Assignment #2

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

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1. Calculate the concentration of vacancies in aluminum at room temperature (250C). Assume that
20,000 cal are required to produce a mole of vacancies in aluminum.
Solution:
The lattice parameter of FCC aluminum is 0.4044651 nm. Therefore, the number of aluminum
atoms or lattice points per cm3 is
n=

4 atoms / cell
6.045 x10 22 Al atoms / cm 3
8
3
(4.044651x10 cm)

At room temperature, T=25 + 273 =298 K

Qv
6.045 x10 22 atoms / cm 3
RT

nv = n exp

= 1.29 x 10 vacancies/cm

20000 cal / mol

1
.
987
cal / mol.k x 298 K

exp

2. Calculate the composition, in weight percent and atom percent, of an alloy that contains 158.0
kg titanium, 20.3 kg of aluminum, and 8.6 kg of vanadium.
Solution
The concentration, in weight percent, of an element in an alloy may be computed using a
modified form of Equation 4.3. For this alloy, the concentration of titanium (C ) is just
Ti

CTi =

mTi
100
mTi mAl mV

158 kg
100 = 84.54 wt%
158 kg 20.3 kg 8.6 kg

Similarly, for aluminum

C Al =

20.3 kg
100 = 10.86 wt%
158 kg 20.3 kg 8.6 kg

And for vanadium

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Assignment #2

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

CV =

8.6 kg
100 = 4.6 wt%
158 kg 20.3 kg 8.6 kg

Atom percent:
Masses must next be converted into moles (Equation 4.4), as

mTi
158000 g
=
= 3300.6 mol
ATi 47.87 g / mol

nm =
Ti

20300 g
= 752.4 mol
26.98 g / mol

nm V =

8600 g
= 168.8 mol
50.94 g / mol

nm

Al

Now, employment of a modified form of Equation 4.5, gives

CTi =

100

nmAl
nmTi nmAl nmV

100

752.4 mol
100 = 17.82 at%
3300.6 mol 752.4 mol 168.8 mol

C V =
=

nmTi nmAl nmV

3300.6 mol
100 = 78.18 at%
3300.6 mol 752.4 mol 168.8 mol

C Al =
=

nmTi

nmV
nmTi nmAl nmV

100

168.8 mol
100 = 4.0 at%
3300.6 mol 752.4 mol 168.8 mol

3. The outer surface of a steel gear is to be hardened by increasing its carbon content. The carbon is
to be supplied from an external carbon-rich atmosphere, which is maintained at an elevated
temperature. A diffusion heat treatment at 925C (1198 K) for 10 min increases the carbon
concentration to 0.90 wt% at a position 1.0 mm below the surface. Estimate the diffusion time required
at 575C (848 K) to achieve this same concentration also at a 1.0-mm position. Assume that the

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Assignment #2
Structure & Properties of Materials
surface carbon content is the same for both heat treatments, which is maintained constant. Use the
diffusion data in Table 5.2 for C diffusion in -Fe.
ENGR 2220

Solution
In order to compute the diffusion time at 575C to produce a carbon concentration of 0.90 wt%
at a position 1.0 mm below the surface we must employ Equation 5.6b with position (x) constant; that
is
Dt = constant
Or
D925 t 925 = D575 t 575

In addition, it is necessary to compute values for both D925 and D575 using Equation 5.8. From Table
5.2, for the diffusion of C in -Fe, Qd = 80,000 J/mol and D0 = 6.2 10-7 m2/s. Therefore,

80,000 J/mol
D925 = (6.2 10 -7 m 2 /s)exp

(
8
.
31
J/mol
K
)(
925

273
K
)

= 2.006 10-10 m2/s

80,000 J/mol
D575 = (6.2 10 -7 m 2 /s)exp
(8.31 J/mol - K )(575 273 K )

= 7.278 10-12m2/s
Now, solving the original equation for t575 gives
t 575 =

D925 t 925
D575

(2.006 10 10 m 2 /s)(10 min )

7.278 10 12 m 2 / s

= 275.6 min
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Assignment #2

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

4. The diffusion coefficient for Cr+3 in Cr2O3 is 6 x 10-15 cm2/s at 7270C and is 1 x 10-9 cm2/s at 14000C.
Calculate (a) the activation energy and (b) the constant D0.
Solution
(a)

15

6 x10
1x10 9

D0 exp
(8.31 J/mol - K)(1000K)
cm / s

=
cm 2 / s

D0 exp
(8.31 J/mol - K)(1673K)
2

6 x10 6 = exp - Q 0.00012 - 0.0000719 exp 0.00004807Q

12.024 = 0.00004807Q

Q=2.5 x105 J/mol

(b) 1x10

- 2.5x10 5 J / mol
8
= D o exp
D o exp 17.98 1.55 x10 D0
(8.31
J/mol
K)(1673K)

Do = 0.0645 cm2/s
5. An FCC iron-carbon alloy initially containing 0.28 wt% C is carburized at an elevated temperature
and in an atmosphere wherein the surface carbon concentration is maintained at 1.0 wt%. If after 49.5
h the concentration of carbon is 0.43 wt% at a position 4 mm below the surface, determine the
temperature at which the treatment was carried out.
Solution
This problem asks us to compute the temperature at which a nonsteady-state 49.5 h diffusion
anneal was carried out in order to give a carbon concentration of 0.35 wt% C in FCC Fe at a position
4.0 mm below the surface. From Equation 5.5
C x C0
0.43 0.28
=
= 0.2083 = 1 erf
C s C0
1.0 0.28

x
Dt

Or

erf

x
Dt

= 0.7916

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Assignment #2
Structure & Properties of Materials
Now it becomes necessary, using the data in Table 5.1 and linear interpolation, to determine the value
ENGR 2220

of 2 Dt . Thus
z
0.85
y
0.90

erf (z)
0.7707
0.7916
0.7970

y 0.85
0.7916 0.7707
=
0.90 0.85
0.7970 0.7707

From which
y = 0.8897
Thus,
x
= 0.8897
2 Dt

And since t = 49.5 h (178,200 s) and x = 4.0 mm (4.0 10-3 m), solving for D from the above equation
yields
D=

x2
( 4t )(0.8897) 2

( 4.010 3 m) 2
( 4)(178,200 s)(0.7916)

= 2.835 10 -11 m 2 /s

Now, in order to determine the temperature at which D has the above value, we must employ Equation
5.9a; solving this equation for T yields
T =

Qd

R (lnD0 lnD)

From Table 5.2, D0 and Qd for the diffusion of C in FCC Fe are 2.3 10-5 m2/s and 148,000 J/mol,

respectively. Therefore
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Assignment #2

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

T=

148,000 J/mol
(8.31 J/mol - K) ln (2.3 10 -5 m 2 /s) - ln (2.835 10 -11 m 2 /s)

= 1309 K = 1036C

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Assignment #2

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

6. A 1.016 cm diameter, 30.48 cm long titanium bar has a yield strength of 344.7 MPa, a modulus of
elasticity of 110.3 GPa, and Poissons ratio of 0.30. Determine the length and diameter of the bar when
a 2225 N load is applied.
Solution
The stress is F/A 2225 N/(/4)(1.016 x 10-2m.)2 27.4 MPa
The applied stress is much less than the yield strength; therefore Hookes
law can be used.
The strain is /E 27.4 MPa / (110.3 x 103 MPa) 0.0002488 m./m.
l f lo

l f 0.3048 m

lo

0.3048 m

0.0002488

lf 0.304876 in.
From Poissons ratio, lat / long 0.3
lat (0.3)(0.0002488) 0.0000746 m./m.
d f do
do

d f 0.01016 m
0.01016 m

- 0.0000746

df 0.010159 m.
7. A cylindrical rod 100 mm long and having a diameter of 10.0 mm is to be deformed using a tensile
load of 21,000 N. It must not experience either plastic deformation or a diameter reduction of more
than 7.5 10-3 mm. Of the materials listed as follows, which are possible candidates? Justify your
choice(s).

Material
Aluminum alloy
Brass alloy
Steel alloy
Titanium alloy

Modulus of
Elasticity
(GPa)

Yield Strength
(MPa)

Poissons
Ratio

70
101
207
107

200
300
400
650

0.33
0.34
0.30
0.34

Solution

This problem asks that we assess the four alloys relative to the two criteria presented. The first
criterion is that the material not experience plastic deformation when the tensile load of 28,275 N is

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Assignment #2
Structure & Properties of Materials
applied; this means that the stress corresponding to this load not exceed the yield strength of the
ENGR 2220

material. Upon computing the stress

F
=
A0

F
d0

21,000 N
1010

= 267.38 10 6 N/m 2 = 267.38 MPa

Of the alloys listed, the Ti, Brass and steel alloys have yield strengths greater than 267.38 MPa.
Relative to the second criterion (i.e., that d be less than 7.5 10-3 mm), it is necessary to
calculate the change in diameter d for these three alloys. From Equation 6.8
d

d
E d
= x = 0

z
d0
E

Now, solving for d from this expression,

d =

For the steel alloy

d =

d0
E

(0.30)( 267.38 MPa )(10 mm)

= 3.87 10 -3 mm
20710 3 MPa

Therefore, the steel is a candidate.

For the Ti alloy
d =

(0.34)( 267.38 MPa )(10 mm)

= 8.49 10 -3 mm
10710 3 MPa

Hence, the titanium alloy is not a candidate.

For the Brass alloy
d =

(0.34)( 267.38 MPa )(10 mm)

= 9.0 10 -3 mm
3
10110 MPa

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Assignment #2

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

Hence, the Brass alloy is not a candidate.
8. A cylindrical specimen of a hypothetical metal alloy is stressed in compression. If its original and
final diameters are 12.000 and 12.025 mm, respectively, and its final length is 100 mm, compute its
original length if the deformation is totally elastic. The elastic and shear moduli for this alloy are 105
GPa and 39.7 GPa, respectively.
Solution
This problem asks that we compute the original length of a cylindrical specimen that is stressed
in compression. It is first convenient to compute the lateral strain x as

x =

d
12.025 mm 12.000 mm
=
= 2.08 10 -3
d0
12.000 mm

In order to determine the longitudinal strain z we need Poisson's ratio, which may be computed using
Equation 6.9; solving for yields
=

E
105 10 3 MPa
1 =
1 = 0.322
2G
(2) (39.7 10 3 MPa)

Now z may be computed from Equation 6.8 as

x
2.08 10 3
=
= 6.47 10 -3

0.322

Now solving for l0 using Equation 6.2

l0 =

li

1 z

100 mm
= 100.65
3
1 6.47
10

mm

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