INDIA

People and Economy

Textbook in Geography for Class XII

AUTHOR
S.K. SHARMA

EDITOR
R.P. MISHRA

List of Illustrations and Maps

India: Physical
India: Administrative Divisions, 2001
1.1. India: State-wise Distribution of Area and Population
(in percentage), 2001
1.2. India: Density of Population, 2001
1.3. India: Decadal Growth of Population, 1901-2001
1.4. India: Growth of Population, 1991-2001
1.5. Proportion of In-migrants in India, 1991

2
4
8
10
12

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.

16
17
18
18
19

India: Urbanisation, 2001

India: Age and Sex Structure, 1991
India: Sex Ratio in India and Selected Countries, 2001
Sex Ratio in India, 1901-2001
India: Sex Ratio, 2001

3.1. Distribution of Scheduled Caste Population in India, 1991

3.2. India: Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Population, 1991

25
27

4.1. India: State-wise Distribution of Literacy, 2001

4.2. India: State-wise Distribution of Female Literacy, 2001
4.3. India: Incidence of Poverty, 1999-2000

36
37
40

5.1. India: Distribution of Rural Population according to

Village Size, 1991
5.2. Patterns of Villages: Rectangular, L-shaped, Square-shaped,
Checker Board, Hollow-rectangular, Hollow-square shaped
5.3. Patterns of Villages: Circular, Polygonal, Hollow Circular,
Radial, Horse Shoe Shaped, String Pattern
5.4. Patterns of Villages: Double Village, Fragmented,
Elongated, Fan-shaped, Fortified, Amorphous

45
46
48
49

6.1. Class-wise Distribution of Urban Population of India, 2001

6.2. Metropolitan Cities of India, 2001

54
56

7.1. Interaction between Human, Culture and Environment

(After Zimmermann)
7.2. Resource Endowments in High and Low Level Cultures

61
61

vi

7.3. Classification of Resources (After B. Goodall, 1987)

7.4. Classes of Resources after Renner

62
63

8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.

Utilisation of Potential Ground Water

India: Water Scarcity Area
India: Net Sown Area under Irrigation, 1997-98
Net Area under Irrigation by Sources
Water Harvesting:
(a) Recharge Through Hand Pump
(b) Recharge Through Abandoned Dug Well
(c) Recharge Through Trench
(d) Section of Cement Nala Bund
8.6. Watershed Development Model of Sukhomajri, Haryana

69
70
72
73
77

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.

81
82
83
87
89
92
94
96

India: Land Use 1950-51 and 1998-99

India: Pattern of Net Sown Areas, 1998-99
India: Intensity of Cropping
India: Rice Growing Areas
India: Wheat Growing Areas
India: Sugarcane Producing Areas
India: Tea and Coffee Growing Areas
India: Cotton and Jute Growing Areas

78

10.1. India: Coal Fields

10.2. India: Oil Refineries
10.3. (a) India: Installed Capacity of Electricity, 1998-99
(b) India: Gross Generation of Electricity, 1998-99
10.4. India: Consumption of Electricity in Percentage, 1999-2000
10.5. India: Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants

103
107
112
112
113
117

11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.

123
127
131
133

India: Iron and Steel Plants

India: Cotton Textile Industry
India: Software Technology Parks
India: Industrial Regions

13.1. India: Super Highways

13.2. India: National Highways
13.3. India: Distribution of Railways

150
151
154

14.1. India: Major Ports

14.2. India: Air Routes

167
169

CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

1. Population: Distribution and Growth

2. Population Composition

14

3. Social and Cultural Attributes of Population

23

4. Human Development

32

5. Rural Settlements

43

6. Urban Settlements

52

7. Natural Resources : Theoretical Background

60

8. Water Resources

67

9. Agriculture

80

10. Mineral and Power Resources

100

11. Manufacturing Industries

119

12. Development Planning

139

13. Transport and Communication Network

148

14. International Trade

160

15. Poverty and Environmental Degradation

171