This article was downloaded by: [183.83.26.

227]
On: 12 October 2014, At: 09:09
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnst20
Zinc Isotope Fractionation on Benzo-15-crown-5
Resin by Liquid Chromatography
Xingcheng DING
a
, Masao NOMURA
b
& Yasuhiko FUJJI
b
a
Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310029 ,
China
b
Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors , Tokyo Institute of Technology , O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo , 152-8550 , Japan
Published online: 05 Jan 2012.
To cite this article: Xingcheng DING , Masao NOMURA & Yasuhiko FUJJI (2007) Zinc Isotope Fractionation on Benzo-15-
crown-5 Resin by Liquid Chromatography, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 44:4, 623-627
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2007.9711850
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of
the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied
upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall
not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other
liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or
arising out of the use of the Content.
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
Zinc Isotope Fractionation on Benzo-15-crown-5 Resin
by Liquid Chromatography
Xingcheng DING
1;
, Masao NOMURA
2
and Yasuhiko FUJII
2
1
Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
2
Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
(Received July 21, 2006 and accepted in revised form January 22, 2007)

Chromatographic fractionation of zinc isotopes was performed on the synthesized benzo-15-crown-5

resin as a column packing material at 323 K in the breakthrough manner for both a frontal and a rear
bands. Zinc adsorption capacity was aected by anion chloride concentration and solvent dielectric con-
stant. The heavier zinc isotopes were found enriched to the solution phase and the lighter zinc isotope was
concentrated on the resin phase. The frontal maximum enrichment ratio for isotopic pair of
68
Zn/
64
Zn was
1.0081. The isotope separation coecients for isotopic pair of
68
Zn/
64
Zn for frontal and rear band, were
5:3 10
4
, 4:5 10
4
, respectively.
KEYWORDS: zinc isotope, benzo-15-crown-5 resin, liquid chromatography, isotope fractionation,
separation coecient
I. Introduction
The use of enriched isotopes in all branches of scientic
research has continued to expand and develop during recent
years. There were many methods for isotope separation and
enrichment. The electromagnetic isotope separation (EMIS)
process was applicable to all elements in the periodic table.
1)
All isotopes of each multi-isotopic element could be en-
riched simultaneously. The plasma separation process
(PSP) was based on the ion cyclotron resonance of a charged
particle in a uniform magnetic eld to separate isotopes.
2)
Chemical exchange methods, in particular, were found to
be adequate for the separation of many elements. Among
chemical exchange methods, crown ether has been consid-
ered to have a potential ability for isotope separation. Since
Pedersen synthesized crown ethers,
3)
intensive studies have
been done on the complex formation reactions of crown
ethers with various cations.
4,5)
Kim et al. synthesized a resin
having benzo-15-crown-5 for lithium isotopes separation
6)
and Nishizawa et al. studied many elements isotope eects
in liquid-liquid extraction with crown ethers.
711)
Zinc isotopes can be used as an important material in
many scientic elds. In nuclear engineering, zinc is a nec-
essary additive material for a cooling water treatment in light
water nuclear power plants. Injection of trace amount of
soluble zinc has recently been proved eective to suppress
60
Co contamination to the primary coolant of a boiling water
reactor and to reduce the gamma ray dose from the piping
system carrying the coolant.
12,13)
So far, most boiling water
reactor plants in American have initiated zinc injection to re-
duce radiation build-up on the surface of recirculation pip-
ing. However, natural occurring zinc contains 48.6%
64
Zn
and the thermal neutron cross section of
64
Zn is 0.46 barn.
64
Zn-depleted zinc is desirable to reduce the radiation in
the reactor system and the fractionation of zinc isotopes is
necessitated.
Recently, a number of papers on the benzo-15-crown-5
resin for application to the zinc isotope separation by chro-
matography have been published.
1418)
In the present work,
chromatography was performed on the synthesized benzo
crown resin. This is the rst report on zinc isotope chromato-
graphic fractionation for both frontal and rear bands, and the
emphasis was placed on the separation coecient observed
at both frontal and rear bands during the separation process.
II. Experiments
1. Materials and Apparatus
The chromatographic resin as the column packing materi-
al was synthesized by the reaction of the phenol formalde-
hyde, hexamethylenetetramine, and benzo-15-crown-5 in tri-
chloroacetic acid. The obtained polymer dissolved into high
porous silica beads (KIB, Asahi Chemical Industry) to devel-
op silica beads embedded benzo crown resin with a diameter
of 40 to 60 mm. The capacity of synthesized benzo-15-
crown-5 resin was 0.3 kmol/g. Other chemicals were of
the analytical grade, purchased from Wako Pure Chemical
Industries Ltd., and were used without further purication.
The chromatographic operation of zinc isotope fractiona-

This article was received and accepted as Original Paper.

Atomic Energy Society of Japan

Corresponding author, E-mail: dingxchru@hotmail.com

Journal of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 44, No. 4, p. 623627 (2007)
623
ARTICLE
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
1
8
3
.
8
3
.
2
6
.
2
2
7
]

a
t

0
9
:
0
9

1
2

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
4

tion was composed of ve Pyrex columns (0.8 cm I.D,
100 cm length) packed with crown ether resin. High pressure
pump (NP-KX-100, Nihon Seimitsu) and pressure gauge
were connected in series with polytetrauoroethylene tubes
(1 mm in diameter) between feed solution and columns. A
fraction collector (FRC-2100, Iwaki Asahi Techno Glass, Ja-
pan) was used to collect the euent samples.
2. Chromatography Procedure and Analyses
Five columns, a pump, a pressure gauge, and a fraction
collector were all connected to perform zinc isotopic chro-
matography. The resin charged in columns was rinsed by
ethanol solution to remove the impurities between the resin
beads. Zinc chloride ethanol solution which was used for
eluting solution was introduced into the top of the rst col-
umn continuously to form a zinc adsorption band and pass
down to all the columns to develop a zinc frontal band.
The ow rate of feeding solution was set to 6:0 0:5
ml/h. The euent emerging from the bottom of the last
column was collected into small fractions (ca. 1.0 ml) by us-
ing the fraction collector. The total collection volume of the
ve meter columns for the frontal band was 230 ml (see
Fig. 1). When frontal sampling was nished, the feeding
solution for rear band chromatography was changed from
zinc chloride ethanol solution to ethanol solution immediate-
ly to elute adsorbed zinc on resin phase in order to investi-
gate zinc isotopic distribution on a rear band. Both frontal
and rear band fractions were applied to the analysis of zinc
concentration and isotopic compositions. Zinc concentration
was measured by ame analysis with an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (ANA-182F) at the wavelength of 213.9
nm. The isotopic abundance ratios were determined by mul-
tiple collectors inductively coupled plasma mass spectrome-
ter (ICP-MS, X7 Series and supported by Thermo Electron
Corporation) when zinc concentration was diluted to 30
ppb by using 2.0% nitric acid solution. A set of zinc isotopic
ion beam was scanned 200 times (30 s for each scanning) for
each sample and each sample was measured by ve runs.
The nal zinc isotopic ratio was the average value of each
measurement and the measurement error was within 0.2%.
The blank solution (2.0% nitric acid solution) and original
feed solutions were measured before and after euent sam-
ples in order to correct the possible interference from other
atomic or molecular species. All natural available zinc iso-
topes were measured except for
67
Zn and
70
Zn due to the
too low natural abundance. Table 1 summarized the exper-
imental conditions for zinc isotopes chromatographic frac-
tionation.
III. Results and Discussions
1. Zinc Adsorption Results
The total zinc adsorption capacity on the benzo-15-crown-
5 resin (Q
tot
, kmol), was calculated by the following equa-
tion:
Q
tot
C
o
V
FB
V
d
1
where C
0
is the concentration of zinc in the feed solution
(mol.dm
3
), V
FB
is the breakthrough volume (the break-
through volume was dened as the volume at which zinc
starts coming out of the column, ml) and V
d
is the dead vol-
ume (ml), which means the volume was not occupied by res-
ins in the column. In the present study, zinc adsorption ca-
pacity Q
tot
in one meter column was calculated to be equal
to 0.39 kmol. Table 2 gave zinc adsorption capacity reported
under the dierent operation conditions. Temperature aects
adsorption capacity and usually high temperature has large
adsorption capacity. Experiments of temperature eect on
zinc adsorption capacity were performed in our laboratory
and the results proved that zinc adsorption capacity on resin
phase remained nearly constant with the temperature varia-
tion from 298 to 323 K. The eect of temperature on zinc ad-
sorption capacity was very small in ethanol solvent. Further
210 220 420 440 460 480 500 520
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Z
n

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n


m
o
l
.
d
m
3
Effluent Volume ml
Fig. 1 Frontal and rear band chromatographic breakthrough curve
of zinc isotope fractionation
Note: In the frontal band (until 230 ml), zinc chloride ethanol
solution was used as euent solution; In the rear band (from
230 ml to the end), ethanol solution was used as euent solution.
Table 1 The experimental conditions for zinc isotopes chromatographic fractionation
Feed solution
Flow rate Band velocity Migration distance Temperature
(ml/min) (cm/h) (cm) (K)
Frontal band 0.08 mol.dm
3
ZnCl
2
in ethanol 0.1 14.2 500 323
solution
Rear band Ethanol solution 1.0 10.5 500 323
624 X. DING et al.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
1
8
3
.
8
3
.
2
6
.
2
2
7
]

a
t

0
9
:
0
9

1
2

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
4

experiments are needed to nd out the mechanism of temper-
atures eect on zinc adsorption capacity. Same type of
crown ether was employed for all the experiments referred
in Table 2. Zinc chloride was used as the chemical form
of zinc for all experiments. The chemical species of zinc
chloride complex in the dierent solvents were so compli-
cated that only very limited references existed presently.
However, anion chloride ion concentration could eectively
aect the zinc adsorption capacity. In a low concentration of
chloride solution, the main chemical specie of zinc chloride
may have existed as aqua complex Zn
2
(OH
2
)
n
while in a
higher concentration of chloride solution, the main chemical
specie was dichloro complex Zn
2
(Cl

)
2
. Due to the short-
ened radius of dichloro complex compared with aqua solu-
tion, it may lead to the large adsorption of zinc chloride
on resin phase. In Table 2, there was adsorption capacity
in 1.0 mol.dm
3
HCl solution larger than that of the present
work although zinc chloride concentration was smaller than
that of the present work. Such kind of large zinc adsorption
could be considered as the contribution of the chloride ion
concentration. Zinc adsorption on resin phase was so compli-
cated that it could not be explained only by anion concentra-
tion. When compared with the results obtained by organic
solvents in Table 2, acetone solvent exhibited the largest
adsorption capacity among them. It may be aected by the
dielectric constant of dierent organic solvents.
19)
Zinc ad-
sorption capacity changes with an dielectric constant and
usually large dielectric constant organic solvent had small
zinc adsorption capacity. In methanol and ethanol solvents,
there were small amount of complex species between zinc
ion and these two solvents, and zinc mainly make complex
with crown ethers. Since ethanol solvent had a smaller di-
electric constant than methanol solvent, it has large adsorp-
tion capacity. While, to acetone solvent, acetone had the
smallest dielectric constant among the solvents in Table 2,
zinc ions could make complex both with crown ether and
acetone solvent, and it led to the largest adsorption capacity.
When compared with the eect of anion chloride concentra-
tion and dielectric constant in case of Refs. 15) and 17)
in Table 2, Zinc adsorption capacity in 1.0 mol.dm
3
HCl
had relatively smaller adsorption capacity than the result in
acetone solvent, although 1.0 mol.dm
3
HCl had a much
smaller dielectric constant value, it means an anion chloride
concentration has much larger contribution to zinc adsorp-
tion capacity than that of a dielectric constant. According
to the experimental results,
18)
distribution coecient of zinc
in acetone solution was 1.0, and this means zinc and crown
ether can easily make complex with the ratio of 1:1; While
the distribution coecient in ethanol solution was only
0.3, it indicates that zinc is dicult to make complex with
crown ether in ethanol and has small adsorption capacity.
A large distribution coecient value means large zinc ad-
sorption capacity and zinc can easily make complex with
crown ethers.
2. Zinc Isotopic Eect Observed on Frontal and Rear
Bands
The zinc concentration breakthrough prole was plotted in
Fig. 1. The breakthrough volume of ve meter zinc chroma-
tography was equal to 212 ml, and, after this volume, a sharp
increase in the zinc concentration was observed, showing
the formation of a self-sharpening frontal boundary. This
means the ideal displacement chromatography was obtained
at a frontal band. The at shape was kept before the decrease
of zinc concentration when the feed solution was changed to
ethanol solution. The shape of a rear band was far away from
sharpness and could not form ideal displacement chromatog-
raphy at presently condition. It indicates the desorption be-
havior of zinc on resin phase is dicult only by ethanol sol-
vent. Further experiments are needed in order to nd out the
best solvent for ideal displacement chromatography at a rear
band. However, the present results proved that adsorbed zinc
can be completely eluted out by ethanol solvent.
A zinc isotopic ratio of the present ve-meter experiment
was depicted in Fig. 2. The isotopic ratio data of a fraction is
expressed as the enrichment ratio, , and is dened as
Eq. (2):

H
Zn=
64
Zn
i

H
Zn=
64
Zn
o
; where H 66,68: 2
where the superscript H is the value of heavy zinc mass
number 66 or 68, the subscript i and o denote the euent
fraction number and original feed solution, respectively.
The denition can be expressed as an isotopic ratio in a local
fraction sample divided by the corresponding ratio in the
feed solution. Isotope fractionation of zinc isotopes occurred
within 12 ml range from the breakthrough point at the frontal
band, while in a rear band, zinc isotope fractionation hap-
pened in a large volume range. To each local fraction, the
enrichment ratio was a monotonous decrease with the eu-
ent volume. The results that the enrichment ratio value was
larger than 1.000 in the frontal band indicated that the heav-
ier isotope of zinc was preferentially fractionated into the
eluted samples; On the contrary, it was proved that the light-
Table 2 Zinc adsorption capacity in various chromatographic operation
Solution
Zn con. Dielectric Temp. Q
tot
Reference
mol.dm
3
constant
a)
K mmol
1.0 mol.dm
3
HCl 0.05 4.6 313 0.94 17)
Acetone 0.46 20.7 298 12.2 15)
Methanol 0.09 32.6 298 0.09 18)
Ethanol 0.08 24.3 323 0.39 This work
a)
The value of dielectric constant was measured at 20

C and detailed information was in Ref. 20).

Zinc Isotope Fractionation on Benzo-15-crown-5 Resin by Liquid Chromatography 625
VOL. 44, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
1
8
3
.
8
3
.
2
6
.
2
2
7
]

a
t

0
9
:
0
9

1
2

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
4

er zinc isotope remained on resin phase in the rear band re-
gion. In the frontal of zinc adsorption zone, the maximum
value of the enrichment ratio was observed as 1.0081 and
1.0042 for the isotopic pairs of
68
Zn/
64
Zn and
66
Zn/
64
Zn, re-
spectively. As to the rear band depleted area, the maximum
value of the depleted ratio was much smaller than that of the
frontal band. The value of each frontal maximum enrichment
ratio for isotopic pair of
68
Zn/
64
Zn was nearly twice that of
66
Zn/
64
Zn. This could be attributed to the dierences in
mass dierences. The enrichment value of the frontal zinc
adsorption band was much larger than that of the rear band.
The separation coecient " is used to evaluate chromato-
graphic performance and can be calculated based on the fol-
lowing equation derived by Spedding and Kakihana:
20,21)
" S 1
X
c
i
V
i
jR
i
R
o
j
Q
tot
R
o
1 R
o

3
where the subscripts i and o denote the euent fraction num-
ber and the original feed solution, respectively; S is the sep-
aration factor; c and V are zinc concentration (mol.dm
3
)
and volume (ml) of each euent fractions, respectively; R
is the atomic fraction of isotopes and Q
tot
is the total amount
of adsorbed zinc on resin phase (kmol). The summation in
Eq. (3) has taken place in all fractions in which isotope frac-
tionation was observed.
Table 3 tabulated the results of separation coecient and
separation coecient per unit mass dierence of zinc for
both the frontal and rear bands. The separation coecient
value for
68
Zn/
64
Zn was 5:26 10
4
in the frontal band.
Separation coecient of the frontal band has larger value
than that of the rear band for both two isotopic pairs. When
compared with the separation coecient per unit mass dif-
ferent, the frontal band has much larger deviation than that
of the rear band. The reason may be due to the large euent
volume of the rear band. The separation coecient value ob-
tained in this work was only half than the value which per-
formed on DC-18-crown-6 resin,
9)
but larger than what was
obtained by microporous strongly acidic cation exchange
resin.
22)
The value of this work agreed with the value by
the same type crown ether which was obtained in 1.0
mol.dm
3
hydrochloric acid solution by Oi and his
group.
15,16)
IV. Conclusions
The chromatographic fractionation of zinc isotopes was
performed on the synthesized benzo-15-crown-5 resin in
the breakthrough manner both for the frontal and the rear
bands at 323 K. Zinc chemical species in solution and zinc
adsorption capacity on resin were so complicated and it
may relate to the anion chloride concentration and solvent
dielectric constant. Anion chloride concentration has a larger
eect on zinc adsorption capacity than that of a dielectric
constant. Zinc adsorption capacity in the present study was
smaller than that in acetone and 1.0 mol.dm
3
hydrochloride
solution. It was rstly reported that heavier zinc isotopes
were found enriched to the solution phase and lighter zinc
isotope was concentrated on the resin phase. The isotope
separation coecient for isotopic pair of
68
Zn/
64
Zn for the
frontal and the rear bands, were around 5:3 10
4
, 4:5
10
4
, respectively. Separation coecient per unit mass dif-
ference of zinc in the frontal band was larger than that of
the rear band.
Acknowledgements
The present work was performed as a part of Innovative
and Viable Nuclear Energy Technology Development Pro-
ject, The Institute of Applied Energy, Japan.
References
1) J. G. Tracy, W. S. Aaron, Stable isotope enrichmentcurrent
and future potential, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A, 334, 45 (1993).
2) J. G. Tracy, Isotope separation programpresent and fu-
ture, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A, 282, 261 (1989).
3) C. J. Pedersen, Cyclic polyethers and their complexes with
metal salts, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 7017 (1967).
4) R. M. Izatt, J. S. Bradshaw, S. A. Nielsen et al., Thermody-
namic and kinetic data for cation-macrocycle interaction,
Chem. Rev., 85, 271 (1985).
5) J. J. Christensen, D. J. Eatough, R. M. Izatt, The synthesis
and ion bindings of synthetic multidentate macrocyclic com-
pounds, Chem. Rev., 74, 351 (1974).
6) D. W. Kim, Y. S. Jeon, T. Y. Eom et al., Lithium isotope sep-
aration on a monobenzo-15-crown-5 resin, J. Radioanal.
Nucl. Chem., 150, 417 (1991).
7) K. Nishizawa, S. Ishino, H. Watanabe et al., Lithium isotope
separation by liquid-liquid extraction using benzo-15-crown-
5, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 21, 694 (1984).
Table 3 The separation coecient " and the separation coe-
cient per unit mass dierence of zinc at frontal and rear band
"=10
4
"=m=10
4
66
Zn/
64
Zn
68
Zn/
64
Zn
66
Zn/
64
Zn
68
Zn/
64
Zn
Frontal band 2.82 5.26 1.41 1.32
Rear band 2.36 4.54 1.18 1.14
210 215 220 225 420 430 440 450 460 470 480
0.997
0.998
0.999
1.000
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009
E
n
r
i
c
h
m
e
n
t

r
a
t
i
o

Effluent Volume ml
66
Zn/
64
Zn
68
Zn/
64
Zn
Fig. 2 Prole of zinc isotopic enrichment ratio of frontal and rear
bands
626 X. DING et al.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
1
8
3
.
8
3
.
2
6
.
2
2
7
]

a
t

0
9
:
0
9

1
2

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
4

8) K. Nishizawa, T. Miki, R. Ikeda et al., Isotopic enrichment of
nickel in aqueous solution/crown ether system, J. Mass Spec-
trom. Soc. Jpn., 45, 521 (1997).
9) K. Nishizawa, T. Miki, T. Satoyama et al., Enrichment of
zinc isotopes by a liquid membrane system using a crown
ether, Sep. Sci. Technol., 33, 991 (1998).
10) K. Nishizawa, T. Satoyama, T. Miki et al., Strontium isotope
eect in liquid-liquid extraction of strontium chloride using a
crown ether, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 32, 1230 (1995).
11) K. Nishizawa, K. Nakamura, T. Yamamoto et al., Separation
of strontium and barium isotopes using a crown-ether dierent
behaviors of odd mass and even mass isotopes, Solvent Extr.
Ion Exch., 12, 1073 (1994).
12) H. Hosokawa, M. Nagase, Investigation of cobalt deposition
behavior with zinc injection on stainless steel under BWR con-
ditions, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 41, 682 (2004).
13) Y. Asakura, M. Nagase, S. Uchida, Deposition of nickel and
cobalt ions on heated surface under nucleate boiling condi-
tion, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 26, 1112 (1989).
14) X. Ding, M. Nomura, T. Suzuki et al., Chromatographic zinc
isotope separation by phenol formaldehyde benzo crown res-
in, J. Chromatogr. A, 1113(1-2), 182 (2006).
15) Y. Fukuda, Y. Zhang, T. Suzuki et al., Zinc isotope accumu-
lation in liquid chromatography with crown ether resin,
J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 43, 446 (2006).
16) Y. Zhang, Y. Fukuda, M. Nomura et al., Zinc isotope eects
observed by liquid chromatography with benzo-15-crown-5
resin, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 43, 415 (2006).
17) X. Ding, H. Kim, M. Nomura et al., Zinc isotope separation
by phenol formaldehyde type 15-crown-5 resin in organic sol-
vents, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 43, 411 (2006).
18) Y. Ban, M. Nomura, Y. Fujii, Isotope eects of zinc in crown
ether chromatography, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 39, 156 (2002).
19) G. Beke, A. H. Barrett, Electromagnetic Vibrations, Waves,
and Radiation, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 418 (1987).
20) F. H. Spedding, J. E. Powell, H. J. Svec, A laboratory method
for separating nitrogen isotopes by ion exchange, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 77, 6125 (1955).
21) H. Kakihana, T. Kanzaki, A simplied and generalized meth-
od for analyzing chromatographic isotope separation data,
Bull. Tokyo Inst. Technol., 90, 77 (1969).
22) Y. Ban, M. Aida, M. Nomura et al., Zinc isotope separation
by ligand exchange chromatography using cation exchange
resin, J. Ion Exch., 13, 46 (2002).
Zinc Isotope Fractionation on Benzo-15-crown-5 Resin by Liquid Chromatography 627
VOL. 44, NO. 4, APRIL 2007
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
1
8
3
.
8
3
.
2
6
.
2
2
7
]

a
t

0
9
:
0
9

1
2

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
4