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Carbonyl Groups
progesterone
a female sex hormone
testosterone
a male sex hormone
Nomenclature of Aldehydes
The systematic name of an aldehyde is obtained by replacing the e at the
end of the parent hydrocarbon with al. The position of the carbonyl carbon
does not have to be designated because it always has the 1-position.
If the aldehyde group is attached to a ring, the aldehyde is named by adding
carbaldehyde to the name of the cyclic compound.
Nomenclature of Ketones
The systematic name of a ketone is obtained by replacing the e at
the end of the name of the parent hydrocarbon with one.
The chain is numbered in the direction that gives the carbonyl carbon
the smaller number. The carbonyl is assumed to be at the 1-position in
cyclic ketones.
Derived names are also frequently used for ketones: the substituents
attached to the carbonyl group are cited in alphabetical order, followed
by ketone.
Nomenclature of Ketones
Nomenclature
If a compound has two functional groups, the one with the lower priority is
indicated by its prefix:
Chloral
water to
hydrate,
sedative
drug.
reacts with
form chloral
which is a
and hypnotic
Chloral
BB
Chloral hydrate
http://orientaldaily.on.cc
Victor Grignard
1871-1935
Nancy University, France
Paul Sabatier
1854-1941
Toulouse University, France
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 was divided equally between Victor
Grignard "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent and Paul
Sabatier "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the
presence of finely disintegrated metals.
Grignard Reagents
The more reactive aldehyde is protected with the diol before reaction with
the Grignard reagent.
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Images are from Vollhardt, K. P. C. and Schore, N. F.: Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function 5th Ed.,
W. H. Freeman, 2007 and http://www.sciencephoto.com
Keto-Enol Tautomers
Tautomers are isomers that are in rapid equilibrium.
Enolization
An Enolate
An enolate is an ambident nucleophile (with two nucleophilic sites)
Formation of Enolates
Using a strong base, such as LDA, to form an enolate
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Alkylation of Enolates
Aldol Additions
Aldol Additions
Aldol Additions
An aldol addition product loses water to form an aldol condensation product.