Acoustic Simulations with FEM

1. FE Model
2. Modal Analysis
3. Response Analysis

P ( x, t )

Physics:

t
The ear perceives local oscillations of pressure in the acoustic medium.
Mathematics:
Pressure is a scalar function

scalar wave equation

time-harmonic
Helmholtz equation
HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

p + k 2 p = 0
Acoustics with FEM

1. FE Model
The cavity volume is partitioned into 3-D elements (Hexa, Tetra, etc.).

Each node is associated with one DOF (pressure).

p ( x, y , z )

p ( xi )

The acoustic element is actually a simplified version of the solid element.

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

Output of acoustic FRF run to pch file

$TITLE
= FLUID WITH ACOUSTIC SOURCE
$SUBTITLE=
$LABEL
=
$DISPLACEMENTS
$REAL-IMAGINARY OUTPUT
$SUBCASE ID =
1
$FREQUENCY =
2.0000000E+01
10224
S
-1.427161E-11
-CONT0.000000E+00
-CONT3.049356E-15
-CONT0.000000E+00

Re, Im

0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00

0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

p ( xi , )
Practical conclusion: do not animate results as displacements!

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

Solid

Fluid

pn 2

t3
t2

t1

x xy xz

xy y yz
xz yz z

pn 2
pn1

0
P 0
0 P 0

0 P
0

The fluid element is a solid element representing the hydrostatic stress state.
The nodal unknowns are the pressure values p(x). Since the pressure satisfies a
second-order differential equation (wave or Helmholtz equation), linear interpolation
can be used inside the elements.
HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

Volume Elements in MSC/ Nastran

CHEXA EID

PID

G1

G2

Linear Interpolation

G6

8 corner nodes. .

Quadratic interpolation: + 12 edge nodes.

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

Fluid Elements in Nastran:

Solid elements are used for fluid modeling.
The elements are marked as PFLUID in the PSOLID card.
Additional entry -1 to the GRID cards.
GRID
CHEXA
+

10562
10231
10531

PSOLID
$LUFT
MAT10

937.500 187.500 62.5000

3
10001
10219
10399
10404

3
3

-1
10222

10227

10401+

PFLUID

1.189-12 3.43+05

The nodal unknowns are the pressure values P(x,t).

The .pch output for the fluid nodes is the complex-valued amplitude p(x).

1
20037
1 -CONT1 -CONT1 -CONT-

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

1.270340E-04
0.000000E+00
1.962794E-04
0.000000E+00

Real

0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00

Acoustics with FEM

Imag

0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00

2
2
2
2

PSOLID Card in MSC/Nastran

PSOLID PID MID CORDM IN .

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

FCTN

Acoustics with FEM

Input Deck for Modal Analysis (Sol 103)

user-generated solution deck

$ Modal Analysis
SOL 103
CEND
$ Write all results into .pch file
DISP(PUNCH) = ALL
METHOD = 100
BEGIN BULK
$ compute all eigenfreqs up to 1000 Hz
EIGRL,100,,1000.0
$ finite element model
INCLUDE 'box_fluid.nas'
$
PARAM,COUPMASS,1
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
$
ENDDATA

FE-Model inside Nastran (Modal Equation)

Mode Shape

(K M ) x = 0
2

Stiffness Matrix

Eigenfrequency

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

(1)

Mass Matrix

Acoustics with FEM

Eigenvalue Problems (EVP)

Generalized EVP:

Ax Bx = 0

Specialized EVP:

Ax x = 0

B=I

The modal equation (1) is a generalized eigenproblem with

{i , xi , i = 1, N }

Solution:

2 =

N n

nN

The eigenfrequencies are printed out in a table (see next slide).

The eigenvectors are collected column-wise in a matrix:

of dimension

It follows that

n N

. The modes are mass-normalized, i.e.

= [x1 , x 2 , , x n ]
xTi Mx j = ij

xTi Kxi = i2

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

Eigenfrequencies in .f06 file (Nastran)

E I G E N V A L U E

1
2
3
4
5

EIGENVALUE
-6.824732E-06
1.164884E+06
4.704586E+06
1.075588E+07
1.955165E+07

(READ MODULE FOR FLUID)

NUMBER OF DECOMPOSITIONS .............

NUMBER OF ROOTS FOUND ................

17

NUMBER OF SOLVES REQUIRED ............

14

RADIANS
2.612419E-03
1.079298E+03
2.169006E+03
3.279615E+03
4.421725E+03

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

S U M M A R Y

BLOCK SIZE USED ......................

R E A L
MODE

A N A L Y S I S

E I G E N V A L U E S
CYCLES NO.
4.157794E-04
1.717756E+02
3.452080E+02
5.219670E+02
7.037393E+02

F O R

F L U I D

GENERALIZED
MASS
1.000000E+00
1.000000E+00
1.000000E+00
1.000000E+00
1.000000E+00

Acoustics with FEM

GENERALIZED
STIFFNESS
-6.824732E-06
1.164884E+06
4.704586E+06
1.075588E+07
1.955165E+07

10

Mode shapes (eigenvectors)

Box:

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Passg. Car cabin:

Acoustics with FEM

11

3. Response Analysis
Damping Matrix

Dynamic load with forcing frequency

K + i C 2 M p = f

Direct solution:

Modal Superposition:

p = y

p = K + iC 2 M 1f

T K + i C 2 M y = T f
T K, T M are diagonal matrices. If modal damping
is assumed, then T C is also diagonal. .

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

12

Damping effects in cavities

Sound energy of is lost (within or from a bounded cavity) by:
a) volume damping (internal friction within the cavity volume)
b) interface damping (friction with boundary interfaces, particularly porous materials)
c) radiation damping and transmission (sound is leaving the cavity)

b)

a)

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

c)

Acoustics with FEM

13

Volume (Material) Damping

FEM:

K (1 + i ) 2 M p = f
Loss factor
Nastran: PARAM, GFL

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

14

Modal Damping (Fluid)

Consider the reduced undamped equation

T K 2T M y = diag(i2 ) 2 I y = f
diag(2ii )
and add a modal damping matrix
to obtain the
system for damped vibrations in the form

diag (i2 ) i diag (2ii ) 2I y = f

It is usually not easy to determine the modal damping factors i . In practice one often uses
frequency-constant modal damping parameters.
Relation to material damping: Equations (1) and (2) can be compared formally by setting

i K = i C

Modal transform then leads to the diagonal damping matrix

d iag ( i2 ).

Nastran: TAMDMP1

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Constant (over the volume) material damping is

numerically equivalent to constant (over the range of
eigenfrequencies) modal damping with the relation

Acoustics with FEM

2
15

Interface Damping

The normal impedance Zn=pn/vn of a plane wave can be written as

p ' = ik

Z0
p,
Zn

Z 0 = 0c

Nastran:
generate fluid skin (preprocessor)
QUAD, CTRIA CAABSF (editor)

introduce material data in PAABSF card

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

16

p = Z n vn ,
Z n = Rn + iX n
Resistance
(Damping)

Reactance
(Mass,
Stiffness)

Rn ( )
X n ( )

Rn const.
X n const.
HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

17

Example

$ rho*c for rho=1e-12, c=6e4, Z=20rho*c

INCLUDE 'cavity_skin.bdf'
$
$234567|1234567|1234567|1234567|1234567|1234567|1234567|1234567|1234567|
$_______2_______3_______4_______5_______6______7________8_______9_______
$
PID
TZREID TZIMID S
A
B
K
RHOC
PAABSF
10
120.e-8
6.e-8

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

18

Measured Impedances (1/2)

Zn = rn + ixn

F. Fahy, Foundations of Eng. Acoustics, S. 171ff

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

19

Summary: boundary conditions for the Helmholtz equation

Physical

Mathematical

FEM

Rigid wall

p
=0
n

----

Absorption

Z
p
= ik 0 p
n
Zn

CAABSF

Free surface

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

p =0

SPC

Acoustics with FEM

reflecting
reflecting to (almost)
nonreflecting

reflecting

20

Frequency Response to Acoustic Source, Direct Solution

SOL 108
CEND
TITLE= FLUID WITH ACOUSTIC SOURCE, DIRECT FREQUENCY RESPONSE
FREQ=200
DLOAD = 1000
$ Pressure in all nodes are output
DISP(PLOT) = ALL
$
BEGIN BULK
$ DAMPING
PARAM, GFL, 0.05
$ Source in Node 1000
$
SID EXCITEID DELAY DPHASE TP RHO B
ACSRCE 1000
101
1001
1.
1.
$2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678
TABLED4 1001
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.E6
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
ENDT
$ FRQUENCY RANGE
FREQ
200
1.e3
2.e3
INCLUDE 'box_fluid.bdf'
$
PARAM,COUPMASS,1
$ directs output to .op2 file
for plots of operational shapes
PARAM, POST,
-1
$
ENDDATA

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

21

Frequency Response to Acoustic Source, Modal Solution

$ COPIED AND ADAPTED FROM REFERENCE MANUAL
SOL 111
CEND
TITLE= FLUID WITH ACOUSTIC SOURCE
FREQ=200
METHOD(FLUID)=50
DLOAD = 1000
$ Pressure output of selected MP to punch file
SET 123=10224,10235,10243,10251
DISP(SORT1,PUNCH) = 123
for graphs of frequency
$
selected nodes
BEGIN BULK
PARAM, GFL, 0.05
$
SID EXCITEID DELAY DPHASE TP RHO B
ACSRCE 1000
101
1001
1.
1.
TABLED4 1001
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.E6
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
ENDT
$ FRQUENCY RANGE
$2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_2345678_
FREQ1
200
20.0
10.0
8
EIGRL
50
1.2e3
INCLUDE 'box_fluid.bdf'
$
PARAM,COUPMASS,1
$
ENDDATA

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

response in

22

Log, Direct solution

09:18:41 Analysis started.

09:18:41 Finite element model generation started.
09:18:41 Finite element model generated 425 degrees of freedom.
09:18:41 Finite element model generation successfully completed.
09:18:41 Application of Loads and Boundary Conditions to the finite element model started.
09:18:41 Application of Loads and Boundary Conditions to the finite element model
successfully completed.
09:18:41 Solution of the system equations for frequency response started.
09:18:41 Solution of the system equations for frequency response successfully completed.
09:18:41 Frequency response analysis completed.
09:18:41 29 records read from JID file
"c:/home/lehre/compa/nastran/box/fluid_s111/box_fluid_s108.dat"
09:18:41 A total of 969 records were read from 2 files.
09:18:41 NSEXIT: EXIT(0)
09:18:41 Analysis complete 0

Log, Modal solution

11:17:26 Analysis started.

11:17:28 Finite element model generation started.
11:17:29 Finite element model generated 425 degrees of freedom.
11:17:29 Finite element model generation successfully completed.
11:17:29 Application of Loads and Boundary Conditions to the finite element model started.
11:17:29 Application of Loads and Boundary Conditions to the finite element model successfully
completed.
11:17:29 Solution of the system equations for normal modes started.
11:17:31 Solution of the system equations for normal modes successfully completed.
11:17:32 Solution of the system equations for frequency response started.
11:17:32 Solution of the system equations for frequency response successfully completed.
11:17:33 Frequency response analysis completed.
11:17:33 27 records read from JID file
"c:/home/lehre/compa/nastran/box/fluid_acsrce/box_fluid_s111_pch.dat"
11:17:33 A total of 967 records were read from 2 files.
11:17:33 NSEXIT: EXIT(0)
11:17:33 Analysis complete 0

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

23

Head of punch file

$TITLE
= FLUID WITH ACOUSTIC SOURCE
$SUBTITLE=
$LABEL
=
$DISPLACEMENTS
$REAL-IMAGINARY OUTPUT
$SUBCASE ID =
1
$FREQUENCY =
2.0000000E+01
10224
S
-1.427161E-11
-CONT0.000000E+00
-CONT3.049356E-15
-CONT0.000000E+00
10235
S
-1.423625E-11
-CONT0.000000E+00
-CONT1.270832E-15
-CONT0.000000E+00
10243
S
-1.415010E-11
-CONT0.000000E+00
-CONT-3.049356E-15
-CONT0.000000E+00
10251
S
-1.407545E-11
-CONT0.000000E+00
-CONT-6.788064E-15
-CONT0.000000E+00
$TITLE
= FLUID WITH ACOUSTIC SOURCE
$SUBTITLE=
$LABEL
=
$DISPLACEMENTS
$REAL-IMAGINARY OUTPUT
$SUBCASE ID =
1
$FREQUENCY =
3.0000000E+01

HAW/M+P,
Ihlenburg, CompA

0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00

Acoustics with FEM

0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

24

Industrial Case Studies, Verification and Validation of FEM

= check computational results by

alternative models or methods of
compuation.

Do we solve the problem right?

comparison to physical experiment

Do we solve the right problem?

J. Tinsley Oden

Verification

Validation

Fluid Modes (with A. Mller, Audi AG)

Fluid Modes (with S. Wegner, A. Kropp, R.

Stryczek, BMW)
Radiation of Sound (cooperation with BMW,
Dept. EA)

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

25

Influence of mesh quality on eigenfrequencies of fluid cavity

Manually generated mesh

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

26

Manual Mesh, high quality

GRID
43278
CHEXA 35971
CTETRA 147

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

27

Automatic mesh generator, fine mesh

GRID
47461
CHEXA 28307
CTETRA 22456

Querschnitt

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

28

Automatic mesh generator, coarse mesh

GRID
17298
CHEXA 9871
CTETRA 8782

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Querschnitt

Acoustics with FEM

29

Results of modal analysis

Fluid Mesh
Manual

Automatic
Division 13

Automatic,
Division 20

79.088

79.441

79.130

111.468

112.310

111.553

126.683

127.626

126.838

138.213

139.105

138.828

146.984

147.717

147.287

174.515

175.425

174.774

179.815

180.877

180.150

189.041

189.921

189.218

195.605

196.792

196.107

10

223.470

224.691

224.293

Mode

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

30

Validation
Fluid Modes

Coupled Response of an automotive body to harmonic

excitation of hatch cover (constant pressure on whole area)

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

31

Setup
Excitation

Microphone Positions
Experiment: loudspeaker, pink noise
FEM: harmonic excitation of hatch door

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

32

Methodical question
Which interior parts should be in the
model?

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

33

Pipe Eigenmodes

Compare: First three Eigenmodes of Car

Cabin

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

34

Variants
Var 1: Vollausstattung
( mit / ohne Luftspalt bei Hutablage)

Var 2: ohne Hutablage

f1=52.0 Hz

f1=38.4 / 76 Hz

Var 4: ohne Hutablage, ohne Sitze

Var 3: ohne Hutablage, ohne Rcksitz

f1=64.4 Hz

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

f1=70.1 Hz

35

Effects
Helmholtz
resonator

pipe

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

36

Modes for model with four seats, no trunk cover

f = 52Hz

f = 96Hz

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

37

Details

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

38

Variant: four seats, no hatrack

Pressure level at microphone positions

berseinstimmung

gute

Computatio
nRechnung

Messung

Measurement

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

39

Variant: hatrack as sound barrier in cabin model

berseinstimmung

schlechtere

Rechnung

Messung

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

40

Validation
Radiation of engine vibrations

Setup
Microphone positions
open top
microphones
Reflecting walls

Concrete socket
HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

35cm

Engine block

Acoustics with FEM

41

FE Model

Structural Model
Fluid Cavity with absorbing
BC above reflecting walls

Simulation: excitation of
structure, full structure-fluid
compling, evaluation at
microphone positions in fluid
Fluid model: detail

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

42

Adaptive Approach

Parameter 1: Size of fluid domain

a = 57.5
cm
a = 39.1
cm

Parameter 2: Order of radiation condition (1,2)

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

43

Adaptive Approach: fluid domains

h = 77.9cm
h = 57.5 cm

h = 39.1 cm

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

44

Computational Result: Frequency Response at Fluid

MP

Structural modes

Verification
Validation
HAW/M+P,and
Ihlenburg,
CompA

Acoustics with FEM

F. Ihlenburg/
45
45
La Corunia
2011

Computational Result: Fluid Operational Shape @ 724Hz

Verification
Validation
HAW/M+P,and
Ihlenburg,
CompA

Acoustics with FEM

F. Ihlenburg/
46
46
La Corunia
2011

Comparison of adaptive Approach with measurement (space-averaged

pressure)

HAW/M+P, Ihlenburg, CompA

Acoustics with FEM

47