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EDUCATION:

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of
a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training,
research, or simply through autodidacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience
that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts.

ETYMOLOGY:
The word "education" is derived from the Latin ducti (A breeding, a bringing up, a
rearing") from dc (I educate, I train) which is related to the homonym dc (I lead
forth, I take out; I raise up, I erect) from - (from, out of) and dc (I lead, I conduct).

HISTORY OF EDUCATION:
The passing on of culture is also known as enculturation and the learning of social values
and behaviours is socialization. The history of curricula of such education reflects human
history itself, the of knowledge, beliefs, skills and cultures of humanity. A formal schooling in
literacy was often only available to a small part of the population, either at religious
institutions or for the wealthy who could afford to pay for their tutors.

ROLE OF EDUCATION:
Education on the whole is a learning which helps to understand the past, present and
deduce your own understanding of the future it helps to
To provide a best learning environment as a mean for progress.
Personality development
Interaction with society
National growth

TYPE OF EDUCATION:
Informal education: Learning from attitudes , skills and knowledge gain from experience
or practice.
Formal education: Hierarchically structured system.

Overtime there has been a fast improvement in the teaching methods to enhance learning,
technology play an important role in this regard.

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PLACES OF EDUCATION:

Preschool:
Primary School:
High school
Colleges
Universities
Campuses


CAMPUS:

A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional
buildings are situated.

Usually a campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls and park-like settings.

The definition currently describes a collection of buildings that belong to a given
institution, either academic or non-academic.

The word derives from latin word FOR field and first was used to describe the grounds
of a college at the ground of the New Jersey during 18th century.

The meaning expanded to include the whole institutional property during the 20th century,
with the old meaning persisting into the 1950s in some places. Sometimes the lands on
which company office buildings sit, along with the buildings, are called campuses.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAMPUS AND A UNIVERSITY:

All university if properly designed with minimum travel time between departments and
maximum feels like a community can be campuses but a;; the campuses are not universities
a campus may consist of a school or a specific group of departments or even set of offices
(a collection of offices).

TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES:

There are three major types of universities
Ox ridge, it consist of semiautonomous colleges and unique in oxford and Cambridge
London, it consists of no of independent colleges. Many of which are specialist in
nature,
Provincial, it is the most important type and consists of no of subject department or
faculties. This type of university is generally established in Pakistan.


TYPES OF CAMPUSES:

Trade or Vocational schools
Privately owned and operated
Programs of study ranging from five months to three years.
Offer a wide variety of job-training options
Feature concentrated curriculum focused on a specific field.


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CAMPUS DESIGN:

MASTER PLAN:
The campus master plan represents a strategic plan to guide the development and growth of
the institution over the next few decades. The plan documents a development strategy that
establishes goals and objectives balancing the many space land use. Landscape and
infrastructure needs of the campus with a concern for responsible sustainable and
compatible growth.

COMPONENTS OF CAMPUS:
According to Dober, there are two main components which a campus design entails. These
are place making and place marking buildings. Landmark, style, materials, landscape and
circulation systems are elements used in place making and place marking.

PLACE MAKING:
Place making entails positioning and arrangement of campus land uses and pedestrian and
vehicular routes. It is the location of building and functional open spaces such as play fields
and parking lots and the definition of edges and the interface between the campus and
environments. Place making is an essential first step in creating a rational and pleasurable
campus designing.

PLACE MARKING:
This is the structure of overall design, which involves definition, conceptualization and
orchestration of certain physical attributes which gives a campus a visual uniqueness. The
place markings are important in strengthening the campus.

LANDMARKS:
These are prominent features that are use to identify the place. These could be buildings,
architectural elements, monuments , gateways, attention grabbing eccentric design etc
where size, grandeur or position may blend into a transcendental, iconographic metaphor of
institutional presence and purpose.
STYLE:
Choice of style may either be formal (regular, symmetrical and rectilinear) or it can be
informal (irregular and asymmetrical).There are three types of styles. Mono forms,
metamorphic and mosaics.
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Mono forms: it is a singular style applied to campus. A sense of finite unit is
accomplished in one phase of construction.

Metamorphic: it is where the beginning style is acknowledged, respected and
reinterpreted as architecture suitable for its own time. Metamorphoses are a change
in form, structure and a substance induced by external pressure or effects. In
campus planning metamorphic process may come because of new demands and
technologies with new forms.

Mosaic: it has no singular style. Each generation contributed as an example of
architecture of its own times.

MATERIALS:
Campus design images are usually stronger when exterior surfaces can be read as symbols
associated with campus history, and thus help mark both time and space.

LANDSCAPING:
Clearage between buildings have aesthetic, functional and symbolic purposes which
landscape define and sustains. Different types of landscape features include campus edges,
gateways, gardens, fountains, outdoor sitting areas, site furniture, ponds, woodlands etc.
They include controlling dust, abating noise, securing boundaries, and affording privacy.

DYNAMISM OF GROWTH:
Campus design is essentially a growth oriented planning process. A successful master plan
needs to establish a system which would be capable of handling future load of services.
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OPEN SPACES:
Students dont want simply to work or just learn what is taught to them. They want to
inspired, comforted, invigorated and reassured of their environment. Open green spaces
help people to handle their stress. Open spaces are very important when it comes to
campus design.

ACTIVTY NODES:
While locating buildings, place them in conjunction with other buildings to form small nodes
of public life, create a series of these nodes throughout the university in contrast to quiet,
private outdoor spaces and join them together with a network of pedestrian paths.\

ACCESSIBILITY:

At the campus level the circulation system can be divided into three parts.
Incoming visitors and day scholars from the city.
Movement of staff from residences to academic departments.
Students from their academic departments and back.

ZONING:
There are five major zones in a campus.
1. Academic zones: restricted to instructional process and contact between students
and departments.
2. Residential zone: for students and faculty members.
3. Activity zone: for students and faculty members.
4. Common facilities: for students and faculty members.
5. Commercial zone: for students and faculty members.
PARKING:
When the area devotes to parking is too large, it destroys the land therefore the areas of
parking lots and garages should be less than 9% of the land. The parking lot design
objective is to maximize the total number of parking spaces in the space
available with the following considerations:
The parking layout should provide continuous flow of traffic through the lot.
The design should allow safe movement of pedestrians from parking to buildings.
The design should allow for appropriate landscaping of the parking areas without
conflicting with site lighting.
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CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS:
Climate plays a very important role in affecting the planning as the placing of building is done
with respect to solar path and severity of climate. Landscape is very important factor for
climate control.

CIRCULATION AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS:
The university should provide equal access to all buildings for those with disabilities and to
doing in a dignified manner. A pedestrian oriented campus should be promoted by
minimizing intrusion of vehicles into campus and emergency and service vehicle access.
Traffic patterns should be such that vehicular and pedestrian routes should not cross other.
No traffic route or pedestrian path should pass through any zone which is not destine for that
area.

ORIENTATION:
Building entrances are frequently the meeting places, and gathering places of those using
buildings, and should be designed to encourage interaction. The academic activities of the
university should be visible to passersby. Windows should be placed to light and provide
views to internal spaces.

FLEXIBILITY OF SPACE:
We look for the possibilities for more than use of space which is basically controlled by time
factor in universities and campus. University should be designed where it can grow furtherer
and even its interior spaces should be designed so that the can extend when needed.

TYPES OF LAYOUT OF CAMPUS PLANNING
There are five types of layouts have been used in campuses around the world. These are
discussed below:
1) Linear Layout Model (fig. a)
2) Central Focus Layout model (fig.b)
3) Grid Iron Layout Model (fig.c)
4) Molecular Layout Model (fig.d)
5) Dispersed Layout Model (fig. e)



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GRID IRON MODEL
This is a common model of formal organization especially suitable for institutions with clear
ambitious development.


MERIT:
In this model all academic buildings are independent.

DEMERIT:
No consideration is given for pedestrian and vehicular traffic
Future expansions can be done on edges.

EXAMPLES:
UET
LUMS
University of Peshawar.

LINEAR MODEL
Most contemporary campuses are designed on this module, this module is practiced in many
universities in Pakistan

MERITS
It allows future growth with well defined services system without impairing the
functional efficiency of the building environment.
General feature of this type is ribbon like zones of central facilities along both sides of
this zone are sites for departmental facilities. This type has open ended system
allowing expansion of any of the zone without disturbance.
Cost of the service is also less in this type as all the departments are closer to each
other and their development are along a single line.
These systems also have proper segregation as all the vehicular traffic is on the
outside while the pedestrian can move freely in the inside of the campus.
EXAMPLES:
University of the Punjab,new campus, Lahore
University of agriculture, Faisalabad
University of engineering and technology, Karachi
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RADIAL MODEL:
In this module campus is designed in circular form and admin. Blocks and activity areas are
often kept at centre so they can be accessible from all the departments.

MERIT
Easy traffic access and lesser cost of services.
Segregation between vehicular and pedestrian traffics is possible.

DEMERITS
Future growth can be problematic as the circle is a complete and future expansion
can make the nucleus congested which can cause an overload to the service.

EXAMPLE:
Ghulam ishaq khan institute, Topi.

MOLECULAR MODEL:
This kind of model is applied in very big universities where on centre is not enough. In this
model, different portions have their own control nucleus. For future expansions new centre
can be developed. Traffic segregation in this type is deficient as there are different no. of
different centres. There is no university of this type in Pakistan.

MERITS
Every centre has library,museum and student or teacher centre in it.
Each centre could care different colleges and departments.
Future extension is convenient in this kind of model.
Service of this type are collected at one point so a lot of saving is done.


DEMERITS:
Vehicular and pedestrian traffic separated is difficult to achieve.




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DISPERSED MODEL:
The model allows casual distribution on the site.

DEMERITS:
There is no segregation between pedestrian and vehicular traffic as separate road
has to lead to each separate blocks so more cost in the development of roads.
Filling in the spaces make extension between different blocks.
Cost of services is more in this type as buildings are scattered on the site.
EXAMPLES:
University of technology and engineering, Lahore
Quaid-e-Azam university, Islamabad.


CENTRAL FOCUS MODEL:
The concentric type is developed around one major focus, it can grow outward with either
formal or informal shapes but the most useful and common arrangement would be a loose
rectangular pattern.

MERITS:
The major advantages are easy traffic access and lesser cost of the services.
As the buildings are not scattered so segregation between pedestrian and vehicular
traffic is possible.
DEMERITS:
Circle being the complete form discourages the future growth and even if the growth
is planned in concentric ring, it chokes the nucleus with congestion.
There is overloading of services system.
EXAMPLES:
Ghulam Ishaq khan Institute,Topi NWFP.

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REQUIRED SPACES FOR CAMPUS

LIBRARY:
The college should give student the maximum opportunity to learn about the thinking
of the past ages ,to have contact with main output of print and pictures.

AUDITORIUM:
The auditorium should be in campus because the auditorium properly utilized offers
an excellent environment for creating such a learning situation.
The auditorium properly offers more punctual usefulness to adults of the community.

CLASS ROOMS:
The standard class room is the fundamental space in the college.The class should be
design as follow
o The basic scale of class room in term of basic desks arrangement.
o The arrangement of desks.
o The analysis of numerous types of areas with in the class room.

LABORATORIES :
Laboratories are of three types ,1- physics,2-chemistry,3-biology.
Theses laboratories should be on there department.

GENERAL OFFICE :
The general office includes working spaces for the college clerks , waiting and
reception room and the space for the storage of records.

RECEPTION :
Reception should be on admin block

PRINCIPALS OFFICE :
This room reflects the spirit of the college preferably and that of friendly,co-operation
and willing services . The principals office over looks the various outdoor spaces in
oder to maintain direct connection with the activities in the college.


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STAFF ROOMS:
The staff rooms should be in every department .

CONFERENCE ROOM :
A space with seating capacity for 20 to 25 person around a conference table will
serve community group, faculty groups,
It should in every department

FURNITURE :
College furniture should be light weight and sturdy to facilitate to facilitate re
arrangement regrouping in view of changing curriculum.
They should correctly dimension for each group to provide maximum comfort to
users .
Table works top should not be the only place for storing personals belongings and
needs to be supplemented by other areas of storage and display.


LOCKERS ROOM;
There should be a place where students can lock there things so lockers should be
provided in departments

CAFETERIA:
CAFS should be in campus for the students and techers etc

PHOTO COPY SHOPES :
Photocopy shops should be present at student interactive space. Spaces for
photocopiers should be designed with in the departments.







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CONCLUSIONS:

Entrance:

Separate parking lots for students visitors and faculty members should be provided to avoid
congestion.
Entrance should be visible to those arriving in campus for easy access
Gates should be kept wider enough so that atleast two cars can pass at one time if needed.
Landscaping should be done around the main gate for increasing aesthetics.
Building entrances are frequently the meeting places and gathering places for those using
buildings, and should be designed to encourage interaction.


Parking:

Parking should be present near main road so that there is minimum vehicle circulation and
noise in the campus.
Parking should be given around departments for teachers and visiting faculties.
Parking may have multiple entrances and exits within the campus to avoid blocking.

Traffic circulation

Circulation system should be divided in various parts to avoid congestion.
Vehicle should have access to every part of the campus.
Landmarks should be designed inside the campus to facilitate the users in determining the
routes and places.
Emergency and services routes should be separated from the main entrance to avoid
hurdles
Pedestrian flow should be designed in a way so that students can pass through interactive
spaces which will improve overall campus interaction.
Two way street should be present whose minimum width should be 25.
Proper marking should be marked for ease of driver.


Landmarks:

Landmarks should be designed inside the campus to facilitate the users in determining the
routes and places.
Should be present at every courtyard
Should be visible from everywhere and should be eye catching.
Interactive spaces:
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Students should be able to comprehend and relate to their immediate environment visually
to refresh their minds.
Some zones should be linked to each other like residential and shopping centre.
Corridors and pathways will be provided with spaces where student can sit and chat.
Landscaping:
Landscaping improve the mood of the space so it should be done everywhere.
Landscaping on terraces will be kept in mind.
Mainentrance and areas around pathways and streets will be well maintained.
Different types of landscape elements should be used for intellectual spaces of a campus like
gardens, fountains, gateways, outdoor sitting areas, ponds etc for social interaction.
Landscape is very important for temperature control.
Buffer zones should be provided with trees and plants to control noise.
Material and exterior:
The exterior of a campus should have distinctive architecture, for users to differentiate it
from other buildings.
Local material should be used in campus design as it is economical.
Art integration into the building should be introduced for the lively environment for users.
Material giving hard look should be used in the exterior to show the importance of the place.
Arts college must have some different objects such as calligraphy or other art designs at its
exterior.
Future expansion:
Campus should be designed by leaving spaces for further additions,
Every part of the campus (department) should itself have a tandency to expand either
vertically or horizontally.
Parts building afterwards must not have any problems regarding distances from main gate or
other areas such as cafeteria,sports complex, hostels etc.
Orientation, climate and natural lighting and ventilation:
Materials should be selected by keeping in mind the climate,
Building orientation is very important as in places like campus a lot of energy can be saved.
Maximum day light will be used by keeping in mind orientation.
Windows should be placed to light and provide views to internal spaces and keep the
environment airy.
We will take care of the fact that the spaces that may or may not be used frequently must be
ventilated at the maximum
Places like auditorium and seminar rooms will be of great attention from ventilation point of
view.

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