Biyani's Think Tank

A concept based exclusive material

PSYCHOLOGY
(GNM-I Year)

Shweta Vajpayee
Lecturer
Deptt. of Nuring
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

2
Published by :

Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti

Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition: 2010

Price:

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or
omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the
publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to
anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by:

Biyani College Printing Department

GNM First Year (Psychology)

Preface

am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the

students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding
the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the Teach
Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy
and understandable based on scientific approach.
This book covers basic concepts related to principal understandings about psychology
and dynamics of human behavior and concept of mental health . This will enable to them
develop positive attitude in the nurses to maintain interpersonal relationship with patients.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission
and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the
author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,
Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider
and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an
active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the
publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational
institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book.
The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned
address.
Author

PSYCHOLOGY
Course Description
This course is designed to help students understand the dynamics of human behaviour and
concept of mental health. This will enable them to develop positive attitude and good interpersonal relationship in the practice of nursing in all health care settings.

General Objective
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to :
Describe the concept of mental and psychology.
Explain the dynamics of human behaviour, personality and learning.
Discuss the role of adjustment and emotions in health and illness.
Demonstrate skills in the application of principle of psychology in nursing practice in
all kind of health care sittings.

Course content
Unit I Introduction
Definitions, scope of psychology and its importance in nursing profession.

Unit II psychology of Human Behaviour

Dynamics of behaviour, motivation process of adjustment, adjustments and
maladjustments unconscious behaviours.
Frustration Sources and nature of frustration, measures to overcome frustration.
Conflicts; types, unconscious conflict, resolution, conflict, and nursing
Adjustment mechanism, meaning, types and importance's.
Emotions; in health and disease, emotional situations, control of emotions, effect of
emotional reactions on health.
Attitudes meaning, development, change in attitude, attitude and nursing.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

Habits, formation, type effective habit formation, advantages and disadvantage of habit
formation.

Unit III Learning

Nature of learning laws and types of learning, factors promoting, effecting learning,
memory and forgetfulness.
Thinking and reasoning.
Nature and type of thinking.
Problem solving and reasoning.

Unit IV observation
Attention and perception factors affection attention and observation and

Unit V Intelligence
Definition, individual difference in intelligence.
Mental ability and nature of intelligence.
Measurement of intelligence.
Development of intelligent behaviour
Unit VI personality
Meaning types, factor affecting development of personality
Characteristics of various are group child, adolescent, adult and aged.
Will and character.

Unit- I
Chapter I

Psychology

Q.1

What is the mean of psychology? Define Psychology?

Ans.: Introduction:
we are all interested in understanding our selves and others.
A knowledge of psychology has come up to be considered of both academic and
practical values in the field of medicine, low, business, social relations, social
workers, nursing and other areas of human behaviour.
Mean of psychology :_
Greek word
Psyche Sound or spirit
Logos Scientific study
Sound was replaced by mind.
Psychology is a science of behaviour :
1. Psychology is derived by 2 Greek word psyche and logos.
2. Later on mind replaced soul.
3. Finally the most model and most widely accepted definitions of psychology is
regarded as "Science of behaviour".

Definition of Psychology :
William James in his book "principle of psychology" published in 1880.
-

It define that psychology expulsion stat of our consciousness.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

In the term of study of behaviour "psychology is scientific way of study behaviour of

human beings"
Psycho

Soul

conscious mind

behaviour

logy

Psychology is a positive or natural science. It is a bound is sense it include all types of

human activity like :

1. Motor activities Ex. Walking, speaking.

2. Cognitive activities Ex. Thinking, remembering, reasoning.
3. Emotional activities Ex. Happiness, sadness, fearness, angriness.
-

Q.2

These activities come under our behaviour.

What the importance of psychology for a nurse?

Ans.:

Firstly it will enable her to understand our self.

Psychology will help to student nurse to understand to other people.

The study of psychology will help to the student nurse to appreciate the
necessity of changing the environment.

Psychology will through light an inter dependence or body mind and spirit in each
individual.

No. of adjustment :
(a)

With a new environment.

(b)

Adjustment with the patient with different lines and of different age group.

(c)

Adjustment to her own work routine besides. She needs to develop a. professional
personality.

study

Chapter II

Scope of Psychology
Q.1

What are the scope of psychology?

Ans.: The scope of psychology :

First like other science psycho its own scope or psychology is very wide because its no.
of branches :1. General Psychology :
It has general principles of psychology,
It desire the universal character and human behaviour
We are Studying general psychology in which includes:- habits, attitude, human
behaviour.
2.

Animal Psychology :
In this psychology persons have to study about behaviour of animal with human
beings.

3. Physiological Psychology :
It shows that function + structure of sense organ, muscle, flow nervous system.
4. Genetic Psychology :
It also c/a the development psychology, it is a study of behaviour birth to till older.
It also the study of factor which affecting growth + development of human
behaviour.
5. Child Psychology :
It is study of the behaviour of a child from birth to till 12 years of age.
6. Social psychology :
It study various types of phenomena such as : Public opinion
Attitude
Crowed Behaviour
7.

Abnormal Psychology:

GNM First Year (Psychology)

It is study of mental disorder and treatment by mental disorder.

Q.2

What are the methods of psychology?

Ans.: Psychology are have study previously is a systematic and scientifically studies of
human behaviour. It has its special tools and procedure. These facts about it. These
procedure are c/a "methods of psychology.
1. Intro-inspection or self observation method.
2. The observational method
3. Experimental method
4. Clinical method
5. Genetic or Developmental method.
6. Rating scales, checklist & questionnaires
7. Testing method
8. Socio metry method.

10

Unit II
Chapter- I

Mental Health

Q.1

Let us define the mental health and described the characters of mentally healthy
person?

Ans.: The mental healthy person as adjustment of human being to the world and to each other
with a maximum of effectiveness and happiness. It is ability to maintain an ever temper
on alert intelligence, society, considerate, behaviour and happy position. This type of
condition when in our life create many problem then use found the way of solve the
problem.

Character :
1. He feel comfort him self.
2. He feel responsibility.
3. The enjoy with success.
4. He neither estimate nor or over estimate.
5. When an obstacle come in our life then he don't crying and start trying.
6. He live in good company and he enjoy our life.
7. He can able to think and take able to any decision.
8. He set a goal with himself.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

11

Chapter II

Motivation
Q.1

What is motivation? Define motive or drive?

Ans.: It is a key ward in psychology it is an inner force, drives are individual. A certain
action. Also determines human behaviour motivation may be positive or negative.
without motivation.
Motive or drive :
Motive or the behavioural drives can also be defined as "some inner force which moves
him to certain action".
When a motive is at work it creates a tension. These tension the individual towards
activity that will relive the tensions.
The motive in broad sense the words include needs, basic drives, interests like a
dislike, desire & attitude because all these move is to same action or the other.

Q.2
Ans.:

Define The types or classification of motive or drive.

12

Motive or Drive

Biological or

Social motives or

Physiological drives Drives

Personal motive

Unconscious

or drives

Motivation

Drives

Vocational

Level of

Ambitions and

aspiration

Life Goals
Gregariousness Mastery Acquisitiveness
Motive

motive or possessions

Force of habit

GNM First Year (Psychology)

13

Chapter-III

Defense Mechanism
Q.1

What do your understand by adjustment mechanism why are they also called
defense mechanism?

Ans.: Physical structure or process that protect against from the environment is c/a defense
mechanism. "according to frend the term defense mechanism refers to the un-conscious
powers that defense a person against anxiety. It is also c/a "adjustment mechanism" and
"mental mechanism".
The human being usually able to relief from the conflict by utilizing certain form of
adaptation achieve are c/a defense mechanism.

Q.2

Bring out the various types of defense mechanism (s) by giving example and their
use?

Ans.: Classification of adjustment mechanism use shall simply discuss important

mechanisms called operate in our daily life These are :
1. Compensation : It means something gives to replace a loss or to make up for a defect
or where a person which fall shot of his goal in one area is trying to achieve in another
area.
Ex.

A person is physically handicapped he may work hard and get a good score in studies
the compensation reactions in another area.
2. Rationalization : It is most common mechanism use by us. An individual who has
been frustrated or not solve the problem successfully and feel this comfort. Give
different reason rather their actual reason he does not offer the actual reasons because
is too painful.

Ex.

A boy don't know how to play chase may not participate in the game, if some one will
ask him. Why he is not playing? He will say, " It is not fun" if he wons to play he can
play very will."

14

3. Displacement : It is a special form of projection is c/a displacement.

Ex.

Nurse have been angry with a doctor for her negligence her duty. So she feel anger
about it. But she could not show her anger to the doctor. So she may show her feeling
to the patient.
4. Identification: " It is an adjustment mechanism by which the individual feels the
personal satisfaction in the success and achievement of other people and groups.

Ex.

Boys often identify them self with their father. And girls other identify their self with
their mother.
5. Substitution: It is a adjustive mechanism in which original goal or desire are substitute
by others the original goal are difficult to achieve so that individual select a new goal
for a new situation which is easier to attend.

Ex.

A boy who can't go for a medical college because of lack of fun may join Nursing.
6. Sublimation : Our unacceptable desire or activities are redirected in to socialy
acceptance manner.

Ex.

We can't express our sexual or aggressive impulses due to may social reason. law and
restriction these impulses have to be repressed acid energy associated with there may
produce tension and frustration.

Ex.

A business man may because energy and tired by certain events of the day he may
redirected his energy in to games or gardening by redirection person get social and
personal satisfaction.
7. It means behave in a childish behaviour or manner in a less mature way.

Ex.

A nurse makes an error in gives medication or nsg. Care and than start crying.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

15

Chapter-IV

Frustration
Q.1

What is frustration ? and what are the sources of frustration?

Ans.: Frustration can be defined of the blocking of a desire or needs it refers to failure to
satisfy a basic needs because of condition either in the individual or external obstacles
because frustration is a condition of extreme tension. Its commonly interpreted strong
emotional tension.
Sources of frustration :
1. Our frustration may be caused by minor obstacle in our environment.
2. Our frustration may be caused by confined to other people.
3. Our frustration may be caused by environment, situation or condition. Which one can
not control.
4. Economic deprivation may be caused frustration 5 social customs, tradition, distraction
and taboos.
5. Even the realization of our personal deficiency.
6. An other source of frustration is conflict of motives within the individual.

16

Chapter V

Conflict
Q.1

What is mental conflict? Define the nature of conflict?

Ans.: There may be 2 or more opposite desire

or Motive present an individual. The

individual can't decide as to which should be satisfied.

A state of tension follow. This inner state of mind characterized by tension as a result
of present at the time of martially exclusive or apposite tendencies or desires is
described as "mental conflict"
The state of tension makes it difficult for the individual for choose or to make a
decision.
Conflict is a state present in between right and obstacle there may be 2 or more then 2
desire are present in all individual an each desire given purpose satisfaction and
individual can't able to select his desire will give him a maximum satisfaction so that
time the person become in conflict.

Q.2

Define types of conflict?

Ans.: Conflict are different type :There may be a conflict.

Ist Classification :1.

Conflict b/w person and person ex. Parents children conflict conflict b/w minor
groups and major groups

2.

Conflict b/w person and his environment ex : earthquake, wars, disease, fire etc.

3.

Conflict within a person : The internal conflict divided into 3 class :

(i) Internal conflict in which 2 goals are desired at one'c.
Ex : a person want to go for a drama, cinema at same time.
(ii) Internal conflict an individual who wants and doesn't out a certain object
ex.: a boy want to climb on a tree but he get afraid to fall down.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

17

(iii) Internal conflict is one in which an individual doesn't want to do a certain thing
but is force to do it.
Ex. A student does not want to complete his home work but he get afraid that if he will
not completed it then teacher will scold him or punish.
2.

IInd Classification :1. Approach Approach [++] conflict.

Ex. A person want to go for a drama or cinema at some time.
II. avoidance avoidance conflict.
Ex. A student doesn't want to study and does not want to fail also.

3.

Approach avoidance (+) conflict.

4.

Double approach avoidance conflict.

18

Unit III
Chapter I

Emotion

Q.1

List out the physiological changes in emotion:

Ans.: Increase heart rate

Pupils dilated

Se heart rate

Pupils dilated

B.P. Raise

Goose flash

Se respiration

Se gastric juices

Se peristatic movement of stomach

Excessive perspiration

Formation of blood clot

Muscles tremous

Se blood sugar

Other changes :
1. Changes in voice : Tremor in voice, sharp and high pitch
2. Changes in facial expressions : Interest, enjoy, surprise

GNM First Year (Psychology)

19

Anger, shame, fear

3. Changes in other part of body (body language)

Q.2

Mentions the state of emotions or emotional situations?

Ans.: There are ten different basic emotional situation : 5 are positive
5 are negative
Positive emotions are :
I.

Love

II.

Laugh

III.

Hope

IV.

Optimism

V.

Self confidence

Negative emotions are

I.

Anger

II.

Fear

III.

Sadness

IV.

Boredom

V.

Guilt

Q.3

How would you control of emotion?

Ans.: The following are same point given below in order to have control over your
emotions.
1. One should learn about emotions, their causes, reaction involved and consequences.
The more you know about then the greater is the power you have cover them.
2. One should try to avoid emergency situations as they cause excessive emotional
reactions for this one should Learns the habit of planning our daily life and our future
activities.

20

3. One should cultivate hobbies, habits of good reading and wholesome friendship get
busy in some useful activities. This activities will direct your attentions from the
emotion pro-voicing experiences.
4. By trying to learn to control unreasonable and excessive external expression of
emotions.
5. A Through understanding of one self. Once own limitation and powers helps in
controlling one'c emotion face real strictly.
6. A well developed sense of humour will help you to forget your petty annoyances and
irritations.
7. A desirable philosophy a life will enable one self to avoid mental conflict and
emotional tensions.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

21

Chapter II

Attitude
Q.1

Discuss the attitude acc. To the "kimballyouug"?

Ans.: Acc to "kimballyoung": "A predisposition to respon in a persistent and characteristic

manner will habit and skill in reference to some situation idea, values, material, object
or class or object person or a group of person.
The attitude can be positive or negative
The attitude of respect to elders is positive. But attitude of towards particular
company is c/a negative attitude.

Q.2

What are the factors which determine the attitude in human being?

Ans.: There are main 3 kind of factor which determine attitude in human being.
1. Environment The following environment condition gives effect on our attitude.
I.
II.

Home Shows positive and negative influence

School Peer pressure.

III.

Media News paper, radio, magazine, movies etc.

IV.

Religious back ground

V.

Cultural back ground

VI.
VII.
VIII.

Tradition beliefs
Social environment
Political environment

All These environment create a culture on every place, a home, organization or a

country has a culture.

1. Experience: Our attitude will be change acc. to experience. A new attitude will
develop with new experience, if use have good experience with person our attitude will
be also positive for that person and our life.

22

2. Education: Education Or knowledge also helps to change, our attitude A new attitude
will develop or formed acc. To our knowledge our level of education.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

23

Chapter III

Habit
Q.1

Discuss about the habit and what are the advantages of habit?

Ans.: When a voluntary action repeated frequently is c/a habit.

It first we have a great effort to is called a habit but later one we can do it without much
on more consciousness. Our mind and emotion also involve in this condition.
The habit is a Tendency of an organism to behave in the same way as it has behave
before it is a discripted turn denoting the repetition of similar action in similar
circumstances.
Advantages of habit formation :
Development of habit is good for smooth and effective living, habitual action lead
little attention and effort. Habit makes our movement simple and quicker.

24

Chapter IV

Skill
Q.1

What do you understand by skill? and What principles of learning operate in

acquiring skills?

Ans.:
" skill is art or a specialized ability. Skill is something is to be done well. According to
"moon".
"Skill is a proficiency in the performance of a task".
The task may become typing, playing with an musical instrument driving with car, giving
bath a body.
When skill will be acquired will become smooth and gentle.
Motor skill is defined as integration of well adjusted muscle response.
Principle of learning operate acquiring skill.
1. Our interest, our strong desire are very essential to learn the skill for example : We can
not learn the piyano completely unless does not have a strong desire to learn.
2. Practice is very important think to develop the skill.
3. A clear defined idea or what a learner is accepted to do or to perform will be helpful.
4. The goal must be well defined and the all instruction should be clear.
5. Demonstration and procedure technique is very useful
6. Fear, worry anxiety does not make our skill effective.
7. Intelligence factor is very important to perform skill.
8. To take the help of another person to check the movement accurately. It is wrong that
correct it almost as early its possible.

Q. 2 Write the difference b/w habit and skill ?

Ans.:

GNM First Year (Psychology)

25

Habit
1. Habit are form of our learned
Behaviour
2. In habit action comes in rantine

Skill
Skill is a proficiency in the
performance
One'c a skill has been acquired the
action becomes smooth. gentle
Rhythmic and unnecessary movement
Are omitted.

3. Ex. of habit clearing of our

Teeth or our hair, dress

Example of skill giving a both to a

new born warning an unusual costume.

ourself every day.

4. Types or habit :-

types of skill :-

Motor habit

- Social skills

Intellectual habit

- economic skill

Emotional habit

- leisure skill

5. Habit does not provide

skill provide economic security

Economic security
6. Habit are done without any
Conscious efforts
7. Habit is normal and simplest
Form in nature

In skill we have too require

consciousness
Skill is special form in nature.

26

Chapter V

Thinking
Q.1

How would you define thinking and describe the nature of thinking by which
concepts are formed.

Ans. Man a rashnal being and roshnality consist in his ability to think and reason. Is it
because of his capacity for better thinking that he is superior to other animals in
learning and making adjustment.
" Thinking is an activity which involve many parts of our body like sense organ and
muscles. Where the thinking process is intense, it is accompanied by muscular tremors"
Exp. When we thin hard or when want to solve a problem we shows wrinkle on our
forehead.
Nature of thinking It is a mental process in which we deal with thoughts and
ideas actively physiological.
Psychologist define thinking as an activity which involve many part of our
body that is receptor connector and affecter that is "IE" sense organ nerve,
muscles of these are most important connectors of the neural mechanism in the
brain.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

27

Chapter VI

Problem solving and reasoning

Q.1

What are the chief causes of mistaken conclusion, in problems solving by

reasoning?

give examples?

Ans.: sherman has made up the process of reflective thinking c/a reasoning he says
"reasoning is a process of thinking during which the individual is aware of a problem,
identify it, evaluates it and decides upon a solution"

In it the thought process is directed consciously towards the solution of a difficulty or a

problems.

The process of reasoning or problems solving include the following points:

i.

Awareness the problem.

ii.

Comprehensive of the problem.

iii.

Formulation of plans and action.

iv.

Evolution and choice of the final plan.

v.

Putting into practice and verification.

Reasoning will be use full in problem solving any practical that is planning of holiday
or the decoration of a house.

28

Chapter VII

The learning process

Q.1

Explain the nature of learning with examples?

Ans.: One of the most important characteristic of human being in their capacity to learn. Our
personality, our habits, skills, knowledge attitude, interests and character is largely
result of learning.
The following general characteristic or nature of learning can be reduced.
Learning is a process of modification of behavior.
Learning is growth threw experience.
Learning is adjustment to a situations.
Learning consist in establishing the right stimulus, response connection.
Learning is the process that is purposeful and goal directed.
Learning is a self active process which set up or environment no one learns in a
vacuum.

Q.2

What are the factor which affects learning process.

Ans.: Practice which influences learning, learning is efficient retained and easily recall.
experience and experiment have brought out the importance of following factor.
Motivation
Intelligence
Maturation
Physical condition of the learner.
Good working condition.
Mental Health of the learner.
Learning is hold by associated things as part of total situations.
Length of the working period.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

Q.3

29

What are the methods or modes of learning?

Ans.:
Methods & Mode of learning : By modes of learning. We mean different ways in which are
learn things there are three modes of learning.
Learning by trial and error.
By conditioning this not learned behaviour.
Trial by observation and insight.

30

Unit-IV
Chapter I

Observation

Q.1

Define observation? And why is the importance for a nurse to cultivate habit of
correct observation?

Ans.

Definition : observation is a act of carefully watching an object or situation:

Observation is a mental activity which place a important. Role in learning
thinking and Reasoning.
Accurate observation is very important for a nurse. She has to feel the pulse,
note the temperature, proper reporting and recording any other works. Which
required correct observation. If she fails it may be harmful for the patient. Sense
organ and nervous system plays an important role in observation.
Observation involve 2 mental activity :
1. Attention
2. Perception

GNM First Year (Psychology)

31

Chapter-II

Attention
Q.1

What is attention? Give example to show that attentions is influenced by such

factors as size of objects, intensity of stimulation?

Ans.

Attention is the chief characteristic of conscious mind and is essential to the

requirement of knowledge. Attention exist only where someone attending to something

At a certain time we may be conscious of many things in our environment but we

may be attending to only one or two at one time.

Attention is also selective mental activity we peak and select some particular aspect
from the situation.

For example:- At a time of listening a lecture you may be aware of there is noises
outside the room, but you are concentrating to only words & ideas as stated by the
lecturer. From this we can include that attention is the higher & consciousness of an
object or stimulus out of many. It means the focusing of consciousness on particular
object or idea at a particular time to the extension of all other object or ideas.

We can make a blurred image clear by focusing on camera on it.

So by focusing our consciousness on an idea or an we get to know the idea or an
object. We get to know the idea or object better.

32

Sense perception
Q.1

Define sense perception? Sensation is the initial response of an organism to a

stimulus, "Perception comes a spilt second later and involves an interpretation or
evaluation of stimulus"?

Ans.

Sense perception is the second step in observation. It is a process of mental

apprehension of the world around us through sensations. It is a process by means of
which we become aware of our characteristic and those of our environment through the
functioning of our sense organs. For ex. seeing blue color with out associating with
object which is blue, or hearing a noise with a particular object which is producing
similarly there are sensation of warmth. Cold, giddiness, movement, position thirst and
nausea.

Q.2

Describe the factors that effect the formation of our perception?

Ans.

: Perception involves direct experience with object, persons or events this means that
the most important aspect of perception is a group of sensations through the
functioning of sense organs.
Our acquired interests also determine the object or objects.
Our needs or desires also modify our perceptions
Our past experiences, our interest, needs, mood & mindsets are c/a functional

factors of perception.
Q.3.

What are the common abnormalities and perceptual disorder? Explain with
example?

Ans.: These are example of sensory abnormalities :1. Anesthesia

2. Hyperesthesia
3. Parasthesia

GNM First Year (Psychology)

1.

33

Anesthesia : Anesthesia Implies complete inability to respond to sensory stimuli. It

means a loss or absence of sensitivity. It may be caused by defective sense organ, affect of
drugs or also by some emotional or functional factors.
2.

Hyperesthesia : It means excessive respond to stimuli. sick people often show this

things in their behaviour. They react to noises or bright right when we fatigued we become
hyper sensitive to lights to sounds or to the weight of clothing and to odour.
3.

Parasthesia : One grossly false sensations. A person may have sensations of offensive

smell, bitter taste in the month where is no reasons for them.

There are 2 main disorders of perception :
1. Illusions
2. Hallucinations
Illusions : False perceptions are called illusion. Where we percive something and mistake it.
For something that is not rarely there it is the case of an illusion. We take a rope for a snake in
the dark, A toy apple on the mantle piece for real apple. You hear a sound and you think that
somebody is calling your name. Most of our illusion are visual and auditory but others one
possible illusion are caused by inadequate of our sense organ.
Hallucinations: It is an imaginary of perceptions they are an form of accurate observation in
which one sees all fares. Something that is not seeing or heard by other around it. An alcoholic
may see pink.

34

Unit-V

Intelligence

Q.1

What is intelligence & mental ability?

Ans.:

It has been define as " In born all round mental efficiency" and also as mental capable

of being transferred from one activity to another. People have different standard of judging it.
For ex. a teacher might consider his student intelligent if he can show good results in the
examination.
Wood worth things that intelligence consist in the application of such intellectual
capacities as observing, understanding, thinking, remembering in handling a situation
or a task.
-

Ex. a nurse may be regarded as intelligent by the matron or the doctor. If she can
understand, remember and carry out the instruction carefully and correctly.

Q.2

What are the features of Intelligence?

Ans:

Feature / Nature of intelligence :

It brings about following feature of intelligence:

1. It is an innate mental ability which grows and influence by the environment.

2. It shows the capacity to adopt to new situations quickly and correctly.
3. It consist in the ability to carry on higher mental process such as reasoning, criticism,
application and judgment.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

35

4. It shows the capacity to learn difficult task and the ability the solve increasing difficult
problems.
5. It shows the capacity to observe relationship and detect absurdities (mistakes).
6. The best way to understand "what intelligence implies" will be to understand intelligent
behaviour.

Q,3

How would you measure intelligence?

Measurement of Intelligence :

Ans.:

One of the achievement of modern psychology is the development of scientific device

of measuring the general mental ability or intelligence these have been c/a intelligence
test.
It is to that and experienced teacher may still tern round and declare that he
does not need any such device or tests and that his inside.
Observation will enable him to find out who are intelligent and who are dull in
his classes.
Recently a No. of new tests have been developed on over used all over the
world.
The first practical scale for measuring intelligence was developed and given to
the word by two French psychologist:
1.

Alfred Vinet

2.

Theodore Simon

There scale consist of question and problems graded on difficulty for different
age groups from 3-15
other test one of these is the well known wechsler believer test for adult.
Sample of test item there are there more popular intelligence test may be:
1. Simon vinet test.
2. Ternan's Stanford vinet test.
3. Wechsler believer test
Types of intelligence test :
1. Individual test of the verbal type.

36

2. Groups test of the verbal types.

3. Performance test for individual
4. Performance for groups.

Representation of intelligence test results:

Many devices are used to show the results or scores of an intelligence test of these two
are the mental age and intelligent. It was bimat to give to idea mental age. It is different
from age or actual age.
Ex.: suppose a boy a ten is presented with problems which every normal boy of 10 is
expected to solve correctly. If he solve them correctly his mental age is also 10.
If he can not his mental age falls below ten.
He can also have the mental age of 11 or 12 or more. If he is able to solve the problems
for these years.
The mental age indicates the level of mental maturity but tells us nothing about the
relative brightness or dullness of the individual that is "how much" of intelligence.
This information is provided by I.Q. it is obtained by dividing once mental age by
chronological age and multiply it by 100 the formula of IQ (Intelligent quotient) :

I.Q. =
I.Q. =
For Ex. : Gopal's chorological Age is 10 and his Mental Age is 12 then formula is :

I.Q. =

In this device a person of normal intelligence describe as having and I.Q. of 100. A more
intelligent will have more than 100 on the bases of I.Q. terman classify level's of
intelligence as follows :

GNM First Year (Psychology)

37

Levels and I.Q. :

S.No.
Level
1
Idiot
2
Imbecile (Stupid foolish)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Mentally Subnormal
Border line
Low normal
Normal
Superior
Very Superior
Near Genius or genius

I.Q.
0-25
26-50
51-70
71-80
81-90
91-110
111-120
121-140
141 and over

Values and limitation of intelligence test:

Intelligence helps in predicating the possibility of individual learner in classify
students. In shifting the gifted from the backward they have been used to determine or
control admission to various causes and to select student for scholarship.
These are useful in the process of vocational guideness and counseling. Its limitation
can be that, intelligence test can not predict the success of a student with absolute
certainty. They do not threw any light on one character, morals, emotionality or
temperamental traits.

38

Unit- VI

Personality

Q.1

What is personality, define the nature of personality?

Ans.: Firstly the externals or physique and appearance constitutes only one factor in one'c
personality, they do not constitute the whole thing.
The term personality comes from greek word "persona".
The mask which greek actors use to wear in ancient time in drama so that the
mask show the characteristics personality is total quality of an individual
behaviour as it shown in his thinking, in his attitude, interest and manner of
acting. It is not only include his physical, mental and emotional behaviour but
also include his interest, attitude, ability.
The study of personality is important in psychology because it shows behavior.
people will usually behave acc. to their personality.
Definition of personality a/c to bridge:"The pattern develop by the integrated functional of all traits and characteristics of individual".

Q.2

What are the factor which determines or influence the personality?

Ans.: Factors influence personality : There are 3 kinds of factors :1. Physiological factor.
2. Social and environment factor

GNM First Year (Psychology)

39

3. Psychological factor.
I. Physiological factor :
1. It include the physique of an individual ex: Size strength looks. It also include the
physical abnormality and nature or glands.
2. Physical appearance is the first thing which attract us and attractive physical
appearance help to create self confidence of individual.
II. Social and environmental factor :
The social and environment factor gives a big effect on personality. acc. to cruze." The
personality influence more by the reaction of other people than by any other factor in
the environment."
III. Mental and psychological factor : Our interest, attitude, will, character and our
intellectual such as intelligence, all these shows our behaviour it also give effect an our
personality development. These factor help to shine our personality, qualities.
For ex. Intelligent and proper attention shows that how to solve a problem.

Q.3

Mention the types of personality ?

Ans.

(I) According to karl G jung :

(i)

Extrovert
They are interested in world about them.
They are sociable + friendly and not easily upset by difficulties.
They one men of action rather then reflection.

(ii) Introvert :
The introverts are described by him as those who are interested in themselves.
Their own feeling emotions and reaction.
They are highly sensitive and unable to adjust easily to social situations.

(II) Acc. To William Sheldon :

1. Endomorphic : These persons are soft, fatty and round and they are bulky in body.
They does not disappointed usually. They are social and relex in nature.

40

2. Mesomarphic: These persons are heavy muscular. Their behaviour noisy. they are
physically active these persons are strong.
3. Ectomorphic : These persons are tall and thin and they have flat chest these persons
are self centered in nature.

(III) All port describe : 2 type of people

1. Ascendant : They dominate the situation is out going. Submission or descendent Self
critical, day dreaming, self analytical, gives to withdraws from social or competitive
situation.
2. Acc. To kretschmer: Things that there is a close relation ship b/w one'c body or
physical make up and personality
there are 3 types of bodies Namely :
1. Aesthetic thin and lean
2. Athletic Sports body
3. The pyknic type

(IV) Classification on temperament :

A. Viscertonia :
These persons are relaxing and enjoying in nature.
They like always comfort.
These kind of person are sentimental.
B. Sometotonia :
These persons are aggressive in nature.
These persons have more dancing in nature .
Usually these are non believe in religion
C. Cerebrotonia :
These persons are thought full.

GNM First Year (Psychology)

41

Sensitive in nature and more religious.

Q.4

How would you assess the personality?

Ans.: Assessment of the personality: By assessment of personality we mean judging,

evaluation, measurement of personality,
traits or the general pattern possessed by an individual.
Personality can be measured or evaluate by means of :Interview
Observation of behaviour
Rating scales
Questionnaires method
Case history method.
The projective technique

Q.5

Explain the personality dynamics?

Ans.

Mind is a function of body it does not exist apart from the body.
The structure of mind divided as :

1. Conscious Level: It is relate the awareness of an individual to his environment. IT

works when individual is awake. It attached with thought, feeling and sensations.
2. Preconscious Level: It is a part of mind in which ideas and reaction are stored and
partially forgotten. It also act as watch man.
3. Unconscious level: It is the largest part of mind, it is just like a house from all
memories, feelings and response experienced by the individual his entire life.

42

Chapter II

Will
Q.1

What is will, define will?

Ans.: Definition of Will:

Will is the power of making decision.
For ex: you are working hard for your coming exams. One of your friend come and
suggest to you for a movie. That the conflict is arise that what to decision to do according to
your interest.
"The power of making decision is c/a will".
"Will is the natural capacity of an individual to choose or desire or to do one thing
rather another".
"Will is the sense to power to make a decision".

GNM First Year (Psychology)

43

Chapter-III

Character
Q.1

What is the importance of character in human behaviour?

Ans.

Important of Characters in human behaivour:

Character is a important part of our behaviour.

It is a part of our mental structure.
Character is the result of growth or it is developed by a society in which we leaves.
We do not born with our character.
We Just born with our body gradually we develop skill, habit, attitude, personality etc.
all these combined are c/a character.