Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MOUNTAIN SCOUTING
A HAND-BOOK FOR
Officers
BY
EDWARD
S.
FARROW,
U.
& Military
iScovta in the
1881.
ARMY.
olvmbia.
NEW YORK
S.
[A
F"3
BY
EDWARD
S.
in
FARROW,
INSCRIBED
TO
Army
AS A TRIBUTE TO HIS
THE AUTHOR.
M25521
PREFACE.
THE object of my book is to investigate that chain of many
minor successes, each link of which must be perfect, in order
to insure the success of
any expedition.
how
how
to
avoid un-
have endeavored
to present, in small
emergency.
-vork, I have drawn largely on the experiences of older officers and have introduced frequent notes recorded during the study of Indian character while in their
To
complete
of.
my
trails,
and
in their hos-
camps.
have also freely consulted SCOTT'S MILITARY DICTION-
that
may appear
to
them
to
add
to
work.
E.
WEST POINT,
S.
F.
CONTENTS.
....
....
CHAPTER
PAGE
THE HOESE.
9
II.
THE RIFLE.
25
41
III.
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL HINTS.
IV. USEFUL INFORMATION IN POST AND FIELD. 62
88
V. FIELD EQUIPAGE AND SUPPLIES.
100
VI.- MOUNTAIN TKAVEL.
111
VII. PACK MULES AND PACKING.
I.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
MAECHING.
FOKCED MARCHES.
CROSSING RIVERS.
THE CAMP.
THE MESS.
....
....
SKIRMISHING
130
141
152
164
176
194
213
228
239
APPENDIX.
I.
II.
III.
....
A[ SYSTEM OF SWIMMING.
ROWING.
THE CHINOOK VOCABULARY.
19
22
MOUNTAIN SCOUTING.
CHAPTER
I.
THE HORSE.
that
high weighs not less than seven hundred and fifty, nor more
than eleven hundred pounds
age not less than five, nor more
;
My
is
drawing.
Range
exclusively
Mountain Scouting.
io
grass, are better suited for mountain service than those fed
Hence it is that the square-built, large-trunked,
grain.
on
on
precipitous
declivity with
much
indifference.
He
will get
at
r.
He
walk.
When
in
which they appear, are shed and replaced, and the altera2 years, all milch teeth,
form and markings
which are easily distinguished from the permanent by being
smaller, whiter and having necks
3 years, two permanent
at
tions in their
and
lateral incisors
From
permanent
teeth.
this
still
showing
this
tain.
Beyond
The Horse.
The markings on
moie
easily
teetli
upper than
The
management and
nature,
1.
the
distinct in the
He
capabilities
hearing.
2.
He
will resist
his
When
may
fly off
and
strike him.
him and
of
pull,
When
n.
and
flanks,
is
is
stubborn,
and not pn
addicted to the
ping
is
tie
up one
Mountain
12
To overcome
12.
Scouting.
tail is
and
him to rise.
13. It is not well to use a whip on the horse from which you
shoot if so, when you raise the gun to fire he is sure to be unplaced under
strength
seven
times
much
as
as
his
he
can carry.
An
15.
about
men
at a pull,
and requires
five gallons of
16.
horses
The average
length of
of the horse in
life
all
localities
under
all
circumstances
and
is
effort
it is
light, strong and large
be
evenly distributed over the
enough
It should be sufficiently raised to admit a free
horse's back.
circulation between it and the spine, while the pommel is high
enough
and
less
liable
to
produce
in
DV
'sore
to
better
back.'
a wild country.
at pleasure.
The
fit
the horse,
This
It
saddle
may be
stirrup iron
of large size, so as to admit the free passage, in and out, of
the boot with mud or clay about it.
It is also heavy, and the
is
The Horse.
foot
can
readily
The
is
it
in rapid
should
it
be
lost
for a
moment
motion.
and cover
all
back.
find
13
Mountain Scouting.
14
If a
horse
much when
unsaddled, it is well
remain strapped upon his back
until he is dry.
Cold water should never be applied to the
back while heated it is all right to wash it after it cools, but
is
sweating very
not before.
The
bit
them
against
the pain.
An excellent
constructed
bridle
is
one so
may
and
to alleviate
that
converting
at
the
it
bit
into a
the
It
is
or Indian whip.
The
seat
first
and a
light
To mount
hand.
safely
and
easily,
stand at the
shoulder of the
left
to the rear
front of the saddle, firmly on the mane and reins, and throw
the loop to the off side, with the right hand
place the left
foot into the stirrup, the right hand assisting after quitting the
;
mane
mane
body
The Horse.
15
into the air, passing the right leg over the horse, assisting in
by taking hold of the back of the saddle and steadying the
this
The proper
length
of
stirrup
is
when
the
tread
it
can
of the
is
The
finger,
where
it is
held
down by
the thumb.
first
and
Mountain Scouting.
i6
the right under the third, both passing through the hand, and
the superfluous rein uanging over the first joint of the forefinger, the thumb securing it.
Sometimes, the right rein enters the hand over the forefrom abt>ve and crosses the left rein in the palm, where
The loop, formed of the residue,
the fingers close upon them.
finger
reins through the right hand, placing the thumb upon the left
rein, near the second joint of the fore-finger.
To return them to the left hand
Carry the left hand over
:
the right and place the little finger of the left hand downward
between the reins then carry them smoothly upward through
;
The
let
hand
is
obvious in
both the standing and flying leaps. Without it, the horse will
be embarrassed and both the animal and his rider endangered.
While the rider quickly and fearlessly gives the horse his
The Horse.
17
for-
In the leap, the rider should not raise his body upright, nor
slacken the hold with his legs, before the hind feet of the horse
come to the ground. The horse requires no support or assist-
have stated
is
coming
is
is
on
his
hind legs
but,
ward
back
to the ground.
is
and would be
difficult, if
he needs when
is
little in
blades
weakest part
cause
much
fatigue.
Mountain
18
In
all
critical situations,
rearing, kicking,
If the
Scouting.
etc.,
useful.
and well
fixed.
The shoes on
fort of
much
to
Many
The drawing represents the ground surface of the hoof prepared for the shoe a, a i, a 2, show the front, inner and outer
toe
b i, b 2, show the inner and outer quarter ; c i, c 2, show
:
d, d, d,
f,
f,
e, e,
g,
g,
show the
show the
The Horse.
commissures
h, k,
1,
show the frog (h being immediately uni, show the bulbs of the heels.
i,
while traveling.
Remove the old
shoes, one at
clenches), rasp the edge of the hoof
stubs that may be left in the crust.
all
If the
Do
it is
worn
is
too light.
out,
light
shoe
is
apt to
is
The
The
'
'
way
in the
thickest
part of the hoof, and give a strong clench (made out of the
shank of the nail), thus securing a firmer hold for the shoe,
number
of nails,
is
greatly
influenced
by the
To
prevent
toward the
Mountain
2o
Scouting.
For a fore shoe, five nails are a sufficiency three on the outand two on the inside. For rough roads,four on the out;
side
'
'
steady and prevent its being forced back but one should
never appear at the side of the shoe, as it interferes with the
;
at.
in rear.
over, the
bone, and
Many
it
to
hoof.
at
Th: House.
of hoof terminate
c, c,
21
d, e,
show the
posi-
tion of nail-holes.
After nailing on the shoe the clenches should not be trimThe rasp should never be used above the
rasping.
med by
and
brittle
The
and breaks
off.
of the finger-nail.
On a well formed foot, the horny crust is about one-half
inch thick at the edge and the angle formed by the front of
The largest foot should never have more than seven nails.
The shoes should be removed, placed ii? the fire, and refitted
or replaced by new ones once a month.
Tender-footed horses travel better when the sole has a
leather, gutta-percha or water-proof felt covering.
Indian ponies, having very tough and elastic hoofs, can make
but if this is permitted, the
long journeys without being shod
hoof soon wears so smooth that it is difficult for them to walk
;
on grass or rocks.
Horses that brush and kick should be furnished special
shoes.
Mountain
22
Scouting,
like shot.
tle
old.
New
upon
it,
surfeit,
and inflammatory
New
hay acts as a purgative. Old hay becomes dry, tasteless, innutritive, and often mow-burnt, in which condition it becomes
Horses fed on such soon become languid,
really poisonous.
hide-bound, worthless, and often victims of diabetes.
Hay
in too large quantities.
Many diseases of the
Horses are
horse are the results of over-feeding with hay.
hence
it
is
to
more
than
eat
they should,
necessary to
prone
add grain containing more nutriment in a smaller compass.
They should be
Carrots,
megrims
and mixed with
the horse, and are found
when
provender for
produce the
sliced
If
weii
fed
or staggers.
make a splendid
be very beneficial in
grain,
to
The Horse.
23
all
laxative
and diuretic
at
rst.
If
Potatoes possess great virtue as an article of horse food.
they are slightly steamed before feeding, horses will prefer
them
If they are
to oats.
mixed with
is
hay.
was
convinced in 1879 that potatoes (even raw) conmost valuable article of food for horses. I had
made along journey, following the trail of a few marauding InAfter traveling
dians, over very barren and rocky mountains.
I
first
stituted a
three days without any grass or substantial food for the horses,
Near my
I camped on the south fork of the Salmon river.
camp were
tato patch.
to the grass
the owners
and
po-
set fire
It
horse can be supplied a reasonably fair amount of nuand his feet be kept in proper condition, he is
not likely to become unserviceable in the field.
If the
tritious forage,
'
'
balling
'
'
Mountain
24
Scouting.
FORM OF PAD.
manner
of
ADJUSTED PAD.
is fitted
rubber
which a brass spring with catches is molded. Neither
When properly sprung into postraps nor nails are required.
sition (the frog uncovered) it cannot be thrown out by the
into
The
Rifle,
CHAPTER
THE
WHILE
drills,
25
II.
RIFLE.
make up
and rifle pracand most important
rifle
chapter.
I will
but
will
curacies of
which
is
When
firing
in
it is
below the
beyond
it
rises
easily traced
and
it
its
with
its
position
Considering
will be seen that near the muz-
this point
is
some
above the
distance, then
it
cuts
some
aimed
at.
The range
in
vacuo equals ^~
vertical
in
components
which x
of the im-
Mountain Scouting.
26
and g the acceleration due to the force of gravwe see that (velocity being constant) the range
will be the same when the angles of fire are equally distant
from 45
thus, angles of fire 36 and 54 will give the same
pulsive force,
From
ity.
this
range.
xy is a
45.
is
attained with
an-
elevation of about 30
(while
it is
45
in
vacuo).
The
less
progressive velocity of
than
its
initial
fall
much
opposed to
comparison with that
its
in
its
in air to
From
more considerably
so as
point of culmination
diminished.
is
it is
is
greatly
it
will
The
Rifle.
27
is
is
greater.
spaces
of
the service
I
think
when
am
dangerous
space,
and
Mountain
28
Scouting*
in
flat
is
trajectory
evident
but
it
is still
fire,
tical
portant element.
The
The
tige
and
stadiometer
is
by General Wingate
The
but
is
little
superior.
the best.
which
is
based on
the proportionality of the corresponding sides of similar triangles and an application of the plummets, does good work on
may be
of the subject
i.
fire is
a false or defect-
The
29
Rifle.
on
These
its interior.
direction.
barrel
it
fires,
man
in that direction.
from which he
It is
supported
by pressing the butt firmly against the shoulder with the right
hand, the left hand supporting the weight of the rifle, and varies
with the position of the rifle relative to the horizontal, being a
maximum when the shot is fired vertically upward. The shock
of the recoil against the shoulder is diminished by the bend in
the stock, serving to decompose the force into two components,
one acting through the stock against the shoulder, the other in.
axis of
the barrel,
tending to raise
it.
Whatever
caliber .45,
4.
When
it is
174
Ibs.
revolve about
its
rifle, it
will
on
its
of the air produces a lateral drifting of the bullet in the direcThis is known as
which the grooves have a turn.
tion in
Mountain Scouting.
30
increase,
our service
drift in
500 yards
is
two
rifle
translation decreases.
The
powder)
at
feet.
The
5.
pound
pull of the trigger should not be too great, a threeIt should be pressed
pull being the minimum.
by a
tion
finger.
pull off
the trigger of our average service rifle with the first joint of a
I have frequently supported the whole
single finger.
weight
rifle, at full cock, on the trigger, without pulling it off,
consider this a very serious defect.
Every man should
his
and
fire
own
the
same
in
order to become
invariably
gun,
of the
and
acquainted with
its
make allowances
trajectory.
The
principal cause of the inaccuracy of fire of our serthat it is sighted too coarsely.
Without apparent
movement, this rifle may be sighted on any object within a
6.
vice
rifle is
horizontal radius of
tion has
been paid
construction.
think
it
If
many
feet.
to this
most
our
rifle is
It
little
atten-
and too frequently misplaced, plain bead foresight and open rear-sight, we certainly have no
I
right to look for good shots in the Army.
would be well to follow the Remington system in this
matter.
'
is
turned up or down,
The
service
The
use
is
is
31
Rifle.
so constructed
of all
various
The
this sight,
their
adjustment
sight, the
is
eye-piece
is
We
er,
have an excellent rifle, handy in itself and a hard shootbut its sights have annoyed every officer who has had oc-
casion to use
it.
when
the target
When
is
moving
object.
J/.VY/ h lain
Scouting
The
33
Rifle.
cepting any part of the view. Its rim may be instantly changed
to give it a large aperture with a narrow rim, or a small aperture
with a wider rim.
For all quick shooting the large aperture
should be used.
it
quickly as if only the front sight were used
readily permits
one to shoot moving objects, running or flying, with both the
;
eyes in use
it
is
the
may be used
with
it,
and
it
for shooting
the
manner
of
its
construction.
Mountain Scouting.
34
It will
7.
occasioned by a
lower than
it is
when
in its
is
If the rear
proper position.
sight
true place, the bullet will go to the
Of
fire
is
if
the
course,
the
incor-
elevations
and
sight
cartridge,
and
the
elevating
accurately graduated,
When
left
rifle
is
inclined,
and
to diminish the
To
prevent inaccuracies while aiming, in addition to keeping the sight vertical, the firer should observe the following
The eye should glance from the sights to the target, being
10.
rifle
age,
it
;he muzzle.
The
Held the
the head
Kiflc.
35
away
gradually
12.
fall
The
condition
of
noticed
to fall
the atmosphere
affects
noticeably
immediately after a
Warm
rain.
of 20 in
temperature will cause the bullet to lower ten or eleven
inches at 300 yards range.
In firing over water the elevation
must be. increased, in consequence of the lower temperature of
the air over the water.
In ascending the mountain the air beair.
fall
is less
distorted in shape.
near the ground,
and engenders
high.
13.
The
influence
of
light
firing
is
is
level
when
and uniform
the atmosphere
appearance or
in
same
is
clear,
when
it
appear much
elevation.
The
will
Mountain
36
It is readily
Scouting.
and
seen
how
this
the
firer.
14.
The
appear
as brilliant points
accurate aim.
are
obviously objectionable.
come
will
possibility
of
to
an
the front sight and the opposite side of the rear sight
and cause a tendency to shoot away from the sun.
notch
The
if
nothing better
is
at
hand.
wind upon the trajectory and the allowance to be made therefor are most troublesome questions for
the marksman.
Winds are generally classified as follows
15.
effect of the
Gentle, 4 n
per hour.
10
miles
Moderate,
per hour.
Fresh, 20 miles per hour.
iles
and
direction,
ances for
it.
it is
The
almost impossible to
best skill
make
in
tables
intensity
of allow-
The
37
Rifle.
winds, except toward the target, retard the bullet and render
A wind from the rear helps the
a higher elevation necessary.
bullet and tends to high shooting.
Experience has shown it
make
variable.
The
inclination
when
is
the
generally to
for
shooting.
The enlisted
men
in
out in
chapter, do
this
good
how
to
shoot well, and in the majority of cases are very apt scholars.
It is only necessary that the officers teach them the practical
correction of the errors, which they are to investigate theoretically.
In Busk's
'
Hand-book
for
make
man
'
Hythe
in
stated that
it is
aiming
a first-class shot."
drill
I
will,
in
"
one
a few
when they
hit a
H. M. Quackenbush, of Herkimer, N.
Y.,
manufactures an
I am
which, in my opinion, is excellent for practice.
confident if it was adopted at the various posts as a means of
air rifle,
it
would be of great
benefit to
The drawing
,
illustrates
its
Mountain
Scouting.
from the chamber (C) through the barrel (E) with great
air
(E)
and
is
is
pushed
into the
compresses
the
then withdrawn
it.
spring,
until the
as
To
above shown.
opening (/)
in
it
The
barrel
corresponds
with the opening in the head at (O) so that the dart or slug
may
The
be inserted,
after
as
possible,
The
shown.
39
Rifle.
barrel
is
to
is
be drawn out as
easily
far as
the
into
pushed
some
Spirits of turpentine
not so good.
is
interior.
A good vegetable oil for the locks and small parts may be
obtained by pouring a handful of shot or a few bullets into a
bottle of
oil,
several days,
The
stock
and allowing
it
to
remain
in the air
when
is
drawn
field,
uncorked for
and
it
is
often
made
as strong as ever
Tendons and
left to
When
rifle
without
This might be
discharge.
a small sack carrying a
few cartridges, or by letting a spring locker into the butt of
In the absence of both of
the stock for the same purpose.
becoming
useless
after
the
first
rifle
all
Mountain
40
Scouting.
In case the rear sight is replaced by one with a more accurate graduation, care should be taken not to place it too
near the eye, else it might become out of focus and indistinct
when
is
* Those
desiring a more thorough knowledge, of this subject are
referred to the excellent work of General George W. Wingate.
CHAPTER
41
III.
country
command
those in
ficient
good shape
for packing,
rolls of sticking
some
silk,
needles
and contusions),
spirits of nitre,
ammonia and
turpentine
sulphates of iron, zinc and copper pulverized indigo, carron oil, saltpetre, tartar emetic, nitrate of potash, prepared
;
chalk, tincture of opium and catechu, cantharides (in powder), sugar of lead, acetic acid and powdered mustard
;
nitrate of silver
Mountain
42
Scouting.
holder
surfaces)
oil
much
suffering.
If easily
disinfectants
on the poultice).
The
is
mishap.
For the benefit of those
who
T, the phalanges.
S, the meta-carpus
to
the
is
seen
the
femur E, the fibula
C,
Referring
leg
the
heel-bone
the
tibia
D,
F,
G, the tarsus H, the
R, the carpus
meta-tarsus
By
the phalanges.
carefully observing the shapes
;
I,
4-i
Mountain
44
Scouting.
bones, any one might reset the parts, place the splints and
greatly alleviate the suffering in the absence of the surgeon.
When
wrapped
It is
in a coat or blanket
and made
fast
by
straps.
fractured leg
sword scabbard
temporary
splint.
45
'
are often useful for splints. The fore-arm should be carefully supported in a sling. Often a severe shock or collapse
case a stimulant
tered.
seventh,
which
is
The
last
two
Mountain Scouting
46
It is
to bear in.
mind
its
it
might be well
from the
heart.
applied.
flat
4y
in situ
the ends of
will serve to
show the
at-
Mountain
48
Scouting.
In resetting a strong and muscular limb it is often necessary to keep up a great strain on the muscles in order to
relax,
when
the bone
may
be
classified
and the
49
hypodermic
if
A wounded man
but never
is
always thirsty
spirits.
often
be used to great
anti-
1. Fresh
vegetables, wild onions, fresh fruit,
ripe fruit, with a risk of diarrhoea.
2.
cauliflower.
in
of
citric acid or
lemon juice.
and lactates of potash, used
3.
Vinegar,
4.
food or drink.
exercise and cleanliness.
5.
Pure
6.
air,
hemlock
7.
Raw
leaves.
Malaria should be promptly checked. Quinine in sufficiA halt to the leeward of a marsh
ent doses is the remedy.
or swamp should be avoided. A camp on low ground is
often less affected by malaria than the low hills that overlook it.
Violent exertion, resulting in exhaustion and
perspiration often averts an attack, and any simple aperient
is
likewise good.
Mountain
50
Diarrhoea
may
Scouting.
oil
and
fifteen
little rice
and the
like.
If it is ac-
caution,
inasmuch as
remedies.
Some
spirits,
and endeavor
51
to induce
artificial respiration.
To
revive an apparently
as set
sore
relief
may
Chafing is remedied by keeping the parts clean and powSprains are relieved by hot
dering with fuller's earth.
fomentations and by rags kept saturated with cold water
Some
great pain, the lips chapping and the face and exposed parts
severely blistering.
Mountain
52
Scouting.
know
the antidotes.
it is
and
lips
at hand,
If no caustic be
it.
wound, or burn it out
explode gunpowder
with the end of a bayonet or ramrod heated to a white heat,
53
a bird or animal
Northwest in treating a poisonous bite
with a quick circulation of the blood is secured, an incision
is made into the flesh of the creature and placed in contact
:
The
This
is
Indian stooped to pick up his first bird, not dead, but merely
stunned, an immense rattlesnake struck him on the back of
the left hand.
Without hesitation he made an incision in
his request
known
to sacrifice their
when no
On
wagons
are to
should be so
fitted
Mountain
54
Scouting.
The
down very
steep places.
and hooks as
and
Being frequently detached from all transportation, an ofcommand might be called upon, in case of accident,
to resort to numerous expedients to relieve the sick and
succor the wounded. He should know how to make
stretchers and how to transport them.
Avoid carrying the stretcher on the shoulders. The front
and rear bearers of the stretcher should be 'out of step,'
and men of equal height, strength and length of step, so far
ficer in
as
is
man should
which he
is
moving.
In crossing ditches,
dikes, hollows,
blanket
is
then doubled so that the two loops shall be brought together at each end one pole (or t ,vo rifles lashed together)
passes through the four loops, while another passes within
the double of the blanket on the other side.
is
55
terial
required
may
when
the drawing.
This stretcher
shown in
may
be
still
end
is
The
The
rifles
sit
tail
may
up, one
rifle
when
lashed to another
Mountain
56
good
stretcher.
bearers and
4.
The
let his
stretcher
man may
hang down
sick
legs
may
Scouting.
be
made by suspending an
ox,
mule
If
it is
A man who
unable to walk, but who can sit and practically support himself, may be transported by two men,
who either support him 6n a short pole held between them,
with his arms upon their shoulders, or join their hands and
arms so as to make a comfortable seat for him.
6. Three
cross pieces are lashed to two elastic poles,
This frame-work is then supported
eight or ten feet long.
over the wounded man as he lies on his blanket or canvas
and the
is
One
cross-
piece is in front of the feet, another behind the head, and the
third one being over the man, will steady him in the trans-
57
wounded wonderful
horses can be spared they may transport the litter inIn this event the poles should be very elasabout eighteen feet long, united by cross-pieces three-
stead of men.
tic,
rocky ground.
In case of a
after knotting together the
^reat emergency,
ends of a blanket, two men could be laid in the bights and
transported, one on each side of the horse, the central part
of the blanket being laid across the horse's back and seThe Indians frequently transport their children in
cured.
this manner.
of the
numerous contrivances
Mountain Scouting.
58
bit at
clean
Sore mouth
salt
tincture of myrrh.
tion.
saddling.
Diarrhoea, often caused by exposure, over-exertion and
an excess of spring water, is best treated by giving a mixture of tincture catechu, prepared chalk and tincture of
opium (in the proportion of one, two and four parts) followed by gruel and hay.
Colic is one of the most frequent ailments of the horse.
The water, grain and grass of many districts cause severe
much
there be
To
bleed the horse rub the neck on the near side, near the
throat, until the vein rises, tie a bandage around the neck
about its middle and strike the flearn into the vein when it
;
hold the horse's head well up and pry open his jaws
until the blood flows sufficiently.
is full,
Megrims or
vertigo
59
of the horse, generally when ascending a hill, may be relieved by prompt bleeding, followed by the 'cathartic ball.'
Cramps,
colds,
spasmodic coughs,
etc.,
one ounce Jamaica ginger, one cup of rum and two cups of
water in moderate doses.
Corns, or the bruising of the sensitive parts of the foot
by
the contraction of the hoof, if neglected, will produce severe lameness or even quitter. They are indicated by the
upon the
toe.
form of boot
is
shows a convenient
undergoing treatment.
For ikrush, a deceased action of the
shoeing,
often
may be
Mountain
6d
Scouting.
then cut on each side of the groove, and the edges of the
crack cut away. Finally the crack is cauterized and dressed
if
possible.
When
ticks
For
epizootic,
into a living
is
influenza,
mass of carnivorous
larvae.
The remedy
is
to
wounds.
Animals are frequently poisoned by drinking alkaline
For treatment, rake the animal and pour grease or
water.
mild acid down his throat, or dose him with flour and
water.
tering
is
good
The drawing
61
osteology of the
horse
1.
2.
Breast bone.
of the neck.
Shoulder blade.
4. 5 and 6. Humerus, radius and ulna.
7, 8. Cartilages and ribs.
9, 10. Carpus and meta-carpal bones.
n, 12, 13, 23, 24, 25. Upper and lower pasterns and coffin
bones of the fore and hind feet.
14. The eighteen bones of the spine.
15. The six bones of the loins.
16. The haunch.
17. 18, 19, 20. The femur, knee-cap, tibia and fibula.
21, 22. The hock and meta-tarsal bones.
26. Caudal vertebree.
A knowledge of the functions and location of these bones
3.
and
disloca-
Mountain
62
Scouting.
CHAPTER
IV.
SHOULD
facilities.
When
splendid
plan to
fill
them
become water-soaked,
full of oats
or barley,
if
at
it
is
hand.
The
Theoretically this
is
obvious
for,
to
must
start before
it
Usefid Information
in
number of
63
4- i)
2),
2-
number
3.
of layers of
sand above.)
A rope attached to several of these planted ropes, and resting on the ground, will form a good picket line.
3. When cavalry and infantry are advancing rapidly together,
the infantry are greatly assisted when permitted to lay hold of
the stirrup-straps of the horsemen.
4. To calculate the weight of a stack of hay, measure the
length and breadth of the stack, also its height from the ground
fourteen-thirds.
The product
will
in
pounds.
Mountain
64
then, 60
stack of
Scouting.
X 24 x (9 -f |) X
73,920 Ibs.
new hay would weigh 49,280 Ibs.
The same
sized
To make
dry
After having
it
and hang
it
air.
and apply
the dressing; as the water evaporates the tar enters the fabric.
Boiled linseed oil, when soaked into cloth or linen, will cause
it
water's edge,
fresh water as
and slowly
it
To
distil salt
trickles
by drinking the
in small quantities
is very slow.
water in an emergency, take a
camp
kettle full,
cover the top and insert a gun barrel at the top inclining downward.
Keep the barrel cool by means of water, and cause the
water in the kettle to boil. The condensed steam may be
make
it
and
fill
with
salt
in
the
water.
Muddy
water
may be
purified
by
filtering
sand, charcoal,
into the
to be
larvae of
many
65
water insects
When
in large mouthfuls.
The
of
the
rifle,
dangerous space
the
is
Mountain
66
Scouting.
Agst. Cavalry.
and 230
67
Aiter the walls are completed the doors and windows are
rut. a
gr
,-_iiid,
of clay,
hole
for a fire-place (a
Bark taken
The
Good
substitutes for
window panes
are
waxed
or oiled paper
The
all
the
circular
butt.
When
applying leaves,
of the tree,
etc.
move
it
After the
aside and
One
thus exposing a fresh surface for the action of the fire.
if
at
trees
of
to
the
once,
man can attend
many
burning
desirable.
Mountain
68
After the trees
as they
lie
fall,
Scouting.
may be burned
off
on the ground.
One bushel
of
wheat
The
oats, 45;
make four
stepping one pace from each end. From C and
and
determine
the
with
each
C
on
at
side,
right angles
paces
tent
corner
the
At
drive
H.
these
G
pegs.
F,
points
points E,
By following these directions the tent may be promptly pitched
and will make a beautiful appearance, every portion of canvas
the form ot
the tent
69
when properly
pitched.
The
12.
ad
the bottom
The mean
13.
The
expressions
applied to river
velocities:
Sluggish, about 1|
3
Ordinary,
5
Rapid,
Very Rapid,"
Torrent,
ft.
per
sec.
8
9 or more
men
When
at
Mountain Scouting.
70
In uncoiling a
new
and draw
it
end
of*
at the core
=
=R
R=
= the angle of the trunnions with the horizon.
,
and
17.
The
Elm
36
Sycamore
37
"
Pine
40
Beech
43
"
Ash
47
Oak
54
Opera
glasses
result
are
to
cubic
With
and enable
in
limit of vision,
roving animals.
19.
The
glittering of the
pendicular, and
slanting to the
your
right;
if
If the rays
seem per-
right and
the rays are varied
and
intermittent,
they are
71
makeshift appliances.
the timber hitch, the bowline
all
clove hitch.
tit*
night,
When
legs, roll
it.
your
rifle
between your
think this a
Mountain
72
Scouting.
of
all
lock and breech, so that you have a smooth pillow, and are always prepared to start up armed at a moment's notice.'
23.
tinctly
branded *U.
S.'
all
Government horses
dis-
Many
these letters, by
legal brands.
wood
fire is
best for heating the
should
be
heated
hot enough to thorbranding iron,
the
skin
without
oughly singe
burning it. To effectually
the
of
the
hair
should
roots
be destroyed by burning.
brand,
clear
or charcoal
and
It is readily
converted into
When
24.
it
you
wisli to roll
etc.,
up your
the
U.
S.
shirt sleeves,
may be
do not
turn the cuffs inside out, but turn them inward and roll up the
sleeves, inward to the arm.
By following this plan the sleeves
will remain tucked up, without being touched, while if they be
rolled
25.
To
length of the
column
in feet;
= the distance
= the
passed
and T =
(in feet)
umn
L
and the
=
1
the
command
time (in
73
and
(in
minutes)
T+
=
=
its
D T + L + D
1
T=
300 x ii
860
4-
31680
= 119^ m. =
i h.
59.47 m.
300
26.
To
facilitate the
ing, press
with the
feet.
pressure against the trunk of the tree will prevent the rope
To
yards.
rized
and giving
practical
pur-
poses.
28. In the following drawing is represented the Malay hitch.
would urge that all soldiers and travelers become familiar
with it, and learn how, by its means, to attach together wisps
of grass, straw, reeds, poles, laths, planks, etc., and form flexiI
Mountain
74
Scouting.
l)lc
Innumerable articles, from a boat-sail to the
mattings.
roof uf a house, may be thus constructed.
The
Take a bamboo or pole from six to fifteen feet long and two
or three inches in diameter, and split the larger and lower end
Tear away the grass and work the
into ten or twelve pieces.
down
pole up and
vertically.
The
soil
soon works
its
way up
After
into the splits of the pole, which is then withdrawn.
shaking the earth out, it is again introduced into the soil and
used as before.
made
in this
may be
way.
it
If the
arm
water
connect the
the other
is
to
lariats,
fast to
it
over
and have
75
when
Take out
ist.
and use
it
as a
burning glass.
grain.
is
excellent.
at the
roundly pointed
block with pressure, while
it is
to bear
drill
little
stick
the
is
upon
means of the
fire-
rapidly revolved by
The
it.
have raged)
fires
will
spark.
3d.
By means
of a flint
and
steel.
replaced
by
silicious
stones
used.
Pyrites
is
frequently em-
ployed.
32.
When
it is
consequence of
air,
and
this
Mountain Scouting*
J6
The drawing
in every respect
33.
dians,
When
excellent.
traveling with a
practicable, make
to the nearest water
if
wagon
the
train
Hasten
and place one wagon, containing
the sick and the ammunition, near it.
With this as a center,
form, as nearly as possible, the other wagons in a circle about
it,
so that each inner fore wheel shall nearly touch the outer
hind wheel of the wagon preceding, the poles extending outPlace the men and stock inside the circle, lock the
ward.
wagons by means of drag or other chains, and throw up
When desirable, by
earth, rocks, logs or bushes under them.
will suffice.
another.
If the prisoner is to be mounted, see that he is made fast to
the saddle or girth on the horse ridden by the guard (the off
77
feet long
feet
from the
36.
paper in
may be made by
half,
folding a slip of
and so
on.
The
and so
on.
at night by passing a
a
and
the
north
star.
plumb-line
plane through
37.
.........
.......
*i
i-
fjole arctiyucf
* .....
_
^
Ourse
rjrande
Mountain Scouting.
78
It is
of the
little
the two first stars of the great bear (grande ourse), a const; Nation disposed in symmetrical order as in the drawing. (Aide
n(n
in a square pile,
n (n
4- i)
S=
(2n
4-
4-
i) (2n 4- i)
;
yn
4- i)
(04- 2)
1.2.3
in a rectangular pile,
1.2.3
i)
;
1.2.3
=n(n
where S
= number of
shots, n
and m
difference between the number
and the number in the breadth of the base course.
The triangular and square piles terminate each in a single
number
of courses,
in the length
ball.
The number
is
found by multi-
plying half the number in the breadth at the base by the number in the breadth at the base plus one.
In
all piles,
is
of courses.
differ-
number
of
courses,
and
the
number
39. Ink, in
or
warm
glue.
79
water, to which
Very
will
Circumference of
rope in
1
inclies.
is
strong coffee
8o
is
Mountain Scouting.
(G x
.08)
L X 42;
in which,
G
is
is
For
bone of the
head, etc.;
five
tail.
and twenty-
ravines, etc.;
possible.
The
on a beam
will
decrease in the
*-atio
of
its
is
Assume
dc
in
81
bd (ab
any direction, and make be
banks as practicable); then,
ab.
prolong /# to ab at g; then bg
2d. Produce be until the angle ^0
= 45;
and d and
then, be
ab.
Produce
AB
to
D=DC
respectively.
intersection of *Bc
Join
B<r,
5 d.
An
statute mile in
in
DC and
Mountain
BC
b,
to a,
it
then,
to
duce
Scouting.
Or proceed
as
follows:
Lay
off
any con-
make
CD
perpendicular
it
intersects
AB =
BC
AB;
to
AB produced;
BD
ver-
then,
L X
S
Plant a vertical staff (equal in length to the height of the
observer's eye) at such distance from- the foot of the required
height that the observer, lying upon his back with his feet
2d.
Then, the
against the bottom of the staff, is in the same line.
the distance from the eye to its base.
height of the object
3d. Plant two vertical staves L and L feet in length, on the
tween the staves and between L and the base of the object.
L x D x (L L)
Then, the height
1
If
33
>f the object equals the height of the eye above the
mirror,
multiplied by the distance of mirror from the object divided by
the distance of mirror from the observer.
such objects as
to
trees, walls,
is vertically
above
precipices, etc., where the highest point
the accessible base.
Still, when the base is not accessible, its
may be
To determine
distance
H=
A A
55,000
For
mean
AA
Fahrenheit, augment or
as many times as there
taken
part
is a difference (in degrees) between the mean readings noted
and 55. The determined height, when not greater than 2,000
a
temperature of
feet, will
46.
its
55
be very accurate.
"
"
Toe and Side Weights shown
The
excellent for
all
in the
drawing are
Mountain
84
Scouting.
or single foot.
They are entirely metallic, without straps or
buckles, and are held on the foot by small steel screws, which
pass through the shoe and into the spurs on the weights.
few should be taken on every journey with stock.
the diameter
47. The weight (in pounds) of an iron shot
cubed X^T; the weight (in pounds) of a leaden shot
the diameter cubed x A; the diameter (in inches) of an iron shot
(the cube root of the weight) x 1.923; the diameter (in inches)
of a leaden shot
the cube root of 4* times the weight.
The weight
=A
x (the difference
shell
internal diameters).
weight of powder (in pounds) contained in a shell equals
the cube (in inches) of the interior diameter
(in
pounds) of an iron
The
The weight
and
^57-3
powder
(in
30
not shaken, divide by 31.4182 instead of
weight of powder (in pounds) to fill a cylinder equals
the length (in inches) x square of the diameter
If the
The
of
The
powder
is
30.
The
filled
by n
48. It
is
made
of raw hide.
It consists
One end
is
from 3 to 8
feet; this
85
movement
terous
throwing
it,
buttons counted; at
300 yards, the features of the face are distinguishable; at 400 yards, the face appears like a dot, and the moveof the legs and arms are distinct; at 500 yards, the head is
stripes; at
tails
cannot be observed;
at
bove it, cavalry a thicker one with an uneven top and a single
an or horse looks like a dot.
The sun on your back, or looking over a light surf ice, such
water or snow, tends to make objects look near; while with
he sun in your face, or looking ->ver a lark jackground or unulating surface, has the contrary effect.
a mule from braying, when silence
50. To prevent
is
neces-
mule
rock to his tail.
ry in a hostile country, tie a heavy
and if this
invariably elevates his tail when he wishes to bray,
f
it
will
by so placing a needle
to open his
endeavors
he
whenever
mule
prick the
The Indians
hat
is
jaws.
51.
is
86
Mountain
Scouting.
may be defended by
flank
When
fires.
logs,
The height of each story should be about ten feet, the upper
one projecting all around and serving as a machicoulis. The
roof should have a layer of earth or sand upon it, as a guard
against fire, and escapes should be provided in it for the smoke.
All trees an'd bushes, within range, that
should be removed,
if
possible.
observed.
It is generally believed
greater the circle the nearer the rain.
the third day before the new moon regulates the weather
that
on each quarter-day
of that lunation,
and
fly
nth
high; but
when they or any birds of long flight hang about home or fly
When
p and down or low, rain and wind may be expected.
the stock seek sheltered places and do not cover their usual
range, when smoke does not ascend readily during a calm, an
unfavorable change must be expected.
ne to
know what
storm or
fair weather.
Mountain
88
Scouting,
CHAPTER
V.
When
a regular
commanding
command
officer
field,
the
in desigindividual outfits to be
CLOTHING.
The importance
89
sorb but
little
heat in very
warm
conspicuous.
and dark
felt hat,
ly impair the soundness of the feet, and are most judiciously replaced by flexible low-cut shoes, covered with buckskin leggings, of the style represented, or worn with long
Mountain
90
Scouting.
THE TOILET.
known
a well
made
91
case
BEDDING.
It is absurd for a soldier to take a mattress in the field,
A buffalo robe and three blankeven on a short journey.
ets or even the blankets, poncho and the allowance of can;
if
properly placed, make a most inviting bed.
have used with great satisfaction what is known as the
vas, will,
I
ter bed.
Use,
it
may
made
on Her canvas covering, and will form a waterproof protection for its contents.
When required for use, it is filled with
water and placed upon the ground or bed.
water pillow is another invaluable article of similar
Elie
and construction.
it is
Mountain
92
air
Scouting.
is
made
to
assume any
de-
be on the safe side, I would recommend an air bed and pillow, and for convenience would have them combined in one.
it is
a good plan
accompany the
It
for fasten-
93
tg
ese fasteners
the exact
amount contained
in his
Some
cup or canteen.
measurement.
The
clothing, bedding
and personal
effects
are usually
rolled tightly and tied up in the tent or canvas when preMost frequently a modification
pared for transportation.
Mountain
94
Scouting.
of
is
improved upon.
facilities for
securing
is
believed
Storm and
that
Common
place the present form of Hospital Tent, affording a maximum available sheltered space for the minimum amount
of canvas and will admit of being combined so as to form
a single shelter for any number of men, standing either high
or low.
bilities
This combination tent (service size) and its capabe noticed at length in the chapter 'Forced
will
Marches.'
The French
isfactory one
so far as
room and
lightness
a very
sat-
are concerned,
95
also be taken.
never
know
noth-
ing more valuable in this connection than the trowel bayonet of Colonel Rice (one edge kept sharp.) While invaluable
as an intrenching tool, the soldier soon learns to use
knife, a hatchet, a spade and chopping axe.
it
as a
pincers,
command
is
Mountain
96
Scouting.
overestimated.
it
will
in
the
Sufficient has
been
with
the
represented
in case a horse loses
nection
W|i
^jjir
^JH^r
horse
equipment;
but make sure that the saddle is sufficiently roomy, well
padded and without hem or edging.
97
pair of light saddle bags should always accompany the saddle. The draw-
ing represents a very suitable style, manufactured especially for scouting purposes,
and furnished with a small assortment of
most
satisfacto-
U 9
lutely needed.
so much during
the
in
Nothing tends
to
endless annoyance.
The ration, as established for the U. S.
Army,
is
composed
Mountain
98
Scouting.
rice or
candles;
ounces of
Citric Acid
excellent antiscorputic.
company the rations.
by weight
hominy or
tion.
One
Y>2,
ration, consisting of
flour, YZ bread, in boxes;
iny
24
pork,
salt,
% bacon;
salt beef,
beans or peas;
tea
rice
or
hom-
sugar,
vin-
net.
net.
It is not advisable to transport pork on pack mules, as it
soon becomes dried by the sun, and much of the fat is
melted out. A succulent fifty pound pack, after a few weeks'
transportation, will dwindle away to a hard chunk of fif-
se-
Equipage and
99
Supplies.
useful to
command
retracing the
'trail.'
cities:
box 4
"
"
"
in.
5 in.
8 in.
24
in.
by
by
by
by
in.
5 in.
8.4 in.
16
in.
by 3.6
by 5
by 8
by 28
in.
will hold
about
"
in.
"
in.
pk.
bbl.
"
in.
qt.
2 qts.
may
or
in use
idea.
or canvas,
and
drawing.
Mountain
ico
Scouting.
CHAPTER
VI.
MOUNTAIN TRAVEL.
A good
mountaineer
is
its hive.
points.
the
It is
tain craft.
In a mountainous country, where the routes of possible
travel are few, a guide with a good local knowledge is very
for the compass is by no means sure when in the
desirable
;
may
if
possible, a
map
should
be secured,
be noted on the
much
to the
map
daily.
It
will not
do
to
trust
too
'bump
'sign' indicating
In some latidirection should be carefully considered.
tudes the moss grows much thicker and stronger on the
north side of the firs and pines, which fact may enable the
traveler to direct his course through the forest in the absence of all other guides. Again, the ripples in the snow on
the mountain tops often run in fixed directions, in conse-
gu.ide.
Mountain
Tuwl.
101
the, m,o,iintains, it is necessary to understand their complete /m^kfe up' und :n know
how to skillfully follow the divides. When the divide A E B
,
The
cipitous
that
it is
neither advisable
nor possible
to cross
IO2
AJoiint-iin
Scouting.
be found that all the divides lead to the principal diand hence there will be no doubt as to finding the
principal divide; but it will often require good judgment in
It will be
selecting the most practicable divide leading to it.
still more difficult to select the practicable divide in descending, as all appear more or less practicable from the summit.
The innumerable cul de sacs, met within descending, can onIn every case
ly be avoided by exercising great caution.
the divide selected should separate tributary ravines of two
It is seen in the drawimportant tributaries of the stream.
ing how these ravines frequently overlap each other and render the route very sinuous.
will
vide,'
in
When
arriving at the steep edge of a ridge, and where difficulty in finding a good trail is anticipated, it is a safe
rule to descend first, on foot, and seek a trail for the com-
to
is
much
easier
while descend-
ing for when at the bottom of a hill, its bluffs and precipices face you, so that they may be readily avoided, but
when at the top of the hill these parts are overlooked and
;
Mountain Travel.
103
The same
is
true of
man, when
vital
"When
my company
be-
Mountain
104
Scouting.
his
he was
lost."
When
lost
beyond
all
to
hope,
make
by shore or
raft, until
What
A.
is
lies?
By remaining
mined by the
cool, this
may
careful traveler.
The
al
of
shadows
the left of
it
memory
or the
Mountain Travel.
note book, and
it is
able to answer
it
105
The
where.
then, in the
extreme
case,
from
make
traveler starting
i,
may
first
go
to
some7,
and
9
7,
i
13; then, the trail somewhere cuts the arc 15
or possibly the arc
7
17.
Produce 7 i 9 until it cuts the tangents to the circle
15
and
13,
and
it
that
is
Since x
15 or
13.
trail
113
cos 13
19
i9
cos
yz
15
113*
when
15
13
Mountain
io6
i
=60, * =
Scouting.
nearly;
when
15
13
cos 30'
i
=90
9
=
i^, nearly;
(i
9)
(i
9) 2;
when
15
13=
cos 45
I20 V X
,
when
15
13
140, A*=
cos 60'
i
cos
9) 3, nearly; etc.
(i
V
7<D
B and C
questions A,
it is
to
know
For
instance, let
'
arms extended
'
go back/
etc.
'
latterly
Mountain Travel.
107
with the necessity of messengers making difficult and dangerous journeys. A distant scout might signal by walking
or riding from right to left or from left to right, etc.
"
"
During the Sheep Eater Indian campaign in the Sal-
mon
alry,
river mountains, in 1879, Colonel Bernard, of the cavcame to the conclusion that signal rockets were inval-
cessity separated
when going
way back
it
will
fast
to
his
neck, let
him go
to the settlement,
is
is
an-
ticipated.
of bulk
Mountain
io8
sian armies
Scouting.
is
and of great
dietetic value.
Cold
flour,
and adding a
little
to the con-
The prepared
the
The
loads are frequently rendered very heavy, in consequence of getting under water while crossing the moun-
the
Chaparejos,
made
of buffalo, elk or bearskin, are invaluclimates and are most excellent for pre-
serving the trowsers, when exposed to rough and long continued wear. They may be easily made, while on the journey, by utilizing the skins of the animals brought in by the
hunting party.
The feet and lower limbs of the animals need the most
constant care and attention, subjected as they are to rocks,
All boots should be well made and
crags, bramble, etc.
never chafe or gall, in any way, the animal that wears them
a horse is more injured by wearing poorly and improperly
Mountain Travel,
a simple but
109
excellent
combination
and should
i, 2, and 3,
fit
in
closely around
the drawing.
lie
Mountain
carefully watched.
Scouting.
when
of soft hair
the cinch
is
drawn very
tight.
Lieutenant
S. C.
me during my reconnaissance of
as to
its
beneficial for
CHAPTER
VII.
Mountain
ii2
Scouting.
will
long,
is
her.
there
knows
may be 200
its
own
madrina saves
infinite
trouble.
It
is
madrina
When
113
The
erecl, hobbled, haltered or driven into some enclosure.
dangers apprehended and the nature of the country determine the manner. When hobbles are used, the fetlock
straps should be made of thick leather, the inside smooth
and
and
soft,
the
sewn
Messrs.
and
all articles
pertaining
catalogue will be
valuable to those preparing for the field. When
trated
the animal
is
tethered and
is
Mules
vent twisting and entanglement.
are dangerously skillful in the use of their
heels,
all
careful, at
old
to
thirteen
ears
hands high.
In
in
that
formity.
that
Mountain Scouting.
the upper row of front teeth projects so far beyond the
lower that it is impossible for the mule to bring them toThis defect soon occasions a loss of condition and
gether.
weakness, as such mules are able to gather but little food.
Care should be taken that the tongue is also perfect.
Horses and ponies, for packing purposes, should be of
is,
proper shape the hetereogeneous objects of an ordinary cargo. In this connection it might be well to practice
important knots.
Referring
understood.
Figure
1,
cility in
untying
it.
115
Packing..
free ends.
To make
and
third,
and haul
it tight.
half.
n6
Mountain Scouting.
the Northwest.
This
of saddle
description
very well adapted
is
every
shape
imaginable
and
various
weights are to be
transported, nothing has yet been invented so suitable as
the aparejo, composed entirely of hide.
It is a strong leather sack, about two feet wide and from
is
two equal
divides
it
into
of a double
117
BBI
Jill
of
it
mil!
apart
placed inside
and
at equal distances
about "2 inches. On the
inside cf these
HIHiHHHHHHIl
;:s
full
as
possible.
as is light
will
is
placed layer
after layer until the sides are
The corners should be stuffed as
Ham
wide,
at the
n8
Mountain
Scouting.
ends are placed about 6 in. from the ends of the cloth.
Leather caps are stitched over the ends of the wood. To
,
secure
h
the
mmer
cloth,
apar-
and the
ejo
blankets be-
neath
to
it
mules,a wide
called
girth
a cincha(usually
called
i ii
is
used.
It is
made
of hide
for
strong
canvas, about
six feet
(a
little
long
too
short to go
around the
mule's body
The cinch
is
tightened
119
known
made
of
what
is
of
the
bow
drawn, a loop
is
this
is
placed the
saddle
This is made
Corona.
ornamental borders. It consists of two or three folds
of cloth stitched
mule to which
colored cloth.
centre, front
place
it
it
together.
belongs
The
is
letter
and back,
let
or
name
of the
the
sides
off,
grasp
it
it
in
in the
Mountain
I2O
Scouting.
overcome by a
wide crupper (the dock rest
being of soft and round leather
attached to
side
and
out
its
passing
and
fully adjusted
and
galls
go together.
The
Knots
sling-rope
iron ring
hook
of
The
lash rope
121
pack saddle does. The lower corners secure the lash rope
and prevent its slipping when on the road. By removing
the hay or stuffing from the sides, a sore back may be easily
remedied, and by properly adjusting the filling, the
aparejo
A knowledge
studied.
struction will
of its con-
on the
of the
1.
Prepare.
2.
To PACK.
this
Mountain Scouting.
122
the off and rear corner, and places it well to the rear on the
back of the mule, when No. 2 immediately adjusts the crupper, and assists No. 1 in moving the aparejo as far forward
as possible.
(Three). No. 1 passes the aparejo cinch to the
end reaches
and
assisted
by No.
slider.
latigo strap.
1.
Slinq.
2.
THE PACK.
the sling rope through the loop, drawing them tight. (Three .)
No. 1 quickly places his side of the pack on the aparejo
against that of No. 2, holds it there with his left hand, and
123
it
No
removing the blind, and gently leading the mule a few steps
forward, while No. 1 observes the pack from the rear. No.
1, then places the pack cover, and is assisted by No. 2 in
adjusting it. When the mantas are not in use, they are
folded and carried on the aparejos under the cinches.
1.
At
Lash.
2.
THE PACK.
command, No.
(fig. 3).
(Three.)
No.
1 passes the
Mountain
124
Scouting.
passes
from rear to
front),
pushes
it
When
all is
sufficiently
his
own side,
ens
it,
takes the end of the rope, tightit down under the points of the
passes
Unsling.
2.
THE PACK.
this
125
down
order in which
it is put on.
This being done, No. 1 arranges the car-
goes while
^No. 2 collects
rig-
mule should
be carefully noticed as he
Eaising the hips
passes.
diate examination.
hackamores
The
should
fit
Nothing is
mule
him "fits of
very loosely.
so liable to irritate a
and give
If
fury" as sore ears.
of
two
into
packages
possible, the cargo should be made
125 pounds, and the
equal weight and bulk, of about 100 or
and most valuable
highest loads should be the bulkiest
etc., should
buckets,
stores.
All
kettles,
rattling pans,
camp
be closely packed in sacks and securely lashed on top beIf carelessly packed and allowed tc
tween the side
packs.
the mules will frequently become alarmed and
frequently succeed in dropping their packs.
lock are useful
Strong panniers with lids to hinge and
a*
rattle,
foi
Mountain Scuuting.
126
like,
were
it
1/fflJr
liable to strain
lar intervals.
he
may make
u useful effect
either case the
Let
D=the
W
W
W
is little or nothing.
distance a mule could travel daily if unloaded.
Now
"
travel
Wi D
= W(D
1 2
.
"
will
W=
be a
maximum when
1
1
1-3 D,
4-9 W, and
maximum, or when
or in other words, the mule will accomplish the most work
when he transports 4-9ths of the load under which he would
1
is
when he
=W (D
127
'
648
standstill;
and from
W = 4-9 W, and D =
1
625
Ibs.,
1-3
D,
we
find
also for
in line of battle
:king,
unscrewing covers,
etc.
of
enemy; or,
sudden
if
stores,
will
illness,
in field ser-
Mountain
128
vice,
Scouting.
129
endorsed by
mountainous countries.
Mountain
13
Scouting.
CHAPTER
VIII.
jf
MARCHING.
GOOD commander
sent his
men
in view,
it
will so
With this
in fighting order at any moment.
will be necessary to observe the following points:
cheerfulness and efficiency of the men to be secured, carefully considering the proper indulgences, the
weather, the physical features of the country and import2.
The
mam
command.
command,
in
case
of
failure
to
locate
suitable
camp
Marching.
131
Numerous circumstances
of the
march
By
remains nearly normal, and the strain falls upon those portions of the body which can best bear them.
enabled to transport the following with great facartridges, (cal. 45), one blanket, one
cility:
shelter tent, one overcoat, one pair pants, one pair drawers,
one undershirt, one woolen shirt, one pair socks, one pair
soldier
is
One hundred
rifle.
Mountain
132
Scouting.
ject
C, for securing
The blanket
roll is
whfch
Marching.
133
through the adjustable straps and snap-hooks J J. The haversack, canteen, gamebags, etc., are likewise suspended
"from side slots in the stirrups by means of straps M M. The
blanket roll, when firmly made and adjusted, exerts more
than sufficient outward thrust to counteract all inward strains,
2.
Facility
3.
It
him
to sleep
all
The
men
will
depend
134
Mountain
Scouting.
and
foot gear.
suitable for long
rugged mountain, where the mind is kept busy with a constant change of scenery and the muscles rested by a variety
of action, is far easier than the same march over a level
plain, where there is little or no stimulant to greater exertion.
Marching.
things to settle into the
new
135
condition of matters.
Suffi-
must be made for the reluctant co-operation of individuals, inasmuch as they have a much less interest in the success of the expedition than the commandcient allowance
ing
in rear,
to exertion,
knowing
that
they are watched by older men, and that they will be supported by them in the moments of danger.
When long journeys are to be made, the daily marches
should be short: for, if too long, rapid or ill-regulated,
sickness
is
sure to result.
Brief halts should also be made, their frequency depending upon the condition of the trail and weather. It is a
'
'
fair rule to
minutes.
'
on the march with the early dawn, noon a few hours during the heat of the day (near grass and water), and conIn this manner twenty
tinue the march in the afternoon.
miles per day would be but a fair average march over the
mountains. The march on exceedingly hot and rainy days
should be completed before noon when possible.
It should be made an invariable rule to serve the coffee
before marching, without regard to the hour.
The frequent use of water on the march is a matter of
habit; some drink at every spring or stream and as often as
'
will be
twenty-five or thirty times in a day, while others
Thirst
same
time.
the
with
two
satisfied
drinkings during
may be
a
prevented, to some extent, by drinking large quan-
Mountain
136
Scouting.
low.
When
drinking from a
muddy
erage.
There
is
air-tight
and
elastic lunch-
pouch.
may be attached to the belt or carried in the
and
will
pocket,
preserve a small quantity of food in good
condition. When not in use, it may be so folded as to occupy a very limited space, and may be made to serve a
number of useful purposes while in camp.
I would
recommend that the monotony of travel be relieved by what might be termed 'noted days,'
having an
extra good meal, a larger issue of sugar, tobacco, etc., than
It
usual,
if
expedient.
Sucn anticipated
rewards for extra services, especially with Indian scouts, accomplish much good.
Marching.
The formation
of all cliques,
137
in
try, if there be any dew upon the grass, the stock should
be allowed to halt and graze every hour.
Alkaline springs are of frequent occurrence in mountain
valleys, and may be detected by the yellow color of the
The animals should not be
grass growing around them.
allowed to graze near them or drink the water, which is ex-
ceedingly poisonous.
rest
the day.
Mountain
138
to
adjust a cargo
Scouting.
move
on.
should be
Theapare-
jos
Ma reking.
39
last
a century and
or llama skin,
Mountain Scouting.
140
may
er,
transport
it
'trail'
or object-
Forced Marches.
CHAPTER
141
IX.
%
FORCED MARCHES.
necessary
hand
all
command.
The matter
of proper
equipment
march
is
frequently a difficult one, when the element time is an uncertain factor, and the character of the country to be traveled
over
is
unknown.
Assuming
that, in case
of necessity, the
afford
toto a minimum.
Of course, the time will never come when regular troops
will scout or campaign without tents
but there is no doubt
weight in
as to the bivouac, a temporary make-shift, being far preferable to tenting in a dangerous or rugged mountainous country.
Bivouacking
is
spot where he
A mound
will
make an
pitched over a
little
Mountain
142
Scouting.,
leaves or grass, serving as a comfortable bed, will give a shelcomplete so far as protection from cold winds
or drifting rains is concerned.
ter surprisingly
When
frequently
made by
may be
A
is
more
substantial shelter
at hand,
tal
Forced Marches.
It
is
'43
The time has now come when our camp equipage needs reAs a help in this direction, the author's PORTABLE COMBINATION SHELTER, STORM AND COMMON TENT has
construction.
the tent
is
described
as follows
AB DC
The shape
is
of
a rectangle;
troops
tent
feet,
for
officer's
7 feet.
Mountain
144
at
Scouting.
distances
from them a
little
less
A C
than
one-fourth of
to
spread upon the ground, the blankets are placed upon the
The canvas is
central portion of the rectangle A B D C.
rest
When
pitched
in this
i st.
Quickly, easily
2d.
The
tent is
manner, the
minimum
can-
the allow-
By
varying
its
of which may be
inclination,
or,
by
Forced Marches.
the wind
tending to overturn
purposes of shelter
when pitched
heavy by wetting.
tent
is
If
is
storm,
it
will
in this
particularly valuable.
common
The edge C D
form the
reversed.
AB
In consequence of the
it).
and B F
rest
or
is
shelters
may be combined
'
tent.
at the ridge,
so
The
poles used for the shelters are joined two and two, and
form the long poles required for the common tent. This
form of tent is particularly desirable during rain storms, and
is
are liable to
and
in a tent,
who
moreover
fur-
will
others, living
at any time.
become separated
two
It
Mountain
146
The
Scouting.
made of strong and light wood, with plain ferand projecting screws, which serve to strengthen
the joints and hold the corners of the canvas in place, being
run through a worked hole or ring arranged for the purpose.
poles are
rule joints
The
it is
may be
shelter tent
whenever
possible to
will
of a Board
West Point, N. Y., per Special Orders
No. 123, Headquarters Department of West Point, to examine
and report upon the merits of this tent
DIMENSIONS OF OFFICER'S TENT PITCHED.
of Officers,
convened
at
First
Second
feet high.
as a common
3^
Third
The
1.
Capable of sub-division.
3.
6.
may be covered by
7.
8.
No
ridge pole
is
required.
required
may be used
bundle.
9.
It is
to tie
up the
Forced
Marches.
147
14.
If
transportation
is
is
easily
borne
on the person.
adapted to a wind or rain storm.
shelter tents are easily put together to form a secure storm or common tent.
In
the Board is of the
that if " Far15.
1
6.
It is readily
The
conclusion,
opinion
Portable
(Signed)
C. T.
ALEXANDER,
EZRA
B.
FULLER,
IST LIEUT.,
(Signed)
E.
J.
SEVENTH CAVALRY,
McCLERNAND,
TST LIEUT., 2d CAVALRY, RECORDER.
put
in at
commanding
officer.
Mountain
i-,8
The
dent
Scouting.
Each
1.
of the
'
'
rolls
The weight
2.
is
make
contains sufficient to
warm
comparatively
little,
being
a com-
man
only
ten
pounds.
3. The weight is actually uniformly distributed over the
body, and the shape and bulk of the combination are uch as
to permit its being worn without inconveniencing the soldier.
4. In the first moments of the skirmish, it furnishes a ready
it
to the front
When
hunger.
In the engagement of the troops under Captain Evan
near Umatilla agency, Oregon, July 13, 1878, eightynine of the men wore haversacks, thirty-one of whicn were
Miles,
lost
arrival into
no necessity
As
for a haversack at
any time.
contrivance
for giving
light,
when
made
it
at night, a suitable
is difficult
to follow the
Forced Marches.
trail, is
FRONT.
BACK.
Its
is
one pound,
its
a chimney.
and
off, if
desired,
the
ing.
camp
rainy weather; or, for night travel and huntalmost no end to the uses to which it may be
fires in
There
is
The
light
is
Mountain
15
ahead, and
is
By means
Scouting.
by adjusting a
reflector
and
them downward.
is
made
and so adjusted as
object viewed.
to the rifle.
In night
firing,
fit
perfectly any kind or
throw the light full on the
to
to
it
to a
hand.
when
them
up.
rocks, or
The
articles are
'
frequently
cached
'
in
caves, in
Forced Marches.
151
'
'
'
the place of the fire (which will exist for years) should be recorded by the commanding officer.
and
is
left
at or
seldom that the inexperienced succeed in hiding anything away from them. A
ruse frequently resorted to in order to- cover up all sign of
the 'cache,' is to pitch a tent over it and occupy the tent
near a former
camp
or
trail,
it
is
possible care.
After the first has
One
further search in
'
'
cache
When making
'
caches,'
it
should
ground
be remembered that a
'
152
Mountain
Scouting.
CHAPTER
X.
CROSSING RIVERS.
may be
hand
is
in unison.
If
foot,
and
vice versa.
Crossing Rivers.
'S3
descending.
To transport the packs over such a deep and
narrow stream or ravine, find, if possible, a tall,
overhanging
tree,
packs are attached to the other end and swung across, being
guided by ropes fastened to the swing rope and held by
men on both sides.
After the swing rope has been once adjusted, it may be
used for the purpose of swinging the men across.
will
with
right position),
body
in
an up-
sitting astride
154
Mountain Scouting.
rent, have their tops closely interlacing up stream, in consequence of the current at d.
is
stirred
ren-
Crossing Rivers.
155
on the upper
side.
road or
'
'
trail
starting from
each of the opposite banks, will generally indicate the exbut a trail,' on one side only, often inistence of a ford
dicates merely a watering place of animals.
The best ford seldom leads directly across a stream, but
must be selected at a point where the width of the stream
'
down
When the different arms cross a ford separately, the infantry should precede the cavalry and artillery; otherwise
they would destroy the bottom and render the crossing for
the infantry difficult or impossible.
While fording, it is
important to direct the eyes to some fixed point upon the
shore and not look at the water, and particularly when the
water-course is broad or the current rapid.
It is imprudent to trust too much to fords in brooks and
rivers in
When
the
snow begins
to
moun-
Mountain
56
Scouting.
steep sides.
It
beyond.
on the
alert.
On
arrival
river, the
effort to get
it
cinity.
Crossing Rivers.
Unfordable streams
may
157
when
there
sufficient current
is
and
are handy.
raft
may be
successfully navigated
On
the shore
To
is
it
is
effected
The
must be
area of the
raft in
square
feet,
is
the
and
To insure
the velocity of the current in feet per second.
not be
the
current
should
of
the
velocity
proper progress,
than two miles per hour.
Referring to the following drawing, the component of
the force of the current which tends to force the raft directly across the stream may be readily traced.
If the raft is kept on the course
N, and the current is
is
it
plainly seen how such a
running in the direction A X,
less
Mountain
158
Scouting.
A C and A
D,
CM
-'B
-X
The component A D is again sub-divided into two comA E and A F, acting parallel and perpendicularly
ponents,
to A X.
D E=A F
is
the
component
of the
power
of the current
BAC = 55
The
cable
may
or by means of a lobstick made by splitting a stick, inserting a rock or pebble and lashing the stick with twine.
small line
is first
made
end of which
drawn
is
may be
sent over by
water,
remain above the fording stage for several weeks, and often
render it necessary, when time is an important element, to
cross
boats or
rafts.
Timber
country.
The
which
at
both ends in
The
Z (G 2 X. 07958), in
cubic contents, in feet, of round timber
of the log in feet, and
is the mean between the girths
L = length
floating
feet.
power
of
wood
Crossing Rivers.
159
ber for rafts should be floated, if possible, to the place required and put together in the water.
The Indians use bull-boats for crossing deep rivers.
'
The frame-work
small trees that
'
is
made
in sections,
to
good advan-
tage in several expeditions in Oregon and Washington TerA single boat, with all its appurtenances, capable
ritory.
of sustaining ten men, could be easily packed on a single
mule.
Frequently the supplies, in part, are transported in casks;
a simple matter to construct a cask raft, which
do remarkably good service. If the number of gallons
that a cask will hold is known, its buoyancy may be easily
ascertained by multiplying that number by ten (the number of pounds weight in a gallon of water). Casks are so
useful for packing puposes, so easily and safely transported,
and form such admirable rafts, it is difficult to conceive,
where transport is a serious matter, of a more economical
preparation for crossing unknown rivers on wild expediif so, it is
will
Mountain
160
Scouting.
The larger the casks (consistently with ease of packing) the better, as the weight will be smaller in proportion
to the buoyancy.
tions.
To make
nels are laid along them about four inches from each end.
Slings of strong rope are passed under the casks, from end
to
fast to the
erman's bend.
as
made
shown
in the
drawing.
raft,
161
Crossing Rivers.
if obtainable,
resting the body on a log of light wood,
be well supported and the crossing rendered much
If the part of a tree near the roots be selected, the
easier.
By
it
will
will
fective
mand
know how
to
swim,
in
order to be
services.
ef-
combe
re-
tarded by an insignificant stream, if not completely paralyzed in its operations. The emergencies requiring a
knowledge of the art are of daily occurrence. Time and
again have insignificant streams swollen into plunging torrents, without any warning whatever. Numerous lives have
been lost by the sudden appearance of sweeping streams of
water, where a few moments before nothing but dry earth
could be found. Whole commands have been carried away
Mountain
162
Scouting.
men
of
my company
lost."
At the point of
river
and give
rein.
The plan of having each horseman carry a footman mounted behind will often prove successful. It was in this manner
that the Necker was crossed by Marshals Turenne and Gramont
in 1645.
When
Crossing Rivers.
and made
fast to the
163
horse.
in succession,
and each
preceding, by means of
they are
lariats, until
When
all is
assists
down stream
main
side,
animal
is
re-
Mountain
164
Scouting.
CHAPTER XL
THE CAMP.
All ponds,
served.
malarious
district,
fires.
The
flood level of
noticed
fully
bits of
drift-wood washed
a guide.
Many
rises,
enemy might
morning.
are a common annoyance in the camp.
time to prepare for their coming, the tent
pegs should be secured and sufficient guy-ropes attached to
If the soil is loose and sandy, rocks or other hard
the tent.
material should be placed under the tent poles to prevent
Wind storms
When
their
there
is
unsteady
The Camp.
and driven
in the direction of
165
cords (if they are inclined from the tent, they will soon be
jerked loose). When the pegs will not hold at all, fasten the
tent cords to brush or rocks buried in the
soil.
ropes to be
made
fast to
them or
wind
depend very
camp
much upon
as regards
its
capability of defense.
If
on the bank
When the
camp most exposed to attack.
packs and aparejos are removed, in camp, they should be
arranged so as to form a fortification in case of need.
66
Mountain
Scouting.
visit
camp.
and
fearless
will not
food, or to attempt to
devour the face or hand of a sleeping person. Instances are
not rare in which their bites have resulted in a most fatal
its
central
The Camp.
body.
He
is
167
order to discover any tracks or Indian signs, before rethe packs or unsaddling.
It is a favorite trick of
the Indians to stampede the animals upon first arrival in
in
moving
preoccupied and
seldom
They
attempt a
at
the
for
such
stampede
night, preferring
work,
day-light
and invariably select the early dawn of day or some mo-
more or
less
is
confusion reigns.
stampede
is
Mountain
1 68
Scouting.
When attempting a stampede, a few Indians will sometimes steal into camp, go to the bell mare, remove the bell,
place it on one of their fleetest animals and ride out of
camp (before noticed) followed by the entire herd. Again,
they sneakingly approach as near the herd as possible, and
dash into it, with their horses at full speed, at the same time
terrifying them by the most hideous yells, and succeed in
driving off the stock before any effectual resistance can be
is
possible for a
to the
attack
is
up
to
a picket
when unable
line unless
an
to forage at night,
anticipated; for,
They should
they soon become weak and unserviceable.
be so herded during the day time, as to leave a sufficiency
good grass near the camp for night grazing. When howit becomes necessary to picket the animals, they should
be placed upon the best grass and their places changed
The picket rope should not be less than
every two hours.
10 or 12 yards long, and should not be made fast to a tree,
of
ever,
The Camp.
or
it.
it
will twist
it,
169
around
camp,
The
hearing and
Mountain
170
Scouting.
The
fires
smoke may be
no discomfort.
carried
It will
man usually builds a large fire and can not get near it. As
a rule, if warmth is desired, see that the fire is kept close to
the ground; if light is wanted, elevate it i^ or 2 feet above
To cause large logs to burn brightly, air
the ground.
should reach them on
all sides.
The Camp.
171
When no
in a
'
their food
Mountain
72
all
'
seasons.
sides,
Scouting.
Gramma
and growing
'
The stock
cotton-wood
will
trees,
when
generally found in abundance in most mountainous districts either in the beds of streams, in springs
In sandy countries, the beds
or in openings in the rocks.
Water
is
of the apparently dried up water-courses should be careWater is frefully explored for water near their sources.
The Camp.
173
dew.
It
with
is
salts, as
is
putrid or charged
but increase it
thirst,
in
such
localities,
the
mon
tents.
'A* tent
com-
Mountain
174
Scouting.
men
for 6
&
A, or
It is seldom
not the most important article of equipage.
that injury results from simple wetting, if the body is freely exposed to the open air.
It is
make
in the field
'dig
out' in
The Camp.
If
175
the tent or
possible, a level spot snould be selected for
bed,
is
high,
it
is
Sleeping in hollows and slight canyons during quiet weais not wholesome, as cold air pours down into these
from the higher ground. Horses are frequently noticed to
ther
draw up
to the
less
If compelled to sleep on
severely felt as the night sets in.
the snow, it should be piled upon each side, and if possible
the face and ears should be smeared with oil or grease.
Remembering
dawn
of day.
There
is
on the ground.
time be an object, it will be better to leave lost mules
behind (when their services can be spared), for they will,
in consequence of their very acute power of smell, trail the
stock and follow to camp. A bell mare of quiet and regular
trailing
If
habits
Mountain Scouting.
176
CHAPTER
THE
GOOD powder
is
XII.
MESS.
food.
'
'
The Mess.
177
When
inside.
The
'
complete
all
the
officers'
apparatus
is
is
well
Below
is
Dimensions, Packed,
12X 12X21
Mountain
178
Scouting.
While very durable, and especially adapted to camping purposes, its weight is only 35 pounds, and its dimensions are such as to permit it to be enclosed in an ordinary
hard-bread box.
The ware is so constructed that it nests and packs in
the oven, which has a capacity sufficient for roasting 20
The oven packs inside the stove, and
pounds of beef.
much
trouble.
When
arrangement
at the other.
fire
in
the
by introducing the
in the
The following
Three teaspoonfuls
Four tablespoonfuls
__
One tablespoonful.
One wine glass.
The Mess.
Two
Two
Two
= One
= One pint.
= One pound.
= One pound, seven ozs.
= One pound, nine ozs.
wine glasses
gill.
== One cup.
gills
cupfuls
One
179
tablespoonful salt
One-half pint.
= One pound
= One ounce.
= One pound.
Ten eggs
The drawing shows a convenient form
many
indifferent cooks.
METHODS OF COOKING.
Roasting is that process by which a substance is acted
upon by the heat of a fire, without interposition of utensils, and generally in the open air.
Mountain
i8o
Scouting.
difficult to
SOUP.
The
when
it is
dients.
If
necessary to skim and add the necessary ingrecooked meat is to be used, it should be added
When
The Mess.
181
one-
in
half
-Beef,
meat cut
Fifteen pounds of
Let
gallons of water.
it
fat.
may
be varied according
rice,
of
fresh or
one large
a piece of butter the size of an
;
egg
Rice Soup
Four pounds of fresh lean beef; two pounds of soupbone one gallon of cold water
one onion, sliced threequarters of a pound of rice pepper and salt.
Put the meat and bones into a pot with water, one tablespoonful of salt and the sliced onion, and cook. Threequarters of an hour before the soup is cooked strain it
through a colander, return it with the good meat to the
;
pot.
Mountain
82
Scouting.
per.
Pick over the beans, wash and soak them over night in
cold water, and cut the pork into thin slices.
Place the
with
the
allowance
of
cold
water
and
bicarbonate
of
beans,
soda, into the kettle, cover it, heat gradually
remove the scum as it rises.
thirty minutes
;
Frequent stirring
is
ing.
pepper and
salt.
water and
salt.
Put
before the soup is cooked, and the rice thirty minutes later.
Fresh or canned tomatoes may be added to great advantage, and frequent stirring is necessary to prevent scorching or sticking to the bottom of the kettle.
FISH.
Fresh
fish
The Mess.
muddy
183
streams.
Boiled Fish
fish,
Salmon requires about 25 minutes, while six minper pound is sufficient for most kinds. As a rule,
variety.
utes
water after
it is
fish,
brown appears. Then turn and fry the other side to the
same color. Just as the fish is turning brown, sprinkle it
lightly with pepper and salt.
Baked Fish : Baked fish should be sufficiently large to
admit of being stuffed, and will require from thirty to fifty
minutes to bake.
Prepare a stuffing of
fish
are excellent
Fish Chowder
bread.
Mountain
184
Scouting.
Cleanse and cut the pork into thin slices, also slice the
Put the pork and onions together into a pot and
fry them brown; then season lightly with salt and plenty
onions.
Set
simmer
it
over a gentle
Fish Sauce
One
pan on the
it
fire,
let
it
until done.
in well.
pint of boiling water; two tablespoonamount of sifted flour; pepper and salt.
flour into a smooth paste, in a sauceand pour over the boiling water, stirring
The addition of a little vinegar will impart an
fire,
acid taste.
MEAT.
also.
that
may impart
a flavor.
digestive by keeping
it
It
a while.
fifteen
to
twenty minutes to
Cleanse the meat; place it in the pan with the fat side up;
put the pan into a hot oven, and when the heat has started
The Mess.
enough
of the
oil of
the
fat,
commence
to baste,
which
They
fire,
Time,
and
them
fifteen
of the
Mountain
86
Scouting.
teen minutes
Remove
the
several times.
ing water.
then
scum
as
let it
it
rises.
If the water needs replenishing, use boilshort time before the meat is done, put into
Put into a
of meat into small strips.
half, as
of
four
with
salt,
tablespoonfuls
mess-pan
large
much sugar, a little pepper and about three pounds of potatoes and onions, or any other vegetables procurable.
Keep on the fire and stir until a thick gravy is formed, adding a little flour and about three and one-half gallons
Let it simmer until the meat is tender.
of water.
Venison requires about 2^ hours; beef, about 2f hours;
and elk, about 3 hours.
Beef, Pork, Elk or Venison Pie : Fresh meat, potatoes,
Let
it
The Mess.
187
Line a mess-pan with a paste, first greasing the sides and bottom. Put in a layer of the semistewed meat, on the meat a layer of chopped onion, on the
onion a layer of sliced tomato, on the tomato a half
dozen or more pieces of floured butter, on these a layer of
and so on
in succes-
sive layers.
Pour over the strained gravy, put on the top crust, place
oven and bake from one to one and one-half hour3
with a moderate heat.
in the
nd fry the other side the same color then dish, pouring
e grease remaining in the pan over the liver.
Beef, Elk or Venison Hash : The meats may be used singly
r together.
Four pounds of meat (without bone) two
ions two pounds of boiled potato the meat cut into
alf-inch pieces
the onion parboiled and minced the pota
tato
into
chopped
very small pieces. Mix all together and
ason with pepper and salt. Put the mixture into a kettle
tir into it about a quart of
gravy, meat dripping, or
Eater. Stir well together and cover let it simmer for
thirty minutes, or until the meat is quite tender, frequently
When the hash is done pour it into a dish over
stirring it.
;
Two
Mountain
88
Scouting.
Prepare the beans and soak them over night in cold water;
water is preferable. Parboil the pork and cut it into
Drain the soaked beans put them into a kettle
thin slices.
with enough fresh cold water to cover them put in the
bicarbonate of soda. Cover; boil for fifteen or twenty
minutes remove the scum as it rises; pour off the water;
replace with boiling water cover boil steadily until tender drain and season with pepper. Put one-half of the
b cans in a deep mess-pan lay over them the sliced pork,
then cover the pork with the other half of the beans. Pour
over from a half-pint to a pint of boiling water put the
pan into the oven and bake with a uniform heat. Every
soft
hour add a
When
GAME.
The
killed.
If
in a cool
the meat
dry place.
game
is
is
its
weight.
VEGETABLES.
If
possible,
summer
Wash
eyed end
enough
the potatoes
;
to
The Mess.
will easily pierce the
become watery.
largest.
As a
rule, the
189
If
the potato.
cooked
in
the
same
time.
If
size,
cut
:
Time, thirty minutes.
Prepare the potatoes and cut off a piece of the skin
at the eyed end, and put them into the oven without their
Turn them frequently and bake in
touching one another.
a uniform heat.
They should be peeled if baked with meat or, if
boiled in their skins, they may be peeled and placed in
the baking pan with the meat about half an hour before it
is done.
Potatoes roasted or baked in their skins, in hot
;
salt.
until they
become
Stir
them constantly
to avoid burning.
:
Peel the onions (as uniform in size as
and
lay them in cold salt water for fifteen
possible)
minutes; put them into a kettle of boiling salt water;
cover and boil gently when cooked so that a straw can
pierce them, drain and season with butter, pepper and salt.
The strength of the onions may be reduced by boiling
them in two or more waters.
Boiled Onions
Mountain
190
Fried Parsnips
off
Scouting.
fry-
the
hot
side
and
Put
it
into a kettle
When cooked
stew gently for three-quarters of an hour, frequently stirThe stew can be thickened with hard-bread crumbs.
ring.
Minced onion cooked with the tomatoes improves the flavor
A mixture of equal quantities of tomatoes
of the stew.
and young corn, cut from the cobb, may be cooked as
above.
:
Select mushrooms of uniform size
cut
off
them
and
the
lower part of the stem. Heat in
peel
a frying-pan enough butter to thinly cover the bottom
Fried Mushrooms
Tht Mess.
191
to a golden
put in the mushrooms and fry both sides
brown.
Edible mushrooms are found in open sunny fields and
is fresh.
They spring up
low-lying fogs, heavy dews, or rains. They first
appear very small and of a round form on a little stalk the
upper part and stalk being white. As the size increases,
after
The odor
dark brown,
and skin
easily peeled.
of an oval shape.
is
The spores
six quarts of
Rice Pudding : One quart of clean rice
sweet milk (or an equivalent of condensed milk); one
;
pound sugar; two teaspoonfuls salt enough grated nutmeg and ground cinnamon to flavor.
Cover the rice with a portion of the milk and let it soak
two hours then add the remainder of the milk, and stir
into this the sugar, salt, and spices.
Put into a well-greased dish-pan and bake two and a
;
camp
Mountain Scouting.
192
advantage may be taken of stoves, fireplaces and all conveniences for cooking.
If it is suspected that the enemy is in the neighborhood,
prompt and proper attention must be given to the fortifications, and every precaution taken to make the place as
strong as possible, in case of a sudden attack. Often, in the
absence of rock and timber, strong mud or clay fortifications may be quickly thrown up, so as to form a safe point
of retreat in case of danger.
COFFEE.
Coffee should be quickly and evenly roasted to a light
brown color. A few burned grains will impart a disagreeable flavor to
it
when made.
Only a
it
should
The Mess.
never be boiled.
be remembered.
"Coffee boiled
193
is
coffee spoiled
"
should
TEA.
The making
it
may be
soon as possible
fill the heated pot or kettle with
boiling
into
it
one
water, put
teaspoonful of tea for every cup of
tea that is to be drawn, and set the covered kettle on the
It should
stove or near the fire to draw, but not to boil.
;
five
minutes
fast, fifteen
Oolong
tea,
eight minutes
English break-
minutes.
CHOCOLATE.
Six tablespoonfuls of scraped or grated chocolate to each
pint of water; add as much milk (if procurable) as water,
and sweeten to taste. Put on the water and bring it to
in a little cold water, and
Boil twent minutes
add
the boiling water.
the milk and boil ten minutes more, stirring frequently.
a boil
stir
into
fire
or in the cups.
palatable dishes
articles of the
army
may
ration,
be prepared,
by the careful
Mountain Scouting
CHAPTER
XIII.
is
sweet potato
nearly
in taste
all localities
properly laid
material.
Coffee
'
may
and
pepper seasoning.
Whenever
.three or four
it
is
195
of the year.
They usually travel
at night and in single file, leaving
a well-defined trail, and seldom re-
they will advance twenty miles or more without tiring or stopping. They possess the faculty of doubling
and hiding with great facility, and their senses are so keen
in apprehension, that great caution is necessary in order to
approach them.
trot,
a slow
fire
beneath
necessary to
it.
Salt should not be used; it is only
meat
the
dry to avoid putrifaction.
keep
Mountain
196
Scouting.
is
'
Salt
when they
licks,'
tractions for them, and they will frequently travel long distances at night in order to visit them. The slightest movement of an object will attract their'attention, and they usually
jerking the
tail.
is
197
rivers.
During
They have less vitality than the other large animals, but
are seldom dropped unless the back be broken.
Black-tailed deer are slightly larger, but much darker than
the red deer.
The tail for about three inches is tipped
with short, black hair. They are extremely fleet and use
all four legs at once in making the spring.
They are seldom seen away from the mountains, except in August and
September, when they make excursions of many hundreds
of miles.
They seem to possess much curiosity for a few
moments they will bound off with great celerity, then stop
:
fire.
This
is
the
moment
and
The
Rocky
Mountain Scouting.
198
cautiously approached.
a most pleasant flavor.
precision with which
Their
flesh is
The sharpness
it is
used render
it
and the
a very dangerous
weapon.
Antelopes are found on nearly all the elevated prairies,
but they seldom go into the timbered sections. During
the winter they penetrate the mountain valleys wherever
they can find good shelter and pasturage.
red
and
average
about
fifty
is
of
deer.
Curiosity
is
in
approach
it
near by.
ities.
Their tracks are much shorter than those of the deer, are
sharp at the toes and broad and round at the heels.
The buffaloes, of the bovine genus, are the largest and
most important, for food and covering, of any of the animals of the North American prairies and mountains. They
199
and
select
Their
cattle.
the
flesh
is
much
superior to
beef,
in
flavor,
and
is
When
when
fleeing from danger, they collect into herds, composed promiscuously of bulls and cows; and having once laid their
course are not easily diverted from it. They possess the
faculty of
selecting
the best
route
over the
roughest
country.
The
circumscribed; and, if they continue to diminish as heretofore, they will soon become extinct.
They are frequently
taken by still-hunting, but oftener by pursuing them on
down.
To produce
Mountain Scouting.
soo
about the center of the body and eight or nine inches behind the fore-shoulder.
The tongue, hump and marrow-bones are the most deThe tongue is best taken out
by severing the skin between the prongs of the lower jawbone, and drawing it through the orifice. The hump is
removed by skinning down on each side of the shoulders
sirable parts of the buffalo.
The movements
tion of
many
of the
Plain's Indians;
food
is
known
as
'
'
pemmican
as follows
The
buffalo flesh
flat
smaller species than the Plains buffalo is said to inRocky Mountains in various localities. I am inclined to think it an error, however, and that the mountain
habit the
buffaloes
are
really
visitors
smaller because generally seen at a great distance, occupying as they do the very precipitous and inaccessible sides of
the mountains.
herd.
of bears
201
wild fruits), but keeps quite fat. The shades of color vary
from light gray to dark brown; and the hair is finer, longer
and more abundant than that of any other species.
The cinnamon
except
size,
but
is
supposed.
The brown bear
and
is
but
little
is
more solitary in
The
The cougar
at night.
When hungry
of the approaching
life
hunter.
Brown
Salmon River
mountains and
ears.
Mountain
2O2
Scouting.
caves and under rocks, and are seldom bagged, being extremely far-scented and always remaining near their hiding
places.
out leaving any sign or passing again in view. The SheepEater Indians, captured by my command in 1879, near tne
203
much
as
seventy pounds.
The Indians say that mountain sheep and deer (especially
black tailed deer) are never found together, and that whenever the deer suddenly come down to the river bottoms it is
The
blue
wolf
is
rarely seen,
is
his disposition,
ardly of
all
the species.
The
Mountain
204
Scouting.
The
form
scarcely larger than the fox and is very uniand habits. Like the other species, he is
coyote is
in size, color
His hair
of a dull red-
is
dish gray, very long and blended with brown fur at the
roots. He exhibits a great deal of curiosity; and, when it is
safe to do so, will follow parties or caravans, like a dog.
howl
fearfully,
good
The fox
and
is
silver.
Of the
and
the lynx.
wildcat
is
They
The
205
sertion that while the flesh of the hind parts is like fish in
smell and taste, its fore parts are of the quality of land
animals.
caution.
all
is
burrowing
species,
food,
prairie-dog (Arctomys, ludovicianus) is a smaller
species of marmot found on all the prairies west of the Mis-
The
They burrow
in
in close vicinity,
and
substances
In their villages, which often
live like
law-abiding citizens.
Mountain Scouting.
206
the alarm
object.
will
Their flesh is very good as food, and nearly all the carnivora in their neighborhoods prey upon them. The rattlesnake and burrowing owl are their frequent, but I believe
unwelcome, guests.
They
The
ties.
The common
same
characteristics as in other
regions.
The jack
rabbit strictly
;^
is
always
found
tains.
in
It
207
the sage-brush bottoms throughout the mounruns with great ease and swiftness, and its
incredible
The rock rabbit is very small, being only five or six inches
long and has pointed ears. They live in the rocks and seldom go very far from their holes. The Indians consider
their flesh a great luxury.
The largest part of the feathered
race of the
West are
migratory.
Among
hawks and
in
lower altitudes.
of the Salmon,.
Nearly
all
Mountain
208
Scouting.
The
loon
(colymbus
very
the
summit
of the Rockies.
seldom
is
utters
its
spirit,
restless while
in
its
vi-
cinity.
Spring, with
its
its
many genera
attract all of
its
companions,
209
following suggestions
\st.
2d.
Advance
Keep out of sight while approaching the game
located.
$d.
to see
so as to be able
Cautiously approach the top of every ridge,
to
view.
the
body
any game, before exposing
Never
4t/i.
fire
,'
$th.
camp.
%th.
brush
him
to
to the
qth.
and tie a stick on the end of it ; throw the stick beyond the floating
game and gradually draw it in.
game sought
success with
all
few shot-
to the par-
after, as
game.
field.
Mountain
2IO
Scouting.
As a
rule,
stood,
its
trail in front of
into the
most
may
When
make
setting a
sure the gun
gun
is
trap,
be discharged
game.
cocked the
last
thing,
is
set
Nearly
abundance of excellent
of trout and salmon.
all
fish
among
others,
many
varieties
211
A
fish,
The salmon
fish
The rudest
and
split
bamboo
resembling
flies
feathers or colored
When
unknown waters, it
may be secured about
fishing
such baits as
is
their
immediate shores.
the
manner of properlv
hook
to
baiting, so as
appear as a part
Mountain
212
Scouting.
may be
nail
Very good
To
Dig a hole
fish
build a
in the
fire in it
Indian Character.
CHAPTER
213
XIV.
INDIAN CHARACTER.
IN studying the Indian's character, we will find much to
admiration, while many of his traits and customs
can only serve to shock and disgust. While he is of a much
higher standard than those who live near him would have
us believe, he nevertheless falls short of the popular Eastern
incite
fall
short of 300,000,
50,000
-
50,000
35,000
Montana
70,000
70,000
25,000
The record
tribes
a constant
of every tribe tells the same story
result of wars, intemperance and
ington Territory,
all
The various
ties,
tribes
each having
its
Mountain
214
Scouting.
and
its
'
own
traditions
'to
and
fables,
in Comanche^
many
means
lie.'
came from
speak and
act,
The following
as related,
sample:
Thousands of years ago there existed an animal of immense size, way off to the southwest of the country now
occupied by the Nez Perces. It was the largest of all the
animal creation, and was known as the llls-wau-tsih' This
animal's greatest propensity was the devouring of every
His voraciousness was so
living thing he came across.
that
lizards
and
of
all kinds and sizes, bears,
great
reptiles
wolves, and animals of every description, at one gulp, would
disappear in the depths of his capacious maw. At the same
l
time existed the Coyote, or " Little Wolf," noted for his
cunning, and recognized as the chief among and by the
other animals, thty looking upon him as destined, at some
future time, to work out for them a great deliverance.
Indian Character.
215
Little
slaughter,
mission.
'
Taking the two ropes, which were miles in length, he fastened them to a cord of sinew, which was about his body
and made their other ends fast to two trees, a long distance
from each other.
By this time the Ills-wau-tsih was within hearing of
'
'
Little Wolf,
when he howls
out,
"
Come
'
Ills-wauon, old
to slay you !" The
latter
'
among
themselves.
takes one of his knives and cuts a piece of fat from the
heart of the beast, and warming it with ignited tinder, de-
Mountain
216
Scouting.
up
his
Little Wolf then walked out and took the meat from the
bones and had a right Hearty meal. The bones were scattered to the uttermost parts of the earth, and an allotment
of land was made to each of the delivered ones, which they
were to take as their country; while it was promised that a
race of people would spring up from the bones of the beast
in all respects like unto them.
"
"
But," said the Fox,
you have reserved nothing for
yourself."
Little
Wolf
paws yet
drip-
From this
country occupied by the Nes Perces, saying,
shall spring a people to inhabit this land with me."
Little Wolf was then transformed into a chief and a tribe
sprang up around him.
The Nez Perces claim that what they lack in stature they
more than make up in cunning and intelligence, taking
It seems reafter their illustrious progenitor, kittle Wolf.
markable that such an intelligent people should continue
to nourish this tradition.
There
exercises
sician.
is
on
Indian Character.
217
ular time.
The surgery of
the wound
When
charms and
is
the pain
is
to
is
treat
it.
is
quite deficient.
or
'
is
irritant.''
is
the
when
Medicine Man
internal, the first act of the
a red hot iron to the back and as soon as the
'
is
apply
pain
Men'
their
beyond
''sweat bath'
the 'Medicine
'
inflicted
upon the
sick in order to
Mountain
2i8
They
They
Scouting.
scalped, will
go
to
the
They
ing,'
mit to
number from
falling
'
hangthan sub-
it.
the
will
rifle
Upon going
fire
and appearances of
names suggestive of
animals.
The others
take
certain
certain
Indian Character.
219
named
after
their personal
charms or defects
all
are
'
numerous other
tion.
The council pipe (sacred and public property) goes
with the mission. The whole subject is thoroughly discussed in council, and such tribes as grant the request,
accept the pipe and smoke.
Mountain
22O
Scouting.
I
When
anxious, and
all
people at
the conversation
is
cen-
is
and themselves
The
their
to excite
it is
the
some
of
'
Indian Character.
against the lips
or as the weapon
is
is
221
Scalping alone
is
not fatal.
Many
tribes
seem
to fear
the seasons.
medium
of
exchange
in
ponies,
and these
in all transactions.
The
no more,
will
complacently
sit
upon him.
He
can
man
or Mexican, and
he is so drunk that
When mounted,
side.
He
and phlegmatic.
carries his
rifle
across the
reins in
he carries a short
stick, to
raw
blow
hide, a light
of
Mountain Scouting.
222
men
this,
are too
lodge-poles,
significant
sacks and
hung upon
the saddles.
Two
the ground.
and dragged, and are so arranged as to transport a heterogeneous mass of plunder, the sick and helpless.
Indian Character.
223
utility of the Indian dogs are astonishas pack animals, they are called into frequent requisi-
"
according to rank.
face the rising sun.
six to fifteen persons
The entrances
The number
is
it,
Two
fight-
men
ing
in the
of the lodges, left standing for years after, will furnish the
historical account of the unfortunate tribe that once camped
there.
The men
the
women
Mountain
224
Scouting.
and openly rebel against the fathers, the better the indication that they will become great warriors.
In their villages they give much thought to amusement.
Racing is a frequent pastime whole tribes will wager
midst of great excitement. Storyquite an art with them, the stories usually perpetuating some actual achievement and inspiring tribal
tribes, in the
against
telling
is
tell
of impossible
Gambling
ter
in their
anything
possession for
it.
young
they
fulfill
in their selection
Indian Character.
225
their roasting is
of clay or mud.
Very few Indians are cannibals, and these eat their enemies only in order to justify their savage revenge.
Among the Indians, marriage is simple and has no responsibility except that inspired by terror. Ponies are given
to the
bride's father,
who
gives
The great
work and have her
is
to
do
all
the
husband do nothing.
Polygamy
is
common among them, and the women freWhen this is the case, the injured husband
quently elope.
is always paid a few ponies.
'
226
Mountain Scouting.
patting the
In
many
tribes,
lage.
placed in
robe and placed in the tree selected for the grave. Its cries
were heard for several days, then grew fainter and were
finally
hushed
sounding
about a
its
order to
train of
thought
is
lie in
order
Indian Character.
227
'
when
the
'
sun was so
'
'
'
'
lowing:
Do not trouble about dignity; humor them as you would
children and be patient, neither displaying temper nor
;
noticing insults.
to
it.
ion convert
and
per-
You can
them follow
their customs.
to
have those
among
228
Mountain Scouting
CHAPTER XV
THE TRAIL, SIGNS AND
THE
SIGNALS.
or tracking
is
of great import-
While
it is
men
to acquire this
trail
'
ascertaining
The
if
any
footprints
'
The
Trail, Signs
and
229
Signals.
'
it
many
When the
miles.
'
trail
'
'
nomadic
instinct
is
re-
guided by
ceived from those who have visited the section before. This
fund of knowledge is very great. One of my Indian scouts
(Chuck) in 1880, became quite noted for the accuracy with
which he could designate suitable camps and various physical features
many years
who hunted
ago.
Traveling Indians usually set up mounds of stones to indicate the route and various other items of information, to
those who may follow. In a timbered country, where the
trail
is frequently covered
with snow, the stones are
in
the
forks
and
branches
of the trees; or, the trees
placed
are blazed so that the notches face the traveler and at least
two of them may be in sight at once.
The Indian seldom refers to the sun, moon or stars foi
his direction when traveling
but places his confidence ii
*
'
Mountain
230
something nearer
at hand,
Scouting,
which he believes
to
remain
in
common
all
of coyotes, the hooting of owls, the cry of panthers or wolverines, the screaming of hawks and eagles the creaking of
limbs, etc.
When
unmistakable evidences.
This information is very useful when hostile and friendly
Indians occupy the same country, and it is necessary to be
able to distinguish between their trails.
Various circumstances connected with the trail will
afford important imformation.
'
'
in
The
If rain
made
has
fallen, it
Trail, Signs
may
and
Signals.
231
the
it, by carefully noticing
down, and observing whether or not
sand or anything adheres to it. The morning or evening
dew updn the 'trail' will also furnish a test of time.
The
sand, dust
etc.,
drifted
When
is
the
'
best not to
'
becomes
consume time
trail
lost in
in
an unfavorable locality, it
it, but to proceed in
hunting
is
found,
In a grassy locality, or on plains of coarse sand or shingle, the trail is seldom visible at short distance, but may
'
'
is very hard,
track of a prowling
sprinkle sand (if ob-
This is an old
tainable) over the trails in suitable places.
trick, for it is said in the Apocrypha that the prophet
idol of Bel.
rocks,
expense of unguarded supplies. One of the Indians secured a quantity of sand from the river bottom, dried it,
and judiciously placed it around the camp. The unmistakable tracks of a bear, two coyotes, a weasel and several
skunks were observed the next morning.
Mountain
232
when
Frequently,
Scouting.
the ground
is
perspiration.
If there be
members
may be
frequently determined
until a place
smoke.
is
women
by following the
this
trail
The men
left.
The appearance
at a walk, trot
and
is
very different
is seldom or
233
about
When
the
pony
trots,
6_'j2.,_T
0.7/2.
to 7^ feet
FT.
8 TO
9..FT.
the
A careful
left
on the ground
will
serve to determine the pace at which the animal was movA walking or feeding horse should leave a well marked
ing.
track,
'
trail,'
it is
is
to follow the
'
'
trail
into
stop.
An
equally good
Mountain
234
Scouting.
An
the right side, and by noticing the places where the mounts
and dismounts are made, it may be ascertained whether the
rider is an Indian or a white man.
The moisture where the earth is removed and the droppings along the trail are good indications of the age of
the tracks. Where water has been crossed, the ground will,
for some distance beyond, be wet, and show where drops of
'
'
by different animals.
The mode
all
'
places.
valueless articles
'
or
comparatively
and should
trail,'
and careful
ploits of
my
The
Trail, Signs
and
Signals.
235
trail.
ruse
all,
was a perfect
came
posed a single man going away from the party, they put
their ponies about and at full speed started off, hoping to
overtake him, preferring to make a sure success of capturing one rather than risk an attack upon the entire party.
Wishing to scout in two directions, I once sent out two
'
came
to tell
to the diverging
'
Mountain Scouting.
236
'
trail
when
'
Many
'
'
Who
'
'
'
are you
the right
and
is
'
left several
'
The
Trail,
Signs
and
237
Signals.
may
be
breast)
fold the
that
'
breast, etc.
The various tribes are indicated by making the represensome totem peculiar to each.
The Comanches, or Snakes,' by a gliding motion, like a
tation of
'
crawling snake.
across
the throat.
The Kiowas, or
Prairie Men,'
of water.
The Pawnees, or
'
pointing upward.
The Cheyennes,
Mountain
238
Scouting.
at will.
to the very clear mountain air, the elevated
and mountain ridges may be seen at a great disand may serve the purpose of signal stations.
Owing
*
buttes
tance,
'
Skirmishing*
CHAPTER
239
XVI.
SKIRMISHING.
from
is
ener
still,
marauding
in
when supposed
number and
position.
manding
240
Mcuntain
Scouting.
He
When
He is very quick to secure the nearest commanding covered position, and in a lesser time will have made himself
well acquainted with the ground its contour, its relief, its
peculiarities of slope
and
its
successive rises.
Having the
heights, he well understands the necessity of taking position very near the military crest; and, by placing himself
close to the ground, will, while unobserved, watch every
movement of the enemy, and at the most opportune mo-
ing near the military crest, uncovers only his shoulders and
Skirmishing.
241
practice
his
venturesome force
and,
the main force, surrounding and destroying
When
when
Mountain Scouting.
242
connoitre the
examine
all
trail
rocks,
Above all things, a surprise is to be avoided; for experience shows that soldiers once surprised or stampeded by
Indians are no longer suitable for work in the Indian
country.
When
warm
'
and the country is unknown, the best and safest plan is to make night marches
and daybreak surprises. The Indian is least prepared to
resist an attack made during that uncertain period between
darkness and daylight. *
When endeavoring to make a surprise, and near the
enemy, every effort must be made to avoid all noise. All
communicating should be done by means of signals; and
the trail
is
very
darkness.
The commanding
Skirmishing.
243
kind,
and
is
very
cautious,
in
any
his
advances.
While of a very
the
courage
that
in
cunning and
patience.
IN
THE OPEN.
Mountain Scouting.
244
men from
the effects of
is suffi-
cient to
protect
rifle balls.
id
245
Skirmishing*
ening the
effect of the
enemy's
fire,
of pit
lie
and parapet
in practice.
The soldier should never be separated from an intrenchMany are the instances
ing tool of some description.
recorded where it was impossible to forward the intrenching tools to the front until after the exigency for their use
had passed, and the men were compelled to use tin plates,
tin cans,
to get
fire.
I
am
an advocate
of
Colonel Rice's
trowel bayonet,
It has already
is
no doubt as to
its
usefulness as follows
its
ex:
/ am
fully satisfied that its utility and value are as well established as that of any article carried by the soldier; that it would
increase the efficiency of any army / and that it should be univerIf the opinion of ^officers comsally adopted by the entire army.
knife (rasp, saw or any other article required by the parenters the scabbard and is retained in position by means
it),
is
prepared so as to
while to the upper
is
;
it
into a suitable
Mountain
246
manding
is
opinion
the
Scouting.
is
of
its
adoption.
manner
of forming.s'/W/Vv -trenches.
the
fire
of the
deep,
it
and
it,
made 4^
file-closers lying
feet wide,
it
down
IN REAK.
in rear.
men to
down in it.
The greatest prudence must be observed when charging
ing inside of
it
if it
be
feet wide,
it
lie
Indians, as
suers,
and
their favorite ruse to scatter before the purthen close again in bands and attack the rear and
it is
Skirmishing.
247
flanks of the charge, well scattered while pursuing indiIt is very seldom that they either make or meet a
viduals.
charge.
When
it is a good plan
(if the ground be
push in between their detachments, and while
guarding one side, make a vigorous attack on the other.
A small command should be kept together, and never
divided into detachments if it can be avoided.
The force and proximity of Indians cannot be determined
by usual appearances. Frequently, when there is no visible
'sign,' the entire war party may be waiting in ambush, a
few hundred yards distant or, while many miles away,
they may convey the impression that they are near and on
the alert, by erecting and leaving piles of rock, etc., on the
surrounding hills, which at a distance appear like sentinels.
A great deal has been said about the superior arms pos-
they scatter
suitable) to
by the Indians.
sessed
now
In
in the
fact, their
and
rows.
from
The bows
3
to
are
feet
made
Mountain Scouting.
248
at the other.
to do.
hay or grain.
Indians
without
hunting
any sign whatever, I
believe it is a good plan to proceed in the direction of some
locality where the cotton-wood is known to be abundant.
quently select
When
it
in preference to
'
'
APPENDIX.
1.
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
2.
ROWING
3.
CHINOOK JARGON.
SWIMMING EXERCISES,
i.
Swimming,
as a useful
and gymnastic
exercise,
is
worthy of
all.
muscles.
man
i.
The
It is
(and invariably
when
raining),
but
bottom, which
from mud,
is
best
when of
gravel or
all
When
bathing in the
hall,
regarding
bathing parades.
Coryza is frequently the consequence
of evening bathing, when the hair is not perfectly dry before
for the
sleeping.
In all practice, when exposed to the heat of the sun, the head
should be kept cool by wetting the hair, or in case of its thinness,
by applying a frequently wetted handkerchief
Practice should never take place before digestion
is
finished,
nor
when the body is in a perspiration. Those of plethoric temperament should bathe at such times only as the surgeon directs.
A.
The
and canvas
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
swim
to
quired
and
in jackets
trowsers,
or
in
the
regular
riding clothes.
5.
On
The
on a
clear,
to
gradually shelving
bottom, until the water reaches his breast, turn towards the place
of entrance, draw in a full breath, close the lips and rest upon the
water, suffering
This
is
it
of the
head.
6.
with
When
to be avoided.
corks, bladders
aids in floating
and
first
lifting
to dispense
machines are
instructing as to attitude
necessary,
and
the learner.
its weight remains above the surface in fresh water, and about
one-tenth in salt water.
of
If the
swimmer
places himself
face
the.
will
is
come over the mouth, although the face rises and sinks one
inch at every inspiration and expiration.
The learner must satisfy himself as to the truth of this and learn,
not
by
The
of the body.
7.
has
After the learner has assured himself that he can float and
become a
him to
in the correct attitude of the body and movements of
It is proposed that these principles be taught and ac-
overcome
his
natural
fear
be drilled
it
of
is
the water,
to
the limbs.
No
matter
how
may become
in the ac-
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
he neglects to attain the right
tion, if
never be a good
will
comes
and
easy
attitude,
he
swimmer,
delightful
attention
is
chin
the
closed),
elevated
forward,
It is
(lips
important to guard
of
the
9.
must be kept
the- fingers
may
properly
little
concave
The
they lose some of their power in the water.
hands thus formed are placed before the breast, the wrist
touching it and the fingers pointing forward, prepara-
if so,
tory to a stroke.
The
10.
The
elevations
first
elevation
This elevation
is
is
is
performed.
The
first
is
made by
projecting
em-
ploying the first elevation, in order to produce buoyCare must be taken in this part of the stroke
ancy.
that
the
water.
fingers
do not
break
the
surface
of the
SWIMMIXi
KX KRCISES.
ii.
be employed, the
the hands allowed
first
and
to decline.
low as the
hips.
both
The
laterally
and
fall
to the
from them
anteriorly.
is
owing
The
causing them to
hang down, while the arms raise them up.
The action of the arms throughout should be
gentle and easy.
the breast by a turn of the wrist,
to practice
until
each
is
accustomed
to the action.
Action
legs.
is
exercised.
When
the
to the action,
separately accustomed
leg
arm and leg of the same side may be exercised
is
together.
The
first
is
The
feet are
now
to
be thrown out
SWIMMINC;
It is
was a
EXERCISES.
loss
loss,
rived.
down
together.
15.
The
legs
the arms descending while the legs are rising, and vice versa.
Thus the body is kept in one continued progressive motion,
to the alternate
movement
of the limbs.
1
6.
correct
The
modes of
and accuracy.
Strict attention
member when
the
left
Attitude
out
and Action
in the Water.
The requirements of paragraph 8 must be 'observed throughwhen in the water. Having acquired the correct attitude,
7.
learner
and
is
yards by long
and steady strokes, and without any great fatigue, would labor
It is an excellen t
hard to accomplish 2 5 yards by quick strokes.
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
plan, at
first,
hands
it
mind
that
it
is
feet in
to support the
when
when at full
should not be parted immediately, but a delay of
one second should be allowed in order that the head may
stretch in front,
at least
By thus dwelling on
approach the point where the hands part.
each stroke and keeping good time, the swimmer will advance
about ten times as
quickly
The
far
when he
each stroke, as
hands
parts his
strokes.
moment when
the
body
is
its
posture.
if
cautious
movement
arms
balancing the
for
on the
body, and,
The
body
in the water,
should be frequently
practiced.
Treading Water.
1 8.
Here the position is upright, and progression is obtained by
the action of the legs alone.
The arms should be folded below
the breast or pressed against the hips, and the legs are employed as
in front
swimming, except
as
to
time and
dicularly,
the
swimmer
too
much
each other.
The
raise
between
space
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
ture
here the legs are contracted alternately, and while one reThis
other, less so, describes a circle.
method of swimming
is
drown-
ing persons.
Swimming
1
9.
When swimming on
on the Back.
body should
Though
sitting posture.
is
rest at full
little
calcula-
power of action required for support. The proper position is attained and preserved by lying down gently upon the water, the
body extended the head kept in a true line with it, so that the
;
back part of the head may be immersed the hands laid on the
thighs, and care taken that the knees do not rise out of the water
;
the head
20.
(working inwards)
may
assist
the feet in
While embody
swimming, care being taken that the
out of the water, the arms may be used in vapropelling the
forward.
knees do not
rise
inclined
downward
arms elevated
make one
other as they
22.
to increase
the
buoyancy;
as before.
rise.
"Finning"
differs
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
10
the arms
legs.
of the
The
act of passing
the
reverse,
after
feet.
To
and
breast.
ment of
it
gives to
around, and a
all
the
much
it,
it
easy.
Floating.
24.
Floating
perform
it,
is
a transition from
swimming on
arms as far
as possible
the back.
To
the
the chin
By
little
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
Side
Side
1 1
Swimming.
swimming well suited for passing over a short distance with rapidity.
It presents to the water a smaller surface than
25.
is
or
left side,
and the
feet
motions.
When on
the
left
the
left side,
stead of upward).
as
an
the
swimmer should
The thumb
side of the
When swimming
oar.
on
strike forward
with
either
hand downward
side,
serves
the lower
arm
and the
hand beginning
While this hand is again
its stroke on a level with the head.
brought forward and the feet contracted, the lower hand is drawn
upper arm
26.
Quadruped Swimming.
are not formed so as to act advantagemethod, and hence very little progress can be made.
ously in this
The method
swimming
foot
is
set
Overhand Swimming.
27.
This method
is
practiced
several grave objections found in the old method, such as the ex-
are moving.
when
neither of the
extremities
exactly with
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
12
The body
is
thrown more or
less
on
its
and
forward on the water, and to move his legs and arms in a plane
nearly vertical (instead of horizontal), thereby increasing the
1
ength of the effective stroke, both of the legs and arms, to nearly
half an
body
ellipse.
The advancing
left sides
of the
tinuity of motion.
known,
is
The
tances.
Plunging.
28.
foremost.
either with
arms
When
close.
the plunge
to the feet,
when
On rising to the
the knees and spine are extended (Fig. i).
surface, the mouth must not be opened before repelling the water.
In the flat plunge, made only from a small height, the swimmer
.should fling himself forwards in order to extend the line of the
plunge as much as possible under the surface of the water. Upon
.touching
it,
(Fig. 2).
Diving.
29.
The swimmer
and slow
inspiration.
should prepare
The
for diving,
by taking a
is
full
the reverse of
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
that for
swimming;
instead of
made
round,
and the
ward, coming
out lower,
if
the water
is
clear, to
enable the
briskly
its
depth,
(Fig. 3).
Feats in Swimming.
30.
When
modes
Here
of swimming the instructor should teach one-arm swimming.
the instructor will see
swimmers are
more erect in the water
and hold their heads
that the
The arm,
extent,
struck
out
at its
must
be
across the
for
swimming or treading
It is readily seen
water, a person
may
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
above water, or when under a blind, might sketch the
position of
the enemy's guns.
31. The sections should also be practiced in carrying
weights
while swimming.
The
practice should
continue
each
until
member may be
able
swim with
and ammu-
to readily
his rifle
The drawing
shows a manner of attaching the rifle by means of a spring in the
crown of the helmet or hat, so that a man swimming high may
nition.
transport
form
32.
it
in a dry condition.
per-
this feat.
in connection with
swimming of stock.
him by the
and allow him to
will seize
tail
tow him.
If the ani-
mal turns
his
head or
endeavors
to
change
swim-
it
by splashing water
in
his face with the right or left hand, as the case may be.
33. If the current is not very strong, it will be found
much
more satisfactory to
swim along with the
horse, on the down
stream
side,
on by the
the
holding
halter strap,
mane
leather.
good plan
or stirrup
is not a
It
to
remain
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
in the saddle, as the
and
This
roll over.
animal
is
means of
their
own
hair.
at
If possible,
their backs,
to seize the
swimmer, must
The
air,
the
face,
The
air,
on shore or
and remove
afloat
all tight
expose
clothing
chest.
aimed at are first, the restoration of breathand secondly, after breathing is restored, the promotion of
warmth and circulation.
ing
ly
points to be
The
and
energetically,
necessary.
moving
until the
Efforts
restoration to
b.
To
life
will
be endangered.
To Restore Breathing.
CLEAR THE THROAT. Place the patient on the
floor or
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
face
ing
if
the breath-
then
fail,
To EXCITE BREATHING.
on the
side,
supporting the head, and excite the nostrils with snuff, hartshorn
or smelling salts, or tickle the throat with a feather, &c. if at
,
Rub
hand.
the chest
and
'
face
endeavor
To
IMITATE BREATHING.
face, rais-
article
of dress.
Turn
the
face,
five
side.
[By placing the patient on the chest, the weight of the body
forces the air out when turned on the side, this pressure is re;
moved, and
On
moving
body on the
side.
During the whole of the operations let one person attend solely
movements of the head and 'of the arm placed under it.
[The first measure increases the expiration the second com-
to the
mences
The
inspiration.]
result
is
and,
if
not too
late, Life.
Whilst the above operations are being proceeded with, dry the
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
hands and
These
utes
To
c.
patient's head, grasp the arms just above the elbows, and draw
the arms gently and steadily upwards above the head, and keep
them stretched upwards for two seconds.
(By this means air is
drawn into the lungs. ) Then turn down the patient's arms, and
press them gently and firmly for two seconds against the sides of
(By this means air is pressed out of the lungs. )
Repeat these measures alternately, deliberately, and perseveringly, about fifteen times in a minute, until a spontaneous effort
the chest.
to respire
the
is
perceived, immediately
movements of
breathing,
and warmth.
d.
Commence
CIRCULATION.
rub-
bing the limbs upwards, with firm grasping pressure and energy,
using handkerchiefs, flannels, &c.
[By this measure the blood is
propelled along the veins towards the heart. ]
The friction must be continued under the blanket or over the
dry clothing.
On
the restoration of
should be administered.
and a
persevered in
for
life,
some hours
until recovery
:
is
made.
The
fol-
SWIMMING EXERCISES.
18
cold.
Restore
35. Rub the body with snow, ice, or cold water.
warmth gradually and after some time, if necessary, employ the means recommended for the drowned. In these
;
it is
helps
trils.
2.
The
early
The
employment
of electricity
by a
skillful per-
son.
3.
Rowing.
ROWING.
Nearly all the mountain streams and rivers of importance
have too much depth and current to permit either poling or
paddling, and the inexperienced are frequently called upon
An observance of the following remarks
to use the sculls.
maj
prove useful:
THE SEAT.
'
'
body
far
_^ _
==
in the
row-
2O
Rowing.
represented.
is
more from
their
when
may
the hands to
The
pull
must be continued
until the
body
is
thrown well
back, and the elbows approach the tops of the hips. Care
must be taken that the hands are not
To
RETURN OF THE
SCULLS.
sculls are
21
Rowing.
TO TURN.
to turn,
it, if
necessary,
22
Jargon Vocabulary.
CHINOOK JARGON.
The number
of
earnings, to carry
ciation
sick, skin,
then
lazy,
man, musket,
common
nose, sail,
stick,
stone,
The Chinook jargon is thoroughly understood by all Indians of the Northwest, and it is believed that a study of
the following vocabulary will enable any one to converse
with any of the tribes. A great deal will depend upon the
expression and gestures of the speaker, and experience
only can teach him to intelligently say the imst, while
using the fewest words.
Jargon Vocabulary.
JARGON VOCABULARY.
ENGLISH
And
sah-a-le.
Above,
Again
Ague,
Ah
Ah
(also,
more), weght.
cole-sick.
(admiration) wan.
CHINOOK.
Angel, ta-man-a-wis.
Angry,
sollux.
Another, hul-o-ima.
Apple, le pome.
Apron, ki-see.
Arbutus, lahb.
Arm, le mah.
Arrive
Arrow,
ko.
kah-li-tan.
at,
As, kock-wa.
kon-away.
Almost, wake-siah.
As
Alms
All,
(to
give),
if,
kah-kwa spose.
mam-ook
kla-how-i-am.
Alone, copet-ict.
At, ko-pa.
Although, kegh-ti-chie.
Always, kwa-ne-sum.
American, Boston man.
Aunt, kwalh.
Amusement,
hee-hee.
Back, kimp-ta.
Bad, me-sa-chie.
Bad
Bad
odor,
humm.
Spirit, ma-sa-chi
a-wis.
taman-
Autumn,
Ball, col-li-ton.
Beaver, ee-naa.
Because, keh-wa.
Become (to), cha-ko
Bargain, ma-kook.
Bark, stick-skin.
Behind, kim-ta.
Barrel, ta-mo-litsh.
Bell, tin-tin.
Basket, 6-pe-kwan.
Belly, ya-kwah-tin.
Below, kee-kwil-lie.
Bag,
Be
le-sak.
still,
cul-tas mit-lite.
Beads, ka-mo-suck.
Before,
e-lip.
Belt, la san-jel.
Jurgon Vocabulary.
Boy, ten-as man.
Berries, o-lil-lie.
Best, e-lip klosh.
Beyond, ten-as si-ah.
Bracelet, klik-wal-lie.
Brass, pel chick-a-min.
Big, hy-as.
Bird, kal-lak-a-la.
Biscuit, la bis-ke.
Bitter, klihl.
Break, kok-shet.
lia).
Black, klale.
Blackberries, klik-a-muks.
Blanket, pa-see-sie.
Blind, ha-lo see-a-host.
Blood, pil-pil.
Blow, puk-puk.
Breast, to-toosh'.
Bridle, la bleed.
Bright, te-wagh.
Bring (to), rmirn-ook cha-co.
Broad, kluk-ulh'.
Broken, cha-cluck.
Brother, kap-ho, if older than
the speaker
ow,
if
young-
er.
Brother-in-law, ek-keh.
Brook, ten-as chuck.
Bob-tailed, sis-ki-you.
Boil (to), lip-lip.
Broom, bloom.
Bone, stone.
Buffalo, moos-moos.
Bullet, le bal, or ke-li-li-tan.
Bucket, ta-mo-litsh.
mam-ook
Borrow
a-yah-whul.
Both, kon-a-moxt.
(to),
Bottle, la-boo-ti.
(of a boat), nose.
(to shoot with),
Bow
Bow
stick
musket.
Bow,
Bundle, kow.
Burn
whop.
mam-ook
pia.
Button, chil-chil.
Buttons, tsil-tsil.
Buy
o-pitl-kegh.
(to),
Biscuit, la-bisque.
But, pee.
Butter, to-toosh-la-klees'.
(to),
mah-kook.
By, co-pa.
Bowl, oos-kan.
Box, la ca-sett.
By-and-By, win-a-pie.
Cabbage, cabbage.
Capsize, kil-a-pie.
Carrot, la-ca-lat.
Call
(to),
wa wa.
Canoe, ca-mm.
Cap, se-ah-pult.
Carry
(to), lo-lo.
Cart, tsik-a-tsik.
Cascade, tum-wa-ter.
Cask, ta-mo-litch.
Cat, puss-puss.
Jargon Vocabulary.
Cataract, turn wa-ter.
moos-moos.
Cedar, la med-cine
Cattle,
stick.
Cellar, ket-wil-la.
Certainly, na-wit-ka.
Change
(to),
huy-huy.
Cheat
(to),la-lah.
Chicken, la pool.
Clear, klah.
mam-ook kwun-
clooch-man, moosmoos.
Country, il-la-he.
Coyote, tal-a-pus.
Crab-apple, pow-itsh.
Cranberry, so-le-mie.
Crazy, pelton.
Cream-colored, la clem.
Crooked, ky-wa.
Cross, la clo-a.
Crow, caw-caw.
Cry (to), cly.
Cup, oos-kan.
(to), cha-co.
here, cha-co
yockwa
Curly, hunl-kih.
Cut
(ne-whah).
(to), tl-ko-pe.
wa-wa.
Dance, tanse.
Dark, polak-lie.
Daughter, ni-ka ten-as
clooch-man.
Day (this), o-kook sun.
Daybreak, ten-as sun.
Dead, mem-a-loos.
Deaf, ik-pooie kwil-lan.
Dear, hy-as ma-kook.
klip.
(to),
nun.
Cow,
Deep,
Count
Circle, que-u-que-u.
(to),
(to), lo-lo.
Chimney, la-shum-ma-na.
Command
Conquer
Corral, kul-lagh.
Chief, ty-ee.
Child, ten-as man.
Chilly, ten-as cole.
Come
Come
Conceal, ipsoot.
Conjuring, ta-ma-na-wis.
Deer, mow-itsh.
Demon, skoo-kum.
Desert (to sneak off), swalla clat-a-wa cap.
Devil, deaub.
Different, kull.
Dig
mam-ook
(to),
bit.
il-1.
Dime,
26
Jargon Vocabulary.
Dive
Do
(to),
mam-ook.
Doctor, doc-tin.
Dogs, kam-ooks.
Dollar, dol-la.
Door, la po-te.
Down
Drink,
Drive
mam-ook
chuck.
(to), kish-kish.
Duck,
Duck
(Mallard), haht-huht.
Dust,
po-lal-lie.
stream, mi-mie.
Empty, ha-lo
mit-lite.
Enclosure, kul-lagh.
man.
Enlarge, hy-as mam-ook.
Enough, hy-u, or co-pet.
Entrails, ki-yah.
Evening, ten-as polak-lie.
Every, kon-a-wa.
Exchange, huy-huy.
Extinguish, mam-ook
mem-
End, o-boot.
a-loos, (poh).
Eyes, see-a-host.
Face, see-a-host.
Fade (to), cha-co spo-ak.
Faded, spo-oh.
Falsehood, klim in-a-whit.
Falsify (to), cla-man-a-whit.
Fence, kul-lagh.
Fetch, mam-ook cha-ko.
Fever, waum sick.
Far, si-ah.
Far
sy-ah.
Fast (quick), hy-ak.
off,
Fat
Fathom,
it-Ian (eth-low).
Few,
ten-as.
File, la-leem.
Fill (to), mam-ook pahtl.
Find (to), klap.
Finished, co-pet.
Fingers,
le
doo.
Fear, kwass.
Feet, la pe-a.
Fire, pi-a.
First, e-lip.
Fell (to),
mam -ook-whim.
Jargon Vocabulary.
Forever, kwah-ne-sum.
Forenoon, clip sit-cum sun.
Forget, copet cum-tux (mah-
Fish-hook, ik-kik.
Flag, Sun-day.
Flea, en-e-poo.
Flesh, il-wil-lie.
Flies, le
lie).
Fork, la poo-shet.
moose.
Formerly, an-kot-tie.
Fox, ta-la-pos.
Flour, sap-o-lil.
Flowers, klosh tip-so.
Frenchman, pa-si-ooks
Friend, six.
Frog, swah-kuk.
Fry
Gallop
(to),
ith-el-coom.
Give
(to), pot-latch.
Glad, kwarm.
Glass, she-lockum.
Go, clat-a-wa.
Go
to
bed,
clat-a-wa
mam-ook
la po-el.
Id po-el.
Full, pahtl.
kwa-lal kwa-lal.
(to),
(to),
Frying-pan,
Foot, le-pee.
For what, pe-co-tu.
Gamble
27
Good, klosh.
Good-bye, kla-how-i-am.
Goods, ic-tas.
Goose, kal-ak-a-lah.
Grandfather, chope.
Grandmother,
chitz.
Grass, tip-so.
Grease, gleese.
Great, hy-as.
Great many, hy-u.
Green, pe-chugh.
Grey, le-gley.
Grizzly bear, se-am.
moo-
sum.
God, sa-ha-lie ty-ee.
Gold, pil chick-a-min.
Ground,
il-la-he.
Gum-wood,
la
goom-stick.
Gun, suk-wal-lal.
Handkerchief, kak.-at-chum
Hail, cole-snass.
Hair, yak-so.
Half, sit-cum.
Handsome, hy-as
Hallo, nah.
Hammer, le-mah-to.
Hand, le-mah.
Harrow
Hand (game
Hat, se-ah-po.
of), it'lo-cum.
Hard,
klo^h.
kull.
Hare, kwit-shad-ie.
(to),
il-la-he.
mam-ook comb
28
Jargon Vocabulary.
Hazel nuts,
tuk-wil-la.
He
Hog,
Heart, turn-turn.
Hole, kla-whop.
Holiday, Sunday.
Heaven, sa-ha-lie
Heavy, till.
Help
(to),
Horn, stone.
il-la-he.
mam-ook
co-sho.
Horse, cu-i-tan.
How,
e-lan.
kah-tah.
? kon-si-ah.
How large
How many
Here, yock-wa.
Hide, skin.
Hundred, tuk-a-mo-nuk.
Hungry, o-lo.
Hide
Hurry, hy-ak.
Husband, man.
(to), ip-soot.
High, sa-ha-lie.
Hit (to), kwulh.
I
or mine), ni-ka.
my
(me,
Iron, chick-a-min.
Island, ten-as il-la-he.
It (this, that), o-cook.
In, ko-pa.
Indian, si-wash.
mam-ook
kon-se-a.
Joke
Joy, u-a-tle.
(to), so-pe-na.
Jump
lah-lah.
K
Kamass root,
Keep off (to),
la
ka-mas.
maht-lin-nie.
Kettle, ket-ling.
Key, la kley.
Kick
(to),
Kill
(to),
chuck-kin.
mam-ook mim-a-
loos.
Kiss, be-be.
Knife, 6-pit-sah.
Knock
(to),
ko-ko.
Knotty, hunl-kih.
Know (to), cum-tux.
Know
(not to),
wake cum-
tux.
Lame, klook
te-ha wit.
eel, skwak-wal.
il-la-he.
Lamprey
Land,
Land
otter, in-a-mooks.
Language,
la lang.
Large, hyas.
Leap
(to), so-pe-na.
Jargon Vocabulary.
Leave
Listen
Leg, te-ah-wit.
Leggings, mi-tas
(to),
(to),
ne-wha.
Little, ten-as.
Live (to), mit-lite.
(sa-kol-
Liquor, lum.
Long while ago,
eks).
Lend
29
a-yah-whul.
la-lee.
Long, youtl-kut.
Length, youtl-kut.
Lick (to), kla-wun.
Lie (to), kla-man-a-wit.
Long
ago, an-cot-tie.
Look, nan-itch.
Looking
Like, ka-kwa.
Lower, mam-ook-keg-wil-le.
Like
glass, she
Loose, stoh.
Lose the way
lockum.
(to), tso-lo.
Lost, mash.
Love (to), tick-egh.
(to), tik-egh.
M
Mad,
Mill, moo-la.
(the), turn-turn.
sol-lux.
Magic, ta ma-na-was.
Mind
Make
Mire, weght.
Mark
(to), mam-ook.
Many, hy-u.
Mark, tsum.
(to),
mam-ook tsum.
Molasses, me-las.
Money, chick-a-min.
Month, moon.
Mosquito, mel-a-Kwa.
Mother, ma-ma.
Mountain, la monti.
Mountain, hy-as il-la-he.
Mouse, hool-hool.
Meat, itl-wil-lie.
Medicine, la med-sin.
Men,
Mouth, la boss.
Much, hy-u.
til-li-cums.
Mend
(to),
mam-ook
tip-.
Mud, cle-min
shin.
il-la-he.
Mule, la mel.
Music, tin-tin.
Mussels, to-luks.
Muskrat, cul-tus e-nah.
Milk, to-toosh.
My
Metal, chick-a-min.
Middle
(the), kat-sik.
(mine), ni-ka.
N
Nails, le clou.
Jargon Vocabulary.
Near, wake si-ah.
Neck, le cou.
Needle, ca-pu-ut.
New,
None, ha-lo.
Nonsense, cul-tus wa-wa.
Noon, sit-cum sun.
Not
chee.
yet,
wake al-ta.
Now,
al-ta.
Nobody, wake
Nuts,
til-wil-la.
Open
(to),
clax-to.
Noise, la tlah.
Oak, kull
stick.
he-luck.
Oar, la lahm.
Oats, la wen.
Obtain, is-kum.
Opposite,
Or, pe.
Ocean, salt-chuck.
Other, hul-o-i-ma.
Off, klak.
Otter, e-mam-ooks.
Our (we, us), ne-si-ka.
Out doors (outside), klagh-
Order
On, co-pa.
One
in-a-ti.
(to),
mash
a-nie.
Ox, moos-moos.
Open, hah-lakl.
Oysters, chet-lo.
Paddle,
Paddle
Plate, la se-et.
is-ick.
(to),
mam-ook
turn-turn.
is-ick.
Paint, pent.
Perhaps, klo-nas.
Petticoat, kal-a-kwah-tie.
Piebald, le kye.
Pin, kwek-wi-eus (keep-wot).
Pipe, la peep.
Pitch, la goom.
Pleased, youtl.
Plough
(to),
klugh
il-la-he.
Pole, le pehsh.
Poor, ha-lo ic-ta (kla-how-
yam).
Pork, co-sho.
Porpoise, qui-see-o.
Potato, wap-pa-to.
Pour
(to),
Powder,
wagh.
po-lal-lie.
Jargon
V.ocabulary.
Priest, le plet.
Pull, haul.
Push, Kwult.
kwah-
Quick, hy-ak.
Quills, te-peh.
ta.
Rabbit, kwit-shad-ie.
Rain, snass.
Rat, hole hole.
Road, way-hut
(o-chut).
Rattle, shugh.
Roan-colored, san-de-lie.
Roast, mam-ook la pellah.
Rattlesnake, shugh-6-poots.
Rock, stone.
Razor
Rooster, la cock.
Root, ka-mass.
fish, 6-na.
Reach, ko.
Red, pil.
Relate (to), yi-em.
Report (of a gun), poo.
Return, cha-co kil a-pie.
Ribbon, le lo-ba.
Rope, lope.
Rotten, poo-lie.
Round,
lo-lo.
le-lam.
Rudder, boat-o-poots.
lum.
Rice, mit-whit.
Rum,
Rifle, ca-li-peen.
Run, coo-ry.
Run away, cap-swal-la
clat-
a-wa.
Ripe, pi-ah.
S
Sack, le sak.
Saddle, la sell.
Saddle-housing, le-pish-e-mo.
Sailor, ship-man.
Salmon, sa-mon.
See
Sand,
po-lal-lie.
Sandwich
Islander, Oyee.
Sash, la saw-jel.
Saw, la see (la gwin).
Say
(to),
wa-wa.
Scarce, quass.
Scissors, le see-zo.
(to), nan-itch.
Sell (to),
Send
Sew
man-cook.
(to), clat-a-wa.
(to),
mam-ook
tip-shin.
Shake, hul-hul.
Sharp, pah-kis-ilth.
Sharpen
(to),
mam-ook
tsish.
She, ya-ka.
Sheep, le moo-to.
Shell money (small), coopcoop.
Shell money (large) ai-qua.
Shingle, le bah-do.
Jargon Vocabulary.
Shining, to-wagh.
Spirit
(guardian),
no-us.
Shirt, shut.
Shoot
mam-ook
(to),
poo.
Spirits,
Split, tsugh.
Split (to),
mam-ook tsugh.
Spectacles, dal-la see-a-host.
Spit (to), mam-ook toh.
Spotted, le-kye.
Spurs, la see-bio.
Squirrel, kwis-kwis.
Shovel, la-pell.
Shut
(to), ik-poo-ie.
Sift (to), to-to.
Silk, la-sway.
Silver, t-kope chik-a-min.
Stab
(to),
klem-a-rmm.
Stag, man-mow-a-itch.
Stand, mit-whit.
Stars (buttons), tsil-tsil.
Similar, kah-kwa.
Since, kim ta.
(to), shan-ti.
Sink, cli-a.
Sister (elder), lik-po.
Sister (younger), ats.
Stay
(to), mit-lite.
Steal, cap-swalla.
Steam, smoke.
Steamer, ship (pia-ship).
Skunk, hum-o-poots
man-
lum.
Short, yutes-kut.
Sing
to
Stirrup, sit-lay.
Stockings, kush-is.
(saub-
boo).
Sky, koo-sah.
Stop, ko pet.
Small, ten-as.
Smell, hum.
Snake, o-luk.
Strong, skoo-kum.
Sturgeon, stutch-un.
Subdue, quan.
Sugar, le sook.
Snare, la pe-age.
cole-snass.
Soft, cla-min.
Snow,
Sometimes,
Summer, waum
ict-ict.
Sun, Ota-lagh.
Sunset, elip-sun.
Suppose, spose.
Sour, kwates.
Swan, kah-loke.
Soon, wake'le-ly.
Spade, la
Speak
(to),
Spill (to),
Sweep
pell.
wa-wa.
(to),
il-la-he.
mam-ook bloom.
Sweet, tsee.
Swim, sit-shum.
wagh.
T
Table, la tahb.
Tail, o-poots.
Take
Take
(to),
is-kum.
Jargon Vocabulary.
Take
mam-ook
off,
klak.
33
Tight, kwutl.
Tale, yi-em.
Tinware, ma-lah.
Talk, wa-wa.
Tame, kwass.
Tattle
(to),
Teach
ya-yim.
mam-ook-cum-
(to),
tux.
Tear
To-morrow, to ma-la.
Tongue, la lang.
Trade (to) hoe-hoe.
(to), klugh.
le tah.
Teeth,
Tell
(to),
Thank
wa-wa.
you, mah-sie.
Trail, way-hut.
Trap, la piege.
That, o-cook.
That way
(there,
beyond),
(to), kil-a-pie.
Twice, moxt.
Twilight, twah.
Twine, ten-as lope.
Tide, chuck.
Uncle,
Tub, ta-mo-litsh.
Turn (to), howh.
Turn over
Thread, kla-pite.
Throw (to), mash.
Throw away, mahsh.
(to),
stick.
This, o-cook.
Tie
Tree, stick.
yah-wa.
They, klas-ka.
Thick, pit-lilh.
Thin, pe-what-tie.
Thing, ic-ta.
Thirsty, o-lo chuck.
Thou
Tobacco, ki-noos.
To-day, o-cook sun.
kow.
Untie
tot.
Under, kee-kwil-lie.
Understand (to), cum-tux.
Unhappy, sick tum-tum.
United States, Boston il-la.
(to),
mam-ook
le
ha-lie.
Upset
(to), kil-a-pi.
Us, ne-si-ka.
mo-lo.
Vancouver, kits-oat-qua.
Venison, mow-itch.
Very, hyas.
Very small, hy-as ten-as.
stoh.
Useless, cul-tus.
he.
Untamed,
Up
Vessel, ship.
Vest, la west.
Vomit
(to),
wagh.
34
Jargon Vocabulary.
Wagon,
chik-chik.
Watch,
tik-tik.
Wicked, me-sa-chie.
Wide, kluk-ulh.
Wild, le mo-lo.
wash.
Win
(to), nan-itch.
Water, chuck.
Week
si-ka.
(one), ict
Weigh
(to),
Sunday.
mam-ook
til.
Wet, pahtl-chuck
Whale, eh-ko-lie.
What, ic-ta.
What
color
kan-sih.
Where, kah.
Whip, la whet.
White, t-kope.
Who,
klax-ta.
lo-lo, kwa-nice.
kah-tah.
Whole,
Why,
Year
Yellow, kaw-ka-wak.
Yes, ah-ha.
Yes indeed, na-wit-ka.
Wire
Wish
(brass), klik-wal-la.
(to), tick-ey.
With, co-pa.
Without, ha-lo.
Wolf,
ka-ta tsum,
Wheat, sap-o-lil.
Wheel, chik-chik.
When,
(to), to-lo.
Waterfall, turn-water.
We, ne
le-loo.
Woman,
Woman,
Wood,
Work
Worn
clootch-man.
(old) lam-mi-eh.
sticK.
(to),
mam-ook.
out, ol-e-man.
Worthless, cul-tus.
(to), klem-a-hum.
Write (to), mam-ook tsum.
Writing, tsum.
Wound
Young, ten-as.
You, mi-ka.
Yours, me-sika.
NUMERALS.
One,
ict.
Five, kuin-num.
Two, moxt.
Six,
Three, klone.
Four, lak-it.
Seven, sin-a-moxt.
Eight, sto-te-kin.
tagh-hum.
Jargon Vocabulary.
35
[ine, kweest,
Ten, tah-tel-lum.
One hundred,
One thousand,
ta-ka-mo-
ict
nuk.
tah-tel-lum
ta-ka-mo-nuk.
etc.)
Are you
friend
sick
severe ague.
Nah ?
Here is something
muck.
Thank you
Yock-wa
to eat.
Bring
chuck mi-ka ?
ol-o
Na-wit-ka
cole-sick.
Hy-as
Kla-how-iam, six
Sick, nah mi-ka ?
?
me some
mit-lite
mi-ka muck-a-
Mah-sie.
water.
Clat-a
is-cum chuck.
In what
Ko-pa kah ?
Ko-pa o-cook
In that bucket.
to carry
ta-mo-litsh.
Nah skoo-kum
it ?
mi-ka lo-lo
o-
cook.
No
it is
Where
I
is
Wake.
too heavy.
the bottle ?
don't know.
No
Kah
there
Hyas
la-boo-ti
it is.
til
o-cook.
Wake
wa.
ko-pa hv-
as chuck.
Is
he tired
Til
nah yak-ka ?
me ?
mam
ook ten-as
icta?
A t what?
Icta
numbers
seventy.
Jargon Vocabulary.
36
Come
Chaco
Very
well,
I'll
How
far
Kou-se-a si-ah
Not very
Make
Mam-ook
pi-a,
Wake
si-ah.
the
in oui
good
above,
til-li-cum j
above
stayeth in
si-ka turn-turn
people
who
father
Ne-si-ka
IN JARGON.
ty-ee ko-pa
kon-a-waj
in
the
as
on earth
will
thy
klosh mi-ka turn-turn ko-pa il-la-he kah-kwa ko-pc
good
give
every
day
our
food
If
we
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