Computer Graphics

Dr. S.M. Malaek

Assistant: M. Younesi

Computer Graphics
Time:
Textbook:

Sunday/Tuesday 13:30-15


COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Donald Haern,
M. Pauline Baker (Second Edition)
Introduction to Computer Graphics,
Anirban Mukhopadhyay, Arup
Chattopadhyay

Modeling
Computers

have become a powerful

tool for the rapid and economical
production of pictures and models.

There

is no area in which graphics

displays cannot be used to some
advantage.

What is Computer Graphics?

Computer

graphics
generally means creation,
storage and manipulation
of models and images.

What is Computer Graphics?

Such

models come from diverse

and expanding set of fields
including physical, mathematical,
artistic, biological, economical,
.

Model
Model,

models, or modeling:
a pattern, plan, representation,
or description designed to
show the structure or working
of an object, system, or
concept.

Physical Model

Physical Model
A

physical model is used

to mean a physical
representation of some
things, for example a bolt
or the solar system.

Physical Model
The

geometry of
the model and the
object it represents
are often similar in
the sense that one is
a rescaling of the
other.
A scale model of the Singapore
City Centre.

Physical Model

Model of a war scene.

Physical Model

Model of molecule.

Physical Model

Cuddly toy

Mathematical Model

Mathematical Model
A mathematical mode: it uses
mathematical language to
describe the behaviour of a
system.
Mathematical

models are used in

the science, engineering,
economics and

Mathematical Model
Examples:

Population Growth

Model of a particle in a potential

field.

Mathematical Model
A

mathematical model
describes a system by a set
of variables and a set of
equations that establish
relationship between the
variables.

Economics Model

Economic Model
In

economics, a model is a
theoretical construct that
represents economic processes
by a set of variables and a set
of logical and quantitative
relationships between them.

Economic Model
Economic

models have two

function:
Simplification

Selection

What is Computer Graphics?

William Fetter coined term

computer graphics in 1960
to describe new design
methods he was pursuing at

Boeing.

Created a series of widely

reproduced images on pen
plotter exploring cockpit
design, using 3D model of
human body.

What is Computer Graphics?

Perhaps the best way to define computer graphics is to

find out what it is not. It is not a machine. It is not a
computer, nor a group of computer programs. It is not
the know-how of a graphic designer, a programmer, a
writer, a motion picture specialist, or a reproduction
specialist.
Computer graphics is all these a consciously managed
and documented technology directed toward
communicating information accurately and
descriptively.

What is Interactive Computer

Graphics?
User

controls contents,
structure, and appearance
of objects and their
displayed images via rapid
visual feedback.

Interactive Computer Graphics

Basic components of an interactive graphics

system:

input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus,

scanner)

processing (and storage)

display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based

printer, video recorder )

Interactive Computer Graphics

First truly interactive graphics system,

Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan
Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis.

Sketchpad in 1963. Note use of a CRT monitor, light pen and

function-key panel.

Interactive Computer Graphics

Before

Sketchpad, output via

plotters/printers, input via keypunch.

Card punching.

IBM 704 . took up a whole room and was capable

of about 4,000 arithmetic operations/second.

Interactive Computer Graphics

The Sketchpad system uses
drawing as a novel communication
medium for a computer. The system
contains input, output, and
computation programs which enable
it to interpret information drawn
directly on a computer display.

Interactive Computer Graphics

Sketchpad has shown the most

usefulness as an aid to the understanding
of processes, such as the motion of
linkages, which can be described with
pictures. Sketchpad also makes it easy to
draw highly repetitive or highly accurate
drawings and to change drawings
previously drawn with it

Interactive Computer Graphics

Three factors be considered:

Time

Cost

Quality

Interactive Computer Graphics

Cost/Time ($/hr): Whirlwind, built
in early 50s at MIT, cost $4.5
million and could perform 40,000
additions/second. Mac 512K, list
price $3,195 in 1984, could do
500,000. Today, commodity PCs
perform approximately two or three
billion operations/second.

Interactive Computer Graphics

Quality: Eliminates error

propagation by using data bases and
transfer of data.

Applications
Computer Aided Design
Presentation Graphics
Computer Art
Entertainment
Education and training
Visualization
Image Processing
Graphics User Interfaces

Applications

Computer Aided Design

(CAD)

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
A

major use of computer graphics

in design processes, particularly
for engineering and architectural
system. But almost all product are
now computer designed.

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
For

some design applications, objects

are first displayed in a wireframe
outline form.

Wireframe

(outline) form shows the

overall shape and internal features of
objects.

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

CAD methods are now used in the design

of:
Buildings

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Automobiles

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Aircraft

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Watercraft

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Spacecraft
Textiles

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Software package for CAD applications typically

provide the designer with a multi-window
environment.

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Circuits designed by successively placing

components into the layout, with the graphics
package automatically providing the connections
between components.

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Animation are often used

in CAD applications.

Animation in virtual
reality environment are
used to determine how
system operators are
affected by certain
motion.

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Virtual Reality (VR)

Fishtank VR

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

The manufacturing process is also tied in to the

computer description of designed objects to
automate the construction of the product.

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Architectural Designs

Applications
Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Rug Pattern

Applications

Presentation Graphics

Applications
Presentation Graphics
Presentation

graphics used to
product illustrations for reports or
to generate 35-mm slides or
transparencies for use with
projectors.

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Presentation graphics is used to:

Statistical
Mathematical
Scientific
Economic data
Managerial report
Consumer information bulletins

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Typical examples of presentation graphics

are:

Bar Graphs
Line Graphs
Surface Graphs
Pie Charts

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Typical examples of presentation graphics

are:

Histogram
Task Schedule Chart
Inventory Chart
Production Chart

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Bar Charts

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Line Graphs
30
25
20

Series1

15

Series2
Series3

10
5
0
1

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Surface Graphs

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Pie Charts

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Histogram: A

histogram is the
graphical version of
a able which shows
what property of
cases fall into each
of several or many
specified categories.

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Task Scheduling chart:

In project
management, a
schedule consists of a
list of a projects
terminal elements
with intended start
and finish dates.

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Production Chart

Applications
Presentation Graphics

Export Chart

Applications

Computer Art

Applications
Computer Art
Computer

graphics are
widely used in both fine
art and commercial art
applications.

Applications
Computer Art
Fine Art

Paintbrush Program:

It allows artists to
paint pictures on
the screen of a
video monitor.

Applications
Computer Art

Example of Paintbrush Methods:

Applications
Computer Art
Commercial Art
Logos
Page

layout (Combining

text and graphics)

TV

Advertising
Spots

Applications
Computer Art
Commercial Art

Advertising

Applications
Computer Art
Commercial Art

Morphing: Where one object is transformed (metamorphosed) into another.

Applications
Computer Art
Commercial Art

Morphing

Applications

Entertainment

Applications
Entertainment
Computer

graphics are now

commonly used in making motion
pictures, music video, and
television shows.

Applications
Entertainment
TV

Shows

Applications
Entertainment
Games

Applications
Entertainment
Games

Applications

Education and Training

Applications
Education and Training
Models

of physical systems,
physiological systems, population
trends can help trainees to
understand the operation of the
system.

Applications
Education and Training

For some training applications, special systems are

designed.

Color-coded diagram used to explain the operation of a nuclear reactor.

Applications
Education and Training
Special

systems are the

simulators for practice session or
training of ship captains, aircraft
pilots, and air traffic control
personnel.

Applications
Education and Training
Flight

Simulator

Applications
Education and Training
Flight

Simulator

Applications
Education and Training
Flight

Simulator

Applications
Education and Training
Naval

Simulator

Applications
Education and Training
Naval

Simulator

Applications

Visualization

Applications
Visualization
Producing graphical representation for
scientific, engineering, and medical data
sets and processes is generally referred to
as scientific visualization.
The term business visualization is used
in connection with data sets related to
commerce, industry, and other
nonscientific areas.

Applications
Visualization

A Color-coded with 16 million density

points of relative brightness.

Applications
Visualization

Visualisation Techniques for Architecture

Applications
Visualization

Distribution of galaxies

Applications
Visualization

Visualisation of confocal microscope data

Applications
Visualization

Mathematical data.

Applications
Visualization

Medical data.

Applications
Visualization

Medical Data

Applications
Visualization

Mars renderings

Applications
Visualization

Mars renderings

Applications

Image Processing

Applications
Image Processing

Image processing applies techniques to

modify or interpret existing pictures, such
as photographs and TV scans.

Medicine uses these techniques to

model and study physic functions, to
artificial limbs, and to plan and practice
surgery.

Applications
Image Processing

Medical Visualization

Applications

Graphics User Interfaces

Applications
Graphics User Interfaces

A major component of a graphical interface is

a window manager that allows a user to
display multi-window areas.

Applications
Graphics User Interfaces

Interfaces also display

menus and icons for fast
selection of processing
options or parameter
values.

An icon is a graphical
symbol that is designed to
look like the processing
option it represent.