DECLARATION

I, Timothy Andambike, declare that to the best of my knowledge the project presented here
as part of the fulfillment for the award of Bachelor degree in electrical engineering is a work
of my origin. All references used from books, articles, reports, papers etc in preparation of
this project have their sources acknowledged in the reference list.

Signature
Timothy Andambike
May 2014

Supervised by
Signature....
Mr. Ndimba
May 2014

ABSTRACT
This project presents a case study for an investigation undertaken in order to establish the
causes for the frequent failures of porcelain housed lightning arresters in TANESCO
distribution networks specifically at Mlimba.
The TANESCO customers at Mlimba have been experiencing the frequent power
interruption. After investigation it was realized that the lightning arresters have been failing
before reaching their expected service life time in the distribution network, resulting in
frequent feeder outages. This has been causing poor quality of services to the utility
customers.
Once this problem of frequent failures of lightning arresters is solved, power stability in the
distribution networks will be improved, costs for replacements of the arresters will be
reduced, power technical losses will be minimized, power sales revenues will increase as well
as national income and quality of services offered by the power utility company to the public
will be improved.
Data analysis has revealed the existence of poor earth resistance values for most of the sites
visited, for measuring earth resistance of the distribution transformers. Hence reflecting the
problem to be the possible cause for failures of porcelain housed lightning arresters in the
TANESCO distribution network at Mlimba.
To eradicate this catastrophe it is advised to regularly check earth resistance values and
where the reflected values are poor the immediate measures should be taken, as a remedy for
improvement of the earth resistance so as to get values acceptable by IEC regulations.
Also lightning arresters should be installed on both sides of the transformer ,primary side and
secondary side for proper protection.
These attempts for earth resistance values improvement will add value to the power utility
by reducing the possibilities of porcelain housed lightning arresters failures in the distribution
networks at Mlimba, reduction of feeders outages resulting from malfunctioning of lightning
arresters in the networks, minimization of technical losses in the distribution networks,
boosting of energy sales through minimization of feeder outage times as well as improved
quality of service to power consumers in the area due to reliability of power supply.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank our creator the Almighty God for giving me these chances
to pursue the Bachelor degree in engineering programmed and preparation of this project
report.
I would like to extend my thanks to my project supervisor Mr. Ndimba .T for his valuable
advice and guidance during the planning as well as implementation of this work.
I am also deeply indebted to the project coordinator Dr. A. Kilimo for the help and
directives he extended to me while preparing this project.
My thanks and appreciation should also go to all academic staff of electrical engineering
department for the tireless advices, assistances supports and encouragement towards making
this project successful.
My appreciation are also due to my employer for trusting and granting me the opportunity
for pursuing studies at DIT. I also extend my thanks to my fellow workers who supported me
in one way or another in fulfillment of this task.
Also special thanks to my family members for their encouragement and support throughout
the preparation of this work.
As it is not possible to thank everyone, I would like to thank all people who have helped
and inspired me during my project.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................IV
LIST OF SYMBOLS...............................................................................................................VI
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURES:................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................V
1.1 INTRODUCTION:.......................................................................................................... V
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT..............................................................................................2
1.3. PROJECT OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................2
1.3.1. MAIN OBJECTIVE:................................................................................................3
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:.......................................................................................3
1.4. METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................3
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE.............................................................................................................3
1.6. CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE PROJECT................................................3
CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................5
2.1 LIGHTNING....................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 TYPES OF LIGHTNING..........................................................................................5
2.1.1.1 Intra-Cloud lightning:.........................................................................................5
2.1.1.2 Cloud to Cloud Lightning..................................................................................5
2.1.1.3 Cloud to Ground lightning:................................................................................6
2.1.1.4 Cloud to Air:......................................................................................................6
2.1.1.5 Bolt from the blue:............................................................................................7
2.1.1.6 Anvil Lightning:.................................................................................................7
2.1.1.7 Heat Lightning:..................................................................................................7
2.2 LIGHTNING PHENOMENA..........................................................................................8
2.3 SURGES PROTECTION...............................................................................................9
2.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTERS...........................................................................................9
2.4.1 TYPES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER..................................................................10
2.4.2 HOW LIGHTNING ARRESTERS PROTECT POWER SYSTEMS...................12
2.4.3 CONNECTION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS.................................................13
2.4.4 ARRESTERS SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS.............................................15
2.4.4.1 CONTINUOUS SYSTEM VOLTAGES..........................................................16
2.4.4.2. TEMPORARY OVER VOLTAGES...............................................................17
2.4.4.3. SWITCHING SURGES..................................................................................17
2.4.4.4 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION.........................................................................18
2.4.4.5 ARRESTER FAILURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF.......................................18
iv

2.4.4.6 FAILURE MODES OF SURGE ARRESTERS...............................................18

2.4.4.7 ARRESTERS SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS SUMMARY.................19
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................21
3.0 DATA COLLECTION....................................................................................................21
3.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................21
3.2 DATA COLLECTED....................................................................................................21
3.2.1 DATA COLLECTED FROM LIGHTNING ARRESTER SPECIFICATION.......21
3.2.2.DATA COLLECTED FROM TANZANIA WEATHER FORECASTING
OFFICE,FOR MLIMBA CLIMATE................................................................................21
3.2.2.1 CLIMATE GRAPH OF MLIMBA.....................................................................22
3.2.3.DATA COLLECTED FROM SITE VISITS.......................................................22
3.2.3.2 Measurement of earth resistances....................................................................23
3.2.4. DATA COLLECTED FROM TANESCO OFFICE FOR MONTHLY...............26
FAILURE OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS AT MLIMBA..............................................26
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................29
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................29
4.1 ANALYSIS OF MEASURED EARTH RESISTANCE VALUES...................................29
4.1.1 Chart for analysis of percentage deviation of earth resistance in the system.........30
4.2.EVALUATION ON THE DATA COLLECTED ON TRANSFORMER WITH LIGHTNING ARRESTER
..............................................................................................................................................31
4.3.ANALYSIS OF ARRESTERS SPECIFICATION IN RELATION WITH MLIMBA CLIMATE...........32
4.4.1 Chart below is for analysis of percentage failures of 11kV Lightning arresters in
the TANESCO distribution network...............................................................................34
4.4.2.Chart for analysis of percentage failures of 33kV lightning arrester in TANESCO
distribution network.........................................................................................................34
4.5 COSTS FOR REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE LIGHTNING ARRESTERS..............................35
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................36
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................36
5.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................36
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................36
5.2.1 Possible causes for deterioration of a ground system and become ineffective....36
5.2.2 Steps proposed for improving ground system.......................................................37
5.3 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES..............................................................................................37
5.3.1 Cost estimates..........................................................................................................37
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................38

LIST OF SYMBOLS

vi

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 : Chart for Project Implementation...........................................................................11
Table 3.1 Porcelain housed lightning arrester specifications................................................... 28
Table .3.2 Indicating various weather measured parameters................................................... 28
Table 3.3.Earth Resistance measured at various distribution transformers at Mlimba............32
Table.3.4 Showing Transfomer with only primary side lightning arrester...............................33
Table 3.5 Monthly lightning arresters failures from January, 2012 to September,2013 in
TANESCO distribution networks at Mlimba..........................................................................33
Table 3.6 For arresters prices................................................................................................... 34
Table 4.1 Percentage deviation calculation from measured resistance.................................... 35
Table 4.2 Analysis of Transformers with lightning arresters on only primary side................38
Table 4.3 For comparison of data from lightning arrester specifications and those from
Mlimba climate........................................................................................................................ 39
Table 4.4 Analysis of monthly lightning arresters failure for the year 2012 at Mlimba..........39
Table 4.5 Costs of replacing defective lightning arresters for 11kV as well as 33kV............41
Table 5.1 Estimated costs for implementation of this project..................................................44

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: block diagram of the existing system with lightning arresters................................2
Figure 2.1: Cloud to Cloud Lightning........................................................................................6
Figure 2.2: cloud to ground lightning........................................................................................6
Figure 2.3: Cloud to Air lightning..............................................................................................7
Figure 2.4.bolt from the blue lightning......................................................................................7
Figure 2.5 Cloud-to-ground lightning discharge showing a bright main channel and secondary
branches......................................................................................................................................9
Figure 2.6: Porcelain housed lightning arrester.......................................................................12
Figure 2.7.Single line diagram of a pole mounted substation having lightning arrester
,isolators and other switch gears.............................................................................................14
Figure 2.8 Block diagram of the single line power system connected to the lightning arrester.
..................................................................................................................................................15
Figure.2.9: Metal Oxide Surge Arrester( MOSA )with porcelain housing that failed.............19
catastrophically in service........................................................................................................19
Figure.2.10.Porcelain housed lightning arresters of various sizes and rating........................20
Figure.3.1.Climate Graph of Mlimba showing annual and monthly temperature as well.......22
as annual and monthly rainfall.................................................................................................22
Figure 3.2: Chauvin Arnoux Earth and Resistivity Tester. Number C.A 6471....................23
Figure 3.3 : Earth kit:for measuring existing earth resistances................................................24
Figure 4.1.For percentage deviation of earth resistance from IEC standard............................30
Figure.4.2 Percentage of Transformer with only primary side protection.............................32
Figure 4.3 Percentage failures of 11kV lightning arrester in the system................................34
Figure 4.4.Percentage failures of 33kV lightning arrester in the system.................................34

vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC

Alternating Current

BIL

Basic Insulation Level

DIT

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology

HV

High Voltage

Kj/kV

Kilojoules per kiloVolt

kV

kilo Volt

MCOV

Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage

MOV

Metal Oxide Varistor

RMS

Root Mean Square

TANESCO

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited

TOV

Temporary Over Voltages

Voltage

LA

Lightning arrester

CB

Circuit breaker

LT

Low Tension

Resistance

I
P

Current
Resistivity

vii

CHAPTER ONE
This chapter covers the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the project,
methodology and significance of the project.
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Mlimba is located in south-east part of Morogoro region in Kilombero district and
surrounded with Udzungwa mountains. It has a population of about 68725 residents as per
2012 national census carried on October. The area are supplied with electric power from
Kihansi hydro Power Plant hence contributing to abrupt development in the area especially
in industrial sectors, irrigation and other activities. Due to presence of TANESCO power
supply , Mlimba has become famous business centre.
So TANESCO deals with Generation , Transmission , Distribution and Marketing of
electrical energy .
TANESCO at Mlimba area has been facing the problem of frequent feeder outage. After
investigation it was realised that it was due to failures of Porcelain housed lightning
arresters employed for safe -guarding the Distribution Transformers against over voltages
thus causing poor quality of services to the utility customers due to unreliability of power
supply , and as a result of revenue loss .
Lightning Arrester technically is a protective device for limiting surge voltages by
discharging or by-passing surge current to the ground.
Mlimba is among of the areas which are frequently reported by eyewitness having
Lightning arresters failures by booming and breaking at different sites. This have led me to
study the causes of failures of lightning arresters at the area.
This case study intends to visualize into this problem and outline the causes of the current
frequent failures of the lightning arresters and come up with proposal for improvement of
situation and betterment of services to the customers.

viii

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) employs lightning Arresters
for protection of sensitive equipment particularly Distribution Transformers in its 33kV as
well as 11kV Distribution Networks. Since the power distribution network at Mlimba is 3phase .Each lightning arrester is connected to a particular phase by the isolator terminal.
Under normal conditions in the protection zone, the lightning arresters acts as an insulator
or normally open(N/O) switches but in case of fault it acts as a good conductor since it closes
its contact to allow the fault current to flow to the ground.
In recent years at Mlimba we have experienced the problem of frequent power failures .
After investigation they found that Porcelain housed lightning arresters are being failing. So
due to power supply interruption results into customer complaints and increasing costs of
lightning Arresters replacement in the TANESCO distribution Networks. These observations
have led me to study the causes of failures of lightning arresters in the area.
So due to all these inconveniences to the customers and company at all ,I came up with this
case study to look into this problem by studying the existing situation, to find out the causes
of these failures as well as coming out with proposed solutions to the problem of how the
improvement should be, to tackle the existing catastrophe.
1.2.1 Block diagram of the existing 3 phase power system connected
arresters
L1
L2
L3

to the lightning

Transformer
Tank

Lightning Arresters
Ground
Figure 1.1: block diagram of the existing system with lightning arresters

ix

1.3. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project have been categorized in two classes, these are the main
objective as well as the specific objectives as outlined below:
1.3.1. MAIN OBJECTIVE:
The main objective is to establish the causes of frequent failures of porcelain housed
lightning arresters in TANESCO distribution network at Mlimba .
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
1. To inspect Lightning arresters for any defects.
2. To inspect paths linking lightning arresters in the distribution networks.
3. To propose specific measures for safe guarding lightning arresters during their
operational life time.
1.4. METHODOLOGY
1. Studying the existing Distribution Networks
2. Literature review
3. Data Collection.
4. Data analysis
5. Conclusions and recommendations.
6. Report writing
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE
On completion of this project it is expected to bring the under listed outcomes:
1. To reduce the possibilities of lightning arresters failures in the distribution networks.
2. To reduce the feeders outages resulting from malfunctioning of lightning arresters in
the networks.
3. Minimization of technical losses in the distribution networks.
4. Boosting of energy sales .
5. Improving living standard to power consumers in the area resulting from a reliable
power supply.

1.6. CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE PROJECT

The chart below shows the list of activities and respective times of implementation for
project.
Table 1.1 : Chart for Project Implementation.

ACTIVITY
Project tittle
selection
Defending
project tittle
Literature
review
Data collection
Data analysis
Conclusion and
recommendation
Report
submission
Final
presentation
MONTH

OCT

NOV DEC

JAN

FEB

2013

2013 2013

2014

2014

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

2014

2014

2014

2014

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter covers the general knowledge on lightning and the phenomenon
behind it, surges protection, lightning arresters and how they protect power system networks,
xi

connection of lightning arresters, selection applications as well as failures of lightning

arresters.
2.1 LIGHTNING
By definition, lightning is a natural phenomenon caused by separation of electrical positive
and negative charges by atmospheric process. In other words a lightning is a huge spark
caused by the electrical discharge taking place between clouds, within the same cloud and
between the clouds and the earth. Clouds containing ice particles and dust acquire electric
charge due to friction with air. When the charge acquired by the cloud increases, it results into
an increased potential between the earth and cloud (the lightning starts when potential is of
the order of 5 to 20 million volts) or in other words the potential gradient increases, when the
gradient is sufficient (5,000 to 10,000 volts per cm) to breakdown the surrounding air, a
streamer(flash of lightning) starts from cloud to earth. The gradient is more at the centre of
the cloud.
2.1.1 TYPES OF LIGHTNING
2.1.1.1 Intra-Cloud lightning:
This is the most common type of lightning. Happens completely inside the cloud,
jumping between different charge regions in the cloud. Intra-cloud lightning is
sometimes called sheet lightning because it lights up the sky with a sheet of light.

2.1.1.2 Cloud to Cloud Lightning

Lightning that occurs between two or more separate clouds as it can be seen from the figure
2.1

xii

Figure 2.1: Cloud to Cloud Lightning

2.1.1.3 Cloud to Ground lightning:
Lightning that occurs between the cloud and the ground. The frames below also show a
cloud-to-ground strike's stepped leader (frame 1) just prior to its ground connection (frame 2)
followed by one of many return strokes (frame 3): By the time the stepped leader gets that
close to the ground, it has many branches, so there is sort of a 'race', for which branch will
reach the ground first. Whichever downward-moving branch touches an upward-moving
leader first, 'wins', completing a path of conductive 'broken down' air that connects the
ground and the cloud- like a big, long wire. When this connection is made, the opposing
charges equalize themselves rapidly by flowing upward through this 'wire' at close to the
speed of light.

Frame1

frame 2

frame 3

Figure 2.2: cloud to ground lightning

2.1.1.4 Cloud to Air:

Lightning that occurs when the air around a positively charged cloud top reaches out to the
negatively charged air around it. As illustrated on figure 2.3 below.
xiii

Figure
lightning
2.1.1.5 2.3:
BoltCloud
from to
theAir
blue:
2.1.1.5.Bolt from the blue lightning
A positive lightning bolt which originates within the updraft of the storm, travels
horizontally for many miles, then strikes the ground. See figure 2.4. below

Figure 2.4.bolt from the blue lightning

2.1.1.6 Anvil Lightning:
A positive lightning bolt which develops in the anvil, or top of the thunderstorm cloud,
and travels generally straight down to strike the ground.
2.1.1.7 Heat Lightning:
Lightning from a thunderstorm that is too far away to be heard. If a lightning strike is at
sufficient distance from the observer, sound from the strike will not be heard. These silent
bolts are called heat lightning. Lightning bolts produce thunder, but the thunder sound does
not travel all the way to the observer if the observer is too far away.
The movement of sound in the atmosphere depends on the atmospheric properties of the air
such as temperature and density. Because temperature and density change with height, the
sound of thunder is refracted through the troposphere. This refraction results in spaces of
volume in which the thunder does not propagate through.

2.2 LIGHTNING PHENOMENA

xiv

The initial flash or streamer, called the dart leader starts from cloud and carry the
accumulated charge along with it. The dart leader continues its downward descent until its tip
maintains the proper break down potential gradient, if the gradient is not maintained it is
quite probable that complete stroke is not formed and it does not reach the earth. The dart
leader propagates through air in jerks and probably at a speed of 30cm per microsecond and
carries current in the vicinity of 100kA.
When the dart reaches near the earth, electro-static field is increased and a streamer
shoots up from the earth resulting into a sudden spark and a contact with the center of the
cloud and earth, the action can well be compared with closing of a switch between the
positive and negative terminals.
Lightning is one of the most serious causes of over- voltages surges. If the outdoor substation is not protected the lightning over voltages will cause failure of insulation. To have a
rough idea of a number of lightning strokes in a day it has been estimated that throughout the
world there occur about 40,000 lightning storms a day and about 100 lightning strokes per
second.
Lightning strokes decompose oxygen and create ozone. They help environmental balance
on earth.
The Lightning also causes damage to buildings, farms and commercial houses. The
damage to human life is comparatively less. It is suggested that whenever there is a thunder
storm one should not do the following
1. Sit under the tree.
2. Swim in the open water
However the danger from lightning can be reduced if one sits inside the building .In order to
prevent failure of power due to lightning, the power equipments must be protected. As you
can see below that one is the cloud to ground lightning discharge with bright main channel
and secondary branches propagating to the earth surface.

xv

Figure 2.5 Cloud-to-ground lightning discharge showing a bright main channel and
secondary branches.
2.3 SURGES PROTECTION
Surges is the suddenly increase in voltage or current in power system. Surge protection
has been a primary concern when connecting devices and equipment to low voltage, medium
voltage, and high voltage electrical systems. As the use of products and equipment with
components and insulation systems vulnerable to voltage surges and spikes continues to
increase, the requirement for surge arresters to protect against the effects due to lightning
strikes, switching phenomenon etc , continues to increase as well. From personal computers
to HV transmission and distribution systems, everything is susceptible to these surges and
their destructive effects. Appropriate selection and application of Arresters is important.

2.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTERS

xvi

Lightning Arrester is a device used on Power Systems that contains billions of electronic
switches that divert lightning around sensitive equipment and saves them from damage or
also can be defined as a device used on power system to Protect other equipment from
Lightning and Switching Surges.
Lightning arrester is a switch gear .It is a device that inhibits surges as a result of
lightning towards live conductors. It also inhibits transients caused by switching done in the
power system. It accomplishes these objectives by drawing sufficient current to dissipate the
energy associated with the surges and /or transients.
2.4.1 TYPES OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER
Originally, there were three types of surge arresters. They are:
1.Expulsion type
2.Nonlinear resistor type with gaps (currently silicone-carbide gap type)
3.Gapless metal-oxide type.
Of the three types noted above, the expulsion types are no longer being used. The
nonlinear resistor type with gaps was utilized through the middle of the 1970s and is
currently

being

phased

out. The

conventional

gap

type

with

silicone-carbide

blocks/discs are still being used and the gapless metal-oxide type are the most widely
used today.
A good lightning arresters should satisfy the following criteria.
1. To provide high or infinite impedance during normal system voltages, to minimize
steady- state losses.
2. To provide a low impedance during Surges, to limit voltage.
3. To dissipate or store the energy in the surge without damage to itself.
4. To return to open-circuit conditions after the passage of a surge.
5. Should have long protection distance.
6. Should be stable against shock and vibration.
7. Should have long life and light weight ,life span should be greater than 30 years.
8. Should be proof against ageing.
9. Good anti-moisture capability, resistant to pollution.
10. Good sealing capability to ensure reliable operation.
A lightning arrester, consisting of an air gap in series with a non linear silicon carbide
resistor, satisfies all criteria. The gap eliminates losses at normal voltages and arcs over
during over voltages. The resistor has the property that its resistance decreases sharply as the
xvii

current through it increases, thereby limiting the voltage across the resistor to a specified
ceiling. The resistor also dissipates the energy in the surge. Finally, following the passage of
a surge, various forms of arc control, quench the arc within the gap, and restore the surge
arrester to normal open circuit conditions.
The gapless lightning arresters consisting of a nonlinear metal oxide resistor with no air gap,
also satisfies all criteria. At normal voltages the resistance is extremely high, limiting steadystate currents to microamperes and steady-state losses to a few watts.

During surges, the

resistance decreases, thereby limiting over voltage while dissipating surge energy. After the
surge passes, the resistance naturally returns to its original high value .
One advantage of the gapless arrester is that its ceiling voltage is closer to its normal
operating voltage than is the conventional arrester, thus permitting voltage than is the
conventional arrester, also permitting reduced BILs and potential saving in the capital cost of
equipment insulation.
There are four classes of surge/lightning arrester, namely
1. Station arresters.
Station arresters, which have the heaviest construction are designed for the greatest range
of ratings and have the best protective characteristic.
2. Intermediate arresters
Intermediate arresters, which have moderate construction, are designed for systems with
nominal voltages 138kV and below.
3. Distribution arresters
Distribution arresters are employed with lower- voltage transformers and lines where
there is a need for economy.
4. Secondary arresters
Secondary arresters are used for nominal system voltages below 1000V.

xviii

Figure 2.6: Porcelain housed lightning arrester.

2.4.2 HOW LIGHTNING ARRESTERS PROTECT POWER SYSTEMS
For a system without a lightning arrester, when lightning strikes the system equipment is
damaged and the power goes out. However on a system with an arrester, when lightning
strikes, sensitive equipment are saved by the arrester.
The lightning arrester diverts the lightning to the ground.
The lightning arrester protects equipment electrically in parallel with it. At the heart of all
arresters is the metal oxide varistors (MOV).The MOV disk is a semiconductor that is
sensitive to voltage. At normal voltages the MOV disk is an insulator and will not conduct
current. But at higher voltages caused by lightning it becomes a conductor. The MOV Disk is
a very fast acting electronic switch ,It is an open switch to standard system AC voltages and a
closed switch to lightning voltages. By magnifying the MOV material 5000 times, Metal
Oxide Grains and dopants in the material can be discerned.
Each MOV disk with a 35mm diameter and a 35mm height contains about 28 Billion
MOV Grains. The MOV grains and their junctions are the electronic switches that turn on and
off in unison to divert the lightning around the equipment.
The switches are at the junctions between the grains.
A lightning arrester is therefore essentially a collection of billions of microscopic
junctions of metal oxide grains that turn on and off in microseconds to form a current path
from the top terminal to the ground terminal of the arrester.
xix

So basically a lightning arrester is a device used on power systems that contains billions of
electronic switches that divert lightning around sensitive equipments and saves them from
damage.
There are different types and sizes of lightning arresters, installed depending on the
magnitude of the voltage inherent to the protection zone, eg. Silicon carbide for low voltage
up to 400V and/or Zinc oxide which is popular for medium and high voltages. Modern
lightning arresters are equipped with isolators. The function of these isolators is to disconnect
the transient and/or surge voltages if they persist for a long time. The isolator is essentially a
fusing structure that can handle high short-time current, but cannot handle long term current
such as would occur if the arrester break over voltage dropped below the peak line voltage.
So, unless there is an isolator, the arresters would act as a fault. The job of the lightning
arrester is to clip the induced voltage transient caused by lightning strike at a level below the
Basic Insulation level (BIL), but above the normal operating voltage, of the protected
equipment.
The lightning arrester should be an insulator or open circuit at any voltage below the
protected voltage, and a good conductor or closed circuit at any voltage above, to pass the
energy of the strike to ground.
In the case of direct strokes to transmission line phase conductors, traveling waves are set
up in two directions from the point of the stroke. Flashover of line insulation diverts part of
the lightning current from the arrester.
Only in the case of a direct stroke to a phase conductor very near to an arrester where no line
flashover occurs, the arrester discharge the full lightning current.
2.4.3 CONNECTION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Lightning arresters are installed close and parallel to the devices to be protected. There are
two types of arrester voltage levels in compliance to the feeders voltage levels along which
they are employed for the protection of distribution transformers in the distribution networks.
(i) The 33kV arresters, which are connected close to the 33kV to 0.4kV or 0.23kV
distribution transformers.
(ii)The 11kV arresters which are connected close to the 11kV to 0.4kV or 0.23kV
distribution transformers.
The taping by jumpers (pilot) from the power line (33kV or 11kV) to the transformers
is done in parallel with the lightning arrester connected to a particular phase by the isolator
circuit as illustrated from figure 2.7 below.
xx

The other end of the arrester, being connected by a common bus (crossarm) to the ground by
copper wires with normally 16mm2 cross- sectional area. The cross arm is clamped to the pole
(usually a wooden pole) on which the copper wires to ground is gripped.
Lightning arresters for distribution transformers protection are connected in parallel with
the equipment from each phase to ground as it can be seen from figure 2.8 below. The
function of the lightning arrester is hereby to maintain its voltage at a ceiling voltage below
the BIL, it protects. So the crest value of the wave is called the Basic Impulse Level (BIL) of
the equipment. Lightning arresters are coordinated with standard electrical equipment
insulation levels so that they will protect the insulation against lightning over voltage. This
coordination is obtained by having an arrester that will discharge at a lower voltage level than
the voltage required to break down the electrical equipment insulation. The difference
between the equipment breakdown voltage and the lightning arrester ceiling voltage is the
Protection Margin (PM).

Figure 2.7.Single line diagram of a pole mounted substation having lightning arrester
,isolators and other switch gears.

xxi

Figure below shows the connection of lightning arrester with the equipment to be protected.

Figure 2.8 Block diagram of the single line power system connected to the lightning
arrester.
2.4.4 ARRESTERS SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS
The primary objective in arrester application is to select the lowest rated surge arrester
that will provide adequate protection of the equipment insulation and be rated such that it will
have a satisfactory service life when connected to the power system. An arrester of the
minimum rating is preferred because it provides the highest margin of protection for the
equipment insulation system. There is a fine line between protection and service life of a
surge arrester. Higher arrester ratings will increase the capability of the arrester to survive on
a specific power system but reduce the margin of protection provided for the insulation level
of the equipment it is protecting. Therefore, one should consider both issues of arrester
survival and equipment protection when selecting surge arresters.
The best location for installation of a surge arrester is as close as possible to the equipment
it is protecting, preferably at the terminals where the line is connected to the equipment. This
is based on the mathematics of wave theory addressing incident and reflected waves at a
junction (or protected equipment terminal). Lead length for the connection of the surge
arrester to the equipment terminals and to ground should be minimized and installed as
straight, minimizing bends in the leads, as possible. This will ensure that the surge energies
are shunted to ground by the most direct path.

xxii

Increases in the lead length will reduce the protection capabilities of the surge arrester, due
to the additional increase of impedance in the lead.
The rating of the arrester is defined as the RMS voltage at which the arrester passes the duty
cycle test as defined by the referenced standard.
There are some basic considerations when selecting the appropriate surge arrester for a
particular application, these are:
1. Continuous system voltages
2. Temporary over voltages
3. Switching surges (more often considered for transmission voltages of 132kV and higher,
capacitor banks, and cable applications)
4. Lightning surges
5. System configuration (grounded or ungrounded/effectively ungrounded).
2.4.4.1 CONTINUOUS SYSTEM VOLTAGES.
When arresters are connected to an electrical system, they are continuously exposed to the
system operating voltage.
For each arrester rating, there is a recommended limit to the magnitude of voltage that may
be applied continuously. This is termed the Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage
(MCOV) of the arrester.
The arrester rating must be selected such that the maximum continuous power system
voltage applied to the arrester is less than, or equal to, the arresters MCOV rating.
Consideration should be given to both the circuit configuration (wye or delta) and arrester
connection (Line-to-ground or line to line). In most cases the arresters are connected line-toground. If arresters are connected line-to-line, then phase-to-phase voltage must be
considered. In addition, in determining the arrester rating, attention should be given to the
grounding configuration of the system, either solidly grounded or effectively ungrounded
(impedance/resistance grounded, ungrounded, or temporarily ungrounded). This is a key
factor in the selection and application of an arrester. If the system grounding configuration is
unknown, one should assume the system is ungrounded. This will result in choosing an
arrester with a higher continuous system voltage and/or MCOV rating. Also, attention should
be given to special arrester applications such as that on the delta tertiary winding of a
transformer where one corner of the delta is permanently grounded. In this instance, the

xxiii

normal voltage continuously applied to the arrester will be the full phase-to-phase voltage,
even though the arresters are connected line to ground.
2.4.4.2. TEMPORARY OVER VOLTAGES
Temporary over voltages (TOV) can be caused by a number of system events, such as
switching surges, line-to-ground faults, load rejection and ferro resonance. The system
configuration and operating practices should be evaluated to identify the most probable forms
and causes of temporary over voltages. If detailed transient system studies or calculations are
not available, it is acceptable, as a minimum, to consider the over voltages due to single lineto-ground faults. The configuration and details of the system grounding will determine the
over voltages associated with single line-to-ground faults. The arrester application standards,
gives the guidance in determining the magnitude of over voltages associated with single lineto-ground faults. The primary effect of temporary overvoltage( TOV) on metal-oxide
arresters is the increased current and power dissipation, and a rising arrester temperature.
These conditions affect the protection and survivability characteristics of the arrester.
The arresters TOV capability must meet or exceed the expected temporary over voltages of
the system. Temporary overvoltage capabilities have been defined independent of system
impedance and are valid for the voltages applied at the arrester location.
2.4.4.3. SWITCHING SURGES
The arresters ability to dissipate switching surges can be quantified to a large degree in
terms of energy. The unit used in quantifying the energy capability of metal-oxide arresters is
kiloJoules/kiloVolt (kJ/ kV).
The maximum amount of energy that may be dissipated are defined assuming multiple
discharges distributed over a one-minute period. In applications where the discharges are
distributed over a longer period of time, arresters will have considerably more capability. As
noted previously, arresters applied correctly can repeat these capabilities; therefore, after a
one-minute rest period the above discharges may be repeated. The one-minute rest period
allows the disk(s) temperature distribution to reach equilibrium and become uniform. These
energy ratings assume that the switching surges occur in a system having surge impedances
of several hundred ohms, which would be typical for overhead transmission lines. In low
impedance circuits having cables or shunt capacitors as elements, the energy capability metaloxide arresters may be reduced because currents can exceed the values noted.

xxiv

2.4.4.4 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Knowing the system configuration, wye/delta, grounded or ungrounded, is a key factor in
selecting an arrester rating. The arrester nominal ratings for various utilization system
voltages (line-to-line) are based on the systems grounding configuration.
If the system is solidly grounded, then a lower-rated arrester can be chosen. If the system is
ungrounded, impedance grounded or temporarily ungrounded, then a higher arrester rating
must be chosen to compensate for the potential of a higher continuous voltage, or MCOV,
being impressed on the arrester for an extended period of time. Other than a solidly grounded
system, any other system configuration is considered to be effectively ungrounded and a
higher arrester rating should be chosen. Knowing the system configuration and choosing the
correct arrester rating is critical in averting an application where the arrester can potentially
have a failure and cause violent end of life.
2.4.4.5 ARRESTER FAILURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF
If the capability of an arrester is exceeded, the metal-oxide disk(s) may crack or puncture.
Such damage will reduce the arrester internal electrical resistance.
This condition will limit the arresters ability to survive future system conditions; it does not
jeopardize the insulation protection provided by the arrester.
In the unlikely case of complete failure of an arrester, a line-ground arc will develop and
pressure will build up inside the housing. This pressure will be safely vented to the outside
and an external arc will be established provided the fault current is within the pressure relief
fault current capability of the arrester. This low-voltage arc maintains equipment protection.
Once an arrester has safely vented, it no longer possesses its pressure relief/fault current
capability and should be replaced immediately. For a given application, the arrester selected
should have a pressure/fault current capability greater than maximum short-circuit current
available at the intended arrester location. This rating of arrester capability should include
appropriate allowances for future growth in the system.
2.4.4.6 FAILURE MODES OF SURGE ARRESTERS
An arrester failure may appear in different ways:
1. An arrester with porcelain housing may in worst case explode and cause severe
damages to the surroundings.
xxv

Such a failed arrester is shown in Figure 2.9. In case of arresters with polymer
housing, the housing may burst open, but the risk for objects being scattered is more
limited.
2. The arrester can be causing an earth fault due to internal flashovers etc. Such
arresters can be difficult to locate.
3. Aged or overloaded arresters may show reduced protection against overvoltage, i.e.
during severe transient overvoltage, for instance due to multiple lightning stroke or
high-energy temporary overvoltage, the arrester can fail before it actually has
suppressed the overvoltage.
Thus, the apparatus that the arrester is set to protect may be subject to overvoltage that can
cause damage to it.

Figure.2.9: Metal Oxide Surge Arrester( MOSA )with porcelain housing that failed
catastrophically in service.

2.4.4.7 ARRESTERS SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS SUMMARY

The arrester selection and application process should include a review of all system
stresses, service conditions expected, and system-grounding configuration (grounded or
effectively ungrounded) at the arrester installation location. System stresses shall include
continuous operating voltage, temporary over voltages, and switching surges. If arresters
of different ratings are required to meet these individual criteria, then the highest resulting
arrester rating should be chosen.

xxvi

Figure below shows various sizes of porcelain housed lightning arresters used in the system.

Figure.2.10.Porcelain housed lightning arresters of various sizes and rating.

xxvii

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DATA COLLECTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The areas of concern in this project are the power distribution networks of TANESCO at
Mlimba
The common earthing of the copper wire from the lightning arrester and that from the
transformer neutral is done by connecting together 20 pieces of buried copper rods each 4/3
meters length to make a reasonable resistance to ground.
Data collected are of two main categories. (1)Those collected from various offices and (2)The
one collected from the site.
3.2 DATA COLLECTED
3.2.1 DATA COLLECTED FROM LIGHTNING ARRESTER SPECIFICATION.
Table 3.1 Porcelain housed lightning arrester specifications
SPECIFICATIONS
MCOV
RANGE OF AMBIENT AIR

11kV ARRESTERS
9.4kV
-100C~500C

33kV ARRESTERS
27.5kV
-100C~ 500C

TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL RAINFALL
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
SYSTEM FREQUENCY
CREEPAGE DISTANCE
HIGH CURRENT IMPULSE

100mm~1500mm
10%~95%
45Hz~55Hz
320mm
65kV

100mm~1500mm
10%~95%
45Hz~55Hz
1160mm
65kV

30m/s

30m/s

WITHSTAND
MAXIMUM WIND SPEED

3.2.2.DATA COLLECTED FROM TANZANIA WEATHER FORECASTING OFFICE,FOR

MLIMBA CLIMATE.
Table .3.2 Indicating various weather measured parameters.
xxviii

PARAMETERS
ANNUAL TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL RAINFALL
HUMIDITY
WIND SPEED

25.80C
1310mm
53%~93%
5m/s~15m/s

3.2.2.1 CLIMATE GRAPH OF MLIMBA

This graph is just a summary of the climate conditions of Mlimba, including monthly
temperature and annual temperature in centigrade( 0C) as well as in Fahrenheit, also annual
rainfall as well as monthly rainfall in millimeter.

Figure.3.1.Climate Graph of Mlimba showing annual and monthly temperature as well

as annual and monthly rainfall.
The warmest month of the year is November with an average temperature of 28 C. In
July, the average temperature is 22.9 C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole
year
3.2.3.DATA COLLECTED FROM SITE VISITS
3.2.3.1 Soil Resistivity
The soil resistivity is a deterministic factor in evaluating the ground resistance. The soil
resistivity depends on the type of soil whether its moisture content and dissolved salts.
There are effects of grain size and its distribution, also effects of temperature and pressure.
xxix

The resistivity depends on the amount of salts dissolved in its moisture .

3.2.3.2 Measurement of earth resistances.
Earth resistance measurements at different distribution transformers was done using a digital
Earth and Resistivity Tester as outlined below. Earth resistance measurement with the 3 pole
method .

Figure 3.2: Chauvin Arnoux Earth and Resistivity Tester. Number C.A 6471.
Tester Employed: Earth and Resistivity Tester.
Make: Chauvin Arnoux , Number C.A 6471, Made in France.
Method Used: 62% Method using two stakes.
This measurement requires the use of the Earth Kit components. These include
Two smooth T-shaped earth rods
100m of red lead on reel.
60m of blue lead on reel.
10m of green lead on reel.
xxx

Figure 3.3 : Earth kit:for measuring existing earth resistances

Procedures for measurement
1. Turn off the installation power supply and disconnect it from the Earth by opening the
ground terminal bar.
2. Short-circuit the terminals E and ES using the corresponding terminal bar and connect
them to the earth point to be measured.
3. Push rod H as deep as possible into the ground at a distance A from the earth to be
measured.
It is advisable to have the distance A greater than 25m.
4. Insert rod S into the ground on a line between the earth connection and rod H, at a distance
of 62% of A .
5. Connect the rods to their respective terminals on the instrument, using the leads.
xxxi

6. Press the TEST button until the measurement is displayed and record it.
7. Reconnect the ground terminal bar to the earth conductor.

By Ohms Law,
V = R x I ..( 1 )
Where:
V is Volts
R is the resistance in Ohms
I is the current in Amperes
Maximum ground resistance targets typical for a power utility company.
- Generating station: maximum 1.
- Large sub-station: maximum 1
- Small sub-station: maximum 5
Earth resistance values ,measured at various distribution transformers in the area are as
tabulated below:
Table 3.3.Earth Resistance measured at various distribution transformers at Mlimba.
TRANSFORMER LOCATION
VIWANJA SITINI
MIKOROSHINI
TRANSPORTER
CHITA
CHISANO

EARTH RESISTANCE IN OHMS()

2
6
15
11
3
xxxii

KAMWENE
26
MIWANGANI
12
KKKT RELINI
4
MIEMBENI
5
KALENGA KERO
21
MATANGINI
13
All visited transformer were found with lightning arresters only on one side as it can be
tabulated below.
Transformer with lightning arresters on only one side.
Table.3.4 Showing Transfomer with only primary side lightning arrester
TRANSFORMER LOCATION
VIWANJA SITINI
MIKOROSHINI
TRANSPORTER
CHITA
CHISANO
KAMWENE
MIWANGANI
KKKT RELINI
MIEMBENI
KALENGA KERO

OBSERVATION
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected
Only primary side protected

3.2.4. DATA COLLECTED FROM TANESCO OFFICE FOR MONTHLY

FAILURE OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS AT MLIMBA
Monthly lightning arresters failures from January 2012 to September 2013 in TANESCO
distribution networks at Mlimba.
Table 3.5 Monthly lightning arresters failures from January, 2012 to September,2013
in TANESCO distribution networks at Mlimba
MONTH

11kV
ARRESTERS

33kV
ARRESTERS

JAN 2012
FEB 2012
MARCH 2012
APRIL 2012
MAY 2012
JUNE 2012
JULY 2012
AUG 2012
SEPT 2012

1
1
1
0
3
2
2
1
3

0
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
xxxiii

OCT 2012
NOV 2012
DEC 2012
JAN 2013
FEB 2013
MARCH 2013
APRIL 2013
MAY 2013
JUNE 2013
JULY 2013
AUG 2013
SEPT 2013
TOTALS

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
22

1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
1
2
18

(ii)Arresters costs
Table 3.6 For arresters prices
ARRESTER RATING
11kV
33kV

PRICE IN TSHS.
50545.00
92365.00

xxxiv

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA ANALYSIS.
This chapter deals with analysis of collected data.Analysis of the collected data is
done as follows.
4.1 Analysis of measured Earth Resistance values..
This is done by evaluating the earth resistances measured at different locations of
distribution transformers with the International Electro-technical Commission( IEC)-623053:2006-01 recommended value, and by calculating the percentage deviation of measured
earth resistance with respect to the standard one.
According to IEC regulation, standard for protection against lightning it have been stated that
the earth resistance at small substation for proper protection against lightning should not
exceed 5, thus the computation of percentage deviation of field obtained data was done with
the reference of 5 (IEC standards):
So the maximum IEC recommended earth resistance value is 5 for small substation.
The comparison between earth resistances measured values and the IEC recommended
maximum value is shown in the table below:-Also percentage deviation can be calculated as
follows.
%deviation=Earth resistance measured from transformer-5 100.(2)
5
The results are as shown below
Table 4.1 Percentage deviation calculation from measured resistance.
xxxv

S/N TRANSFORMER

MEASURED

Analysis of % deviation,

EVALUATION

LOCATION

EARTH

On earth resistance

BASING ON IEC

VIWANJA

RESISTANCE
2

SITINI
MIKOROSHINI

6 -5 100=20%
5

BAD

TRANSPORTER

15

BAD

CHITA

11

CHISANO

KAMWENE

26

MIWANGANI

12

KKKT RELINI

MIEMBENI

15 -5 100=200%
5
11 -5 100=120%
5
3-5 100=-40%
5
26-5 100=420%
5
12 -5 100=140%
5
4 -5 100=-20%
5
5 -5 100=0%
5
21 -5 100=320%
5
13 -5 100=160%
5

BAD

1O

KALENGA

5
21

11

KERO
MATANGINI

13

2 -5 100=-60%
5

VALUE(5)
GOOD

BAD
GOOD
BAD
BAD
GOOD
GOOD
BAD

4.1.1 Chart for analysis of percentage deviation of earth resistance in the system.

xxxvi

Figure 4.1.For percentage deviation of earth resistance from IEC standard.

From the analysis above it can be noted that 0% is a reference point from which above this
level is a violation of standards and below or equal to 0% are transformers within the range
of the standard.
In this case it can be seen that Mikoroshini,Transporter,Chita,Kamwene,Miwangani,Kalenga
kero and Matangini distribution transformers are in the risk to be burnt by lightning since its
earth resistances are out of range.Among 11 samples assessed about 7 Transformer are out of
standards in concern with earth resistance.
In percentage it can be computed as:
% of Transformers out of IEC earth resistance standard are 7100=63.64%....................(3)
11
4.2.Evaluation on the data collected on Transformer with lightning arrester
The data was collected through site visitation at Mlimba area which are
Viwanja Sitini,Kamwene,Matangini,KKKT Relini,Mikoroshini,Transporter,Kalenga
kero,Miwangani,Chita,Chisano and Miembeni. The main intention of this assessment was to
check number of Transformer with lightning arrester on both primary and secondary side. It
should be noted that not only the lightning strikes the primary side but also secondary side
can be struck as well.
The collected data was computed as follows.
%Transformer =transformer with only primary side protection100(4)
Total number of transformer assessed
xxxvii

Table 4.2 Analysis of Transformers with lightning arresters on only primary side
S/N

TRANSFORMER LOCATION

VIWANJA SITINI

MIKOROSHINI

TRANSPORTER

CHITA

CHISANO

KAMWENE

MIWANGANI

KKKT RELINI

MIEMBENI

10

KALENGA KERO

11

MATANGINI

% of transformer with only primary side

lightning arrester
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11
1100%=9.09%
11

xxxviii

Figure.4.2 Percentage of Transformer with only primary side protection.

From the above analysis it can be seen that almost 100% of distribution transformers at
Mlimba have lightning arresters only on primary side , in this case these transformers have
high possibility of being burnt by lightning incase the lightning strikes the secondary side.
4.3.Analysis of arresters specification in relation with Mlimba climate
This is done by comparing data from porcelain housed lightning arrester specifications with
the data from weather forecasting office for mlimba climate.
Table 4.3 For comparison of data from lightning arrester specifications and those from
Mlimba climate.
Serial number
1
2
3
4

Parameters
Annual
temperature
Annual
rainfall
Humidity
Maximum
wind speed

Arrester specifications
-10C~50C

Mlimba climate
25.80C

Status
Good

100mm~1500mm

1310mm

Good

10%~95%
30m/s

53%~93%
5m/s~15m/s

Good
Good

From the above analysis it can be established that Mlimba climate are within the range of
arresters specifications. So climate has no contribution on the failures of lightning arresters
at the area.
Analysis of monthly failure of lightning arresters in percentage for 11kV as well as
33kV arresters.
The table below shows the monthly failure of lightning arrester in Percentage for the year
2012
Table 4.4,Analysis of monthly lightning arresters failure for the year 2012 at Mlimba.
MONTHS

11kV
ARRESTERS

%failure for
11kV

33kV
ARRESTERS

%failure for
33kV

JAN 2012

FEB 2012

MARCH 2012

1100%=6.67%
15
1100%=6.67%
15
1100%=6.67%

0100%=0%
8
1100%=12.5%
8
0100%=0%

xxxix

1
0

APRIL 2012

MAY 2012

JUNE 2012

JULY 2012

AUG 2012

SEPT 2012

OCT 2012

NOV 2012

DEC 2012

Total

15

15
0100%=0%
15
3100%=20%
15
2100%=13.33%
15
2100%=13.33%
15
1100%=6.67%
15
3100%=20%
15
0100%=0%
15
0100%=0%
15
1100%=6.67%
15

0
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
0

8
0100%=0%
8
1100%=12.5%
8
1100%=12.5%
8
1100%=12.5%
8
2100%=25%
8
1100%=12.5%
8
1100%=12.5%
8
0100%=0%
8
0100%=0%
8

4.4.1 Chart below is for analysis of percentage failures of 11kV Lightning arresters in the
TANESCO distribution network

Figure 4.3 Percentage failures of 11kV lightning arrester in the system.

From the figure above it can be established that the problem is serious during the month of
September and May. So the episode is independent with the rain season.
xl

4.4.2.Chart for analysis of percentage failures of 33kV lightning arrester in TANESCO

distribution network.

Figure 4.4.Percentage failures of 33kV lightning arrester in the system.

From the above analysis it can be established that most of the failures of porcelain housed
lightning arrester at the area are independent to the months with heavy rainfall.
4.5 Costs for replacement of defective Lightning Arresters.
Replacement of a defective lightning arrester adds to the utility operational costs. The costs
for the replacement of both the 11kV and the 33kV lightning arresters are shown in the tables
below. Material costs, labour costs, transport costs for replacement of 11kV lightning arrester
as well as 33kV Lightning arrester are outlined hereunder.
Table 4.5 Costs of replacing defective lightning arresters for 11kV as well as 33kV
Costs
Material costs
Labour costs
Transport costs
Total costs

11kV Arresters
52245.00
65265.00
30000.00
147510.00

xli

33kV Arresters
98525.00
65265.00
30000.00
193790.00

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations, costs for
preparation of this project as well as the references used.
5.1

Conclusion.

The data analysis section of this project depicts that the earth resistance values for most of the
visited distribution transformer sites are beyond the acceptable maximum recommended
values by IEC of 5 Ohms, so it means that most of the earth resistance values are poor. With
regard to the data collected and the data analysis it can be said that failure of the arresters
seems to be a result of poor earth resistances.
Since the data obtained from the arresters specification tally with those from weather
forecasting office for Mlimba climate,so the climate of Mlimba does not contribute to the
failures of porcelain housed lightning arresters at Mlimba area.
From the sample collected it has been found that about 63.64% distribution transformers have
got higher resistance than the recommended one, this results into improper conduction of
overcurrent to ground hence burning of the equipment.

xlii

Also from the analysis it has been found that almost 100% of distribution transformers at
Mlimba have lightning arresters only on primary side. In this case these transformers
have got high possibility of being burnt by lightning incase the lightning strikes the
secondary side.
5.2 Recommendations.
In order to maintain the earth resistance values at different locations of distribution
transformers within the IEC maximum recommended value. It is recommended that:
First of all regular checks of earth resistance values should be done in order to establish the
existing earth resistance status at different locations.
Secondly purposeful initiatives should be taken to improve earth resistance values
accordingly where poor values are found.
Both sides of transformer (primary and secondary side) should be protected by lightning
arresters. Since both sides of the transformer can be affected by lightning .

5.2.1 Possible causes for deterioration of a ground system and become ineffective.
1. Corrosion and weather influences exert mechanical strain on ground rods and cause
metallic corrosion over time. As a ground rod corrodes, its resistance rises and it loses its
effectiveness.
2. Soil resistivity can vary considerably with changes in climate and temperature.
3. Water tables
5.2.2 Steps proposed for improving ground system.
Chemically treat the soil to reduce seasonal variations.

Using multiple ground rods.

Doubling rod diameter, this decreases resistance by about 10%

This is due to the following formula,

R=pl..(5)
A
Where R=Resistance
p=resistivity
l=length of a conductor
A=cross sectional area.

xliii

5.3 Project cost estimates.

This section outlines the costs associated with the implementations of this project.
5.3.1 Cost estimates
The table below shows the estimated costs associated with the project activities.
Table 5.1 Estimated costs for implementation of this project.
S.NO.
1.
2.
3.

ACTIVITY

ESTIMATED

Field Visits
Reports preparations and printing
Flash 1 piece
TOTAL

COSTS
150,000/=
230,000/=
20,000/=
400,000/=

REFERENCES
C.L Wadhwa (2007), High Voltage Engineering (2nd Edition), New Age International (P)
Limited, Publisher
Dr. S.L. Uppal and Prof. S. Rao (2009). Electrical power systems. (15th Edition). Khanna
Publishers.
Edwin B. Kurtz and Thomas M. Shoemaker, McGraw-Hill Book Company
(1976),The Linemans and Cablemans Handbook, Fifth Edition
E. Kuffel, W.S Zaengly and J.Kuffel (2000), High Voltage Engineering (2nd
Edition).Butterworth-Heineman Publisher.
George W. Walsh, A Review of Lightning Protection and Grounding Practice,

IEC

Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-9, No. 3, March/April

1996 (reprint/Ref GE Publication GER-2951)
Leemans, P. and Moulaert, G. G.: Experience with leakage-current testing of 380 kV MOV
surge arresters in the field, utilizing an LCM portable instrument. Double
Client Conference, 1994.
V.K.Mehta and Rohit Mehta (2003), Principles of Power systems, S Chand & Company Ltd.
Websites: www.goggle.co.tz, www.weatherblik.com, www.mapmart.com
xliv