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J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol. 1(1), 33-40 (2009).

FREE CONVECTIVE NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW


BETWEEN TWO CO-AXIALCYLINDERS
U.K.Tripathy1, Rosalin Dash2 and S.M.Patel3
1

Department of Mathematics, University College of Engineering,


Burla-768017(India)
2
Department of Mathematics, Gandhi Institute for Technology and Management,
Gangapada, BBSR-754022(India)
3
Department of Mathematics, Sundergarh Engg. School,
Sundergarh (India)
ABSTRACT
An approximate analysis of free convective flow of a nonNewtonian liquid between two co-axial cylinders has been carried out.
The equation of motion and energy including viscous dissipative terms
are a pair of simultaneous non-linear ordinary differential equations. These
equations under appropriate boundary conditions have been solved by
the fourth order Runge-kutta method. The truncation errors involved in
this method of solution have been determined for one set of values of
parameters and have been noted to be O (10-5). It has been observed that
the elastic parameter has greater influence on the velocity field than that
on the temperature field. The effect of other parameters Pr(Prandatl
number), E (Eckert number) etc. on flow and temperature field has been
depicted through graphs.

1. INTRODUCTION
The free convective viscous flow
between vertical heated plates was investigated
by Ostrach1. In the above paper frictional
heating has been taken into account. Tau2 has
studied the free convective viscous flow,
neglecting the viscous dissipative terms,
through a vertical circular pipe when it is heated
or cooled uniformly. Nanda and Sharma 3
considered the same problem including the
effect of frictional heating and distributed

sources and sinks. In the recent years free


convective laminar flow of a non Newtonian liquid
has gained substantial importance and has
attracted the attention of several researchers.
Emery, et al.4 has studied the problem of free
convection through vertical plane layers of nonNewtonian power law fluids.
Ouldhadda, D., Il Idrisoi. A and Asbik.
M5 has investigate numerically the laminar flow
and heat transfer in a pseudo plastic nonNewtonian falling liquid film on a horizontal

[ 34 ]
cylinder for constant heat flux and isothermal
boundary condition taking the inertia terms into
account. The effects of operational parameters
on heat transfer are examined and discussed
in detail. Free convection effects on flow past
a moving infinite vertical plate was discussed
by Revanker6 and Muthukumarswamy7 have
examined separately the flow and heat transfer
of a viscous incompressible fluid past an
impulsively started vertical plate. More recently,
Hayat et.al.8 discussed the flow of visco-elastic
fluid past an oscillating plate, in which they
discussed the influence of suction or injection
on velocity distribution. In many problems
particularly those involving the cooling of
electrical and nuclear component, the wall heat
flux is specified. In such problem over heating
burn out and melt down are very important issues.
The problem with prescribed heat flux is special
case of the vast analytical accessible class
problem. Pantokraters9 have investigated the
convection flow with prescribed heat flux
condition.
2. Mathematical analysis :
The aim in this problem is to investigate
the free convective flow of an elastico-viscous
liquid between two co-axial cylinders including
the effects of frictional heating. Here it is assumed
that the inner cylinder is moving parallel to itself
in vertical upward direction with constant
velocity w while the outer one is held fixed.
the rheological equation of state of the elasticoviscous model considered in this problem is due
to Noll10. The stress-strain rate relation of this
model is as follows:

~
Pij 1 Pij 2 eij 4 c e j ej (1)
Where

p ij
~
Pij
P ij , k , v k P ik v i , k P kj v j ,
t
k P ij v k , k
(2)
In the above relation the Pij are the
stress tensors, eij are the rate of deformation
tensors, vi is the velocity component in the ith
direction, 1 is the time of relaxation, is the
coefficient of viscosity and c is cross-viscous
co-efficient.
It is assumed to be a fully developed
free convective flow between the annual
spaces of two concentric vertical cylinders which
are considered to be infinitely long. The work
was carried out through cylindrical polar
co-ordinates ( r , , z ) . The common axis of
cylinders is assumed to coincide with the zaxis and let the radii of the cylinders be a and
b ( a b) . The velocity components u , v , w
compatible with the equation of continuity are
given by :

u 0, v 0, w w ( r )
Since the buoyancy force is only due
to gravity acting vertically downwards, the
components of the extraneous forces are

Fr 0, F 0, Fz f z
If is the temperature at any point,
then using the usual Boussinesq's approximation,
the equation of motion and energy including
viscous dissipative terms can be written as:
3
3
d 2 w 1 dw 1 c d dw 1 dw f z




2
dr
r dr
dr dr r dr
(3)

d 2 1 d dw


1 c
2
r dr k dr
k
dr

dw

0 (4)
dr

[ 35 ]
Where is the volumetric co-efficient
of thermal expansion and k is the thermal
conductivity of the fluid. The temperature of the
inner and the outer cylinders are assumed to
be b and a respectively where b a
( 0) . Assuming the inner cylinder is moving
parallel to itself with a constant velocity w and
the outer one is fixed, the boundary conditions
for equations (3) and (4) can be given as :

w w
r b
b

w 0
ra
0

On introducing the following non -dimensional


quantities:

h
r b
w
,
,w
b
ab
w
2
f z h b
w2

,G
, Rc 1 c 2
b
w
h
h a b,

w2
, Pr c
b c
k

In equation (3) and (4) they become

d dw 3
d 2w
dw

Rc

d 2 1 d
d d

dw

1 d

G 0

(5)

4
dw 3
d 2
d
dw

E
P

r
r

0 (6)
d 2 1 d
d
d

And the corresponding boundary conditions are

0 : w 1, 1

1 : w 0, 0

(7)

Where c is the specific heat and G, Rc,Pr and


E respectively denote the Grashof number, the
elastic parameter, Prandtl number and the
Eckert number.
Equation (5) and (6) subject to the
boundary conditions (7) are solved by fourth
order Runge-Kutta Gill technique and preceded
with step by step integration as illustrated in
Ralston and Wilf11.
Defining the following variables

Y1 , Y2 w, Y3 , Y4 , Y5 w (8)
Where primes denote differentiation with
respect to . Using the variables (8) in (5) and
(6) the following five simultaneous equations
are obtained

Y1 1

Y2 Y5

Y3 Y4

2
4
Y4
Y4 E Pr Y5 Rc Y5
1 Y1

Y5

1 Rc Y5 GY3

1 Y1

Y5
2
(9)

1 3RcY5

[ 36 ]
The boundary conditions (7) accordingly can
be written as:

Y1 0 0, Y2 0 1, Y3 0 1

(10)
Y1 1 1, Y2 1 0, Y3 1 0
The step by step integration of (9) is
performed in (0,1) with step length h=0.1 and
subsequently h=0.2. To start with the integration,
rough values of Y4(0) and Y5(0).
Were supplied and these were corrected
by a self iterated corrective procedure as given
by Fox12. The numerical integration is performed
on IBM-1130 digital computer.
The truncation- error involved in the
method of solution is shown in Table (1). To
estimate the truncation -error the following
formula based on Richardsons extrapolation
technique(cf. Carnahan, B., et al.13) is given
by :

TnY h n1 Yn 1 Y h n1

Figure-1
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT
VELUE OF Rc. E=0.01,

Pr 1, G 5.0, 0.2

Y h n1 Y 2 h n1
(11)
2r 1

Where Yn1 is the true ordinate at x n1 , Y h n1


and Y 2 h n 1 are the values obtained with
spacing h and 2h respectively calculated at two
steps starting at xn 1 and r is the order of the
Runge-Kutta formula. In this case r being 4
and h=0.1. It is noted that for a given set of
values of parameters the truncation-error in
the calculation of the velocity w and the
temperature for 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 are of

the order O 10 5 (ref. Table 1).

Figure-2
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT
VELUE OF G. E=0.01, Pr=1.0,

Rc 0.01, 0.9

[ 37 ]
Table 1

E 0.01, Pr 1.0, Rc 0.01, G 5.0, 0.5


Truncation error in

Truncation error in w
Order of
the error

w .1

w .2

0.2

0.74674

0.74652 1.410-5 O 10 5

0.4

0.51834

0.51783 3.410-5

0.6

0.30214

0.30139 5.110-5

0.8

0.13484

0.13375 7.210-5

Error

O10
O10
O10

5
5
5

.1

.2

Order of
the error

Error

O10
O10
O10

0.76354 0.76346 0.510-5

O 10 5

0.54847 0.54816 2.010-5

0.35229 0.35181 3.210-5


0.16803 0.16727 4.810-5

Table 2
Effect of Rc over

E 0.01 , Pr 1, G 5.0, 0.2

Rc

0.0

0.05

0.10

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

1.000
0.78407
0.56758
0.37703
0.18498
0.000

1.000
0.77454
0.55689
0.34750
0.14595
0.000

1.000
0.76501
0.53720
0.31797
0.10685
0.000

Table 3
Effect of Pr over w
E 0.01 , Rc = 0.01, G = 5.0, = 0.8

Pr

2.0

5.0

10.0

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

1.000
0.74622
0.52571
0.33093
0.15667
0.000

1.000
0.74536
0.52447
0.32974
0.15591
0.000

1.000
0.74344
0.52241
0.32775
0.15463
0.000

5
5

[ 38 ]

Figure-3

Figure-5

TEMERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR


DIFFERENT
VALUE OF G. E=0.01,

TEMERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR


DIFFERENT VALUE OF E.

Pr 1.0, Rc 0.01, 0.2

Figure-4

Pr 1.0, G 5, Rc 0.01, 0.2

Figure-6

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR


DIFFERENT VALUE OF E.

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT


VALUE OF . E. = 0.01,

RC 0.01, Pr 0.7, G 5.0, 0.8

Pr 1.0, Rc 0.01, G 5.0

[ 39 ]
3. CONCLUSION

Figure-7
TEMERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR
DIFFERENT
VALUE OF . E=0.01, Pr = 1.0
Rc = 0.01, G = 5.0

The effects of the parameters Rc, E,


Pr, G and (the parameter characterizing the
gap between two cylinders) have been shown
through graphs and tables. The effect of Rc on
w and is shown through figure (1) and Table
(2). When Rc increases it is noted that both
velocity and temperature decreases for all .
The effect of Rc both on w and are remarkable
at the outer cylinder. The percentage decrease
in w and for =0.8 is nearly 53% and 44%
respectively. Figures (2) and (3) show as the
Grashof number increases, w and decreases
and increase. Figures (4) and (5) show the
effect of the parameter due to frictional heating
of the liquid. For large E both velocity and
temperature decline steadily. However, the
effect of E on is more noticeable then on w.
Figures (6) and (7) represent that the larger is
the gap between the two cylinders both velocity
and temperature are decreased. Table (3)
shows that for large Pr, w decreases.
When Pr is comparatively large, the
temperature in the annular space becomes
gradually zero, negative and thereafter attains
the value zero at the outer cylinder (Fig. 8).
REFERENCES

Figure-8
TEMERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR
DIFFERENT VALUE OF Pr .
E = 0.1, G = 5.0, Rc = 0.01, = 0.2

1. Carnahan, B., Luther, H.A., Wilkes, J.O.,


Applied Numerical Methods, Wiley, New
York (1969).
2. Emery, A.F., Chi, H. W and Dale, H. D.,
Trans. ASME, 93(2), 164 (1971).
3. Hayat, T., Mohyuddin, M. R. and Aghar,
S., ZAMM, 84(1), 65 (2004).
4. L. Fox., Numerical Solution of ordinary
and partial differential Equations, Addison-

[ 40 ]
Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1962).
5. Muthukumarswamy, R., Far East J. of
Applied Mathematics, Vol. 14. 99 (2004).
6. Nanda, R.S. and Sharma, V.P., Appl. Sci.
Res. A (11), 279(2), (1962).
7. Noll, W., J. Rat. Mech. Anal. 4, 3 (1955).
8. Ostrach, S., INTUM. Boundary layer
research, Freiburgh, 185 (1957).
9. Ouldhadda. D., et al. "Heat transfer in
non-Newtonian falling Liquid film on a
horizontal circular cylinder" Jr. Heat and

10.
11.

12.
13.

Mass Transfer Vol.38, Number 7-8,


August (2002).
Pantokraters, A., Int. J. Heat Mass transfer,
46, 725 (2003).
Ralston, A. and Wilf, H.S., Mathematical
Methods for digital Computers, Wilkey,
New York (1960).
Revanker, S. T., Mechanics Research
Comm. 27, 241 (2000).
Tau, L. N., Appl. Sci. Res. A(9), 357
(1966).

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