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I used to think:
What is the difference between a sequence and a series?
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Basics
3, 5, 8, 9
Each number in a sequence is called a term of the sequence.
Above, the 1st term is 3 and the 2nd term is 5. We write this as T1 = 3 , T2 = 5 and so on.
Here are two examples.
Look at these sequences.
a
4, 7, 34, 0, 9, 7
T1 = 4
first term
T2 = 7
second term
T2 = 14
second term
T3 = 34 third term
T3 = 20
third term
T4 = 0
fourth term
T1 = 4^1 h + 5 = 9
T1 = 9 - 5 ^1 h = 4
T3 = 4^3 h + 5 = 17
T3 = 9 - 5 ^3 h =-6
T2 = 4^2h + 5 = 13
T2 = 9 - 5 ^2h =-1
T4 = 4^4h + 5 = 21
T4 = 9 - 5 ^4h =-11
T5 = 4^5 h + 5 = 25
T5 = 9 - 5 ^5 h =-16
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Basics
Here are two examples where you need to find the formula for the general term of a sequence.
Find the formula for the general term Tn for the sequences.
a
= 5+7#0
= 125 - 10 # 0
= 5+7#1
T3 = 19 = 5 + 14 = 5 + 7 # 2
T4 = 26 = 5 + 21 = 5 + 7 # 3
...
T4 = 95 = 125 - 30 = 125 - 10 # 3
...
Tn = 5 + 7 # ^n - 1h
Tn = 125 - 10 # ^n - 1h
Tn = 5 + 7n - 7
Tn = 125 - 10n + 10
` T2 = 12 = 5 + 7
` Tn = 135 - 10n
` Tn = 7n - 2
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3, 6, 1, -7, 0, 45
T1 =
T1 =
T2 =
T2 =
T3 =
T3 =
T4 =
T4 =
2. Write down the first 5 terms of the sequence whose general term is given:
a
Tn = 7n
Tn = 6n + 7
Tn = 1 - 3n
Tn =-19n
4.
Tn = 100 + 8n
Tn =-25 - 6n
2, 4, 6, 8, ...
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Arithmetic Sequences
An Arithmetic Sequence is a specific type of sequence where the difference (d) between consecutive terms is
constant (i.e. the same)
` T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 , ...
d
d = T2 - T1 = T3 - T2 = ... = Tn - Tn - 1 = ...
The difference, d, is called the common difference, and in general we say: d = Tn - Tn - 1 . An arithmetic sequence
can also be called an Arithmetic Progression and the abbreviation AP is commonly used.
Examples of arithmetic sequences
a
8,
12,
+4
+4
16,
20
32, 27,
+4
-5
= T2 - T1
= T3 - T2
= 8-4
= 12 - 8
22,
-5
17,
-5
12,
-5
7
-5
T1 = 32,
T2 = 27, and so on.
T1 = 4,
T2 = 8, and so on.
d
d
= 4 or
= 4.
d
d
= T2 - T1
= T3 - T2
= 27 - 32 =-5 or
= 22 - 27 =-5
To find the common difference, find the difference between consecutive terms.
Here is an example where the first term and common difference are used to find other terms.
A sequence has T1 = 10 and a common difference of 5. Find T2 , T3 , T4 .
Start with 10 and increase by 5 each term.
T1 = 10
T2 = 10 + 5 = 15
T3 = 15 + 5 = 20
T4 = 20 + 5 = 25
d = 20 - 14 = 6
` T2 = T1 + d
= 2+6
=8
` T5 = T4 + d
= 20 + 6
= 26
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7.
Questions
Basics
1, 7, 13, 19, 25
What are the next three terms if the common difference for these sequences is 5?
a
3, 8, ...
8. What are the next three terms if the common difference for these sequences is -4?
a
17, ...
3, -1, ...
9. What is the second term if the common difference for these sequences is 7?
a
5, T2 , 19 ...
-6, T2 , 8 ...
10. The fifth and seventh terms of an arithmetic sequence are 19 and 27 respectively. Find d.
11. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 3 and d = -4. What is the seventh term of the sequence?
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Basics
The next step is to work out a formula for any term of an arithmetic sequence. Here is an example.
Finding the general term (also called the n th term) of an arithmetic sequence
The sequence 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52 has a common difference of d = 7
T1 = 3
T2 = 10 = 3 + 7
T3 = 17 = 3 + 7 + 7
= 3 + 2^ 7 h
T4 = 24 = 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 = 3 + 3^7h
T2 = T1 + d
T3 = T2 + d
T4 = T3 + d
T5 = T4 + d
= a+d
= a + 2d
= a + 3d
= a + 4d
= a + ^2 - 1h d
= a + ^3 - 1h d
= a + ^4 - 1h d
= a + ^5 - 1h d
The formula for each term of an arithmetic sequence a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... is:
n th term
Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d
a = first term
d = common difference
= 2 + ^ n - 1h # 3
= 2 + 3n - 3
Tn = 3n - 1
The 10 th term is given by T10 = 3^10h - 1 = 29 .
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a=5
n=7
T7 = 71
Sometimes a term that isnt the first term is used to find terms of a sequence. In the next example the general
term is needed to find the first term, T1 = a .
The common difference of an arithmetic sequence is 14 and the twelfth term is 179. Find the first term.
This is given:
d = 14
T12 = 179
179 = a + ^12 - 1h 14
a = 179 - ^11h 14
a = 25
d =-8
n = 16
T16 =-144
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Find a
a = T1 =-12
c
Find d
d = T5 - T4 = 8 - 3 = 5
Find T20
T20 =-17 + 5^20h
Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d
=-12 + ^ n - 1h 5
= 83
` Tn =-17 + 5n
In the next example, two non-consecutive terms are used to find the general term of the sequence, Tn.
The general term is used to form a system of two simultaneous equations which can be solved.
In a sequence T8 = 149 and T12 = 225 . Find the general term.
By substituting the information into the formula Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d two equations are formed, and these need
to be solved simultaneously for a and d.
Substituting gives us
Tn = 149 , n = 8
T12 = 225 , n = 12
` 149 = a + ^8 - 1h d
and
` 225 = a + ^12 - 1h d
225 = a + 11d
Subtracting 2 - 1 gives:
225 - 149 = 11d - 7d
76 = 4d
` d = 19
Substituting into 1 gives:
a = 149 - 7^19h
` a = 16
` Tn = 16 + ^ n - 1h 19
` Tn = 19n - 3
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12. Find the formula for the n th term, Tn , of an arithmetic sequence with first term, a = 9, and common
difference, d = 12.
13. For the arithmetic sequence 21, 16, 11, 6, 1, -4, -9:
a
Find a
Find d
Find T20
14. The fifth term of an arithmetic sequence is T5 = 17 . Using the formula Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d , and given that
the first term is a = 1 , find the common difference d.
15. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 21 and the tenth term equals -78. Find d.
16. A sequence has a common difference 9 and T20 = 174 . Find the first term.
17. An arithmetic sequence has T5 = 45 and T8 = 27 . Find the general term by substituting into
Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d and solve a pair of simultaneous equations for a, d.
10
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Knowing More
Series
A series is the sum of the terms in a sequence.
Comparing a sequence to a series.
5, 2, 13, 10, 8 is a sequence.
5 + 2 + 13 + 10 + 8 is a series.
Tn is used as a symbol for the n th term. Terms in a series are found the same way as terms in a sequence.
Sn is the notation for the sum of the first n terms. Here are some basic examples.
Consider the series 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + ...
a
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Arithmetic Series
Remember that in an arithmetic sequence, consecutive terms have the same difference. This holds in an
arithmetic series also, consecutive terms always differ by the same amount, d, the common difference. The terms
Tn + 1 and Tn are consecutive and for an arithmetic series:
Tn = Tn + 1 + d = a + ^ n - 1h d
Tn - Tn + 1 = d
Here are some arithmetic series.
Examples of arithmetic series.
a
S7 = 1 + 9 + 17 + 25 + 33 + 41 + 49
The common difference is d = 9 - 1 = 8.
S3 = 10 + 8 + 6 + 4
The common difference is d = 8 - 10 = -2.
13 + 30 + T3
9 + T2 + 31
T3 = 31 and a = 9
d = T2 - T1
= 30 - 13
= 17
` 9 + ^3 - 1h d = 31
` 9 + 2d = 31
T3 = 30 + d
= 30 + 17
= 47
Solve for d,
d = 31 - 9 = 11
2
So
T2 = 9 + 11 = 20
and
a = 20
` 20 + ^4 - 1h d = 116
20 + 3d = 116
d = 116 - 20
3
d = 32
So the missing terms are
T2 = 20 + 32 = 52
and
T3 = 52 + 32 = 84
12
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Sn = a
In reverse:
+ ... + ^a + ^n - 2h d h +^a + ^n - 1h d h
+ ^a + ^n - 2 h d h
Sn = ^a + ^n - 1h d h
+ ... + ^a + d h
+a
` Sn + Sn = 6a + a + ^ n - 1h d @ + 6^a + d h + a + ^ n - 2h d @ + ... + 6a + ^ n - 2h d + ^a + d h@ + 6a + ^ n - 1h d + d @
` 2Sn = 62a + ^ n - 1h d @ +
62a + ^ n - 1h d @
+ ... +
...
62a + ^ n - 1h d @
n-1
` 2Sn = n 62a + ^n - 1h d@
Sn = n 62a + ^ n - 1h d @
2
Sum to n terms:
+ 62a + ^ n - 1h d @
d = 10 - 4 = 6
n = 25
S25 = n 62a + ^ n - 1h d @
2
= 25 62^4h + ^25 - 1h 6 @
2
= 1900
The next example uses the sum of two terms to find a and d, which are used in the sum formula.
The third term of an arithmetic series is given by T3 = 56 and the sum of the 3rd and 4th terms is T3 + T4 = 140 .
a
Subtracting gives
T3 = 56
d = T4 - T3 = 84 - 56 = 28
T3 + T4 = 140
a = T1 = T2 - d = T3 - 2d
T4 = 140 - 56 = 84
` a = 56 - 2^28h = 0
S40 = n 62a + ^ n - 1h d @
2
= 40 62^0h + ^40 - 1h 28 @
2
S40 = 21840
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Knowing More
If the last term of the series l is known then the formula Sn = n 62a + ^ n - 1h d @ becomes
2
n
Sn = ^ a + l h
2
Sometimes n needs to be found before being able to calculate Sn. Use the formula for the last term Tn to find the
number of terms, n.
Find the sum of the arithmetic series 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 + ... + 2555 .
a=5
d=5
l = 2555
Step 1: Find n.
Tn = a + ^n - 1h d
= 5 + ^n - 1 h 5
= 5n
Tn = 2555
= 654080
` 5n = 2555
n = 2555 = 511
5
Here is an example where the value of n remains unspecified.
The sum of the first n even numbers is an arithmetic series and Sn = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 2n
a
An arithmetic series has sum Sn = 5 n ^ n + 1 h . How many terms must be taken for the sum to exceed 200?
6
Use trial and error for different values of n.
When n = 5, S5 = 5 ^5 h^6 h = 25 . When n = 10, Sn = 5 ^10h^11h = 275 .
6
6
3
5
When n = 15, S15 = ^15h^16h = 200 . This is still not greater than 200 so we increase n by 1 again..
6
5
When n = 16, S16 = ^16h^17h = 680 2 200
6
3
` 16 terms must be taken so the sum exceeds 200.
14
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Questions
Knowing More
18. If these are arithmetic sequences find the value of the missing terms
a
6 + 25 + T3
20 + T2 + 4
12 + T2 + T3 + 39
19. Find the sum to 25 terms of the arithmetic series using the formula Sn = n 62a + ^ n - 1h d @.
2
a 32 + 30 + 28 + 26 + 24 + 22 + 20 + 18 + 16 + 14 + 12 + ...
- 25 - 21 - 17 - 13 - 9 - 5 - 1 + 3 + 7 + ...
5 + 3 + 1 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 - 11 - 13 - 15 - 17 - ...
20. Find the sum of the series using the first and last term formula, Sn = n ^a + lh .
2
a 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + 19 + 23 + 27 + 31 + 35 + 39 + 43
- 9 - 16 - 23 - 30 - 37 - 44 - 51 - 58 - 65 - 72
- 1 - 10 - 19 - 28 - 37 - 45 - 54 - 63 - 72 - 81 - 90 - 99
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Questions
Knowing More
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + ... + 200.
93 + 87 + 81 + ... + 6 + 3
-1 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 199
22. An arithmetic series has 20 terms with first and last terms 5 and 195 respectively. Find the sum of the series.
16
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Questions
Knowing More
24. The fourth term of an arithmetic series is 28 and the sum of the fourth and fifth terms is 32.
a
Using the formula for the nth term, Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d with n = 5 and your answers from above, to find
the value of a.
Find the values of a and d and write down the nth term Tn .
By using the last term, 4, and the formula for Tn , find out how many terms are there in the series?
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Questions
Knowing More
18
Use the formula Sn = n ^a + lh to find the sum to n terms and show this sum is Sn = 3 n^ n + 1h
2
2
How many terms must be taken for the sum to exceed 560? (Use trial and error approach)
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3P Learning
= $34000
d = $1200
n=9
Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d
Tn = $34000 + $1200^ n - 1h
Therefore,
How much are his total earnings for the first nine years.
The total salary in the first nine years is the sum to 9 terms of an arithmetic series. Denote the total
earnings to the end of the nth year by Sn (sum to n terms). Since we know n = 9 and the last term is
l = 43600 then the formula for the sum to n terms of an arithmetic series gives:
Sn = n ^a + lh
2
= 9 ^34000 + 43600h
2
= 349200
Total earnings are $349200
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19
. . .
.
= 7 + ^ n - 1h 3
= 3n + 4
20
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20m
40m
640m
32
For the first load he walks 20m and returns, so he has travelled 2 # 1 # 20 m . For the second load he walks
2 # 20 m and returns, so he has travelled 2 # 2 # 20 m and so on. In total he will travel
2 # 1 # 20 + 2 # 2 # 20 + 2 # 3 # 20 + ... + 2 # 32 # 20
= 40 + 80 + 120 + 160 + ... + 1280
This is an arithmetic series.
a = 40
d = 40
n = 32
l = 1280 (last term)
The sum of the arithmetic series is:
S32 = n ^a + lh
2
32
^40 + 1280h
=
2
= 21120
So the groundskeeper walks a total of 21120 metres.
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21
Floor
4m
8m
n = 45
Find the difference in length between adjacent boards in centimetres (correct to 2 decimal places)
The difference in length between adjacent boards is the common difference d.
Tn = a + ^n - 1h d
` 4 + ^45 - 1h d = 8
d = 1 = 0.091 m
11
= 9.09 cm (2 d.p.)
22
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Questions
27. The annual salary of a sales manager increases by $750 each year, where in his first year he earned $45000.
a
How much money did he earn in total in the first 5 years of employment?
28. Chairs in an amphitheatre are arranged in an increasing order where the number of chairs in a row is
increasing from 6 until 58. Find the number of chairs if the difference in the number of chairs in rows next
to each other is 2.
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Questions
29. An architect is finding the cost of building a multi storey building. The 1st floor costs $200000, the 2nd floor
costs $225000 and each subsequent floor costs $25000 more to build than the floor below. What does it
cost to build a 40-storey building?
30. The temperature in a high pressured hot water tank is falling at a constant rate. A reading was taken each
10 minutes and these were:
230c, 224c, 218c, ...
The final reading taken was equal to 26c . How many readings were taken altogether.
24
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Thinking More
Sigma Notation
The Greek sigma (/ ) symbol is used to write series easily. / is a short hand notation for describing series in a
precise and concise way. Writing a sum in sigma notation relies on noticing the pattern in the series. In sigma
notation, we have
The last value of n is n = 5
5
/ Tn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5
n=1
/ 2n .
n=1
End
8
/ 2n
Formula
n=1
Start
The bottom number, n = 1 , tells you to start the first term by substituting in n = 1 .
Then substitute n = 2 and add it on, then n = 3 and add it on again, all the way up to n = 8 .
Expanding the sigma notation one gets
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=6
n=8
n=1
= 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16
/ 4n + 1 .
n=0
n=0
= 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 + 25
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Thinking More
/ 4 - n.
n =-3
n =-3
= ^4 + 3h + ^4 + 2h + ^4 + 1h + 4 + 3 + 2
= 7+6+5+4+3+2
Here a two examples of writing the expanded form from sigma notation.
Write out in expanded form (without sigma notation).
a
/ 5n + 4
n=2
= ^5 ^2h + 4h + ^5 ^3 h + 4h + ^5 ^4h + 4h + ^5 ^5 h + 4h + ^5 ^6 h + 4h
= 14 + 19 + 24 + 29 + 34
= 120
5
/ -5n - 7
n=3
/ 6n - 1
n=1
26
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Thinking More
The next example involves recognising that the series is arithmetic and finding the sum.
Calculate the sum of the series:
100
/ 7m + 4
m=0
/ 7m + 4 = 4 + 11 + 18 + ... + 704
m=0
d = 7,
l = 704,
Sn = n ^2a + d^ n - 1hh
2
S101 = 101 ^2 # 4 + 7^101 - 1hh
2
= 35754
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Questions
31. Write out in expanded form (without sigma notation) and evaluate
a
/ 7j
/ 4 - 9k
k=1
j=0
6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + 30 + 36
2 + 9 + 16 + 23 + 30
/ 9j + 5
j=1
28
233
/ 4 - 6n
n = 90
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Thinking More
More Questions
Basics
1. What is the general term of the sequence 6, 8, 10, 12, ...?
a
Tn = 2 + 4n
Tn = 4 + 2n
Tn = 6n + 2
Tn = 6 + 8n
67
12
15
15
16
18
20
-8
-7
6. For the sequences shown, write down the number of terms, and the values of T1, T3, T6.
a
3, 6, 1, -7, 0, 45
7. Write down the first 5 terms of the sequence whose general term is given
a
Tn = 4n
Tn = 3 + 5n
Tn = 9 - n
Tn =-3 ^4 - 5nh
Tn =-7n - 14
9.
Tn = 11 - 7n
The nth term of a sequence is given by Tn = 8 - 5n . For which value of n does the nth term equal -162?
The nth term of a sequence is given by Tn = 11n + 29 . For which value of n does the nth term equal 260?
11. What are the next three terms if the common difference is 7?
7, ...
-19, ...
12. What are the next three terms if the common difference is -8?
34, ...
-19, ...
14. The fourth and eleventh terms of an arithmetic sequence are 69 and 167. Find the common difference.
15. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 19 and the common difference is -9. What is the seventh
term of the sequence?
16. Find the formula for the nth term, Tn, of an arithmetic sequence whose first term, a, and common
difference, d, are given by a = 13 and d = -8.
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More Questions
17. For the arithmetic sequence 12, 25, 38, 51, ...
a
Find a, d
Find T20
18. The fifteenth term of an arithmetic sequence is T15 = 20 . Using the formula Tn = a + ^n - 1h d , and given
that the first term is a = 188, find the common difference d.
19. The first term of an arithmetic sequence is -26 and the eleventh term equals 64. Find the common difference.
20. The common difference of an arithmetic sequence is 17 and the twentieth term equals 347. Find the first term.
21. The sixth and tenth terms of an arithmetic sequence are given by T6 =-7 and T10 =-27 . Find the general
term by substituting into Tn = a + ^n - 1h d , and solve a pair of simultaneous equations for a, d.
22. Is 35 a term of the sequence with general term Tn = 76 - 4n ?
23. Which term of the sequence 5, 13, 21, 29, 37, 45, ... is 341?
24. Write down the numbers 18 and 46 and insert three numbers between them so as to give 5 numbers in
arithmetic progression.
25. The sum of the first two terms of an arithmetic sequence is 10 and the sum of the next two terms is 18.
Find the first term and common difference.
26. If the sequence 1 , 1 , 1 is arithmetic, show that 2ac = b^a + ch .
a b c
27. Find x and the common difference if the following are APs
a
20, x, 30
x + 2, 10, x + 8
5x - 2, x + 5, 3x
28. Find the common difference of the AP, then find x, given that T10 = 25 ;
7x - 12, 7x - 2, 7x + 8
Knowing More
29. If the sequence 8, T2, T3, 29 is arithmetic, what are the missing terms?
a
13, 20
13.25, 21.125
15, 22
13
14
19
16, 24
20
32. The third term of an arithmetic series is given by T3 = 28 and the sum of T3 + T4 =- 56 is given.
What is the fourth term T4 ?
a
-84
-28
30
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28
84
27
157
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More Questions
34. If these are arithmetic series find the value of the missing terms
a
23 + 50 + T3
-25 + T2 + 1
6 + T2 + T3 - 9
35. Find the sum to 25 terms of the arithmetic series using the formula Sn = n ^2a + ^ n - 1h d h .
2
a 62 + 60 + 58 + 56 + 54 + 52 + 50 + ...
b
-90 - 81 - 72 - 63 + ...
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 -5 - 6 - 7 + ...
36. Find the sum of the series using the first and last term formula, Sn = n ^a + lh
2
a 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 1000
b
-4 - 9 - 14 - 19 - 24 - 29 - 34 - 39 - 44 - 49 - 54 - 59 - 64 - 69 - 74 - 79
37. Find the sum of these series by first finding the number of terms, n, in the series using the last term and the
formula Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d
a
3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + ... + 1098
-4 - 8 - 12 - 16 - 20 - ... - 516
38. An arithmetic series has 41 terms with first and last terms -100 and 140 respectively. Find the sum of the series.
39. The seventh term of an arithmetic series is given by T7 = 29 and the sum of T7 + T8 =-905 is given.
What is the eight term T8 ?
40. The fifth term of an arithmetic series is -1 and the sum of the fourth and fifth terms is -15.
a
Using the formula for the nth term, Tn = a + ^ n - 1h d and your answers from above, to find the value of a.
Find the values of a and d and write down the nth term Tn.
By using the last term, 6613, and the formula for Tn, find out how many terms are there in the series?
42. a Find the sum of the first 9 multiples of 6, that is, 6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 42 + 48 + 54.
b
The sum of the first n multiples of 6 is an arithmetic series and Sn = 6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + ... + 6n.
Find the general term Tn.
d Use the formula Sn = n ^ a + lh to find the sum to n terms and show this sum is Sn = 3n^ n + 1h
2
e Find n if the sum is 2610.
c
How many terms must be taken for the sum to exceed 7650? (Use trial and error approach, or logs)
3P Learning
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
31
More Questions
43. Find the sum of all positive multiples of 9 which are less than 230.
44. a Show that the sum to n terms of the AP 1 + 3 + 5 + ... is Sn = n2
b
45. Find the sum of the integers between between 150 and 250 which are multiples of 7.
46. The sum of the first 5 terms of an arithmetic series is -10, and the sum of the next two terms is -32. Find a, d.
47. Find the sum of the AP: x + 2x + 3x + ... + nx .
48. Find the sum: 18 + 50 + 98 + ... + 45 2
37
114
138
147
50. Three numbers x, y, z are inserted between 0 and 256, so as to give 5 numbers in AP. What are the values of
x, y, z?
a
4, 16, 64
51. A man earns $30000 in his first year at work, and gets an increase in his salary by $1250 each year. What is
his salary in the 8th year of his employment?
a
$38750
$39250
$40000
$41250
1, 34
2 + 4 + ... + 40
52. The sequence x, 7, 17, y are in arithmetic progression. What are the numbers x, y?
a
3, 27
-3, 27
1, 24
53. Which of the following is an arithmetic series with 21 terms whose sum is 504?
a
2 + 3 + ... + 40
4 + 6 + ... + 44
-5 - 4 - ... + 26
54. The annual salary of a tradesman increases by $1250 each year, where in his first year he earned $32000.
a
How much money did he earn in total in the first 7 years of employment?
55. Chairs in an amphitheatre are such that the first row has 12 chairs, the second row has 16 chairs, and each
row increases by 4, until the last row, which has 104 chairs. Find the total number of chairs.
56. An architect is finding the cost of building a multi storey car park. The first floor costs $170000, the second
floor costs $190000, and $60000 for each additional floor. What is the cost of building a 12 storey car park?
57. A new building has 26 floors. The cost of building each floor varies. The first floor costs $2000000. The cost
of building each subsequent floor will be $650000 more than the floor immediately below.
32
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
3P Learning
More Questions
58. Paula is training for a 4km swimming race by swimming each week for 30 weeks. She swims 200m in the first
week, and each week after that she swims 200m more than the previous week, until she reaches 4km in a
week. She then continues to swim 4km each week.
a
59. The temperature in a cool room was taken at regular intervals after it was turned on, and the readings in
degrees Celsius were 25c, 24.1c, 23.2c, ... . Assume that these readings are in arithmetic progression. If the
final reading taken was equal to -9.2c , how many readings were taken altogether?
60. A tall fence has the shape of a trapezium and has planks arranged as shown. The difference
between the lengths of adjacent planks is a constant and so the lengths of the planks
form an arithmetic sequence. The shortest plank is 180cm in length and the longest
string is 250cm. The sum of the lengths of the planks is 774m
a
Thinking More
61. What is the expanded form of the series
/ 9m ?
m=1
9 + 18 + ... + 54
1 + 9 + ... + 54
9 + 18 + ... + 56
1 + 18 + ... + 54
-3 + 0 + 3 + 6
0 + 9 + 24
/ 3k + 4
/ 3k - 2
S9 = 9 ^12 + 36h
2
/ 3j 3
/ 3k 2 - 3 ?
k=0
3 - 1 + 9 + 24
-3 + 0 + 9 + 24
/ 4n + 3
/ 3k - 2
n=1
k=2
n=2
12
/ 3k + 3 ?
k=3
S9 = 9 ^12 + 39h
2
S10 = 10 ^9 + 36h
2
65. Write out in expanded form (without sigma notation) and evaluate
/ 4j
j=1
j=0
7 + 14 + 21 + 28 + ... + 70
-30 - 20 - 10 - 0 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40
10
/ 5j - 9
j=4
3P Learning
100
/1 - n
n=0
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
33
Answers
Basics
1.
2.
T3 = 30
Knowing More
19. a S25 = 900
c
3.
T5 = 140
T5 =-55
4.
n = 21
n = 15
23. T2 =-8
5.
Tn = 2n
Tn = 3n + 1
24. a T5 = 4
6.
(i) 6
(ii) T1 = 12
(iii) T5 = 28
(iv) d = 4
(i) 7
(ii) T1 =-10
(iii) T5 = 2
(iv) d = 3
(i) 5
(ii) T1 = 1
(iii) T5 = 25
(iv) d = 6
(i) 11
(ii) T1 = 0
(iii) T5 = 12
(iv) d = 3
7.
8.
9.
T3 = 13
T3 =-9
T2 = 13
T3 = 9
T3 =-5
T4 =-9
T2 = 12
T4 = 18
T4 =-4
(i) 6
(ii) T1 =-5
(iii) T5 = 43
(iv) d = 12
(i) 6
(ii) T1 = 4.2
(iii) T5 = 10.6
(iv) d = 1.6
T5 = 23
21. a
S100 = 10 100
S16 = 768
S201 = 19 899
S33 = 1914
d =-24
26. a 45
Yes. d = 3
Tn = 3n
n = 14
19
27. a T6 = $48750
d =-5
32. a
T20 =-74
33.
15. d =-11
17. Tn = 6n - 3
34
/ 6n
S7 = 287
More Questions
16. a = 3
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
S5 = $232500
-5 - 14 - 23 - 32 - 41 - 50 - 59 - 68
=-292
n=1
14. d = 4
18. a T3 = 44
n = 291
12. Tn = 12n - 3
Tn =-5n + 26
a = 100
Thinking More
T2 = 1
11. T7 =-21
S13 =-600
30. n = 35
T5 =-13
S10 =-405
T4 = 5
10. d = 4
13. a a = 21
T5 = 1
S25 = 575
S25 =-425
T2 = 12
1.
Tn = 4 + 2n
2.
15
3P Learning
/ 7n - 5
n=1
S7 =-155 664
Answers
3.
18
32. a -84
4.
-8
33. a -27
5.
34. a T3 = 77
c
6.
6 terms. T1 = 3, T3 = 1, T6 = 45
35. a
7 terms. T1 = 9, T3 = 2, T6 = 20
4, 8, 12, 16, 20
8, 7, 6, 5, 4
8.
T5 =-24
9.
n = 34
7.
10. a Tn = 20n - 18
c
36. a
c
37. a
c
T5 = 63
T2 =-12
S25 = 450
S16 =-664
Sn = 201 483
Sn =-33 540
Sn = 870
Sn =-23 862
d = 13
T2 = 1, T3 =-4
S25 = 950
S25 =-325
S1000 = 500 500
S16 =-1720
n = 21
b Tn = n
7
39. T8 =-934
40. a T4 =-14
Tn = 5n - 11
-12, -5, 2
13. a T2 = 13
T3 = 0
14. d = 14
a =-53
n = 1651
42. a
S9 = 270
Yes, d = 6
15. T7 =-35
Tn = 6n
n = 29
16. Tn = 21 - 8n
n = 51
S7 = $250 250
17. a a = 12, d = 13
c
Tn = 13n - 1
T20 = 259
18. d = -12
19. d = 9
46. a = 6, d = -4
nx^ n + 1h
47. Sn =
2
48. S22 = 528 2
20. a = 24
21. Tn = 23 - 5n
22. No, 35 is not a term in the sequence.
49. d 147
23. n = 43
51. a $38570
25. a = 4, d = 2
27. a d = 5, x = 25
c
28.
29.
30.
31.
52. b -3, 27
d = 3, x = 5
53. b 4 + 6 + ... + 44
d = -1, x = 2
54. a $35750
d = 10, x = - 53
7
c 15, 22
a S47 = 47 ^-4 + 42h
2
b 14
3P Learning
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
35
Answers
20th week.
d = 2cm
82km
59. 39 readings
60. a 36 planks
61. a 9 + 18 + ... + 54
62. b -3 + 0 + 9 + 24
63. b
/ 3k - 2
k=2
64. c
65. a
/ 4j = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 20 + 24 = 84
j=1
66. a
10
/ 7k
k=1
/ ^10k - 40h
8
k=1
999
/ 1000 - k
k=0
67. a S7 = 182
36
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
S101 =-4949
3P Learning
Notes
3P Learning
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
37
38
S1
SERIES
TOPIC NUMBER
Notes
3P Learning
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