BUKU JAWAPAN

Kertas Percubaan SPM Biology 2014 Thash Bio

KERTAS 1

Strive not to be a success, but rather to be of value.

Albert Einstein

Kertas 2
Section A
Question 1
a) X= Pseuodipodium ; Y= Contractile Vacuole
b) Organism P approach its food Engulf pseuodipodium Capture food Lysosome
inside organism P releases hydrolytic enzyme food digested Nutrient from digested food
is absorbed
c) -Part Y helps to regulate movement of water molecule in and out of organism W by
osmosis- When water enters, part Y expands and contracts to release out the water
d) i) Epithelial tissue, Conective tissue, Muscle tissue
ii) Endocrine system
e) Stores product of photosynthesis Contains chloroplast and carry out photosynthesis
gives support and shape to plant

Question 2
a) Because water molecule is small Oxygen, lipid-soluble molecules, small uncharged
molecules
b) Osmosis is the net movement of water of water molecules from a region of low solute
concentration to high solute concentratio across a semi-permeable membrane.
c) i) Nerve cell
ii) From mitochondria ATP is produced by mitochondria and when ATP breaks into ADP
and phosphate, energy is released.
d) Plasmolysed
e) The solution used is a hypotonic solution water diffused into the mustard green it
curves outwards- The length of the epidermal is shorter than its opposite.

Question 3
a) - Can only catalyse reaction for one kind of substance have specific site called active
sites which binds to specific substance
b) i) Enzyme=Maltase ; Product=Glucose
ii) Hydrolysis
c) By using amylase
d) Using optimum temperature- using optimum pH for washing
e) Amylase works best at alkaline medium the environment in stomach is acidic

Question 4
a) jellyfish - *any organism with no hard body
b) The body wall has both longitudinal and circular muscle which
act antagonistically - The contraction of the circular muscle and relaxation of the
longitudinal muscles cause the segment to extend. - Chaetae are extended to grip the soil /
ground - The contraction of the longitudinal muscle and relaxation of
the circular muscle cause the segment to shorten. - Contraction and relaxation of these
muscles causes the - transfer of hydrostatic pressure from the anterior to the
posterior. - It causes the body to move to the front. - The chaetae are retracted to allow
movement
c) Controlls pitching acts as breaks- acts as rudder
d) These plants have broad leaves that are firm but flexible enough to resist being torn by
wave these plants have aerenchyma tissues in the stem and leaves.

Question 5
a) Nephron
b) Water, Amino acid, Glucose, urea, small molecules
c) osmoregulator cells in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release more
ADH into the blood ADH increases the permeability of distal convulated tubule and
collecting duct more water is reabsorbed into the blood stream blood osmotic pressure
returns normal
d) - This is because, the dialysis fluid must contain more ions then the blood so that, ios can
diffuse into the blood from dialysis fluid by simple diffusion

e) Oxytocin its causes the contraction of uterine muscles during pregnancy

SECTION B
Question 6
a) -Heat from the sun causes the water on the leaf surface to evaporate
-Water in the atmosphere gets less saturated
-Water vapour in the air space of the leaf diffuses out of the cell
-Cell becomes hypertonic
-Water moves from neighbouring cells and finally the xylem vessel
-Water pulls up by transpiration
b) Root pressure
-by osmosis
-cytoplasm of the cell of root hair is hypertonic to the soil surrounding.
-water enters the root cells by osmosis
-the root hair cell gets hypotonic to its adjacent cell.
-water continuously moves by osmosis until it reaches the endodermis
-water is forced through the cytoplasm and the vacuoles of the endodermis into xylem vessels

Capillary action
-the root pressure pushes water in xylem vessels
- Cohesion and adhesion takes place
-cohesion is the force of attraction between water and water
-adhesion is the force between water molecule and xylem wall

Transpirational pull
-water evaporates from leaves.
-water from the root is pulled upwards towards the leave

c) -distance and time

-distance travelled by air bubble in a fixed time
-time taken for air bubble to travel a fixed distance

Question 7
a) Eutrophication
Eutrophication, strictly speaking, means an increase in chemical nutrients -- typically
compounds containing nitrates or phosphates -- in an ecosystem. It may occur on land or in
water. The term is however often used to mean the resultant increase in the ecosystem's
primary productivity -- in other words excessive plant growth and decay -- and even further
impacts, including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality and in fish and other
animal populations.
Eutrophication is frequently a result of nutrient pollution such as the release of sewage
effluent and run-off from lawn fertilisers into natural waters (rivers or coasts) although it may
also occur naturally in situations where nutrients accumulate (e.g. depositional environments)
or where they flow into systems. Eutrophication generally promotes excessive plant growth
and decay, favours certain weedy species over others, and is likely to cause severe reductions
in water quality . In aquatic environments, enhanced growth of choking aquatic vegetation or
phytoplankton (that is, an algal bloom) disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing
a variety of problems such as a lack of oxygen in the water, needed for fish and shellfish to
survive. The water then becomes cloudy, coloured a shade of green, yellow, brown or red.
Human society is impacted as well: eutrophication decreases the resource value of rivers,
lakes, and estuaries such that recreation, fishing, hunting, and aesthetic enjoyment are
hindered. Health-related problems can occur where eutrophic conditions interfere with
drinking water treatment.

b) -Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
-UV ray breaks a Chlorine atom from the CFC
-Chlorine is highly reactive
-Chlorine separates an oxygen atom from ozone
-it forms a chlorine monoxide gas
-ozone becomes oxygen gas once the third oxygen atom from ozone leaves to form chlorine
monoxide
-another free oxygen atom attracts oxygen from the chlorine monoxide molecule, leaving chlorine
alone
-chlorine is now free to destroy more ozone molecule

c) when sun radiation enters the earths atmosphere, some of it should reflect back to the
space
-suns energy is absorbed by the earth
-infrared radiation is reflected back
-however, greenhouse gasses released into the atmosphere will act as a barrier that prevents the
reflection
-these radiations fail to be reflected off the earths atmosphere
-examples of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane
-as a result, earths temperature increases

Question 8
a)
PIONEER SPECIES

First, the pioneer species (TERM) such as the submerged plants like
Hydrilla (EXAMPLE) is first to inhabit the pond.

They are also the first to colonize the pond. (PROCESS 1)

Their dead substances would make the pond shallower. (PROCESS 2)

This would make the pond not suitable for them. (PROCESS 3)

THE SUCCESSOR SPECIES

Later, they are succeeded by the successor species such as the floating plants like
water lily.

Their dead substances also would make the pond shallower.

This would make the pond not suitable for them.

They are replaces by another successor species such as the emergent plants like
common reed (lalang air).

Again, their dead substances would make the pond shallower and completely covered
with sediment.

Again, this would make the pond not suitable for them.

THE COMMUNITY CLIMAX.

New terrestrial plants such as the shrubs will grow the sediment.

Eventually, the forest will be formed and climax community is reached.

b) [ Error occured. Bonus mark for this question ]

Question 9
a) -body mass is continues variation
-finger print is discontinues variation
-graph of the body mass is normal distribution
-fingerprint graph is discrete distribution
-body mass is quantitative and can be measure
-fingerprint is qualitative and cannot be measured
-Body mass is influenced by environmental factor
-fingerprint isnt influenced by environmental factor
b) Continuous Variation - Small differences between individuals - Greatly affected by
environment - e.g. height, shoe size, length of hair - plotted on a line graph
Discontinuous Variation - Differences that are classed or categorised - Not greatly affected
by environment - e.g. blood group, sex, hair colour, eye colour - plotted on a bar chart or pie
chart.
c) Translocation: The joining of a fragmented chromosome to a non-homologous
chromosome is a translocation. The piece of chromosome detaches from one chromosome and
moves to a new position on another chromosome.

Deletion: This mutation results from the breakage of a chromosome in which the genetic
material becomes lost during cell division. The genetic material can break off from
anywhere on the chromosome.

Duplication: Duplications are produced when extra copies of genes are generated on a
chromosome.

Inversion: In an inversion, the broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back
into the chromosome. If the inversion encompasses the centromere of the chromosome, it is
called a pericentric inversion. If it involves the long or short arm of the chromosome and
does not include the centromere, it is called a paracentric inversion.

Kertas 3
Question 1
a) i) observation 1 =The number of yellow seeds is 68.
observation 2 = The number of green seeds is 23
ii) 1=yellow seed is the dominant trait
2=green seed is the recessive trait
b) Manipulated variable: Type of seed / Trait
Method to handle the variables: Use / Observe round seeds and wrinkled seeds
Responding variable: The number of seeds // Probability / percentage of seed
// The phenotypic ratio
Method to handle the variables: (Count and) record the number of seeds
Controlled variable: Type of plant // Number of fruits
Method to handle the variables: Fix / use pisium sativum/pee plant
c) The number/amount/percentage (RV) of yellow seed (MV) is more (R) than green
seed (MV)

d) i)

Ratio
ii)

2.95 / 3

e) (The ratio is) 3Yellow : 1green. Yellow seeds is the dominant trait which is determined
by a dominant allele /gene
f) Discontinuous variation is the difference between the colour of seeds is clear that are the
yellow seed and the green seed. The variation is determined by the number of seeds.
g) Green seed is 675 and yellow seed is 225. The ratio of green seed and yellow seed is
3:1. This is because the green seed is the dominant trait.
h) Variation is the phenotypic differences among the individuals of species.
i)

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