s R 12

dv 1 = -

Choose the closed surface larger than one containing current

2 G 2 = -

1 J1

d s 1 = 0
4 s R 12
1

Then,
2 H 2 = 2 ( 2 G 2 ) = 2 ( 2 G 2 ) - 22 G 2
= - 22 G 2
J1
= - 22
4 R 12 dv 1

J1
1
2
= -
4 2 R 12

- 3 -

) dv

 concept of delta function employed

1
- Laplacian of R 12

When R 1 R 2
2

( R1 ) = ( R1 )
2

12

(
[

= 2 = 2

12

R 12
R 312

- ( x 2 - x 1)
a x - ( y 2 - y 1)
a y - ( z 2 - z 1)
az

{ (x 2 -x 1 )

+ (y 2 -y 1 ) 2 + (z 2 -z 1 ) 2 }

3/2

= 0

When R 1 = R 2
2

1
R 12

= 2

- ( x 2 - x 1)
a x - ( y 2 - y 1)
a y - ( z 2 - z 1)
az

{ (x 2 -x 1 )

+ (y 2 -y 1 ) 2 + (z 2 -z 1 ) 2 }

- If the volume v 1 does not contain R 2 , ( R 1 R 2 )

1
2
2

R 12

) dv

= 0

- If the volume v 1 contains R 2 , ( R 1 = R 2 happened )

1
2
2

R 12

1
dv 1 =

2
2

R 12

( ) dv
1
=
( R ) dv
1
=

( R )d s
s

12

12

a 12

R 212 d s 1
a 21

= -

R 221 d s 1

- 4 -

3/2

For the sphere with a radius of R 21 centered at R 2 .

2 1
2 R 12

a 21

dv 1 = -

R 221 d s 1
ds 1
= -

R 221
2

4 R 21
= R 221
= -4

- In summary,
22

or

( R1 ) 0 only when R = R
1

( R ) dv = - 4 when
1

12

v 1 contains R 2 .

12

Then,
1
2
2

R 12

) dv = - 4 - 4 ( R - R ) dv
1
1

( R ) dv = ( R - R ) dv
4
(

2
2

12

When the concept of the delta function is employed,

J1
1
2

2 H 2 = -
2
4
R 12

) dv

=
J 1 ( R 1 - R 2 ) dv 1
= J2

H = J

- 5 -

 Stokes' theorem

For the specific small cell

Ad l =

A y
A x
x
y

= ( A ) z s z =
=>

) x y
a z } { s
az}
{ ( A ) z

a i } { s
ai}
{ ( A )

= ( A ) i s i

Sum all over the cell

( A ) i s i
i
i Ad l =
i

Left side : inner line integrations are canceled

Adl

i
i Adl =
c

Right side

i ( A ) i s i
s ( A )d s
Stokes theorem is as follows

c Ad l = s Ad s

- 6 -

 When the Stokes' theorem is employed,

c Ad l = s Ad s

Put A = H , where H is the magnetic field intensity.

c Hd l = s Hd s

Since H = J
Hd s = Jd s = I
s
s

Therefore,

c Hdl = I

- 7 -