6 Output Regulated

Power Supply

by

Song, Alvin John C.

Cruzado, Neptali John B.
Azada, Simon Joseph D.S.
Lapid, Adriane Paul C.
Lagamayo, Eduardo B.

A Project Report Submitted to the Electronics Engineering Department

in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the course
ELECRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS (ECP 383L1)

Technological Institute of the Philippines

March 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ii

LIST OF TABLES

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

iii

Part 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Concept/Theories of the Design
1.2 Previous Research and Studies
1.3 Applicable Standards

Part 2. Design Specification

2.1 Design Prototype
2.2 Design Block Diagram
2.3 Design Schematic Diagram
2.4 Circuit Description/Operation

Part 3. Experiment Activities

3.1 (Theoretical and practical passive output verification of the design)
3.2 (Signal Filtering through Capacitors Arbitrary Circuit Effects)
3.3 (AC-DC Signal Conversion Supply Rectification)

Part 4. Results and Discussion

4.1 (Results of Experiment 1 Design Verification)
4.2 (Results of Experiment 2 Signal filtering through Capacitors)
4.3 (Results of AC-DC Signal Conversion Supply Rectification)

15

Part 5. Summary and Conclusion

21

References

22

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1.1: Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch) - Theoretical
Table 3.1.2: Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch) Practical
Table 3.1.3: Comparison between the difference of Theoretical and Practical data.
Table 3.2.1: Voltage Reading (MultiSim)
Table 3.2.2: Voltage Reading (Practical)
Table 4.1.1: RESULTS Voltage output on Resistance values (Selector Switch) - Theoretical
Table 4.1.2: RESULTS Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch) Practical
Table 3.1.3: RESULTS Comparison between the difference of Theoretical and Practical data.
Table 3.2.1: RESULTS Voltage Reading (MultiSim)
Table 3.2.2: RESULTS Voltage Reading (Practical)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Simple RC Filter

Figure 2.1: Design Prototype (Populated)
Figure 2.2: Design Prototype (Unpopulated)
Figure 2.3: Design Prototype Final Output
Figure 2.4: Design Prototype Internal Parts
Figure 2.5: Block Diagram
Figure 2.6: Schematic Diagram
Figure 2.7 Resistor Series Function
Figure 4.1: Circuit Performance at 5v with load
Figure 4.2: Circuit Performance at 4.5v with load

Part I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Theories/Concept of the Design
The need to construct a steady and reliable DC power supply is given by the fact that
most electronic devices and components run on direct current and also require varying amounts
of voltages. This type of power is very different from the Alternating current that can be
harnessed from the common wall outlet and as such, the process of signal rectification, through
the power supply unit is necessary.
The design the researchers intend to do for this project is an AC-DC Regulated Power
Supply which is capable of producing 6 output voltages for 1.5v, 3v, 4.5v, 5v, 6v and 9v. This is
achieved through the use of a system of diodes, capacitors and resistors which, when working
together, would be able to produce the warranted voltage specified in the design. The most
important aspect of the design is the use of a variable IC regulator which eliminates the need for
individual regulators for the specified output voltages above. Another important concept involves
the use of a 6 position rotary switch in order to vary the voltage supplied by the circuit.
The design follows the primary process of AC-DC conversion which involves stepping
down the AC voltage to a lower level through the use of a transformer, rectifying the signal using
diode rectifiers, filtering through capacitors and RC filters and regulating the voltage through a
regulator. Although our design adds additional functionalities such as an indicator LED light, a
safety fuse and the ability to manipulate voltage output, nevertheless everything is still compliant
to the primary concept of AC-DC signal conversion.

1.2 Previous Research and Studies

In his paper for the engineering journal Proceedings of the IRE entitled Basic Theory
and Design of Electronically Regulated Power Supplies, A. Abate of Raytheon Manufacturing
Corporation wrote about the importance of understanding the process of voltage regulation in
designing power supply units. This is because the regulation process in power supply design,
more often than not, and in most practical applications, is only seen as an additional process
instead of being an essential part of the design itself. What results is a circuit design that is
unregulated in nature but only becomes regulated through the unwelcome addition of an IC
regulator. This increases the likelihood of a design failure with the circuit not being able to hold
on to the regulated voltage for a significant period of time. Our design circumvents this common
mistake by making sure that the regulator we use is well suited for the circuit design and that
filters are also added in the circuit after the regulator.

Another research supplemental to our study is about switching power supply ripple
rejection written by Yu-jie Fang, Bing-hua Su and Ling-xia Hang, students from the Beijing
Institute of Technology School of Optoelectronics. Their study discusses the process of ripple
rejection in high current power supplies. Based on a special switching power supply, this text
describes the problem of output stability as the ripple of the switching power supply is defined
and analyzed, how it is generated and several solutions have been proposed. The researchers
studied several methods of ripple rejection such as adding a filter in multiple parallel
configurations and so on, in order to reduce output ripple and improve stability especially in high
current applications. In text, the integrated power supply is formed by the two direct current
modules in parallel. The processes they employed in this study is primarily the same with the
ones we used as we employed a system of capacitor and RC filters to stabilize the DC power

output produced by the supply.

Figure 1.1 (Simple RC Filter)

The image above shows how the researchers mentioned above employed the use of a
capacitor and series filter in order to reduce the ripple factor in the signal and stabilize the output
of the laser mechanism which they ought to power. This concept is very similar to what we hope
to achieve in our design which is the stability and consistency of the DC power signal that we are
to produce through the power supply unit.

1.3 Applicable Standards

1. IEC 60038 - International Electrotechnical Commission standard that defines a set of
standard voltages for use in low voltage and high voltage AC electricity supply systems.
This standard classifies our power supply design as an Extra-low voltage supply system
given that the DC output we produce is less than the 120V threshold.
2. IEC 60269 International Electrotechnical Commission standard that defines the use of
low-voltage power fuses. Our design supplements part 3 of this standard as it is for use in
household applications by unskilled persons.
3. IEC 60063 International Electrotechnical Commission standard that defines a preferred
number for all capacitors and resistors. Preferred number refers to the dimensions of the
components which is important in our design as the researchers would be employing
standard capacitor and resistor sizes in order to uniformly perform the design. Each
capacitor and resistor size the researchers will use is defined by this standard.
4. IEC 60062 International Electrotechnical Commission standard that defines the color
coding of resistors and capacitors. Used in this research for the identification of the
resistance and capacitance values of the components used.
5. IEC 60076 International Electrotechnical Commission standard that details the operation,
dimensions and performance of power transformers. The step down transformer used in this
study is defined by this standard.
6. IEC 60083 International Electrotechnical Commission standard which defines the
dimensions and operation of plugs and socket-outlets used for household purposes. The
power plug that is to be used in this project is to be defined by this standard.
7. IEC 60669 International Electrotechnical Commission standard which defines the various
switches used for household purposes or similar fixed-electrical installations. The 6 position
switch used in this project is defined by this standard.

Part II
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
2.1 Design Prototype

Figure 2.1 (Design Prototype Populated Value)

Figure 2.2 (Design Prototype Unpopulated Value)

Figure 2.3 (Design Prototype Final Output)

Bridge Rectifier

Output Terminals

Selector Switch
Capacitor Filter
Transformer

Regulator

Switch
Resistor Series

RC Filter
LED Light

Figure 2.4 (Design Prototype Internal Parts)

2.2 Block Diagram

220v AC Input

12v Step-down
Transformer

1.5v, 3v, 4.5v,

5v, 6v, 9v DC
Output

Bridge
Rectifier

Capacitor Filter

RC Filters

6 Position
Selector Switch

Variable
IC Regulator

Resistor Series

Figure 2.5 (Block Diagram)

1. 220 VAC Input Describes the input AC input which the power supply will obtain from
the common wall outlet.
2. 12v Step-down transformer Steps down the voltage input from 220v to 12v of AC.
3. Bridge Rectifier composed of four diodes arranged in a bridge type configuration which
will convert the AC sinusoidal signal to a full-wave signal to enable easy circuit filtering.
4. Capacitor Filter Primary filter of the circuit which eliminates most of the ripple from
the rectifier output.
5. LM317 Variable IC Regulator Receives input from the potentiometer and the resistor in
order to determine the output voltage to produce and regulate.
6. Potentiometer idetermines the voltage output produced by the variable IC regulator.
7. 6 Position Selector Switch Allows the user to manipulate the output voltage by varying
the amount of resistance encountered by the regulator.
8. RC Filter further stabilizes the voltage output produced by the regulator and eliminates
most of the ripple voltage.
9. Output Voltages allows the output terminals to produce 1.25V to 14.5V voltages
depending upon the requirement imposed by the user.

2.3 Schematic Diagram

Figure 2.6 (Schematic Diagram)

2.4 Circuit Description and Operation

After the input AC voltage goes through a step down transformer to reduce it to a lower
12v voltage, a bridge rectifier will then convert the 12VAC signal to a full-wave signal in order
to make the job of filtering it easier. Given the internal resistances of the diodes in the bridge
rectifier, the maximum deliverable voltage from the transformer goes down to approximately 9
volts after it has passed the rectifier which is why our design for the power supply does not
exceed 9 volts of output. After the rectification process, a 3,300 microfarad capacitor does the
primary filtering of the circuit which eliminates most of the ripple voltage from the output signal.
A 2000 ohm resistor and a 10 microfarad RC circuit then helps further reduce the signal
fluctuations. It is then passed onto the LM317T IC Variable regulator which regulates the signal
relative to a load. What dictates the output voltage to the regulator is the amount of resistance
that it encounters in the circuit which is the reason why the regulators adjustable terminal
receives input from a series of switches and resistors that dictate the output voltage needed. After
the signal needed for output has been selected, it is then passed onto another series of RC filters
before being subsequently passed onto the output terminals.

Shown below is the method of computation used to obtain the value of the resistors used
in the resistor series. The formula is obtained from the specifications of the regulator.

R1

Figure 2.7 Resistor Series Function

In order to find the amount of resistance required by the regulator to produce a certain
voltage, the researchers used the formula above. The required voltage is represented as Vout and
the resistance parallel to the adjustment terminal, which in this case is 100 ohms, is represented
as R1 in the equation above, with the required resistance being R2.
(

Part III
EXPERIMENT ACTIVITIES

3.1. Theoretical and practical passive output verification of the design

Objective:

1. To be able to check whether or not the power supply provides the

designed capacity in theory and in real-life applications without regard to
the stability of the supply signal.
2. To be able to compare the difference, if any exists, of the theoretical
expectation and the practical data obtained from the finished device.

Materials:

Procedures:

1. NI MultiSim 13.0
2. Power Supply Prototype
3. Multimeter
4. Computer Unit
PART I (MultiSim)
1. Construct the circuit as indicated in the schematic diagram in Figure 2.6
above. Ensure that the correct values for the resistors and capacitors are
used and that the correct model and build for the diodes and the IC
regulator is observed.
2. Use the built-in oscilloscope function and tap the input terminals to the
output connection in. Ensure the correctness of the wire polarity.

TAP HERE

3. Run the simulation then slowly turn the designed selector switch to go
through the various voltages provided. Take good note of the
measurements of the voltage.
Table 3.1.1 Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch)
Resistance
Theoretical Output Voltage
(Preset Switch Position)
Position 2
Position 3
Position 4
Position 5
Position 6
PART II (Actual Prototype)
4. Construct the circuit as indicated in the schematic diagram in Figure 2.6
above. Ensure that the correct values for the resistors and capacitors are
used and that the correct model and build for the diodes and the IC
regulator is observed.
5. Set the multimeter to read DC voltage and tap its terminals to the output
terminals of the power supply as indicated in figure 2.4. Ensure the
correctness of the polarity of the wires of the multimeter to that of the
output terminals.
6. Slowly turn the rotary switch, going through all the designed voltages
and measure the supply output. The selector switch is as indicated in
figure 2.4, with the leftmost position being the 1.5 volts output and the
switch turning clockwise in 5 positions.
Table 3.1.2 Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch)
Resistance
Actual Output Voltage
0 Ohms (Preset Switch Position)
Position 2
Position 3
Position 4
Position 5
Position 6
6. Compute the percentage difference between the theoretical and practical
output values. Take note of them in the table below.

Table 3.1.3 Percentage Difference between practical and theoretical output

Resistance
Actual Output
MultiSim
Percentage
Difference
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Position 4
Position 5
Position 6
Questions: 1. Did the power supply design in MultiSim performed exactly as expected?
Describe the values obtained.
2. When the design was executed practically. Did the finished Power Supply
replicate the performance of the simulation design in MultiSim?
3. Describe the discrepancies between the two obtained figures if there
exists some. What couldve caused them if so?
4. What factors affect the performance of a circuit in computer simulation
and in real-life?
Conclusions:

3.2. Theoretical and practical active output verification of the design

Objective:

1. To verify whether the design power supply will give a stable and
accurate voltage with the presence of a current-drawing load.
2. To understand the operation of an IC voltage regulator.

Materials:

Procedures:

1. NI MultiSim 13.0
2. Power Supply Prototype
3. Multimeter
4. Computer
PART I (MultiSim)
1. Construct the circuit as indicated in the schematic diagram in figure 2.6
above. Ensure that the correct values for the resistors and capacitors are
used and that the correct model and build for the diodes and the IC
regulator is observed.

2. Add a 12v 1w lamp at the output side of the circuit similar to the first
experiment and wire a voltmeter parallel with the lamp in order to measure
the voltage drawn by the load.
3. Run the circuit starting from 1.5v up to the 5v position and record the
voltage reading. Take good note of the stability of the DC voltage by using
the oscilloscope function. Record the results in the table below.

5
.

6
4

Table 3.2.1 Voltage Reading (MultiSim)

Expected Voltage
Active Voltage (With Load)
1.5v
3v
4.5v
5v
6v
9v
PART II (Actual Prototype)

4. Set the power supply to the lowest output then wire a 12v lamp to the
output side of the supply. Consequently, use a voltmeter to measure the
voltage across the lamp. Use the table below to record observations. Take
good notice of the performance of the lamp and the stability of the voltage.
Table 3.2.2 Voltage Reading (Practical)
Expected Voltage
Active Voltage (With Load)
1.5v
3v
4.5v
5v
6v
9v
Questions: 1. Is the supply provided by the power supply stable? Can the supply
provide adequate current to run the electrical component required?
2. Are the values obtained from measuring using the computer software and
from the finished product the same? If it is not, what can cause these
deviations?
3. What is the maximum power rating and voltage of an electrical
component which the device can theoretically run? Explain the logic behind
the answer.
4. Why is the IC regulator important in the performance of a power supply
circuit?

3.3. AC-DC Signal Conversion Supply Rectification

Objective:

1. To be able to observe the process of AC Signal Rectification and to

verify the DC signal consistency of the finished power supply
2. To understand the operation of the diode bridge rectifier

Materials:

1. Oscilloscope
2. Power Supply Prototype
3. Multimeter
4. Connecting wires

Procedures:

1. Tap the Oscilloscope to the output terminals of the finished power

supply. Ensure that the Oscilloscope is affixed to the correct settings and
the power supply is turned off.
2. Turn on the Power Supply and observe the signal visualization on the
Oscilloscope. Draw the output waveform below.
3. Tap the Oscilloscope terminals on the position identified on the figure.
This is to see the signal output after the rectification process.

TAP HERE

4. Observe the output waveform produced through the oscilloscope and

draw the output waveform in the space provided below.
5. Tap the oscilloscope terminals in the identified points below. This
would show the waveform before rectification. Ensure that correct
oscilloscope settings are observed in order to prevent damage to the
device.
TAP HERE

6. Draw the output waveform in the space provided below.

Questions:

1. Differentiate the output waveforms of the three points measured using

the Oscilloscope. Identify below what caused these waveforms.
2. State the importance of the rectification process in the production of
power supply units.
3. What happens if the power supply would not be able to provide
consistent DC voltage.

Part IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results of Experiment 1: Resistance input for Variable IC Regulator

Results of Table 1
Table 4.1.1 Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch)
Resistance
Theoretical Output Voltage
0 Ohms (Preset Switch Position)
1.504 Volts
Position 2
3.012 Volts
Position 3
4.521 Volts
Position 4
5.010 Volts
Position 5
6.038 Volts
Position 6
9.037 Volts
Results of Table 2
Table 4.1.2 Voltage output relative to Resistance values (Selector Switch)
Resistance
Practical Output Voltage
0 Ohms (Preset Switch Position)
1.50 Volts
Position 2
3.00 Volts
Position 3
4.51 Volts
Position 4
5.00 Volts
Position 5
6.04 Volts
Position 6
9.09 Volts
Results of Table 3
Table 4.1.3 Percentage Difference between practical and theoretical output
Resistance
Practical
Theoretical
Percentage
Output
Output
Difference
Position 1
1.50
1.504
0.27%
Position 2
3.00
3.012
0.41%
Position 3
4.51
4.521
0.24%
Position 4
5.00
5.010
0.20%
Position 5
6.04
6.038
0.03%
Position 6
9.09
9.037
0.58%

Questions: 1. Did the power supply design in MultiSim performed exactly as expected?
Describe the values obtained.
Answer: The circuit performed as expected as it prudently produced the
desired voltages that correspond to the resistor amounts with very little
deviation from the expected outputs.
2. When the design was executed practically. Did the finished Power Supply
replicate the performance of the simulation design in MultiSim?
Answer: Yes. Similar to the design simulation in MultiSim, the actual
prototype successfully replicated the performance of the simulation with
very little deviation from the output.

3. Describe the discrepancies between the two obtained figures if there

exists some. What couldve caused them if so?
Answer: There were very little discrepancies and differences between the
two obtained values; All of them never exceeding one percent deviation.
The very slight differences couldve been caused by a rounding error or
imprecise calibration of the multimeter used to read the practical values.

4. What factors affect the performance of a circuit in computer simulation

and in real-life?
Answer: Several factors exist which will likely cause the values obtained
from practical and theoretical observations to deviate from each other. First
is the level of calibration of the multimeter used to measure real-life values.
It is because the software used to simulate the circuit is highly precise and
any deviation will likely come from the multimeter. Also, discrepancies
could come from the circuit build given that the materials and circuit
components that the researchers use arent perfect and that they may be
harboring discrepancies. Finally, other factors like the environment to which
the testing is performed and the quality of the instruments used all affect the
values although by only a small factor. There is also the factor of the
ambient temperature of the device and that of the regulator which may cause
significant deviations if not controlled. This is because as the temperature of
the unit and the room rises, the components behave differently from the
standards.

Conclusion: The device is able to supply the correct voltage as per required by the
design. This is with the use of exact values of components as much as
possible in order to replicate the performance of the design. Also, the
theoretical obtained values can and would vary from the practical output
because of already mentioned factors and environmental considerations.

4.2 Results of Experiment 2: Theoretical and practical active output verification of the
design

(Figure 4.1-4.2 Circuit performance at 5v and 4.5v respectively)

Results of Table 1
Table 4.2.1 Voltage Reading (MultiSim)
Resistance
Theoretical Output Voltage
1.5v
1.504 Volts
3v
3.012 Volts
4.5v
4.521 Volts
5v
5.010 Volts
6v
6.038 Volts
9v
9.037 Volts

Results of Table 2
Table 4.2.2 Voltage Reading (Practical)
Resistance
Practical Output Voltage
1.5v
1.491 Volts
3v
2.994 Volts
4.5v
4.55 Volts
5v
5.064 Volts
6v
6.071 Volts
9v
9.14 Volts
Questions: 1. Is the supply provided by the power supply stable? Can the supply
provide adequate current to run the electrical component required?
Answer: The power provided by the supply is stable given that in both
instances of experimentation, MultiSim and practical, the circuit did not
exhibit any signs of instability e.g. signal fluctuations in oscilloscope for
MultiSim and flickering for Practical. It can also be verified that the supply
can provide adequate current to run the electrical component specified given
that it has a very able transformer at 2A.
2. Are the values obtained from measuring using the computer software and
from the finished product the same? If it is not, what can cause these
deviations?
Answer: There were slight deviations from the computer simulator obtained
values. These can be caused by the accuracy of the multimeter used, the
quality of the bulb load powered by the circuit and other external factors
which would likely cause any deviation from the ideal, theoretical amount.
3. What is the maximum power rating and voltage of an electrical
component which the device can theoretically run? Explain the logic behind
the answer.
Answer: Theoretically, the power supply can power a device with a voltage
rating of 9v and a power rating of 18w in full capacity. This is because the
device is equipped with a 2A transformer which, when multiplied with the
maximum voltage provided at 9v, can provide for an 18w device. This is
without taking into consideration other factors such as the heat dissipation
ability of the regulator.
4. Why is the IC regulator important in the performance of a power supply
circuit?

Answer: The IC regulator plays an important role in a linear power supply

because it allows the supply to provide a consistent voltage regardless of
whether a current-drawing load is powered by the device or not. This is
because, without the regulator, the voltage deliverable by the device would
fluctuate heavily and would cause damage to the device or simply wouldnt
be able to power the device anymore.

Conclusion: It is important to know the exact specifications of the device by performing

an analysis of the power and voltage ratings of the components used and
determining the maximum tolerable values for the output load. The voltage
regulator performs an important job of ensuring the stability of the voltage
and making sure that the device receives a consistent amount of voltage.
4.2 Results of Experiment 3: AC-DC Signal Conversion Supply Rectification

After Filtering

After Rectification

Before Rectification

Questions: 1. The output waveform before rectification, that is, through the transformer is
that of an AC signal which is sinusoidal in nature with peak voltage of 12
13 volts. After the signal has passed through the bridge rectifier, the signal is
then converted to a full-wave signal in order to begin the process of DC
conversion. After it has passed through the main capacitor filter and the RC
filters, it is now a straight line which signifies full DC conversion.
2. Signal rectification is a very important process in the production of power
supply units because it is important that AC electricity be effectively
converted to DC signals in order to power electrical components
consistently. Rectifiers form the backbone of DC Power supplies and are
essential in their functions in converting signals.
3. If the power supply would not be able to provide DC voltage consistently,
damage could be sustained by the load device because most devices are
designed to perform with DC electricity than AC power. If in the case that
the device is not damaged, it wouldnt be able to perform its specification
effectively because incorrect electricity is being provided.

Part V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

It can be deduced that the circuit performs excellently given that it has met all of
the parameters the researchers set for it to be defined as functioning properly. It is also apparent
that the circuit is amply protected from unforeseen failures with the inclusion of a fuse and
several surge protection diodes in the circuit. From the experiments also, it can be learned that
the voltage regulator used is a very important part of the power supply because it allows for the
production of different output voltages depending upon the resistance in series with the
adjustment terminal of the regulator. Overall, the power supply circuit performed well and can be
an excellent source of DC voltage.
It can also be said that there are multiple processes involved in the AC-DC signal
conversion process. This includes transformer step-down, rectification; signal filtering, control,
regulation and supply. Each process is equally important in the production of DC voltage and no
process should be skipped and missed in the process.
It is also highly essential to completely ensure the correctness of the components
used when producing a prototype because any wrong component used will be significantly
detrimental to the proper execution of the device specifications.

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