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Consider the following schedules involving two transactions.

Which one of
the following statements is TRUE?

(A) Both S1 and S2 are conflict serializable.


(B) S1 is conflict serializable and S2 is not conflict serializable.
(C) S1 is not conflict serializable and S2 is conflict serializable.
(D) Both S1 and S2 are not conflict serializable.
Answer (C)
S1 is not conflict serializable, but S2 is conflict serializable
Schedule S1
T1

T2

--------------------r1(X)
r1(Y)
r2(X)
r2(Y)
w2(Y)
w1(X)
The schedule is neither conflict equivalent to T1T2, nor T2T1.

Schedule S2
T1

T2

--------------------r1(X)
r2(X)
r2(Y)
w2(Y)

r1(Y)
w1(X)
The schedule is conflict equivalent to T2T1.

Consider the foll owing transactions with data items P and Q initialized to zero:

T1 :read (P);
read (Q);
if P = 0 then Q := Q + 1 ;
write (Q).

T2 : read (Q);
read (P);
if Q = 0 then P := P + 1 ;
write (P).

Any non-serial interleaving of T1 and T2 for concurrent execution leads to

(A) a serializable schedule


(B) a schedule that is not conflict serializable
(C) a conflict serializable schedule
(D) a schedule for which a precedence graph cannot be drawn

Which protocol ensures conflict serializability?


A: Value based protocol
B: Read based protocol

C: Timestamp based protocol


D: Validation based protocol

A library relational database system uses the following schema


USERS (User #, User Name, Home Town)
BOOKS (Books # Book Title, Author Name)
ISSUED (Book #, User #, Date)
Explain in one English sentence, what each of the following relational algebra
queries is designed to determine
(a) User #=6 (11 User #, Book Title ((USERS ISSUED) BOOKS))
(b) Author Name (BOOKS ( Home Town) = Delhi (USERS ISSUED)))

For a database relation R(a,b,c,d), where the domains of a, b, c, d include only


atomic values, only the following functional dependencies and those that can be
inferred from them hold:
a -> c
b -> d
This relation is
(a) in first normal form but not in second normal form
(b) in second normal form but not in third normal form
(c) in third normal form
(d) None of the above

Let R (a, b, c) and S(d, e, f) be two relations in which d is the foreign key of S
that refers to the primary key of R. Consider the following four operations R and S
(a) Insert into R (b) Insert into S

(c) Delete from R (d) Delete from S


Which of the following is true about the referential integrity constraint above?
(a) None of (a), (b), (c) or (d) can cause its violation
(b) All of (a), (b), (c) and (d) can cause its violation
(c) Both (a) and (d) can cause its violation
(d) Both (b) and (c) can cause its violation

Which normal form is considered adequate for normal relational database design?
(a) 2 NF (b) 5 NF (c) 4 NF (d) 3 NF

For the schedule given below, which of the following is correct:


1 Read
2 Read B
3 Write A
4 Read A
5 Write A
6 Write B
7 Read B
8 Write B
(a) This schedule is serialized and can occur in a scheme using 2PL protocol
(b) This schedule is serializable but cannot occur in a scheme using 2PL protocol
(c) This schedule is not serialiable but can occur in a scheme using 2PL protocol
(d) This schedule is not seralisable and cannot occur in a scheme using 2PL
protocol.

Consider the schema R = (S T U V) and the dependencies S -> T, T -> U. U -> V

and V -> S. Let R = (R1 and R2) be a decomposition such that R1 R2 = . The
decomposition is
(a) not in 2NF (b) in 2NF but not 3NF
(c) in 3NF but not in 2NF (d) in both 2NF and 3NF

Consider the set of relations


EMP (Employee-no. Dept-no, Employee-name, Salary)
DEPT (Dept-no. Dept-name, Location)
Write an SQL query to:
(a) Find all employee names who work in departments located at Calcutta and
whose salary is greater than Rs.50,000.
(b) Calculate, for each department number, the number of employees with a
salary greater than Rs.1,00,000.

Given the relations


employee (name, salary, deptno), and
department (deptno, deptname, address)
Which of the following queries cannot be expressed using the basic relational
algebra operations (,,, ,,,)?
(a) Department address of every employee
(b) Employees whose name is the same as their department name
(c) The sum of all employees salaries
(d) All employees of a given department

Given relations r(w,x) and s(y,z), the result of


select distinct w,x

from r, s
is guaranteed to be same as r, provided
(a) r has no duplicates and s is non-empty
(b) r and s have no duplicates
(c) s has no duplicates and r is non-empty
(d) r and s have the same number of tuples

In SQL, relations can contain null values, and comparisons with null values are
treated as unknown. Suppose all comparisons with a null value are treated as
false. Which of the following pairs is not equivalent?
(a) x = 5 not (not (x = 5)
(b) x = 5 x > 4 and x < 6, where x is an integer
(c) x 5 not (x = 5)
(d) None of the above

Consider a schema R(A,B,C,D) and functional dependencies A B and C D.


Then the decomposition of R into R1 (AB) and R2(CD) is
(a) dependency preserving and lossless join
(b) lossless join but not dependency preserving
(c) dependency preserving but not lossless join
(d) not dependency preserving and not lossless join

Relation R is decomposed using a set of functional dependencies, F, and relation


S is decomposed using another set of functional dependencies, G. One
decomposition is definitely BCNF, the other is definitely. 3NF, but it is not known
which is which. To make a guaranteed identification, which one of the following

tests should be used on the decompositions? (Assume that the closures of F and
G are available).
(a) Dependency-preservation (b) Lossless-join
(c) BCNF definition (d) 3NF definition

From the following instance of a relation schema R(A,B,C), we can conclude that:
ABC
111
110
232
232
(a) A functionally determines B and B functionally determines C
(b) A functionally determines B and B does not functionally determines C
(c) B does not functionally determines C
(d) A does not functionally determines B and B does not functionally determines C

Consider the set of relations shown below and the SQL query that follows.
Students: (Roll_number, Name, Date_of_birth)
Courses: (Course number, Course_name, Instructor)
Grades: (Roll_number, Course_number, Grade)
select distinct Name
from Students, Courses, Grades
where Students. Roll_number = Grades.Roll_number
and Courses.Instructor = Korth
and Courses.Course_number = Grades.Course_number
and Grades.grade = A

Which of the following sets is computed by the above query?


(A) Names of students who have got an A grade in all courses taught by Korth
(B) Names of students who have got an A grade in all courses
(C) Names of students who have got an A grade in at least one of the courses
taught by Korth
(D) None of the above

Consider three data items D1, D2, and D3, and the following execution schedule
of transactions T1, T2, and T3. In the diagram, R(D) and W(D) denote the actions
reading and writing the data item D respectively.
T1

t2

t3

R(D3);
R(D2);
W(D2);
R(D2);
R(D3);
R(D1);
W(D1);
W(D2);
W(D3);
R(D1);
R(D2);
W(D2);
W(D1);
Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) The schedule is serializable as T2; T3; T1
(B) The schedule is serializable as T2; T1; T3
(C) The schedule is serializable as T3; T2; T1
(D) The schedule is not serializable

Which of the following is not a consequence of concurrent operations?


a. Lost update problem.
b. Update anomaly.
c. Unrepeatable read.

d. Dirty read.

Which of the following concurrency control schemes is not based on the serializability property?
a. Two phase locking
b. Graph-based locking c. Time-stamp based locking
d. None of these .
Assume transaction A holds a shared lock R. If transaction B also requests for a shared lock on R.
a. It will result in a deadlock situation.
b. It will immediately be rejected.
c. It will immediately be granted.
d. It will be granted as soon as it is released by A .
Cascading rollback is avoided in all protocol except
a. strict two-phase locking protocol.
b. tree locking protocol
c. two-phase locking protocol
d. validation based protocol.
Wait-for graph is used for
a. detecting view serializability.
c. deadlock prevention

b. detecting conflict serializability.


d. deadlock detection

Isolation of the transactions is ensured by


a. Transaction management
c. Concurrency control

b. Application programmer
d. Recovery management

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