Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Chapter 1
Introduction to Materials Science
and Engineering

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Learning Objectives
By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
1. Describe the subject of materials science and
engineering as a scientific discipline.
2. Cite the primary classification of materials.
3. Give distinctive features of each group of materials.
4. Cite one material from each group. Give some
applications of different types of materials.
5. Establish the importance of materials science and
engineering in selection of materials for various
applications.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

What is Materials

Science
and Materials Engineering?

Why should we know

about it?

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Materials drive our society

Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Historical Perspective
The development and advancement of societies have
been intimately tied to the members ability to produce
and manipulate materials to fill their needs.
Early civilizations have been designated by the level of
their materials development.
Materials
Design Age
Advanced
Materials Age
Stone
age

Bronze
age

Iron
age

Materials form the milestones and

physical basis of human civilization.

New
materials
age

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

New Materials Age

(Materials Design Age / Advanced Materials Age)
Materials are deep-seated in our culture than

most of us realize.
Virtually every segment of our daily lives is
influenced to one degree to another by
materials.
Transportation

Building

Clothing

Communication Recreation

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Contribution of Materials Scientists

and Engineers?

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Think about other technologies contributed by

materials scientists and engineers?
How sheet steel can be
processed to produce a high
strength, lightweight, energy
absorbing, malleable
(formability) material used in the
manufacture of car chassis?

How to make smart

material like this?

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Engineering Designs Involving Materials

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Engineering Designs Involving Materials

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Engineering Designs Involving Materials

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Are you still wondering

What do materials
scientists and
engineers study?

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Fundamentals of Materials Science

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What are Materials?

Materials may be defined as substance of

which something is composed or made.

(Webster's dictionary)

Materials are obtained from earth crust and

atmosphere.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Common Elements

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What is Materials Science and

Engineering?
Materials science deals with basic knowledge about

the internal structure, properties and processing of

materials.
Materials engineering deals with the application of
knowledge gained by materials science to convert
materials to products.
Materials
science
Basic
knowledge of
materials

Materials science
and engineering
Resultant knowledge of
the structure,
properties, processing,
and performance of
engineering materials

Materials
engineering
Applied
knowledge of
materials

Fundamentals of Materials Science

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Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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What is Materials Science and

Engineering?
Inventing new materials and improving

previously known materials.

In materials science, the emphasis in on the
underlying relationships between the synthesis
and processing, structure and properties of
materials.
In materials engineering, the focus is on how to
translate or transform materials into useful
devices or structures (convert materials to
products).

Fundamentals of Materials Science

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Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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Why Study Materials Science and

Engineering?
Production and processing of materials constitute a

large part of our economy.

Engineers choose materials to suite design.
New materials might be needed for some new

applications.
Modification of properties might be needed for some

applications.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Classification of Materials
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
Advanced Materials (Materials of the future)

1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

Semiconductors
Smart Materials
Biomaterials
Nanomaterials

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Metals
Inorganic substances that are composed of one or more metallic

elements.
Atoms in metals are arranged in an orderly manner (crystalline
structure).
Good thermal and electric conductivity.
Relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility and shock resistance.
Combinations of metals called alloys provide improvement in a
particular desirable property.
Examples: steels, aluminium, magnesium, zinc cast iron, titanium,
copper, and nickel.
Metals and Alloys

Ferrous
Eg: Steel,
Cast Iron

Nonferrous
Eg: Copper
Aluminum

Fundamentals of Materials Science

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Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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Metals
Common articles made of metallic materials

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Metals
The aircraft turbine engine is made principally
of metal alloys

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Ceramics
Inorganic

materials that consist of metallic and

nonmetallic elements chemically bonded together.
Can be either crystalline, noncrystalline, or mixture of
both.
High hardness, high temperature strength, and wear
resistance but tend to be brittle (highly susceptible to
fracture with little or no deformation prior to fracture).
Low thermal and electrical conductivity (make it a very
good insulator).
Examples: porcelain, glass, silicon nitride, clay.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

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Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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Ceramics
Common articles made of ceramic materials

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Ceramics
High-performance ceramic ball bearings and races are
made from titanium and carbon nitride feedstocks
through power metal technology

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Polymers
A group of materials normally obtained by joining organic

molecules (carbon-containing precursors) into giant

molecular chains or networks.
Most polymeric materials are noncrystalline, but some
consist of mixtures of crystalline and noncrystalline
regions.
Poor conductors of electricity, hence used as insulators.
Strength and ductility vary greatly.
Relatively low density and decomposition temperature.
Good resistance to corrosive chemicals.
Examples: polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE),
polycarbonate (PC).

Fundamentals of Materials Science

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Polymers
Common articles made of polymeric materials

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Polymers
Plastic resin producers are developing ultra pure, highflow grades of polycarbonate plastic for DVD

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Composites
Mixture of two or more materials.

Consists of a filler material and a binding material

(matrix).
Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
Mainly two types:
i.
Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
ii. Particulate: Particles in a matrix
Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
Examples: Fiber Glass (Reinforcing material in a
polyester or epoxy matrix), Concrete (Gravels or steel
rods reinforced in cement and sand).
Applications: Aircraft wings and engine, construction.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Composites
Use of composites in civil aircraft

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Semiconductors
The electrical conductivity of semiconducting materials is

between that of ceramic insulators and metallic

conductors.
The electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to
the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.
(Its electrical characteristics are changed by adding
impurities).
Silicon is a common electronic material.
Examples: silicon chips, transistors.
Applications: computers, integrated circuits, satellites.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

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Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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Semiconductors
Intels Pentium II
microprocessor

Intels Pentium II
microprocessor

Intels Atom Dual-Core

microprocessor

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Semiconductors
Computerized robots weld a 1994 GM vehicle
in Shreveport, LA

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Smart Materials
Change their properties by sensing external stimulus.

Shape memory alloys: Strained material reverts back

to its original shape above a critical temperature.
Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.

Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric field when

exposed to force and vice versa.
Used in actuators and vibration reducers.

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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Smart Materials
Shape-memory alloys used as a stent to expand narrowed arteries
or support weakend ones. a) stent on a probe and b) stent
positioned in a damaged artery for support

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

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Nanomaterials & Biomaterials

Nanomaterials:
Characteristic length < 100 nm
Harder and stronger than bulk materials.

Biomaterials:
Must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with

body tissues (must not cause adverse biological reactions).

Fundamentals of Materials Science

KXEX1110

Semester 1, Academic Session 2014/2015

Characteristics of Materials
Density

Stiffness

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Characteristics of Materials
Strength

Electrical Conductivity

Resistance to Fracture (Toughness)

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Case Study Materials Selection

Problem:
Select suitable material for bicycle frame and forks.
Steel and
alloys

Wood

Low cost but

Heavy. Less
Corrosion
resistance

Light and
strong. But
Cannot be
shaped

Carbon fiber
Reinforced
plastic

Aluminum
alloys

Ti and Mg
alloys

Very light and Light, moderately Slightly better

strong. No Strong. Corrosion
Than Al
corrosion.
Resistance. alloys. But much
Very expensive
expensive
expensive

Cost important? Select steel

Properties important? Select CFRP