Mobile Telecommunication

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION
1. MOBILE COMMUNICATION
1.1 Revolution in telecommunication
The telephone has long been important in modern living, but it use has been constrained
by connecting wires. The advent of mobile radio telephony and particularly the cellular radio has
removed this restriction and led to explosive growth in mobile throughout the world. The phone
is really on move now. With the phenomenal and unprecedented growth of more than forty fold
in just ten years a strong demand for mobile cellular services has created an industry which now
accounts for more than one third of all telephone lines.
1.2 Concept of mobile communication

The first wire line telephone system was introduced in the year 1877.Mobile
communication systems as early as 1934 were based on Amplitude Modulation (AM schemes
and only certain public organizations maintained such systems. The development of Frequency
Modulation (FM) technique by Edwin Armstrong, the mobile radio communication systems
began to witness many new changes. Mobile telephone was introduced in the year 1946.
However, during its initial three and a half decades it found very less market penetration owing
to high costs and numerous technological drawbacks. But with the development of the cellular
concept in the 1960s at the Bell Laboratories, mobile communications began to be a promising
field of expanse which could serve wider populations.
1.3 Mobile communication objectives

The important objectives of mobile communications are
Anytime anywhere communication
Mobility& Roaming
High capacity and subs density
Efficient use of radio spectrum

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Table 1.1: Different generations- Analog and Digital systems

1946-1960
1980
1990
2000
Appearance
1G
2G
3G
Analog
Digital
Digital
Multi Standard
Multi Standard
Unified Standard
Terrestrial
Terrestrial
Terrestrial &Satellite
The features and benefits expected in the new system

Superior speech quality
Low terminal, operational, and service costs
A high level of security
International Roaming
Support of low terminal hand portable terminals
A variety of new services and network facilities.
1.4 Constraints in Implementation

A host of services like teleservices supplementary services and value added services are being
promised by GSM Networks. There are certain impairments in realizing an effective mobile
communication system which has to meet the twin objectives of quality and capacity.
(a) Radio frequency reuse
High spectrum efficiency should be achieved at reasonable cost. The bandwidth on radio
interface i.e. between the user equipment and the radio transceiver is to be managed effectively
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to support ever increasing customer base with very limited number of radio carriers. For high
BW services e.g. MMS as the GSM evolves towards 3G, more spectrums is demanded.
(b) Multi path radio environment
The most significant problem in mobile radio systems is due to the channel itself. In mobile radio
systems, indeed, it is rare for there to exist one strong line of sight path between transmitter and
receiver. Usually several significant signals are received by reflection and scattering from
buildings
etc.
.And
then
they
are
Multiple
paths
from
transmitter
receiver.
Fig 1.1 Multipath radio environment

The signals on these paths are subject to different delays phase shifts and Doppler shifts
and at the receiver in random phase relation to one another. The interferences between these
signals give rise to a number of deleterious effects. The most important of these are Fading and
Dispersion.
Fading is due to the interference of multiple signals with random relative phase that causes
variations in the amplitude of the received signal. This will increase the error rate in digital
system since errors will occur when the signal-to noise ratio drops below certain threshold.
Dispersion is due to differences in the delay of the various paths, which disperses
transmitted pulses in time. If the variation of delay is comparable with the symbol period delayed
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signals from an earlier symbol may interface with the next symbol causing Inter- symbol
interference (ISI).
(c) Mobility management
Mobility management is concerned with how the network supports this function. When a call is
made to mobile customer the network must be able to locate the mobile customer. Network
attachment process which includes a location updating process is the answer for mobility
management. In the location update process , the network databases are updated dynamically so
that the mobile can be reached to offer the services if this process is not done efficiently it will
result in poor call management and network congestion.
(d) Services
International roaming shall be provided. Advanced PSTN services should be provided consistent
with ISDN services at limited bit rates only. Encryption should be used to improve security for
both the operators and the customers.
(f) Cost
The system parameters should be chosen to limit costs particularly mobiles and handsets .In a
competitive environment cost is the deciding factor for the survival of an operator.
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2. BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Radios move information from one place to another over channels and radio channel is an
extraordinarily hostile medium to establish and maintain reliable communications. The channel
is particularly messy and unruly between mobile radios. All the schemes and mechanisms we use
to make communications possible on the mobile radio channel with some measure of reliability
between a mobile and its base radio station are called physical layer or the layer1 procedures.
The mechanisms include modulation, power control, coding timing, and host of other details that
manage establishment and maintenance of the channel the radio channel has to be fully exploited
for maximum capacities and optimum quality of service. Band width is a scarce natural resource.
The bandwidth has to be managed for maximum capacity of the system and interference free
communications. The spectrum availability for an operator is very limited .The uplink or
downlink spectrum is only 25 MHz, out of this 25 MHz, 124 carriers of each 200 kHz are
generated. These carriers are to be shared amongst different operators. And as a result each
operator gets only a few tens of carriers making a spectrum management a challenging area.
2.2 Cellular structures and Frequency Reuse

Traditional mobile service was structured similar to television broadcasting:
One very powerful transmitter at the highest spot in area would broadcast in an area radius of up
to fifty kilometers. The scenario changes as the mobile density as well as coverage area grows.
The answer to tackle the growth is the extensions based on addition of new cells. The cellular
concept structured the mobile telephone network in a different way. Instead of using one
powerful transmitter many low-powered transmitter were placed throughout a coverage area. For
example, by dividing metropolitan region into one hundred different areas (cells) with low power
transmitters using twelve conversations (channels) each, the system capacity could theoretically
be increased from twelve to thousands of conversations using one hundred low power
transmitters while reusing the frequencies The cellular concept employs variable low power
levels, which allows cells to be sized according to subscriber density and demand of a given
area. As the populations grow, cells can be added to accommodate that growth. Frequencies used
in one cell cluster can be reused in other cells. Conversations can be handed over from cell to
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cell to maintain constant phone service as the user moves between cells.
Cells:
A cell is the basic geographic unit of cellular system. The term cellular comes from the
honeycomb areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations transmitting
over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies depending
upon landscape. Because of the constraint imposed by natural terrain and man-made structures,
the true shape of cell is not a perfect hexagon.
(a) Cellular System Characteristics
The distinguishing features of digital cellular systems compared to other mobile radio
systems are:
Small cells
A cellular system uses many base stations with relatively small coverage radii (on
the order of a 100 m to 30 km).
Clusters and Frequency reuse
The spectrum allocated for a cellular network is limited. As a result there is a limit to the
number of channels or frequencies that can be used. A group of cells is called a cluster. All the
frequencies are used in a cluster and no frequency is reused with in the cluster. And the total set
of frequencies is repeated in the adjacent cluster. Like that the total service area, i.e. may be a
country or a continent, can be served with a small group of frequencies. Frequency reuse is
possible because the signal fades over the distance and hence it can be reused .For this reason
each frequency is used simultaneously by multiple base-mobile pairs; located at geographically
distant cells. This frequency reuse allows a much higher subscriber density per MHz of
spectrum than other systems. System capacity can be further increased by reducing the cell size
(the coverage area of a single base station), down to radii as small as 200 m.
Small, battery-powered handsets
In addition to supporting much higher densities than previous systems, this approach
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enables the use of small, battery-powered handsets with a radio frequency that is lower than the
large mobile units used in earlier systems.
Performance of handovers
In cellular systems, continuous coverage is achieved by e xecuting a "handover"
(the seamless transfer of the call from one base station to another) as the mobile unit crosses cell
boundaries. This requires the mobile to change frequencies under control of the cellular
network.
(b) Co channel cells and interference
Radio channels can be reused provided the separation between cells containing the same
channel set is far enough apart so that co-channel interference can be kept below acceptable levels
most of the time. Cells using the same channel set are called Co-channel cells. Co-channel cells
interfere with each other and quality is affected.
The following figure shows an example. Within the service area (PLMN), specific channel sets
are reused at a different location (another cell). In the example, there are 7 channel sets: A
through G. Neighboring cells are not allowed to use the same frequencies. For this reason all
channel sets are used in a cluster of neighboring cells. As there are 7 channel sets, the PLMN
can be divided into clusters of 7 cells each. The figure shows three clusters.
Co-channel interference
Frequencies can be reused throughout a service area because radio signals typically
attenuate with distance to the base station (or mobile station). When the distance between cells
using the same frequencies becomes too small, co-channel Interference might occur and lead to
service interruption or unacceptable quality of service.
As long as the ratio Frequency reuse distance = DNCell radius
Is greater than some specified value, the ratio
Received radio carrier power
= C/I
Received interferer radio carrier power will be greater than some given amount for small as
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well as large cell sizes; when all signals are transmitted at the same power level. The average
attenuation of radio signals with distance in most cellular systems is a reduction to about 1/16
of the received power for every doubling of distance (1/10000 per decade). The frequency reuse
distance known as separation distance is also known as the signal-to-noise ratio. The figure on
the opposite page shows the situation. At the base station, both signals from subscribers within the
cell covered by this base station and signals from subscribers covered by other cells are received.
Interference is caused by cells using the same channel set. The ratio D/R needs to be large
enough in order for the base station to be able to cope with the interference. A co-channel
interference factor Q is defined As Q=D/R = v 3K where D is Frequency reuse distance, R is
the cell radius and K is the reuse factor or the number of cells in a cluster
K=reuse factor=No of cells in a cluster

Q=D/R = v 3K
Q is more Sys quality high
If K is more no of cells in a clutters is more
No of channels per cell less Traffic handling capacity
low
Fig 2.1: Frequency reuse
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3. 3G UMTS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

3G has become an umbrella term to describe cellular data communications with a target
data rate of 2 M bits/sec. The ITU originally attempted to define 3G in its IMT-2000
(International Mobile Communications-2000) specification, which specified global wireless
frequency ranges, data rates, and availability dates. However, a global standard was difficult to
implement due to different frequency allocations around the world and conflicting input. So,
three operating modes were specified. In general, a 3G device will be a personal, mobile,
multimedia communications device that supports speech, color pictures, and video, and various
kinds of information content. There is some doubt that 3G systems will ever be able to deliver
the bandwidth to support these features because bandwidth is shared. However, 3G systems will
certainly support more phone calls per cell
3.1 Introduction to UMTS

The 3rd generation mobile communication system (3G) is put on agenda when the 2nd
generation (2G) digital mobile communication market was significantly evolving. The 2G
mobile communication systems have the following disadvantages: limited frequency spectrum
resources, low frequency spectrum utilization and weak support for mobile multimedia services
(providing only speech and low-speed data services). Also, there was incompatibility between
2G systems. The 2G mobile communication system has a low system capacity hardly meeting
the demand for high speed bandwidth services and impossible for the system to implement
global roaming. Therefore, the 3G communication technology is a natural result in the
advancement of 2G mobile communication technology.
As the internet data services are becoming increasingly popular nowadays, the 3G
communication technology opens the door to a brand new mobile communication world. In
addition to clear voice services, it allows users to conduct multimedia communications with their
personal mobile terminals, for example, internet browsing, multimedia database access, real time
stocks quotes query, videophone, mobile e-commerce, interactive games, wireless personal audio
player, video transmission, knowledge acquisition and entertainments. Some unique features
include location related services, which allows the users to know about their surroundings
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anytime, anywhere, for example, block map, locations of hotels, supermarkets and weather
forecasting. The 3G mobile phone has become a good assistant to peoples life and work.
3.2 History
Discussion of a potential successor system for GSM started in ETSI and other standard
developing organizations already in the late 1980, even before any second-generation system
was in commercial operation. The ETSI-term for the future system was Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS). Simultaneously, the International Telecommunication
(ITU) also started discussions on a potential future mobile system initially referred to as Future
Public Land Mobile System (FPLMTS) and started to specify a set of system requirements. Due
to the huge world-wide success of GSM, the interest among European network operators and
manufacturers to consider a completely new system was rather low until to the mid-1990s. Only
after the ITU has taken the initiative to formulate a concrete roadmap towards a new mobile
system to be deployed in the early 2000s, the specification activities for UMTS in ETSI were
ramped up in 1995. The ITU term for the future 3G system was later changed to IMT-2000,
International Telecommunications System for the 2000s. As part of the roadmap, a deadline for
submission of proposals for IMT-2000 by the regional standardization development
organizations was agreed to be in July 1998.In January 1998 ETSI selected two radio
transmission technologies (from originally 4 different proposals) for UMTS terrestrial radio
access (UTRA), referred to as UTRA FDD and UTRA TDD, which were submitted to ITU as
candidates for IMT-2000.
The proposals included a number of different Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) based
Radio access technologies, from ETSI, TTC/ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), ANSI T1 (USA) and
TIA (USA), which can be grouped into two types. The one type of proposals requires
synchronized base stations and is building up on the IS-95 2G radio transmission technology.
The other group of concepts does not rely on base station synchronization.
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Table 3.1: Terrestrial radio transmission technologies proposed by ITU

By the end of 1998 two specification development projects were founded by the regional
Standardization organizations, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2. The goal
of both 3GPP and 3GPP2 was to merge a number of the W-CDMA based proposals into a single
one. 3GPP2 was concerned with the IS-95 based systems. The split of standardization activities
into two camps was partly caused by a dispute on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on WCDMA technology between various telecom manufacturers. After these IPR issues were
resolved in mid-1999, the members of 3GPP and 3GPP2 agreed on a harmonized global IMT2000 CDMA proposal. This agreement then paved the way for a harmonized overall concept of
an ITU IMT-2000 family of 3G systems.
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Fig 3.1: ITU EMT-2000 family of 3G system

The 3G mobile communication system, IMT-2000, is the general term for the next
generation communication system proposed by ITU in 1985, when it was actually referred to as
Future public Land Mobile Telecommunications System (FPLMTS). In 1996, it was officially
renamed to IMT-2000.The 3G mobile communication technologies enjoys the integrated
bandwidth network service as far as it can to the mobile environment, transmitting multimedia
information including high quality images at rates up to 10Mbps.
Comparing with the existing 2G system, the 3G system has the following characteristics as
summarized below:
1. Support for multimedia services, especially internet services
2. Easy transition and evolution
3. High frequency spectrum utilization
Currently, the three typical 3G mobile technology communication standards in the world are
CDMA2000, WCDMA and TD-SCDMA. CDMA2000 and WCDMA work in FDD mode
whereas TD-SCDMA works in TDD mode, where uplink and downlink of the system work in
different timeslots of the same frequency.
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The 3G mobile communication is designed to provide diversified services and high quality
multimedia services. To achieve these purposes, the wireless transmission technology must meet
the following requirements:
1. High speed transmission to support multimedia services
Indoor environment : > 2 Mbps
Outdoor walking environment : 384 kbps
Outdoor vehicle moving : 144 kbps
2. Allocation of transmission rates according to needs
3. Accommodation to asymmetrical needs on the uplink and downlink
In the concept evaluation of the 3G mobile communication specification proposals, the
WCDMA technology is adopted as one of the main stream 3G technologies due to its technical
advantages.
3.2.1 Frequency spectrum allocation:

The frequency bands allocated for initial operation of IMT-2000/UMTS systems is
shown in figure 1.4. In Europe there is one paired frequency band in the range 1920 1980 MHz
and 2110 2170 MHz to be used for UTRA FDD and there are two unpaired bands from 1900
1920 MHz and 2010 2025 MHz intended for operation of UTRA TDD.
In the USA 3G systems shall initially be operated in the PCS band which is already partly
used for 2G systems. MSS refers to spectrum reserved for 3G mobile satellite systems (1980 2010 MHz and 2170 2200 MHz). The PCS band in the USA was already divided into chunks
of 5 MHz and mostly sold in form of 25 MHz paired band to PSC network operators before any
3G systems were proposed. This situation in the USA has imposed the requirement that it must
be possible to operate a 3G system within a 2 5 MHz paired frequency band.
The UMTS band in Europe is therefore divided into twelve 5 MHz paired frequency
slots, suitable for UTRA FDD, and four plus three 5 MHz unpaired frequency slots suitable for
UTRA TDD mode.
In Germany the UMTS spectrum will be auctioned starting in July 2000. One operator is
allowed to acquire at least two, at most three paired bands. Therefore there will be initially
between 4 and 6 UMTS operators in Germany.
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In May 2000 further frequency bands for UMTS/IMT-2000 was identified by the ITU World
Radio Conference (WRC-2000). These bands (more than 160 MHz additional spectrum) shall
ensure future extension of UMTS.
Fig 3.2 spectrum assigned to operation of 3G system
3.2.2 UMTS (Release 99) Architecture:
Fig 3.3 UMTS (release99) architecture

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The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a 3G mobile communication

system adopting WCDMA air interface. Therefore, the UMTS is usually called a WCDMA
system.
In terms of functions, the network units comprise the radio access network (RAN) and core
network (CN). The RAN accomplishes all the functions related to radio communication. The CN
handles exchange and routing of all the calls and data connections within the UMTS with
external networks. The RAN, CN and the User equipment (UE) together constitute the whole
UMTS.
3.2.3 UE (USER EQUIPMENT):

The UE is equipment which can be vehicle installed or hand portable.
Through the Uu interface, the UE exchanges data with network equipment and
provides various CS and PS domain services, including common voice services, broadband voice
services, mobile multimedia services, and applications ( such as email, WWW browse and FTP).
3.2.4 UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network):

The UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) comprises node B and radio network
Controller (RNC).
1.) Node B1.
At the base station(wireless transceiver) in the WCDMA system, the node B is composed
of the wireless transceiver and baseband processing part, connected with the RNC
through standard Iub interface, node B processes the Un interface physical layer
protocols. It provides the functions of spectrum spreading/decoding and mutual
conversation between baseband signals and radio signaling.
2.) RNC
The RNC manages various interfaces, establishes and releases connections, performs
handoff and macro diversity/combination and manages and controls radio resources. It
connects with the MSC and SGSN through lu interface. The protocol between UE and
UTRAN is terminated here.
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The RNC that controls Node B is called controlling RNC(CRNC).The CRNC

performs load control congestion control of the cells it serves and implements admission
control of cells it serves and implements admissions control and code word allocation for
the wireless connections to be established.
If the connection between a mobile subscriber and the UTRAN uses many RNS
resources, the related RNC has two independent logical functions:
Serving RNC (SRNC). The SRNC terminates the transmission of subscriber data and the
Iu connection and RANAP signaling to/from the CN. It also terminates the radio resource
controlling signaling (i.e. the signaling protocol between UE and UTRAN). In addition,
the SRNC performs L2 processing of the data sent to/from the radio interface and
implements some basic operations related to radio resources management.
Drift RNC (DRNC) - All other RNCs except SRNC are called as DRNCs. They
control the cells used by UEs.
3.3 CORE NETWORK (CN):

The CN is the in charge of connections with other networks as well as the management
and communication with UEs. The CN can be divided into CS domain and PS domain from the
aspect of logic.
The CS domain equipment refers to the entities that provide circuit connection or related
signaling connections for subscriber services. The specific entities in the CS domain include:
1. Mobile switching center (MSC)
2. Gateway mobile switching Centre (GMSC)
3. Visitor location register (VLR)
4. Interworking function (IWF)
The PS domain provides packet data services to subscribers.
The specific entities in the PS domain include:
5. Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
6. Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
Other equipment such as the Home Location Register (HLR) or HSS, Authentication Centre
(AUC) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR) are shared by CS domain and PS domain.
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3.3.1 Functions of core network

1. MSC/VLR
As the functional node in the CS domain of the WCDMA core network, the
MSC/VLR connects with the UTRAN through Iu CS interface, with external
networks (PSTN, ISDN and other PLMNs) through PSTN/ISDN interface, with the
HLR/AUC through C/D interface, with the MSC/VLR, GMSC or SMC through E
interface, with the SCP through CAP interface and with the SGSN through Gs
interface.
The MSC/VLR accomplishes call connection, mobility management, authentication
and encryption in the CS domain.
2. GMSC
As the gateway node between the CS domain of WCDMA network and external
networks, the GMSC is an optional entity. It connects with the external networks
(PSTN, ISDN and other PLMNs) through PSTN/ISDN interface and with the SCP
through CAP interface.
The GMSC accomplishes the incoming and outgoing routing of the visited MSC
(VMSC).
3. SGSN
As the functional node in the PS domain of WCDMA core network, the SGSN
connects with the UTRAN through Iu_PS interface, with GGSN through Gn/Gp
interface, with the HLR/AUC through Gr interface, with the MSC/VLR through Gs
interface, with SCP through CAP interface, with the SMC through Gd interface, with
the CG through Ga interface and with SGSN Gn/Gp interface.
The SGSN accomplishes the routing forward, mobility management, session
management, authentication and encryption in PS domain.
4. GGSN
The GGSN connects with the SGSN through Gn interface and with the external data
networks (internet/intranet) through Gi interface. The GGSN provides routes to the
data packets between the WCDMA network and external data networks and
encapsulates these data packets. The major functions of the GGSN is to provide
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interface to the external IP packet-based network, thus the UEs can access the
gateway of the external packet based network. To the external networks, the GGSN
seems like the IP router that can be used to address all the mobile subscribers in the
WCDMA network. It exchanges routing information with external networks.
5. HLR
The HLR connects with the VMSC/VLR or GMSC through C interface, with the
SGSN through Gr interface, and with the GGSN through Gc interface. The HLR
stores subscriber subscription information, supports new services and provide
enhanced authentication.
3.3.2 Teleservices and supplementary services

A basic requirement defined for UMTS is that it needs to support all GSM teleservices, e.g.
speech, emergency call and short message service (SMS). Below, the most important teleservices
and supplementary services are listed and described briefly.
3.3.2.1 Telephony
Speech: Telephone speech service in UMTS is supported by employing the Adaptive Multi-Rate
(AMR) speech codec. This Codec is compatible with the speech codecs presently used in GSM
systems and it will also be introduced in GSM in the near future. It shall operate with no
discernible loss of speech on handover between the GSM access network and the UTRAN.
Emergency Call: UMTS Release 99 shall support an emergency call teleservice. This is just a
special case of normal speech service. It requires to work even without USIM included in the
UE.
Teleconferencing: Teleconferencing provides the ability for several parties to be engaged in a
speech communication. This service can be established with ordinary telephone service in
combination with supplementary service, allowing the user to establish multiparty calls.
Voice-band-data: Support of modems supporting user rates of 14.4 kbps or more.
3.3.2.2 Sound and Video telephony
Wideband-speech: Speech service or radio sound at 0 7 kHz bandwidth (future UMTS
release)
High-Quality Audio: Audio service with Compact Disk quality (future UMTS release)
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Video telephone: Ability for two-way speech and image communications.

Video Conference: Ability for multi-party speech and image communications.
Video Surveillance/Monitoring: Provides the transmission of image and sound in one direction.
3.3.2.3 Tele-action services:
Telemetric services: Services for e.g. remote control, remote terminal, credit authorization
requiring low bit rate per transaction but possibly fast response time.
3.3.2.4 Message handling services
Short Message Service: A means for sending messages of limited size to and from mobile
terminals which makes use of a Service Center which acts as store and forward center for short
messages (supported by GSM and UMTS release 99).
Voice Mail: Voice mail enables calling users to record a voice message against the called users
identity under a variety of conditions (e.g. called user busy, not answering, and not reachable).
Electronic mail: In their simplest form electronic mail service provide the ability to transfer
textual messages between users via a variety of intervening networks. Electronic mail systems
may also provide format conversion enabling text and data to be converted from one format into
another, including media conversion, e.g. mail send as text but received as voice.
3.3.2.5 Facsimile service
Store-and-Forward telefax: A service, where a file or message transfer program is used to
transfer text or images from a mobile terminal to a store and forward unit for subsequent delivery
to the facsimile machine in the PSTN/ISDN. The user (or the user's PC) may receive notification
of successful delivery of the fax. Fax messages from PSTN/ISDN to mobile terminals are stored
in a store-and-forward unit (service center). The user retrieves the fax message with a file or
message transfer program from the store-and-forward unit. The mobile terminal may be notified
that a fax message is available. Note that this service also belongs to the category of message
handling services (supported by GSM and UMTS release 99).
End-to-End telefax: A fax service using an end-to-end fax session between a PSTN/ISDN fax
machine and a mobile terminal. This service shall work end-to-end such that a sender on the
PSTN is aware of whether or not the fax has succeeded, and such that a mobile sender is aware
of whether or not the fax has succeeded. From the user perspective the end-to-end fax service
must look and feel like a T.30 based fax service. The end-to-end service may work with ordinary
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T.30 based fax machines at the mobile end using a mobile fax adapter with a modem that
terminates the analogue 2-wire connection from the fax machine (supported by GSM and UMTS
release 99).
3.3.2.6 Broadcast Services
(Message) Cell Broadcast Service (CBS): Provides transmission of a message to all users
within a specified geographic area which have a subscription to this service.
Multicast service: A data broadcast service for a specified group of users within a specified
geographic area.
3.3.2.7 Supplementary Services:
Supplementary services modify or supplement a basic telecommunication service.
Consequently, it cannot be offered to a customer as a standalone service. It must be offered
together with or in association with a basic telecommunication service. UMTS will support GSM
Release '99 supplementary services and many further extensions.
Below, some examples of supplementary services are listed:
call barring,
call forwarding,
call hold,
conference calling,
in call modification (dialing),
handling of closed user groups,
Credit card calling.
3.4 Multimedia Services

UMTS shall support multimedia services and provide the necessary capabilities.
Multimedia services combine two or more media components (e.g. voice, audio, data, video,
pictures) within one call. A multimedia service may involve several parties and connections
(different parties may provide different media components) and therefore flexibility is required
in order to add and delete both resources and parties.
Multimedia services are typically classified as interactive or distribution services.
Interactive services are typically subdivided into conversational, messaging and retrieval
services:
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Conversational services: These are real time (no store and forward), usually bi-directional
where low end to end delays (< 100 ms) and a high degree of synchronization between media
components (implying low delay variation) are required. Video telephony and video
conferencing are typical conversational services.
Messaging services: These offer user to user communication via store and forward units
(mailbox or message handling devices). Messaging services might typically provide combined
voice and text, audio and high resolution images.
Retrieval services: These enable a user to retrieve information stored in one or many
information center. The start at which an information sequence is sent by an information center
to the user is under control of the user. Each information center accessed may provide a different
media component, e.g. high resolution images, audio and general archival information.
3.4.1 Distributional services
Distribution services are typically subdivided into those providing user presentation control
and those without user presentation control.
Distribution services without user control: These are broadcast services where information is
supplied by a central source and where the user can access the flow of information without any
ability to control the start or order of presentation e.g. television or audio broadcast services.
Distribution services with user control: These are broadcast services where information is
broadcast as a repetitive sequence and the ability to access sequence numbering allocated to
frames of information enables the user (or the users terminal) to control the start and order of
presentation of information.
3GPP specifications shall support single media services (e.g. telephony) and multimedia services
(e.g. video telephony). All calls shall have potential to become multimedia calls and there shall
be no need to signal, in advance, any requirement for any number of multimedia components.
However, it shall be possible to reserve resources in advance to enable all required media
components to be available.
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3.4.2 Bearer services

Circuit switched data: Circuit switched data services and "real time" data services shall be
provided for interworking with the PSTN/ISDN so that the user is unaware of the access network
used (UMTS and GSM access network or handover between access networks). Both transparent
(constant delay) and non-transparent (zero error with flow control) services shall be supported.
These data services shall operate with minimum loss of data on handover between the GSM
access network and the UTRAN.
Packet switched data: Packet switched data services shall be provided for interworking with
packet networks such as IP-networks and LANs. The standard shall provide mechanisms which
ensure the continuity of packet based services upon handover e.g. between GSM and UMTS.
Fig 3.4 3G UMTS Generation
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4. HIGH SPEED PACKET ACCESS

4.1 Overview
The introduction of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, (HSDPA), implies a major
extension of the WCDMA radio interface, enhancing the WCDMA downlink packet-data
performance and capabilities in terms of higher peak data rate, reduced latency and increased
capacity. This is achieved through the introduction of several of the techniques described in Part
II, including higher-order modulation, rate control, channel-dependent scheduling, and hybrid
ARQ with soft combining.
4.1.1Shared-channel transmission
A key characteristic of HSDPA is the use of Shared-Channel Transmission. Shared
channel transmission implies that a certain fraction of the total downlink radio resources
available within a cell, channelization codes and transmission power in case of WCDMA, is seen
as a common resource that is dynamically shared between users, primarily in the time domain.
The use of shared-channel transmission, in WCDMA implemented through the High-Speed
Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) as described below, enables the possibility to rapidly
allocate a large fraction of the downlink resources for transmission of data to a specific user.
This is suitable for packet-data applications which typically have burst characteristics and thus
rapidly varying resource requirements. The HS-DSCH code resource consists of a set of
channelization codes of spreading factor 16, where the number of codes available for HS-DSCH
transmission is configurable between 1 and 15. Codes not reserved for HS-DSCH transmission
are used for other purposes, for example related control signaling, MBMS services, or circuitswitched services. The dynamic allocation of the HS-DSCH code resource for transmission to a
specific user is done on 2 ms TTI basis. The use of such a short TTI for HSDPA reduces the
overall delay and improves the tracking of fast channel variations exploited by the rate control
and the channel-dependent scheduling as discussed below. In addition to being allocated a part of
the overall code resource, a certain part of the total available cell power should also be allocated
for HS-DSCH transmission. Note that the HS-DSCH is not power controlled but rate controlled
as discussed below. This allows the remaining power, after serving other channels, to be used for
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HS-DSCH transmission and enables efficient exploitation of the overall available power
resource.
Fig 4.1 Channelization codes in HSDSCH Transmission
4.1.2 Channel-dependent scheduling

Scheduling controls to which user the shared-channel transmission is directed at a
Given time instant. The scheduler is a key element and to a large extent determines
The overall system performance, especially in a highly loaded network. In each
TTI, the scheduler decides to which user(s) the HS-DSCH should be transmitted and, in close
cooperation with the rate-control mechanism, at what data rate. Since the radio conditions for the
radio links to different UEs within a cell typically vary independently, at each point in
Time there is almost always a radio link whose channel quality is near its peak. As this radio link
is likely to have good channel quality, a high data rate can be used for this radio link. This
translates into a high system capacity. The gain obtained by transmitting to users with favorable
radio-link conditions is commonly known as multi-user diversity and the gains are larger, the
larger the channel variations and the larger the number of users in a cell. Thus, in contrast to the
traditional view that fast fading is an undesirable effect that has to be combated, with the
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possibility for channel-dependent scheduling fading is potentially beneficial and should be

exploited. In addition to the channel conditions, traffic conditions are also taken into account
By the scheduler. For example, there is obviously no purpose in scheduling a user with no data
awaiting transmission, regardless of whether the channel conditions are beneficial or not.
Furthermore, some services should preferably be given higher priority. As an example, streaming
services should be ensured a relatively constant long-term data rate while background services
such as file download have less stringent requirements on a constant long-term data rate.
Fig 4.2 channel dependent scheduling for HSDPA

4.1.3 Rate control and higher-order modulation
For HSDPA, rate control is implemented by dynamically adjusting the channel coding
rate as well as dynamically selecting between QPSK and 16QAM modulation. Higher-order
modulation such as 16QAM allows for higher bandwidth utilization than QPSK, but requires
higher received Eb/N0. Consequently, 16QAM is mainly useful in advantageous channel
conditions. The data rate is selected independently for each 2 ms TTI by the NodeB and the rate
control mechanism can therefore track rapid channel variations.
4.1.4 Hybrid ARQ with soft combining
Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining allows the terminal to request retransmission of
erroneously received transport blocks, effectively fine-tuning the effective code rate and
compensating for errors made by the link-adaptation mechanism. The terminal attempts to
decode each transport block it receives and reports to the NodeB its success or failure 5 ms after
the reception of the transport block. This allows for rapid retransmissions of unsuccessfully
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received data and significantly reduces the delays associated with retransmissions compared to
Release 99. Soft combining implies that the terminal does not discard soft information in case
It cannot decode a transport block as in traditional hybrid-ARQ protocols, but combines soft
information from previous transmission attempts with the current retransmission to increase the
probability of successful decoding. Incremental redundancy, IR, is used as the basis for soft
combining in HSDPA that is the retransmissions may contain parity bits not included in the
original transmission. It is known that IR can provide significant gains when the code
Rate for the initial transmission attempts is high as the additional parity bits in the retransmission
results in a lower overall code rate. Thus, IR is mainly useful in bandwidth-limited situations, for
example, when the terminal is close to the base station and the amount of channelization codes,
and not the transmission power, limits the achievable data rate. The set of coded bits to use for
the retransmission is controlled by the NodeB, taking the available UE memory into account
4.1.5 Architecture
From the previous discussion it is clear that the basic HSDPA techniques rely on fast
adaptation to rapid variations in the radio conditions. Therefore, these techniques need to be
placed close to the radio interface on the network side at the same time, an important design
objective of HSDPA was to retain the Release 99 functional split between layers and nodes as far
as possible. Minimization of the architectural changes is desirable as it simplifies introduction of
HSDPA in already deployed networks and also secures operation in environments where not all
cells have been upgraded with HSDPA functionality. Therefore, HSDPA introduces a new MAC
sub-layer in the NodeB, the MAC-hs, responsible for scheduling, rate control and hybrid-ARQ
protocol operation. Hence, apart from the necessary enhancements to the RNC such as admission
control of HSDPA users, the introduction of HSDPA mainly affects the NodeB Each UE using
HSDPA will receive HS-DSCH transmission from one cell, the serving cell. The serving cell is
responsible for scheduling, rate control, hybrid ARQ, and all other MAC-hs functions used by
HSDPA. Uplink soft handover is supported, in which case the uplink data transmission will be
received in multiple cells. Mobility from a cell supporting HSDPA to a cell that is not supporting
HSDPA is easily handled. Uninterrupted service to the user can be provided, albeit at a lower
data rate, by using channel switching in the RNC and switch the user to a dedicated channel in
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the non-HSDPA cell. Similarly, a user equipped with an HSDPA-capable terminal may be
switched from a dedicated channel to HSDPA when the user enters a cell with HSDPA support.
Fig 4.3 HSDPA architecture

4.2 HSDPA vs. UMTS
Various methods for packet data transmission in WCDMA downlink already exist in
Release'99. The three different channels in Release'99/ Release 4 WCDMA specifications that
can be used for downlink packet data are:
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Downlink-shared Channel (DSCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH).
The basic requirements for HSDPA are to carry high data rate in the downlink. The HSDPA
technology will:
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Increase the UTRAN network capacity
Reduce the round trip delay
Increase the peak data rates up to 14 Mbps
28
In order to achieve this few architectural changes have been made in the R99 architecture. The
transport channel carrying the user data with HSDPA operation is denoted as the High-speed
Downlink-shared Channel (HS-DSCH) known as downlink "fat pipe".
As discussed above the primary motivation behind HSDPA was to achieve high data rates by not
disturbing to the current UMTS architecture too much. Thus it's clear that by implementing the
HSDPA the current UMTS architecture is maintained and some other features or functionalities
are added on top of the existing architecture. In HSDPA (Release 5) three new transport channels
are introduced. They are:
HS-DSCH (High Speed Down link Shared Channel)
To support the HS-DSCH Operation Two Control Channels are added
HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel)
DL channel
HS- DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
UL Channel
With HSDPA two fundamental features of WCDMA are disabled which is:
Variable SF
Fast Power Control

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These two features are replaced by
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
Fast retransmission strategy (HARQ)
Scheduling Algorithm
4.2.1 HS-DSCH:
The High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), is the transport channel
Used to support shared-channel transmission and the other basic technologies in HSDPA,
namely channel-dependent scheduling, rate control (including higher order modulation), and
hybrid ARQ with soft combining. As discussed in the introduction and illustrated in Figure 9.1,
the HS-DSCH corresponds to a set of channelization codes, each with spreading factor 16. Each
such channelization code is also known as an HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Downlink
Shared Channel. In addition to HS-DSCH, there is a need for other channels as well, for example
for circuit-switched services and for control signaling. To allow for a trade-off between the
amount of code resources set aside for HS-DSCH and the amount of code resource used for other
purposes, the number of channelization codes available for HS-DSCH can be configured,
ranging from 1 to 15 codes. Codes not reserved for HS-DSCH transmission are used for other
purposes, for example related control signaling and circuit-switched services. The first node in
the code tree can never be used for HS-DSCH transmission as this node includes mandatory
physical channels such as the common pilot. Sharing of the HS-DSCH code resource should
primarily take place in the time domain. The reason is to fully exploit the advantages of channeldependent scheduling and rate control, since the quality at the terminal varies in the time
Domain, but is (almost) independent of the set of codes (physical channels) used for
transmission. However, sharing of the HS-DSCH code resource in the code domain is also
supported as illustrated in. With code-domain sharing, two or more UEs are scheduled
simultaneously by using different parts of the common code resource (different sets of physical
channels).reasons, not able to dispread the full set of codes, and efficient support of small
payloads when the transmitted data does not require the full set of allocated HSDSCH codes. In
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either of these cases, it is obviously a waste of resources to assign the full code resource to a
single terminal.
In addition to being allocated a part of the overall code resource, a certain part of the total
available cell power should also be used for HS-DSCH transmission. To maximize the utilization
of the power resource in the base station, the remaining power after serving other, powercontrolled channels, should preferably be used for HS-DSCH transmission as illustrated in
Figure 9.4. In principle, this results in a (more or less) constant transmission power in a cell.
Since the HS-DSCH is rate controlled as discussed below, the HS-DSCH data rate can be
selected to match the radio conditions and the amount of power instantaneously available for HSDSCH transmission. To obtain rapid allocation of the shared resources, and to obtain a small
enduser delay, the TTI should be selected as small as possible. At the same time, a too small TTI
would result in excessive overhead as control signaling is required for each transmission. For
HSDPA, this trade-off resulted in the selection of a 2 ms TTI.
Downlink control signaling is necessary for the operation of HS-DSCH in each TTI.
Obviously, the identity of the UE(s) currently being scheduled must be signaled as well as the
physical resource (the channelization codes) used for transmission to this UE. The UE also needs
to be informed about the transport format used for the transmission as well as hybrid-ARQrelated information. The resource and transport-format information consists of the part of the
code tree used for data transmission, the modulation scheme used, and the transport-block size.
The downlink control signaling is carried on the High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH), transmitted in parallel to the HS-DSCH using a separate channelization code. The HSSCCH is a shared channel, received by all UEs for which an HS-DSCH is configured to find out
whether the UE has been scheduled or not. Several HS-SCCHs can be configured in a cell, but as
the HS-DSCH is shared mainly in the time domain and only the currently scheduled terminal
needs to receive the HS-SCCH, there is typically only one or, if code-domain sharing is
supported in the cell, a few HS-SCCHs configured in each cell. However, each HS-DSCHcapable terminal is required to be able to monitor up to four HS-SCCHs. Four HS-SCCH has
been found to provide sufficient flexibility in the scheduling of multiple UEs; if the number was
significantly smaller the scheduler would have been restricted in which UEs to schedule
simultaneously in case of code-domain sharing.
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HSDPA transmission also requires uplink control signaling as the hybrid-ARQ

mechanism must be able to inform the NodeB whether the downlink transmission was
successfully received or not. For each downlink TTI in which the UE has been scheduled, an
ACK or NAK will be sent on the uplink to indicate the result of the HS-DSCH decoding. This
information is carried on the uplink High-Speed
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH). One HS-DPCCH is set up for each UE with
an HS DSCH configured. In addition, the NodeB needs information about the instantaneous
downlink channel conditions at the UE for the purpose of channel-dependent scheduling and rate
control. Therefore, each UE also measures the instantaneous downlink channel conditions and
transmits a Channel-Quality Indicator (CQI), on the HS-DPCCH. In addition to HS-DSCH and
HS-SCCH, an HSDPA terminal need to receive power control commands for support of fast
closed-loop power control of the uplink in the same way as any WCDMA terminal. This can be
achieved by a downlink dedicated physical channel, DPCH, for each UE. In addition to power
control commands, this channel can also be used for user data not carried on the HS-DSCH, for
example circuit-switched services.
In Release 6, support for fractional DPCH, F-DPCH, is added to reduce the consumption
of downlink channelization codes. In principle, the only use for a dedicated channel in the
downlink is to carry power control commands to the UE in order to adjust the uplink
transmission. If all data transmissions, including higher-layer signaling radio bearers, are mapped
to the HS-DSCH, it is a waste of scarce code resources to use a dedicated channel with spreading
factor 256 per UE for power control only. The F-DPCH resolves this by allowing multiple UEs
to share a single downlink channelization code. To summarize, the overall channel structure with
HSDPA is illustrated in neither the HS-PDSCH, nor the HS-SCCH, are subject to downlink
macro diversity or soft handover. The basic reason is the location of the HS-DSCH scheduling in
the NodeB. Hence, it is not possible to simultaneously transmit the HS-DSCH to a single UE
from multiple NodeBs, which prohibits the use of inter-NodeB soft handover. Furthermore, it
should be noted that within each cell.
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4.3 Scheduler
The scheduler for HSDPA is referred to as being fast due to the fact that, compared with
Release 99 specifications; the scheduler is moved from RNC to node Bs to reduce delays so
faster scheduling decisions can be made. In addition to other functionalities, such as the choice
of redundancy version and modulation and coding scheme, a fundamental task of the scheduler
for HSDPA is to schedule the transmission for users. The data to be transmitted to users are
placed in different queues in a buffer and the scheduler needs to determine the sequential order in
which the data streams are sent. The scheduling algorithms are:
Round-robin method: This algorithm selects the user packets in a round robin fashion.
In this method, the number of time slots allocated to each user can be chosen to be
inversely proportional to the users data rates, so the same number of bits is transmitted
for every user in a cycle. Obviously, this method is the fairest in the sense that the
average delay and throughput would be the same for all users. However, there are two
disadvantages associated with the round-robin method. The first is that it disregards the
conditions of the radio channel for each user, so users in poor radio conditions may
experience low data rates, whereas users in good channel conditions may not even
receive any data until the channel conditions turn poor again. This is obviously against
the spirit of the HSDPA and it would lead to the lowest system throughput. The second
disadvantage of the round-robin scheduler is that there is no differentiation in the quality
of services for different classes of users.
Maximum C/I (carrier-to-interface) ratio method: In this method, the scheduler

attempts to take advantage of the variations in the radio channel conditions for different
users to the maximum, and always chooses to serve the user experiencing the best
channel condition, that is, the one with maximum carrier-to-interference ratio.
Apparently, the max C/I scheduler leads to the maximum system throughput but is the
most unfair, as users in poor radio conditions may never get served or suffer from
unacceptable delays.
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Proportional fairness or R[n]/Rav Method: This method takes into account both the
short-term variation of the radio channel conditions and the long-term throughput of each
user. In this method, the user with the largest R[n]/Rav is served first, where R[n] is the
data rate in the current time slot n and Rav is the average data rate for the user in the past
average window. The size of the average window determines the maximum duration that
a user can be starved from data, and as such it reflects the compromise between the
maximum tolerable delay and the cell throughput. According to this scheduling scheme,
if a user is enjoying a very high average throughput, its R[n]/Rav will probably not be
the highest. Then it may give way to other users with poor average throughput and
therefore high R[n]/Rav in the next time slots, so the average throughput of the latter can
be improved. On the other hand, if the average throughput of a user is low, the R[n]/Rav
could be high and it might be granted the right of transmission even if its current channel
condition is not the best.
The figure below illustrates the performance of different scheduling algorithm
Fig. 4.4 performance of scheduling algorithms

Fast scheduling and AMC, in conjunction with HARQ, is a way of maximizing the instantaneous
use of the fading radio channel in order to realize maximum throughput. The HSDPA technology
enables higher-rate data transmission through a higher-modulation and coding rate and limited
retransmissions, while keeping the power allocated to HS-DSCH channel in a cell constant.
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Notwithstanding, the slow power control is still needed to adjust the power sharing among
terminals and between different channel types.
HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network and UE Architecture
All Release99 transport channels presented earlier in this document are terminated at the
RNC. Hence, the retransmission procedure for the packet data is located in the serving RNC,
which also handles the connection for the particular user to the core network. With the
introduction of HS-DSCH, additional intelligence in the form of an HSDPA Medium Access
Control (MAC) layer is installed in the Node B. This way, retransmissions can be controlled
directly by the Node B, leading to faster retransmission and thus shorter delay with packet data
operation when retransmissions are needed. With HSDPA, the Iub interface between Node B and
RNC requires a flow control mechanism to ensure that Node B buffers are used properly and that
there is no data loss due to Node B buffer overflow.
Although there is a new MAC functionality added in the Node B, the RNC still retains
the Release99/Release 4 functionalities of the Radio Link Control (RLC), such as taking care of
the retransmission in case the HS-DSCH transmission from the Node N would fail after, for
instance, exceeding the maximum number of physical layer retransmissions.
The key functionality of the new Node B MAC functionality (MAC-hs) is to handle the
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) functionality and scheduling as well as priority handling.
Ciphering is done in any case in the RLC layer to ensure that the ciphering mask stays identical
for each retransmission to enable physical layer combining of retransmissions. Similar to Node B
a new MAC entity, MAC-hs is added in the UE architecture. The functionalityof the same as on
the Node B side.
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Fig. 4.5 node b protocol stack
Transport and Control Channel in HSDPA
Fig. 4.6 transport and control channel in HSDPA

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High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)

The HS-DSCH is allocated to users mainly on the basis of the transmission time interval
(TTI), in which users are allocated within different TTIs.
HS-DSCH has the following features:
TTI = 2ms (3 time slots): This is to achieve short round trip delay for the operation
between the terminal and the Node B for retransmissions. TTI in R99 is 10ms
Adding higher order modulation scheme, 16 QAM, as well as lower encoding

redundancy has increased the instantaneous peak data rate. In the code domain
perspective, the SF is fixed; it is always 16, and multi-code transmission as well as code
multiplexing of different users can take place.
The maximum number of codes that can be allocated is 15, but depending on the terminal (UE)
capability, individual terminals may receive a maximum of 5, 10 or 15 codes.
4.4 MOBILITY PROCEDURES
Once a terminal is in the so-called CELL_DCH state when dedicated channels have been
set up, it can be allocated with one or more HS-PDSCH(s), thus allowing it to receive data on the
HS-DSCH. For dedicated channels, it is advantageous to employ the so-called soft handover
technique, which is to transmit the same data from a number of Node Bs simultaneously to the
terminal, as this provides diversity gain. Owing to the nature of packet transmission, however,
synchronized transmission of the same packets from different cells is very difficult to achieve, so
only hard handover is employed for HS-PDSCH.
This is referred to HS-DSCH cell change, and the terminal can have only one serving HSDSCH cell at a time. A serving HS-DSCH cell change message facilitates the transfer of the role
of serving HS-DSCH radio link from one belonging to the source HS-DSCH cell to another
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belonging to the target HS-DSCH cell. In theory, the serving HS-DSCH cell change can be
decided either by the mobile terminal or by the network. In UTRAN Release 5, however, only
network-controlled serving HS-DSCH cell changes are supported and the decision can be based
on UE measurement reports and other information available to the RNC. A network-controlled
HS-DSCH cell change is performed based on the existing handover procedures in CELL_DCH
state.
Since the HSDPA radio channel is associated with dedicated physical channels in both
the downlink and uplink, there are two possible scenarios in changing a serving HS-DSCH cell:
(1) only changing the serving HS-DSCH cell and keeping the dedicated physical channel
configuration and the active set for handover intact; or (2) changing the serving HS-DSCH cell
in connection with an establishment, release, and/or reconfiguration of dedicated physical
channels and the active set.
Although an unsynchronized serving HS-DSCH cell change is permissible, a
synchronized one is obviously preferable for ease of traffic management. In that case, the start
and stop of the HS-DSCH transmission and reception are performed at a given time. This is
convenient especially when an intranode B serving HS-DSCH cell change is performed, in which
case both the source and target HS-DSCH cells are controlled by the same node B and the
change happens between either frequencies or sectors.
If an internode B serving HS-DSCH cell change is needed, the serving HS-DSCH Node
B relocation procedure needs to be performed in the UTRAN. During the serving HS-DSCH
node B relocation process, the HARQ entities located in the source HS-DSCH node B belonging
to the specific mobile terminal are deleted and new HARQ entities in the target HS-DSCH node
B are established. In this scenario, different controlling RNCs may control the source and target
HS-DSCH node Bs, respectively.
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Intranode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change

Figure below illustrates an intranode B serving HS-DSCH cell change while keeping the
dedicated physical channel configuration and the active set, using the physical channel
reconfiguration procedures. The transition from source to target HS-DSCH cells is performed in
a synchronized fashion, that is, at a given activation time. For clarity, only the layers directly
involved in the process are shown and the sequence of the events starts from the top and finishes
at the bottom.
Fig. 4.7 Intranode serving node b

In this scenario, the terminal transmits a measurement report message containing
intrafrequency measurement triggered by the event change of best cell. When the decision to
perform handover is made at the serving RNC (SRNC), the node B is prepared for the serving
HS-DSCH cell change at an activation time indicated by CPHY-RL-Commit-REQ primitive.
The serving RNC then sends a physical channel reconfiguration message, which indicates the
target HS-DSCH cell and the activation time to the UE. Since the same node B controls both the
source and target HS-DSCH cells, it is not necessary to reset the MAC-hs entities. Once the
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terminal has completed the serving HS-DSCH cell change, it transmits a physical channel
reconfiguration complete message to the network.
It should be pointed out that, in this particular case, it is assumed that HS-DSCH transport
channel and radio bearer parameters do not change. If transport channel or radio bearer
parameters are changed, the serving HS-DSCH cell change would need to be executed by a
transport channel reconfiguration procedure or a radio bearer reconfiguration procedure,
respectively.
Internode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change
For terminals on the move, what happens more often than the intra-node B serving HS-DSCH
cell change is the so-called internode B serving HS-DSCH cell change. For synchronized case,
the reconfiguration is performed in two steps within UTRAN.
To begin with, the terminal transmits a measurement report message containing measurement
triggered by the event change of best cell. The serving RNC determines the need for hard
handover based on received measurement report and/or load control algorithms. As the first step,
the serving RNC establishes a new radio link in the target node B. After this, the target Node B
starts transmission and reception on dedicated channels. In the second step, this newly created
radio link is prepared for a synchronized reconfiguration to be executed at a given activation
time indicated in the CPHY-RL-Commit-REQ primitive, at which the transmission of HS-DSCH
will be started in the target HSDSCH node B and stopped in the source HS-DSCH node B.
The serving RNC then sends a transport channel reconfiguration message on the old
configuration. This message indicates the configuration after handover, both for DCH and HSDSCH. The transport channel reconfiguration message includes a flag indicating that the MAChs entity in the terminal should be reset. The message also includes an update of transport
channel-related parameters for the HS-DSCH in the target HS-DSCH cell.
After physical synchronization is established, the terminal sends a transport channel
reconfiguration complete message. The serving RNC then terminates reception and transmission
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on the old radio link for dedicated channels and releases all resources allocated to the UE. The
process of internode B handover for HS-DSCH is shown in Figure below.
Fig. 4.8 Intra Node B serving
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5. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPIS)

5.1 INTRODUCTION
For radio network optimization it is necessary to have key performance indicators. These
KPIs are parameters that are to be observed closely when the network monitoring process is
going on. Mainly, the term KPI is used for parameters related to voice and data channels, but
network performance can be broadly characterized into coverage, capacity and quality criteria
also that cover the speech and data aspects.
The performance of the radio network is measured in terms of KPIs related to voice
quality, based on statistics generated from the radio network. Drive tests and network
management systems are the best methods for generating these performance statistics.
5.2 NETWORK PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING
The whole process of network performance monitoring consists of two steps:
Monitoring the performance of the key parameters,
Assessment of the performance of these parameters with respect to capacity and coverage.
First the radio planners assimilate the information/parameters that they need to monitor.
The KPIs are collected along with field measurements such as drive tests. For the field
measurements, the tools used are ones that can analyze the traffic, capacity, and quality of the
calls, and the network as a whole. For drive testing, a test mobile is used. This test mobile keeps
on making calls in a moving vehicle that goes around in the various parts of the network. Based
on the DCR, CSR, HO, etc., parameters, the quality of the network can then be analyzed. Apart
from drive testing, the measurements can also be generated by the network management system
and finally, when 'faulty' parameters have been identified and correct values are determined, the
radio planner puts them in his network planning tool to analyze the change before these
parameters are actually changed or implemented in the field.
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5.3 DRIVE TESTING

The quality of the network is ultimately determined by the satisfaction of the users of the
network, the subscribers. Drive tests give the 'feel' of the designed network as it is experienced in
the field. The testing process starts with selection of the 'live' region of the network where the
tests need to be performed, and the drive testing path. Before starting the tests the engineer
should have the appropriate kits that include mobile equipment (usually three mobiles), drive
testing software (on a laptop), and a GPS (global positioning system) unit.
When the drive testing starts, two mobiles are used to generate calls with a gap of few
seconds (usually 15-20 s). The third mobile is usually used for testing the coverage. It makes one
continuous call, and if this call drops it will attempt another call. The purpose of this testing to
collect enough samples at a reasonable speed and in a reasonable time. If there are lots of
dropped calls, the problem is analyzed to find a solution for it and to propose changes.
5.4 KPIs IN 3G
The following are the key performance indicators in any 3G network.
1. Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)
2. Ec/Io
3. Handover status
4. Throughput
5. Eb/No
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RSCP Plot
It is a coverage plot indicating the received code power for pilot channel.
Ec/Io Plot
This plot indicates the Ec/Io achieved on pilot channel.
Handover status
The plot indicates handover status for different areas in a given network.
Throughput
The plot indicates probable throughput in the network on WCDMA PS bearers. It should
be noted that the throughput plot is based on the allotment of different PS bearers and does not
indicate continuous user data transfer rate.
Eb/No Plot
In a mixed traffic scenario the plot indicates the Eb/No targets achieved for downlink.
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6. Radio Network Optimization

6.1 Introduction to optimization
Every alive Network needs to be under continues control to maintain/improve the
performance. Optimization is basically the only way to keep track of the network by looking deep
into statistics and collecting/analyzing drive test data. It is keeping an eye on its growth and
modifying it for the future capacity enhancements. It also helps operation and maintenance for
troubleshooting purposes.
Successful Optimization requires:

Recognition and understanding of common reasons for call failure
Capture of RF and digital parameters of the call prior to drop
Analysis of call flow, checking messages on both forward and reverse links to establish what
happened, where, and why. Optimization will be more effective and successful if you are aware
of what you are doing. The point is that you should know where to start, what to do and how to
do.
Purpose and Scope of Optimization
The optimization is to intend providing the best network quality using available spectrum as
efficiently as possible. The scope will consist all below:
Finding and correcting any existing problems after site implementation and integration.
Meeting the network quality criteria agreed in the contract.
Optimization will be continuous and iterative process of improving overall network quality.
Optimization cannot reduce the performance of the rest of the network.
Area of interest is divided in smaller areas called clusters to make optimization and follow up
processes easier to handle.
6.2 Optimization Process

6.2.1Problem Analysis
Analyzing performance retrieve tool reports and statistics for the worst performing BSCs
and/or Sites
Viewing ARQ Reports for BSC/Site performance trends
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Examining Planning tool Coverage predictions
Analyzing previous drive test data
Discussions with local engineers to prioritize problems

Checking Customer Complaints reported to local engineers
6.2.2 Checks Prior to Action

Cluster definitions by investigating BSC borders, main cities, freeways,
Major roads.
Investigating customer distribution, customer habits (voice/data usage)
Running specific traces on Network to categorize problems
Checking trouble ticket history for previous problems
Checking any fault reports to limit possible hardware problems prior to test.
6.2.3Drive Testing
Preparing Action Plan
Defining drive test routes
Collecting RSSI Log files
Scanning frequency spectrum for possible interference sources
Redriving questionable data
6.2.4Subjects to Investigate
Nonworking sites/sectors or TRXs
Inactive Radio network features like frequency hopping
Disabled GPRS
Overshooting sites coverage overlaps
Coverage holes
C/I, C/A analysis
High Interference Spots
Drop Calls
Capacity Problems
Other Interference Sources
Missing Neighbors
Oneway neighbors
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PingPong Handovers
Not happening handovers
Accessibility and Retain ability of the Network
Equipment Performance
6.2.5After the Test

Post processing of data
Plotting RX Level and Quality Information for overall picture of the driven area
Initial Discussions on drive test with Local engineers
Reporting urgent problems for immediate action
Analyzing Network feature performance after new implementations
Transferring comments on parameter implementations after new changes
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7. DRIVE TESTING
7.1 Introduction
The Indian telecommunication industry, with about 708.4 million mobile phone
connections as of Jan 2013, is the second largest telecommunication network in the world. The
Indian telecom industry is the fastest growing one in the world and it is projected that India will
have a 'billion plus' mobile users by 2014. The Indian telephone lines have increased from a
meagre 40 million (approx.) in the year 2000 to an astounding figure now. The main drivers for
this extraordinary growth are because of Governments Telecom reforms and the stupendous
success of GSM standard, which is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in
the world.
RF performance parameters such as the Received Signal Code Power, Ec/Io, Eb/No,
throughput etc., are defined for the efficient and effective functioning of the RF network. The
Drive Testing (DT) is performed in 3G UMTS network to ensure the availability, integrity, &
reliability of the network. How to optimize the BTS coverage area successfully is the real
challenge. As we move further ahead, the need for better technologies and reliability of services,
integration and cost effective solutions have become a necessity for service providers. If the
optimization is successfully performed, then the QOS, reliability and availability of RF Coverage
area will be highly improved resulting in more customers and more profits to the mobile telecom
service providers.
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Figure 7.1 Integrated drive-test bench
7.2 What is drive test?

Drive testing is the most common and maybe the best way to analyze network
performance by means of coverage evaluation, system availability, network capacity, and
network, retain ability and call quality. Although it gives idea only on downlink side of the
process, it provides huge perspective to the service provider about what is happening with a
subscriber point of view.
The drive testing is basically collecting measurement data with a phone, but the main
concern is the analysis and evaluation part that is done after completion of the test. Remember
that you are always asked to perform a drive test for not only showing the problems, but also
explaining them and providing useful recommendations to correct them.
Drive Test, as already mentioned, is the procedure to perform a test while driving. The
vehicle does not really matter; you can do a drive test using a four-wheeler or a motorcycle or a
bicycle. What matters is the hardware and software used in the test.
A notebook - or other similar device (1)
With collecting Software installed (2),
A Security Key - Dongle - common to these types of software (3),
At least one Mobile Phone (4),
One GPS (5),

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A Scanner optional (6).
Also there is a common use of adapters and / or hubs that allow the correct interconnection of all
equipment.
The following is a schematic of the standard connections.
Fig. 7.2 Schematic diagram of drive test.
The main goal is to collect test data, but they can be viewed / analyzed in real time (Live)
during the test, allowing a view of network performance on the field. Data from all units are
grouped by collection software and stored in one or more output files (1).
Fig. 7.3 Drive test output from various sources.

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GPS: collecting the data of latitude and longitude of each point / measurement
data, time, speed,
etc. It is also useful as a guide for following the correct routes.
MS: mobile data collection, such as signal strength, best server, etc ...
SCANNER: collecting data throughout the network, since the mobile radio is a
limited and does not handle all the necessary data for a more complete analysis.
The minimum required to conduct a drive test, simplifying, is a mobile device with
software to collect data and a GPS. Currently, there are already cell phones that do everything.
They have a GPS, as well as a collection of specific software. They are very practical, but are
still quite expensive.
7.3 Drive Test Routes

Drive Test routes are the first step to be set, and indicate where testing will occur. This
area is defined based on several factors, mainly related to the purpose of the test. The routes are
predefined in the office.
A program of a lot of help in this area is Google Earth. A good practice is to trace the
route on the same using the easy paths or polygons. The final image can then be brought to the
driver.
Figure 7.4 Drive test route map

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Some software allows the image to be loaded as the software background (georeferenced). This makes it much easier to direct routes to be followed.
It is advisable to check traffic conditions by tracing out the exact pathways through which
the driver must pass. It is clear that the movement of vehicles is always subject to unforeseen
events, such as congestion, interdicted roads, etc. Therefore, one should always have on hand know - alternate routes to be taken on these occasions.
Avoid running the same roads multiple times during a Drive Test (use the Pause if
needed). A route with several passages in the same way is more difficult to interpret.
7.4 Drive Test Schedule

Again depending on the purpose, the test can be performed at different times - day or
night. A Drive Test during the day shows the actual condition of the network - especially in
relation to loading aspect of it. Moreover, a drive test conducted at night allows you to make, for
example, tests on transmitters without affecting most users.
Typically takes place nightly Drive Test in activities such System Design, for example
with the integration of new sites. And Daytime Drive Test applies to Performance Analysis and
also Maintenance.
Important: regardless of the time, always check with the responsible area which sites are
with alarms or even out of service. Otherwise, your job may be in vain.
7.5 Types of Calls

The Drive Test is performed according to the need, and the types of test calls are the
same that the network supports - calls can be voice, data, video, etc.. Everything depends on the
technology (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, etc. ...), and the purpose of the test, as always.
A typical Drive Test uses two phones. A mobile performing call (CALL) for a specific
number from time to time, configured in the Collecting Software. And the other, in free or IDLE
mode, i.e. connected, but not on call. With this, we collect specific data in IDLE and CALL
modes for the network.
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The calls test (CALL) can be of two types: long or short duration.
Short calls should last the average of a user call - a good reference value is 180 seconds.
Serve to check whether the calls are being established and successfully completed (being
a good way to also check the network setup time).
Long calls serve to verify if the handovers (continuity between the cells) of the network
are working, i.e. calls must not drop.
7.6 Types of Drive Test

The main types of Drive Test are:
Performance Analysis
Integration of New Sites and change parameters of Existing Sites
Marketing
Benchmarking
Tests for Analysis Performance is the most common, and usually made into clusters
(grouping of cells), i.e., an area with some sites of interest. They can also be performed in
specific situations, as to answer a customer complaint.
In integration testing of new sites, it is recommended to perform two tests: one with the
site without handover permission - not being able to handover to another site thus obtaining a
total visualization of the coverage area. The other, later, with normal handover, which is the final
state of the site.
Depending on the type of alteration of the site (if any change in EIRP) both tests are also
recommended. Otherwise, just perform the normal test. Marketing tests are usually requested by
the marketing area of the company, for example showing the coverage along a highway, or at a
specific region/location.
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Benchmarking tests aims to compare the competing networks. If the result is better, can
be used as an argument for new sales. If worse, it shows the points where the network should be
improved.
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8. DRIVE TEST TOOL: JDSU E6474A v16.3

Agilent technologies have introduced the industrys first integrated test solution that in a
single protocol analysis tool, seamlessly combines mobile device data captured from a RF
interface and from a mobile terrestrial network. Troubleshooting and optimizing todays
networks requires a broad understanding of the network performance over multiple interfaces.
Rapid growth in the number of subscribers and in-data network usage has challenged the
radio access network in both RF capacity and data throughput performance measuring across the
last hop from the base station to the mobile device is essential for troubleshooting and
optimization and without visibility to the air interface, network operators must manually
correlate data from independent drive test and protocol analysis tools.
Agilents E6474A drive test tool has revolutionized and simplified end to end
troubleshooting. The software allows users to correlate signaling procedures from the air
interface and radio access network interfaces in a single view to detect and troubleshoot
problems from the mobile phone to the network.
The benefits of using this drive test tool are:
Automatic correlation of data collected from both the radio and network interfaces to find
end-to-end performance issues more easily.
Mobile device and network combined protocol decoding as well as call trace groupings to
enable a complete understanding of mobile access network behaviors.
Detection of lost and delayed messages from the air interface.
Isolation of base station with RF performance, capacity and interference problems to

perform root cause analysis.
Evaluation of overall RF performance.
8.1 Drive Test Pre Requirements

Before starting the drive test, the following data is to be collected from the BTS:
Height of Antenna
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Antenna Azimuth Orientation
Antenna tilt
Checking of RF Sectorization
Verification of serving area by existing Antenna orientations
VSWR & TX Power of DRX
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8.2 Drive Test Procedure

After collecting the required information from the BTS, the drive test is started. The
equipment is set up in a vehicle and long calls as well as short calls are generated.
A long call is a call which is generated as well as terminated by the user himself. A short call
is a preprogrammed call generated by the system for a very small duration, say 10 seconds or
more.
A long call is used to measure the handover success rate as well as the Rx quality, while CSR
and Rx level are measured on a short call.
The drive test is done over a distance of 3 km or more from the starting point. Various
parameters are observed and recorded during the drive test.
The drive test procedure is as follows:
Tool may be setup for two mobiles One for Long call and another for short calls (2
minutes).
In the route map following are to be enabled for Analysis.
Rx Level
RX Quality
Survey Markers (like H/O, DCR & H/O symbols)
Cell site Database.
Call statistics for the Calls in the Point -1 to be enabled.

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Conduct the Drive Test covering all sectors by observing the following Parameters:
RSCP(Received Signal Code Power)
Ec/Io
Eb/No
Handovers & Drop Calls
Throughput
Observe whether the nearest sector is serving or not.
The data, as per the requirements are observed and recorded. The data is analyzed for
performance.
8.3 Configuring the Drive Test Tool

8.3.1 Hardware Configuration
The Hardware window shows the hardware devices which are to be added to the drive test
tool.
One mobile for short call configuration
One mobile for Long call configuration
GPS
File
Project Manager
New Project
Name
View System panels Hard ware window (right click) Add Device Phone (short call)
View System panels Hard ware window (right click) Add Device Phone (Long call)
View System panels Hard ware window (right click) Add Devices
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Fig. 8.1 Configuration of Hard ware Devices.

8.3.2 Configuring the Calls
In Sequencer window we specify the type of test to be done by the each device i.e. mobiles
For Short Call:
ViewSystem panelSequencer (right click)Service model (right click)Parallel sequenceShort call
For Long Call:
ViewSystem panelSequencer (right click)Service model (right click)Parallel sequenceLong call
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Fig 8.2 Configurations of Calls

8.3.3 Configuring Short Call Properties
Short CallCALL_CONTROL_TESTViewProperties
Number of times to run: Infinite

-The number of times for a call to run throughout the Drive Test if after a disruption.
Inter Call Idle time: 5 sec

-Time duration between the calls
Auto Dial: Yes

-Makes the call automatically after 5 sec (Inter Call Idle time)
Call Statistics: Yes

-Display of No. of Dropped calls, Good calls etc., (Call Analysis)
Immediate Dial: Yes

-To dial immediately after disconnection.
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Continuous Call: No
-Since the Short Call would be terminated and re-initiated throughout the Drive Test, it is
configured as No
Call Duration: 40 sec

-Duration of the Short Call should be minimum to make a trail for every sector or cell
Call Setup: 20 sec

-Time given to setup or answer a call, if it exceeds call will be terminated.
Call number: Any number

-Destination or called party number
Auto Answer: No
-If it is Yes, then the mobile would be only in incoming mode (doesnt suit for Drive
Test)
COM Port: COM 58

-Number of port that to be connected to PC
Voice MOS Test: No
-It is the Voice Mean Opinion score Test, not required for the Drive Test because person
doing the Drive Test dont speak throughout the Test.
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Fig 8.3 Configurations of Short Call Properties

8.3.4 Configuring Long Calls Properties
Long CallCALL_CONTROL_TESTViewProperties
Number of times to run: Infinite

-The number of times for a call to run throughout the Drive Test if after a disruption.
Inter Call Idle time: 5 sec

-Time duration between the calls
Auto Dial: Yes

-Makes the call automatically after 5 sec (Inter Call Idle time)
Call Statistics: Yes

-Display of No. of Dropped calls, Good calls etc., (Call Analysis)
Immediate Dial: Yes

-To dial immediately after disconnection.
Continuous Call: Yes

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-Since the Long Call would be operated throughout the Drive Test, it is configured as Yes
Call Duration: NILL

-As the Long Call is operated throughout the Drive Test the Call duration need not be
specified.
Call Setup: 20 sec

-Time given to setup or answer a call, if it exceeds call will be terminated.
Call number: Any number

-Destination or called party number
Auto Answer: No
-If it is Yes, then the mobile would be only in incoming mode (doesnt suit for Drive
Test)
COM Port: COM 57

-Number of port that to be connected to PC
Voice MOS Test: No

-It is the Voice Mean Opinion score Test, not required for the Drive Test because person
doing the Drive Test dont speak throughout the Test.
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Fig 8.4 Configurations of Long Call Properties

8.3.5 Configuring of Map and Cell site Data MAP:
ViewCommon ViewsMapOpen map file (Load from Destination address in PC)
Cell site Data:
ToolsOptionsCell siteOpen cell site data file (Load from Destination address in PC)
Hyderabad map like streets, state highways, water bodies, national highways etc with cell
sites given below
Cell sites near Gachibowli are shown below
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Fig. 8.5 Cell Sites of Gachibowli

8.3.6 Configuring the Data Items
Configuring the Data Items Selection of parameters like Rx level, Rx Quality, C\I ratio of both
Short call and Long call which we want to display in the map through different colors and
different ranges which are available in Data items window.
For Short Call:
ViewSystem PanelData itemsShort CallTraceGSM signal -Rx Level
-Rx Quality
For Long Call:
ViewSystem PanelData itemsLong CallTraceGSM signal
-Rx Level
-Rx Quality
-Ec/Io
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Fig. 8.6 Configurations of Data Items

8.3.7 Map Legend
Map Legend shows the display of Configured Data Items Selected like Rx level, Rx Quality,
C\I ratio of both Short call and Long call in the map through different colors and different
ranges as shown in the Legend Window in the below figure.
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Fig 8.7 Map Legends in the Drive Test.
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9. DATA COLLECTION IN DRIVE TEST

9.1 Observations and Recordings
Drive testing is the most common and maybe the best way to analyze Network performance
by means of coverage evaluation, system availability, network capacity, network retain ability
and call quality. Although it gives idea only on downlink side of the process, it provides huge
perspective to the service provider about whats happening with a subscriber point of view. The
data, as per the requirements are observed and recorded. The data is analyzed for performance.
The following shots have been taken while conducting the drive test.
Drive test is nothing but collection of samples.
Fig. 9.1 Collection of samples of the Drive Test.
GPS location or Vehicle position on the map is indicated with red pointer as shown
below. Parameters like RSCP, Throughput and Ec/Io ratio of a call shown are below on
the map.
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Fig 9.2 Measure of parameters in the Drive Test.
Fig. 9.3 Drive Test from RTTC Gachibowli to Nanakramguda.
BSNL user events like blocked call, good call etc. are shown below.
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Fig. 9.4 Blocked call and good call view
BSNL long and short call views are given below.
Fig 9.5(a) BSNL Long Call View in Drive Test.
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Fig. 9.5(b) BSNL Short Call View in Drive Test.
BSNL drive test workspace view is shown below
Fig 9.6 BSNL Drive Test signal
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9.2 Drive Test Analysis

9.2.1 Bench Marks of TRAI
Every leading network service provider in the market should follow the Benchmarks by
the TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA. A network is said to be good
if it satisfies the benchmarks of TRAI.
Downlink Parameters:
RSCP
-85 to -95 dBm
Ec/Io
-3 to -8 dBm
Handover success rate
> 98%
Call setup success rate
> 98%
Drop call rate
< 3%
(4) Call Analysis:

(i)
Call Setup Success Rate:

Rate of calls which are successfully established.
CSSR=
No. of calls successfully setup
* 100
Total no. of calls attempted

(ii)
Drop Call Rate:

DCR=
No. of Dropped calls

Total no. of calls Established
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* 100
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Table 6.1 Call Analysis of BSNL
(a)
S.no
Parameter
BSNL
No of Call attempts
23
Successfully Established
22
No. of Blocked calls
No. of Dropped Calls
BSNL:
(i)
CSSR
22
* 100
95.65%
* 100
4.35%
23
(iii)
DCR
1
23
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9.2.2 Comparison of Drive Test Parameters of BSNL
S. No Details of parameter
Gachibowli to Hitech City

BSNL
RSCP
Total
No.
of
samples 8804
collected
Ec/Io
>65dBm
5541(62.93%)
>75dBm
1366(15.51%)
Total
No.
of
samples 8804
-8dBm to -3 dBm
7721
No. of H.O commands
39
No. of H.O Failures
No. of H.O completes
38
H.O Success Rate
97.43
No. of Call attempts
23
Successfully Established
22
Success rate
96%
No. of Blocked Calls
No. of Dropped Calls
Dropped Call Rate
0%
collected
Handovers
Call analysis
Throughput(Kbits/sec)
1402
Table 9.2 comparison of Drive Test Parameters of BSNL

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ADVANTAGES
In competitive benchmarking, handover success rate, coverage and quality comparison like
KPI of network is performed with competitors. Handover success rate, coverage and quality
comparison for two operators for a city, results are taken using driving test tool, JDSU. It is also
useful to network operators to know the problem in the network and the helps them to rectify
them. In customers point of view, users get to know the best network operators.
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10. POST PROCESSING

10.1 INTRODUCTION TO ACTIX
Actix analyzer is a software application running on Microsoft Windows that provides a series of
analysis tools for post processing cellular network data.
The tool is designed to address the applications such as:
Network performance and optimization
Feature testing
Service validation
Problem diagnosis and analysis
Network Benchmarking
A post-processing tool for GSM, GPRS, UMTS, CDMA-one, CDMA2000 andIS-95. Actix
provides users the ability to manage, visualize, replay, analyze and optimize networks based on
collected data.
A-RVS (Rollout Verification Solution)
Module will be used to troubleshoot and optimize UMTS networks.
ACTIX, as a network optimization platform, is a powerful tool that will allow you to discover,
locate, manage, troubleshoot and find solutions to network problem.
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SIGNAL LEVEL
Fig 10.1 Signal level for short call

Signalquality
Fig 10.2 signal quality

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Handover During the call
Fig 10.3 handovers during call

Ec/No Value comparison
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Fig 10.4 EC/NO

HSDPA CQI PARAMETER
Fig 10.5 CQI
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HSDPA CQI DISTRIBUTION
Fig 10.5 CQI distribution
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11. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

The overall objectives of any RF design depend on number of factors that are determined by
needs of customer. Through radio network optimization the service quality and resources usage
of the network are greatly improved and the balance among coverage capacity and quality is
achieved and been performed in BSNL service area.
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3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

1.2 Concept of mobile communication

1.3 Mobile communication objectives

Anytime anywhere communication

High capacity and subs density

Efficient use of radio spectrum

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Table 1.1: Different generations- Analog and Digital systems

The features and benefits expected in the new system

1.4 Constraints in Implementation

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Fig 1.1 Multipath radio environment

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

2.2 Cellular structures and Frequency Reuse

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

K=reuse factor=No of cells in a cluster

Fig 2.1: Frequency reuse

Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3. 3G UMTS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

3.1 Introduction to UMTS

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Table 3.1: Terrestrial radio transmission technologies proposed by ITU

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Fig 3.1: ITU EMT-2000 family of 3G system

Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3.2.1 Frequency spectrum allocation:

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Fig 3.2 spectrum assigned to operation of 3G system

3.2.2 UMTS (Release 99) Architecture:

Fig 3.3 UMTS (release99) architecture

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a 3G mobile communication

3.2.3 UE (USER EQUIPMENT):

3.2.4 UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network):

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

The RNC that controls Node B is called controlling RNC(CRNC).The CRNC

3.3 CORE NETWORK (CN):

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3.3.1 Functions of core network

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3.3.2 Teleservices and supplementary services

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Video telephone: Ability for two-way speech and image communications.

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3.4 Multimedia Services

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

3.4.2 Bearer services

Fig 3.4 3G UMTS Generation

Dept. of ECE (2013-2014)

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

4. HIGH SPEED PACKET ACCESS

3G UMTS HSPA RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZAION

Fig 4.1 Channelization codes in HSDSCH Transmission

4.1.2 Channel-dependent scheduling