Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT TYPE:
PROBLEM SOLVING
PRESENTED BY:
ABDULLA H. SAID
ADM.NO:
110343231195
DECLARATION
I Abdulla H. Said, declare that, the project presented here as partial fulfillment of Bachelor
Engineering in Electrical Engineering course, is my original work and has not been copied
anywhere or presented elsewhere, except where explicitly indicated otherwise.
.....
..
Abdulla H. Said
Date
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated with love to my family for their support and encouragement during the
preparation of this project.
ii
ABSTRACT
The parking procedure at Mlimani city employs parking cards that are used to authenticate
vehicles owners upon exit. The parking cards used do not indicate vehicle type and name of
vehicle owner. This exposes the cards to forgery, eventually leading into a person leaving with a
vehicle that belongs not to him or her.
This is project intends to implement automatic control for opening and closing of the gate to
improve the verification of vehicle owner ship by matching the driver bio data and registration
number of vehicles.
This system comprises of two major parts, hard ware part and software part. The hard ware part
is divided into three units the input unit, controlling unit and output unit. The input unit is keypad
and finger print reader, the controlling unit comprised of microcontroller and switching circuit
and the output part comprises motor. The software part is installed in the microcontroller and is
used to provide decision capability for this system.
Therefore the use of this system will prevent person from leaving with vehicles that does not
belong to them.
iii
AKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my supervisor and my project coordinator Dr. A. Kilimo, for firstly giving
me support throughout the project. I would like to say that their faith give me confidence in my
ability to be an Engineer. I would like to acknowledge all lectures of Electrical Engineering
Department of Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, for their assistance, advice and
cooperation, which made this project to be in this present form. I would like to especially thank
Eng. Mr. N. Gregory for all his support.
Also I would like to thank my family, my friends and my fellow colleagues who contributed
their potential ideas and advice.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. ii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. iii
AKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ...................................................................................................................... viii
S I UNIT ...................................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.0 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem Definition.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Project objective.................................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Main objective ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Significance of the project .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.0 Introduction. ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Existing system ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Disadvantage of existing system .................................................................................................. 3
2.2.0 The proposed system.................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 Principle operation of proposed system ................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Advantage of proposed system .................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Power supply....................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 AC/DC Converter ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.3.2 Transformer.................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3.3 Bridge rectifier ............................................................................................................................. 5
2.4 Switching circuit ................................................................................................................................. 6
v
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
AC
Alternating current
CRT
CPU
DC
Direct current
EEPROM
EPROM
I/O
Input/output
LCD
Liquid-crystal display
RAM
RISC
MCU
Microcontroller Unit
ROM
PIC
VFDs
viii
S I UNIT
MHz
Megahertz
mA
milliamp
Voltage
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Specification of programmable interface controller (PIC) ............................................. 10
Table 2: Specification of 44 matrix keypad ................................................................................ 11
Table 3: Shows specification of gate ............................................................................................ 15
Table 4: Cost Estimation............................................................................................................... 27
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Block diagram of existing system ................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Block diagram of the proposed system ........................................................................... 4
Figure 3: Block diagram of AC/DC converter ................................................................................ 5
Figure 4: shows the structure of the keypad ................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: interface between finger print and microcontroller ....................................................... 12
Figure 6: Show type of automatic gate ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Switching circuit............................................................................................................ 18
xii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
Mlimani City is a shopping mall in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It is the largest mall in the country,
with an area of 19,000 m2 (200,000 sq ft). It was opened in November 2006, and is Tanzania's
first indoor air conditioned mall. The mall has several stores, restaurants and a movie theater,
Century Cinema, which has the biggest screen in East Africa. Among the stores are the South
African chains Shoprite, Game and Mr. Price. There are also several telecommunications outlets
in the mall, like Airtel, Tigo and Vodacom. There are also multiple banks and ATMs. The mall is
also connected with the Mlimani City Conference Centre and the Mlimani Meadow Villas,
which are all part of Mlimani Holdings.
In order to handle the large number of visitors, the vehicles place is provided with a big parking
area.
Before a vehicle can park, at it must pass through the entrance gate and obtain a card from the
gate keeper, upon leaving the parking area, one must pass through the exit gate and submit the
card given earlier to the gate keeper. Both gate (the entrance and exit gates) rely on the manually
operation of the gate keepers.
1.1 Problem Definition
Mlimani city is a famous shop mall located in Dar es Salaam city. The mall is a furnished with a
huge vehicle parking area.
The parking procedure at Mlimani city employs parking cards that are used to authenticate
vehicles owners upon exit. The parking cards used do not indicate vehicle type and name of
vehicle owner. This exposes the cards to forgery, eventually leading into a person leaving with a
vehicle that belongs not to him or her.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction.
This chapter deals with review which gives an overview or act as a stepping stone of the project.
It introduces the various information relevant to the project that act as the key starting point of
understanding the ways that will be used to attain the project objectives.
The literature review focus on various existing systems and their basic principles of operations,
description of the current entrance and exit system that is used at Mlimani City parking area and
the proposed system.
2.1 Existing system
Before a vehicle can park it must pass through the entrance gate and obtain a card from the gate
keeper after that the gatekeeper to open the gate manually.
Upon leaving the parking area must pass through the exit gate and submit the card given at the
entrance gate to the gate keeper for verification purpose and allow the owner of vehicle to go
Pass card
Security
Guard
Gate
D C Supply
Keypad
Microcontroller
Finger print
reader
LCD Display
Switching
circuit
Motor
Gate
Signal
Power
Figure 2: Block diagram of the proposed system
2.2.1 Principle operation of proposed system
When the vehicle arrived at the entrance gate the security guard enter registration number of
vehicles and the driver swipes his/her finger print on the finger print reader, than after entering
this information the gate of the car park is opened.
Upon leaving the parking area the security guard enter the registration number of vehicle and the
driver swipes again finger print on the finger print reader than after authentication the gate of the
2.2.2 Advantage of proposed system
It is able to identify authentic vehicles owner
INPUT
TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER
FILTER
REGULATOR
OUTPUT
provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can
be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current.
The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed
control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.
It is classified into three main types, namely
(i) Shunt motor
(ii) Series motor
(iii) Compound motor
2.5.3 Comparison of AC motor and DC motor
(i) The main advantage of a DC motor over an AC motor is that it can operate directly from a
battery, so its power supply is more reliable because it can be stored.
(ii) The speed of a DC motor can be controlled with a less complicated control unit that the unit
required for an AC motor. In DC motor only the armature voltage needs to be controlled.
With a small motor, that can be done by inserting a resistor in series with the armature. The
speed control units that provide the best performance with AC motors are those that
electronically control both the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor. They are called
variable frequency drives (VFDs).
(iii) DC motors may be better for some very small precision motion control applications while
the AC motor are widely used in the application where the load requires low starting torque,
otherwise the complexity way of inserting resistance in series with the rotor is used but it
increases the amount of power loss.
2.6 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a single-chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and
controller suggests that it is used in control applications.
Another term for microcontroller is embedded controller, since most of the microcontrollers are
built into (or embedded in) the devices they control.
A microprocessor differs from a microcontroller in a number of ways. The main distinction is
that a microprocessor requires several other components for its operation, such as program
memory and data memory, input-output devices, and an external clock circuit. A microcontroller,
on the other hand, has all the support chips incorporated inside its single chip. All
microcontrollers operate on a set of instructions (or the user program) stored in their memory.
A microcontroller fetches the instructions from its program memory one by one, decodes these
instructions, and then carries out the required operations.
A microcontroller is a very powerful tool that allows a designer to create sophisticated
Input output data manipulation under program control. Microcontrollers are classified by the
number of bits they process. Microcontrollers with 8 bits are the most popular and are used in
most microcontroller-based applications. Microcontrollers with 16 and32 bits are much more
powerful, but are usually more expensive and not required in most small- or medium-size
general purpose applications that call for microcontrollers
2.6.1 Advantages of microcontroller
(i) It can take large input parameters and compute the proper output with only a few external
circuits.
(ii) Portability and Precision: it is compact containing several built-in components and so reduces
the number of components of the board. The microcontroller itself doesnt take so much space
on the board.
(iii) High durability and reliability: the advantages of microcontrollers are that all MCUs have
on-chip resources to achieve a higher level of integration and reliability.
Built- in resources increase reliability because they do not require any external circuitry to be
working for the resource to function.
(iv) Flexibility: it allows for easy re-programming when the need arises and it allows the use of
additional features to the system design.
(v) Low power consumption: the overall power consumption of the project design is very low.
(vi) Cost effectiveness: the design has components that are few and not complex. This will result
to an inexpensive and affordable product.
2.6.2 The Microcontroller Components
Microcontroller has the following components:CPU, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Digital I/O ports, Timers, Serial communication, A/D
Converter.
(iii) The peripherals which include serial communication peripherals, timer etc clock frequency,
this determines the speed at which the instructions are executed. With higher frequency the
microcontroller will finish one task and start another.
(iv) Number of interrupts and timer circuits required, for instance, how many number of data.
2.7.2 Some of the PIC Specification
Table 1: Specification of programmable interface controller (PIC)
Product type
Data
I/O pins
Bytes
Maximum
Speed MHz
PIC16F83
64
36
13
10
PIC16F84A
64
68
13
10
PIC16F872
64
128
22
20
PIC16F873
128
192
22
20
PIC16F874
128
192
22
20
PIC16F876
256
368
33
20
PIC16F877
256
368
33
20
2.8 keypad
The Keypad is one that is designed making use of push-buttons. By definition, a keypad is a set
of buttons arranged in a block which usually bear digits and other symbols but not a complete set
of alphabets letters. If it mostly contains numbers then it can also be called a numeric keypad.
These keys on the keypad enable the user to enter the car plate number. The keypad is regularly
scanned by the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) for data collection after which it prompts the user to
swipe his/her fingerprint and if successful. The keypad is connected in a matrix form. Each row
and column is connected to a pull-down resistor before its connected to the Microcontroller Unit
(MCU) in order to prevent floating point values. The keypad works on the principle of column
select and row detect. The microcontroller sends a voltage of 5V across the column sequentially.
10
44
Contact rating
20mA,24V DC
Contact resistance
200
Operating temperature
-200C to 60C
The above three functions can be called from a remote microcontroller by using switch that
produce 0 (low) bit for latest 0.5sec when pressed.
2.9.3 Operation of the fingerprint reader
The fingerprint reader captures the fingerprint image as the input to the MCU which tags the
corresponding car plate number already entered through the keypad with the fingerprint read
from the fingerprint reader. This data is stored at the EEPROM of the Microcontroller Unit
(MCU) and used to verify at the exit gate.
The input data from the finger print to the microcontroller is 5volts and the binary data stored for
verification at the exit gate.
2.10 Barrier gate
Barrier gates are the ideal solution if you need to control vehicle transit in public parking areas,
car parks, private and block of flats entrances, even when the traffic is heavy. They are made of a
motor body and control unit, protected by a case with different finishes, in particular in stainless
steel for applications in critical environment conditions, like heavy traffic areas or near the sea.
There are motorizations powered by 230 V and by 24V dc, which ensure high performances and
safety, making them ideal for the automation of private and public car parks which are subject to
frequent vehicle transit during the day.
The choice of the model of automatic barrier gates depends on the width of the entrance and the
type of use.
13
ii)
Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.
iii)
No geometric distortion.
iv)
v)
Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes
(which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).
vi)
Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be placed farther
back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain.
vii)
viii)
ix)
14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DATA COLLECTION
The following procedure has been adopted to accomplish this project.
Data collection was done through the following method;Site visiting
Under this aspect data collected from site visit by visual observations.
3.1: Data collected from the site
Table 3: Shows specification of gate
Type of gate
Barrier gate
Weight of gate
50kg
1600
Security guard
3@gate
15
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING
4.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the usage of all data that have been collected and designing of the system.
It comprises the mathematical analysis together with circuits design and appropriate circuit
components values for the entire system.
4.2 Proposed circuit diagram for the system
16
Breath
Volume = 4
0.12 = 0.048
0.1
Height
Volume=
Mass = Volume
Density
9.81
mass
132.96 = 58.7N
factor of safety
1.2 = 70.4N
Velocity
Distance
Distance=
Velocity
=6.283m
2.094m/sec
Velocity
2.094
17
I=
Current = 31.08Amps
Current of motor=31.08Amps
4.2.1 Switching Circuit Design
The switching circuit comprises of relay and transistor which act as a switch in this circuit. A
relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit.
18
Where;
= Resistor base
= Collector current
= Base current
= input voltage to relay coil/ collector voltage
= Base emitter voltage
Voltage of dc coil (Vcc) =12V
Vcc=
(sat), but
=0
= 1mA
Therefore the base current is 1mA
Since the input voltage is 5V (the output from PIC), then the value of base resistor (RB) can be
calculated through the expression;
RB =
RB =
19
RB = 4.3k
From the specification data sheet, the standard resistor will be 4.7k Selected
4.2.4 Determination of input voltage to the PIC Microcontroller
The input voltage required to the microcontroller is 5V regulated power supply.
The power source comes from utility power supply 230 ac at frequency of 50Hz. A step down
transformer lowers is required for lowering the voltage to required output. A full wave bridge
rectifier converts this alternating voltage to a pulsating DC version. The capacitors filter the
output waveform to smooth the ripples.
A voltage regulator is used for maintaining the terminal voltage of the dc supply even when ac
input voltage to the transformer varies.
I have selected two IC regulator 7812(input voltage +14.6V and output +12V) and 7805(input
+7.3V and output +5V) dc with load current not exceed 1A. (From the specification data sheet).
4.2.5 Transformer specification
4.2.6 Selection of capacitor for filtering
The output voltage of the rectifier circuit contains ripples which should be filtered
before the voltage goes to regulator. The simplest method of ripple filtering is the use of Shunt
capacitors
Recall,
V r(rms)
Where
DC output current from the filter
Vr(rms) rms value of the ripple voltage
f
frequency
filter capacitor
20
999.9139F
1000F
A filter capacitor of 1000F is selected and used in a circuit because large capacitor
eliminates large amount of ripples and also a low value capacitor of 0.1F is incorporated
for reducing interference of the audible signal.
Transformer specifications
The peak primary voltage =230 =325.27Volts
The dc output voltage
=12Volts
Capacitor C=1000F
Frequency f= 50
Resistance r= 10
Therefore
=24Volts
+
= 25.4Volts
21
CHAPTER FIVE
5 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the results of different parts of the system and a briefly discussion of those
results. It shows the simulation results of the system.
5.2 Circuit diagram simulation results.
5.2.1 Simulation result of the system before entering the car plate number and finger print
The simulation result of the system before the car plate number was entered is shown hereunder.
The simulation results of the below circuit show that when the system is ON the display requests
the user should put the car number in the system through the keypad. The output voltage from
the microcontroller to the transistor is zero when the number was not entered, so the relay does
not make so the gate will not open and remain closed.
22
23
24
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
This project has successfully taken an initial idea of designing the entrance and exit control
system. All potential data needed for the design of the system were successfully collected and
analysed. The collected data led to the design of the hardware and software parts of this project.
During simulation of the system, the matrix keypad was used as means of putting the car plate
number to the system
Finger print module in this project is used to swipe the finger after entering the car plate number.
The finger print module used in this project is R 305 This module is able to save different
biometric signal with their respective ID from hex 00 to hex FE.
However, this type and even any other type have not been included inside a library of micro c
pro and even in a component library of proteus professional software.
Therefore, the simulation was difficult by using the actual finger print module.
Though, to ensure that nothing goes wrong I came up with which helped work as a finger print
module. This method involves creating array that will contain a list of predefined finger prints ID
inside a microcontroller used.
Failure:
Originally, I was hoping to build automatic opening and closing of gate by using the key pad and
the finger print.
The finger print module used in this project is R 305 This module is able to save different
biometric signal with their respective ID from hex 00 to hex FE. Due to lack of this type of
finger print in the marketplace of Tanzania.
I have end up with opening and closing gate by using key pad.
Therefore I can conclude that project objective and its designing considerations have been met.
25
6.2 Recommendation
In the course of designing this project, lots of new ideas were birthed and further research
showed that many improvements can be made on the car parking and monitoring system. Some
of these recommendations could not be worked on due to time and cost constraints nonetheless
they are given here as possible improvements to be considered later in the future.
(i) I-Catcher Digital CCTV Software: This comes as an excellent idea to help improve the
security in general. I-Catcher can be configured to keep all the images over a specified period
allowing you to keep the last 2 weeks (or however long you choose) of image information on
hard disk for examination should be needed. The use of cameras to capture all cars including
number plate recognition that visit the car park is a good idea that can be implemented in a car
parking monitoring and security system. With this, safety of cars is enormously increased.
(ii) A billing system: This idea is exceptionally competent if the car park is to be located in very
busy vicinity like a public access car park like a shopping mall or an airport as it goes a long way
to improve the car parking system. A ticketing system can be put in a place whereby every user
can pay on their way out and have tickets given to them automatically.
26
QUANTITY
UNIT COST
TOTAL PRICE
10,000
10,000
Printing
10000
30,000
Binding
2000
14,000
Photocopy
1000
7,000
Capacitor
1500
7,500
Crystal
1500
1,500
Transistor(NPN)
2500
5,000
Resistors
1000
2000
Microcontroller
45,000
45,000
Relay
3,000
6,000
Transformer
12,000
12,000
LED
500
2,000
Bridge rectifier
1500
1,500
Circuit board
5,000
5,000
Regulator
2,000
4,000
LCD
2500
2,500
Keypad(34)
30000
30,000
Soldering wire
1 roll
4000
4,000
2000
4,000
Finger print
250,000
250,000
storage(back up)
Total cost
443,000
27
REFERENCE
[1] Programming 8-bit PIC microcontrollers in C. Author; Martin P. Bates. Inc www.sribd.com.
[2] John Tovine(2000). PIC Microcontroller Project Book, McGraw-Hill Companies.
[3] Electronics Control in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 3rd Edition (2003) by W.
Bolton.
[4] R.M.Jalnekar, N. M Pasalkar. Power Electronics-II, Technical puplications.
[5] http//www.oddparts.com/motorturns
[6] http//www.fingerprint.com.
[7] http//www.keypad.com.
28
Work schedulles
ACTIVITIES
review
and
consultations
Data collection
Data analysis
Prototype
Proof reading of project report
Project report writing
Submission of project report
29
MAY
JUNE