FlowCheck User Manual

FlowCheck 3.
User Manual
Copyright
Kenonic Controls, Division of Emerson Electric Canada Limited
7175 12th Street SE Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2H 2S6
Telephone +1(403) 258-6234 Fax +1(403) 258-6201
Acknowledgements
AGA holds the copyright for some of the code in this product.
Mr. Warren Peterson is the author of a significant amount of the
FlowCheck code.
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Table of Contents
Using This Manual ............................................................................................ 1
About the Icons ................................................................................................................ 1
Program Operation....................................................................................................... 1
Special Attention........................................................................................................... 1
Reference Information................................................................................................. 1
Installation.......................................................................................................... 2
Installing FlowCheck........................................................................................................ 2
Uninstalling FlowCheck................................................................................................... 3
Registration ........................................................................................................ 4
Evaluation Run Mode ...................................................................................................... 5
Register FlowCheck.......................................................................................................... 5
How to Contact Us........................................................................................................... 7
Compatibility...................................................................................................... 8
Program Overview.............................................................................................. 9
Program Capabilities........................................................................................ 10
Supported Fluids ............................................................................................................. 10
Orifice Meters.................................................................................................................. 11
Turbine, Ultrasonic and PD Meters............................................................................. 12
Flow Nozzles...................................................................................................................12
Other Meters.................................................................................................................... 12
Pipe Provers..................................................................................................................... 12
Basic Procedures .............................................................................................. 13
Program Startup .............................................................................................................. 13
General Navigation......................................................................................................... 13
Detail View....................................................................................................................... 14
FlowCheck Property Settings Window........................................................................ 14
Precision ........................................................................................................................... 15
Display Units ................................................................................................................... 15
Sound ................................................................................................................................ 16
Selecting Meters and Fluids ........................................................................................... 16
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Working With Files .......................................................................................... 17

Performing Calculations................................................................................................. 17
Viewing Results ............................................................................................................... 18
Printing ............................................................................................................................. 19
Copying Results............................................................................................................... 19
Meter Settings .................................................................................................. 20
Meter Settings Common to Most Types ..................................................................... 20
Calculation Results.......................................................................................................... 21
Orifice Meter ................................................................................................................... 21
Pressure Settings..............................................................................................................23
Thermal Corrections for Pipe and Plate Diameters .............................................. 24
Turbine Meters............................................................................................................ 24
Turbine Meter Settings............................................................................................... 25
Optional Turbine Meter Settings.............................................................................. 26
Pipe Provers..................................................................................................................... 26
Prover Settings ............................................................................................................ 26
Pipeline Volume Settings ........................................................................................... 27
Elbow Meters .................................................................................................................. 28
V-Cone Meters ................................................................................................................ 29
Nozzles ............................................................................................................................. 31
Fluid Settings ................................................................................................... 33
Fluid Selection ................................................................................................................. 33
Natural Gas Settings ....................................................................................................... 34
Detailed Composition Settings ..................................................................................... 35
Wet Gas Support............................................................................................................. 36
Isentropic Exponent and Viscosity .......................................................................... 37
Gross Volumetric Heating Value ............................................................................. 37
Gas Density Equations .............................................................................................. 39
Liquid Hydrocarbon Settings .................................................................................... 42
Tools................................................................................................................. 48
Inspection Form.............................................................................................................. 48
Gravity and Atmosphere................................................................................................ 49
Fuel Gas Estimates ..................................................................................................... 50
Engine Fuel Gas Estimates ....................................................................................... 50
Line Heater Fuel Gas Estimates ............................................................................... 52
Treater Fuel Gas Estimates ....................................................................................... 53
Unit Converters............................................................................................................... 54
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Units and Conversion Factors.......................................................................... 55

Overview .......................................................................................................................... 55
Data Sources .................................................................................................................... 55
Glossary ............................................................................................................ 57
Error Messages................................................................................................. 77
General Alarms................................................................................................................ 77
Copy Protection Alarms ................................................................................................ 77
Software License Agreement............................................................................ 79
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List of Figures
Figure 1 - FlowCheck Registration Dialog .........................................................................4
Figure 2 - Site Key Request Form........................................................................................5
Figure 3 - FlowCheck Dialog................................................................................................6
Figure 4 - Registration Completed Dialog..........................................................................7
Figure 5 - Table of Fluid Calculations...............................................................................11
Figure 6 - Summary View....................................................................................................13
Figure 7 - Detail View..........................................................................................................14
Figure 8 - FlowCheck Property Settings Window...........................................................15
Figure 9 - Units of Measure Window................................................................................16
Figure 10 - Detail View Showing Results .........................................................................18
Figure 11 - Table of Print Options ....................................................................................19
Figure 12 - Table of Flowing Conditions .........................................................................20
Figure 13 - Orifice Meter Selections..................................................................................22
Figure 14 - Turbine Meter Settings....................................................................................25
Figure 15 - Pipe Prover Settings.........................................................................................27
Figure 16 - Elbow Meter Settings ......................................................................................29
Figure 17 - V-Cone Meter Settings ....................................................................................30
Figure 18 - Natural Gas Settings ........................................................................................36
Figure 19 - Table of GPA 2172 and AGA 5 Constants .................................................38
Figure 20 - Engineering and Thermodynamic Values ....................................................42
Figure 21 - Corrections for Temperature and Pressure..................................................43
Figure 22 - Hydrocarbon Liquid (NGL) Settings............................................................44
Figure 23 - Table 23E and 24E Coverage.........................................................................45
Figure 24 - Table 53 Coverage ...........................................................................................46
Figure 25 - Table 54 Coverage ...........................................................................................46
Figure 26 - Water Settings...................................................................................................47
Figure 27 - Inspection Form...............................................................................................48
Figure 28 - Gravity and Atmosphere.................................................................................49
Figure 29 - Engine Fuel Gas Estimates ............................................................................51
Figure 30 - Line Heater Fuel Gas Estimates ....................................................................52
Figure 31 - Treater Fuel Gas Estimates ............................................................................53
Figure 32 - Unit Converter..................................................................................................54
Figure 33 - Table of Unit Conversions .............................................................................56
Figure 34 - Table of Typical Values for Absolute Viscosity ..........................................57
Figure 35 - Table of Temperature Coeffiecients for Pipe ..............................................60
Figure 36 - Table of Modulus of Elasticity.......................................................................71
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Using This Manual

Flow measurement calculations can be tricky, even for experienced
engineers and technicians. Meters, fluids, and flow computers can be
combined in many ways. FlowCheck was designed to support as many
of these combinations as possible in a way that does not overwhelm the
users. By using this manual, the user can develop an understanding of
the program and its features which then enables to user to make good
flow measurement calculations.
About the Icons

An icon next to a topic heading in this user manual means that the topic
has special significance or contains background information.
Program Operation
Information for running the program.
Special Attention
Critical information necessary for accurate results.
Reference Information
Background information on the topic.
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Installation
The FlowCheck installation package is distributed over the World Wide
Web or via CD. Review the installation instructions for either installation
option.
Installing FlowCheck
Read the Release Notes for information not present in the manual
before installing FlowCheck.
To install FlowCheck from CD:
1. On the Start menu, click Run. The Run window appears.
2. Click the Browse button to navigate to the setup.exe on your
CD drive.
3. On the Run window, click OK. The install procedure will begin.
4. Follow the on-screen instructions.
When installation is complete, the FlowCheck icon is placed in the users
Windows Start menu.
To install FlowCheck from the Web:
1. Run the compressed file named fch30c.exe or similar, which is a
self-extracting program file with FlowChecks setup files bundled
inside.
2. A pop-up screen prompts the user to specify where the files can
be unzipped (for example, C:\windows\temp).
3. When the files are unzipped, on the Start menu, click Run. The
Run window appears.
4. Click the Browse button to navigate to the setup.exe (from the
unzip folder specified in step 2).
5. When the install procedure begins, follow the on-screen
instructions.
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
6. When installation is complete, the FlowCheck can be accessed via

the Windows Start menu.
Setup.exe automatically associates FlowCheck user files (.fch) with
the program and its icon. Double-click a FlowCheck data file to launch
the program with the file data loaded.
Uninstalling FlowCheck
In the majority of cases, the user can re-install or upgrade FlowCheck
without requesting a new site key. It is possible to re-install FlowCheck
at any time, to any directory on the hard disk that was used during
program registration.
For example, install the program to C:\program files\flowcheck or
C:\measure\flowcheck and use the same registration data.
If the user moves the program to a different hard disk or logical
partition, FlowCheck reverts to the evaluation mode.
If the user chooses to re-install FlowCheck to the original disk, it is best
to re-use the original registration data. Unless the user has re-formatted
the hard disk, the registration data will continue to work.
To remove FlowCheck:
1. From the Start menu, click the Settings button.
2. Click Control Panel, then double-click Add/Remove
Programs.
3. Follow the onscreen instructions for finding and removing the
software.
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Registration
Registration is a simple, one-time event for unlocking the full range of
program functions, including file saving and printing.
Before registering, the user can run FlowCheck in evaluation mode,
whereby a registration dialog box appears each time the program
launches. The user can either enter the registration data, or continue
using evaluation mode.
Note: Certain FlowCheck functions are enabled only through purchase and
registration.
Figure 1 - FlowCheck Registration Dialog
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Evaluation Run Mode

FlowCheck users can use the evaluation run mode in one of the
following scenarios:
while evaluating the features of FlowCheck

while registering an additional copy under an existing corporate
license
Register FlowCheck
To register a copy of FlowCheck 3.0, request a site key and customer
service number from Kenonic Controls.
1. On the Help menu, click Registration, and then click Register
Now... The FlowCheck Registration dialog box appears, as
shown in Figure 1.
2. Click the Request Site Key button. The Site Key Request Form
appears, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Site Key Request Form
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
3. Enter data in all of the fields.

4. Click the Save Form to File button. A FlowCheck dialog box
appears showing the path to where the copy of the registration
document has been saved, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - FlowCheck Dialog

5. Make a note of the path to the SITEKEY.TXT file, as it is
displayed on the FlowCheck dialog box.
Note: The SiteKey.txt file is a plain text file.
6. Navigate to the file and print it out.
7. Fax the printout to Emerson Process Management, Kenonic
Controls Division, at (403) 258-6201.
8. Kenonic Controls processes the application. A site key and
customer service number for FlowCheck 3.0 will be sent to the
user.
After the user receives a site key and customer service number from
Kenonic Controls, the registration process can be completed.
1. On the Help menu, click Register, and then click Register
Now... The FlowCheck Registration dialog box appears, as
shown in Figure 1.
2. Enter the site key in the Site Key field.
Note: The Site Key field is not case-sensitive.
3. Enter the customer service number in the Customer Service #
field.
4. Click the Register Now button. A FlowCheck 3 dialog box
appears, as shown in Figure 4.
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Figure 4 - Registration Completed Dialog

5. Click the OK button to close the FlowCheck 3 dialog box.
6. FlowCheck 3.0 is now registered.
Note: Save the registration data for future reference.
How to Contact Us
To get support for registering or using a copy of FlowCheck 3.0, contact
Kenonic Controls via phone or e-mail:
FlowCheck Support
Emerson Process Management
Kenonic Controls Division
Phone: (403) 258-6234
Fax: (403) 258-6201
E-mail: flowcheck@kenonic.com
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Compatibility
FlowCheck runs under Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 (or later).
Other operating systems such as MS-DOS, OS/2, or Windows 3.x are
not supported.
FlowCheck is designed to operate from a local hard disk. Although the
user can install or run the program while connected to a local area
network, do not install FlowCheck to a network volume.
FlowCheck is safe in a corporate computing environment for the
following reasons:
uses only standard C, C++, and Microsoft library functions
makes no direct calls to hardware or the computers bios
makes no contact with third-party libraries, drivers, or network access
requires modest disk space
requires a small in-memory footprint and Windows resource load
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Program Overview
FlowCheck is a tool for users who specialize in gas and liquid petroleum
measurement, electronic flow measurement (EFM) and work with
electronic flow computers. FlowCheck combines a thoroughly-tested
flow calculator with utilities for verifying instruments in the field or
office.
FlowCheck is produced and supported by Kenonic Controls of Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, an engineering company with a long history of
measurement expertise.
A number of valuable utilities are contained in the program, including a
measurement unit converter. FlowCheck can also perform reliable
estimates of wet gas properties, combustion products, and fuel gas
quantities for engines, line heaters, and treaters.
FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Program Capabilities
FlowCheck solves many industry-standard equations used by the energy
industry to compute the flow of hydrocarbon gases or liquids through
orifice meters, turbine meters, flow nozzles, ultrasonic meters, V-cone
meters, elbow meters, and pipe provers.
The user interface is optimized for field notebook computers. The menu
system, dialogs, and output windows are clear and simple. Both
keyboard and mouse operations are fully supported.
FlowCheck supports SI units, metric units, and a wide variety of

traditional US units of measure. Unit preferences may be saved for
future re-use. A unit conversion utility is included with the program.
FlowCheck provides freedom to experiment with different meter
configurations and operating conditions but disallows situations
which could produce incorrect answers or system faults.
FlowCheck can store and recall information using files or print
calculation reports. The copy and paste function allows users to
transfer results to programs such as Excel.
FlowCheck employs an unobtrusive form of security to protect
against unauthorized copying.
Supported Fluids
One of FlowChecks strengths is its emphasis on hydrocarbons.
FlowCheck supports the following fluid types for all meter types:
1. natural gas
2. natural gas liquids (NGL)
3. crude oil and condensate
4. gasoline and napthene
5. jet fuel and kerosene
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User Manual
6. diesel fuel and fuel oil

7. water
8. lube oil
Note: Air can be calculated by selecting Natural Gas, and then listing the
composition of air in the FlowCheck Property Settings window.
The following table (Figure 5) describes the basis of the fluid
calculations.
Calculation
Reference Standard
Natural gas
compressibility and
thermodynamic
properties
FlowCheck supports several equations of state, including AGA

8 (1985 and 1994 editions), Redlich Kwong (with or without
Wichert-Aziz sour gas corrections), and NX-19. FlowCheck
also supports the velocity of sound and thermodynamic
properties calculations in for natural gas
Liquid hydrocarbon
temperature correction
FlowCheck supports the following API temperature

corrections:
Tables 53 and 54, solved by equation or look-up tables
Tables 23 and 24, supported by look-up tables
Tables 53A, 53B, 54A, and 54B, solved by equation
Tables 53D and 54 D, solved by equation. For more

information, refer to Figure 21.
Tables 23E and 24E, solved by equation
Liquid hydrocarbon
pressure corrections
Calculated via API MPMS Chapters 11.2.1M and 11.2.2M. For

high-pressure measurements, FlowCheck computes base
density using an algorithm that simultaneously solves for
density, compressibility, and vapor pressure.
Vapor Pressure
Calculated with the GPA vapor pressure equation, TP-15.
Figure 5 - Table of Fluid Calculations
Orifice Meters
FlowCheck supports the following equations for flange-tapped orifice
meters:
1. AGA 3 (1990), also known as ANSI/API 2530
2. AGA 3 (1985)
3. ISO-5167 (1991)
4. ISO-5167 (1998)
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Turbine, Ultrasonic and PD Meters

FlowCheck applies the following equations to turbine, PD or ultrasonic
meters:
1. AGA 7 (1996) for gas
2. API Chapter 12.2 for liquids
Flow Nozzles
FlowCheck applies the following equations to flow nozzles:
1. ISA 1932 nozzles for gas
2. ISA venturi tubes for gas
3. ASME/ANSI MFC-7M for critical flow nozzles for gas
4. Long radius nozzles
5. Thick orifice plates
Other Meters
FlowCheck supports the following additional meters:
1. V-Cone meter for gas or liquids
2. Elbow meters for gas or liquids
Pipe Provers
FlowCheck can also validate calculations for conventional, ball-type pipe
provers with an API-compliant set of calculations. The pipe prover
software can also be used to estimate the volume of gas or liquid within
a pipe or other cylindrical vessel. For more information, see Pipe
Provers, page 26.
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User Manual
Basic Procedures
Procedures for FlowCheck are similar to those of other Windows
programs. User data is entered via menu selections and dialog boxes.
Program Startup
On startup, FlowCheck displays the results of its default
configuration. There is no risk of accidental change to this startup data.
Refer to the Working With Files section for more ideas on controlling
FlowChecks startup.
General Navigation
The first view that appears when FlowCheck is opened is an untitled
form. The default screen is a Summary View. It shows basic information
about the meter and calculations, including the program execution
status. The list of items changes according to the configuration.
Figure 6 - Summary View

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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Detail View
To view more details than what are shown on the Summary View, select
Detail View from the Display menu. The Detail View shows a
scrollable list of all possible FlowCheck inputs and outputs, their current
value, and the current unit of measure. Data is grouped by type.
Information not applicable to the current meter setup is replaced by
three dots, and irrelevant data is not shown.
Figure 7 - Detail View
FlowCheck Property Settings Window

To access the FlowCheck Property Settings window, click the Edit
Properties button on the main toolbar.
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Figure 8 - FlowCheck Property Settings Window

The FlowCheck Property Settings window has two tabs; one for meter
settings and one for fluids. The calculation results are based on the
information combined from both of these tabs.
Precision
The user can choose to display six- or nine-digit numbers on monitors
and printouts. The display precision does not affect the internal accuracy
of the equations.
Display Units
FlowCheck generally uses the SI system internally but supports a wide
range of measurement units for display purposes.
On the Display menu, click Units of Measure. The Units of Measure
dialog box appears. The user can use this dialog to change display units
for all quantities simultaneously. When the user clicks one of the radio
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
buttons, all display units are immediately set to a block of pre-defined

types.
Units are saved with the data. To begin a calculation with a preferred set
of units:
1. Load a previously saved data file.
2. Change the appropriate data.
Figure 9 - Units of Measure Window
Sound
The Sound On and Sound Off options help the user to control
FlowChecks annunciation sounds.
Selecting Meters and Fluids

Setting FlowChecks meter and fluid configuration is straightforward to
users who work regularly with EFM. FlowCheck uses standard
terminology where possible.
1. To configure a meter, select a meter type from the Meter dropdown on the toolbar.
2. To configure a fluid, select a meter type from the Fluid dropdown on the toolbar.
3. To view the settings for the selected meter and fluid, click the
Edit Properties button on the toolbar. The FlowCheck Property
Settings window appears.
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Working With Files

FlowCheck is document-centric, which means that each meter is
treated as a separate file or document. Although the user works with
only one meter at a time, the user can save and reload files at any time.
FlowCheck files are identified by the .fch file name extension.
The file contains all input and output parameters of the calculation,
including equation types, the program version, and user-entered data,
such as tag names, location, etc. It is convenient to have a collection of
reusable files, each configured for a different meter. The long file name
capability of Windows enables descriptive file names. For example,
ChinookRiverRun2.fch is a legal file name.
After a calculation is performed, the configuration is marked as changed,
and FlowCheck prompts the user to save the file before opening a new
file or finish the session.
To improve the accuracy and security of data in saved files, information
is stored in a non-editable binary format.
To open a specific file on startup, double click the icon of the
saved file.
Choose Save from the File menu when the user has a file loaded,
to overwrite the file with current data.
Performing Calculations
Make basic metering and fluid selections from the main toolbar.
Dialog boxes control detailed settings. Less familiar configuration items,
such as isentropic exponent, default to values recommended in industry
standards.
Calculations are programmed to occur frequently, to maintain
consistency in the data. Calculations automatically occur when:
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
1. the Calculate button is clicked

2. the Exit button is clicked
3. a FlowCheck file is opened
4. the FlowCheck Property Settings window is either opened or
closed
5. either tab is selected on the FlowCheck Property Settings window
Performing a meter calculation triggers the following actions:
1. FlowCheck checks the inputs.
2. FlowCheck performs the calculation.
3. Dialog boxes and windows update, and the computer beeps.
If the calculation is unsuccessful, the results are not updated, FlowCheck
generates a different sound, and a message box displays the error.
Viewing Results
Calculation results appear in two locations; on the Detail View and on
the FlowCheck Property Settings window.
Figure 10 - Detail View Showing Results
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User Manual
Printing
FlowCheck supports basic printing functions. The print options
listed in Figure 11 are located on the File menu.
Print Option
Description
Print Snapshot
Print snapshot contains detailed calculation results and it

is formatted in the same style as the programs Detail
View screen.
Print Inspection Report
Print inspection report documents the EFM verification

activity, identifies the meter under test, and shows the
results of the comparison.
Print Preview
Print preview allows the user to view a snapshot of how

the current view would appear when printed.
Print Setup
Print setup is the standard Windows print setup feature

that allows the user to define the print criteria (for
example, paper size),
Figure 11 - Table of Print Options
Copying Results
FlowCheck results can also be copied onto the clipboard.
1. On the Edit menu, click Copy.
2. Open another program.
3. On the Edit menu, click Paste.
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User Manual
Meter Settings
FlowCheck allows the user to calculate most combinations of meter type
and fluid type. (The primary exception to this is critical flow of liquids
through flow nozzle).
When the user selects a meter type only the meter data settings for that
type are displayed. For example, if an orifice meter calculation is
selected, only orifice meter data settings are available. Conversely, if
either Turbine or Pipe Prover is selected, specialized information relating
to these devices appears in the Property Settings window, meter settings
tab.
Meter Settings Common to Most Types

There are some meter settings that are common to most meters in
FlowCheck. These settings appear in the Flowing Conditions area on the
meter tab of the FlowCheck Property Settings window.
Title
Description
Differential Pressure
Differential Pressure is the difference between the midstream

and downstream pressure.
Gauge Pressure
Gauge Pressure is the measured pressure over and above

atmospheric pressure. This is different from Absolute Pressure,
which is the total fluid pressure, including gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure.
Flowing Temperature
Flowing temperature is the measured heat intensity of a metered

fluid.
Base Pressure and

Base Temperature
Base pressure and base temperature are the reference

conditions for defining volumetric quantities.
Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the earths

atmosphere. The actual value for meter calculations may come
from measurements, estimates, or even contract definitions.
Flow Duration
Flow duration is the elapsed time in which volume accumulates.

For example, a meter whose continuous, unchanging volume
flow rate is 100 E3M3 /day has 100 E3M3 of volume flow past in
24 hours.
To determine how much flow would accumulate over 1.5 hours,
set the Flow Duration to 1.5 hours, and click the Calculate
button. Note that the actual flow conditions are not perfectly
steady.
Figure 12 - Table of Flowing Conditions

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User Manual
Calculation Results
Update results for each meter type by pressing Calculate. Because the
terminology for gas and liquid measurement differs slightly, FlowCheck
adjusts the labels to suit the fluid.
For natural gas, Corrected Gas Volume is the volume at the specified
base conditions which accumulates over the flow duration. Uncorrected
Gas Volume is the volume at the flowing conditions which accumulates
over the flow duration. To avoid confusion, the term standard
conditions is not used.
For liquids, Net Standard Volume is the same as that defined in API
Chapter 12.2. In effect:
Net Standard Volume = Indicated Volume x MF x Ctl x Cpl x Csw
The use of the term Gross Standard Volume in FlowCheck also agrees
with the API 12.2 definition.
Note: Gross Standard Volume is not interchangeable with Gross Volume at
Standard Temperature.
Orifice Meter
To open the FlowCheck Property Settings window with the Orifice
Meter tab:
1. On the toolbar, select Orifice Meter from the Meter drop-down.
2. Click the Edit Properties button. The FlowCheck Property
Settings window appears.
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User Manual
Figure 13 - Orifice Meter Selections

Calculation Methods in FlowCheck for orifice meter (flange-tapped
only) calculations are as follows:
AGA-3/ANSI/API 2530 (1990) Orifice Meter Standard
This 1990 edition of the American National Standard specifies how to
measure the flow of Newtonian, single-phase, hydrocarbon fluids with
concentric, square-edged orifice meters. The standard is cooperatively
endorsed and supported by the American Petroleum Institute, the
American Gas Association, and the Gas Processors Association.
FlowCheck adheres to the implementation guidelines in Part 4 of the
standard, first published in 1992.
AGA-3/ANSI/API 2530 (1985) Orifice Meter Standard
The 1985 edition of the American National Standard uses the original
Buckingham-Bean data set and correlation to predict discharge
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User Manual
coefficient. The document outlines three calculation approaches,

including the direct solution method implemented in FlowCheck.
ISO 5167 (1991) International Standard
The full name of this 1991 edition of the International Standard is
Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Orifice Plates, Nozzles, and
Venturi Tubes Inserted in Circular Cross Section Conduits Running Full.
FlowCheck 3.0 implements the flange-tapped orifice meter calculations.
ISO 5167 (1998) International Standard
The full name of this 1991 edition of the International Standard is
Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Orifice Plates, Nozzles, and
Venturi Tubes Inserted in Circular Cross Section Conduits Running Full.
FlowCheck 3.0 implements the flange-tapped orifice meter calculations.
Pressure Settings
The terminology for pressure measurements is a common source
of confusion. Some calculations use absolute pressure; others use gauge
pressure. The fact that differential meters have two pressure
measurement points (one upstream of the plate and the other
downstream) further complicates the issue.
The key to consistent accuracy is separation. Avoid combining
atmospheric or differential pressures with gauge pressure data.
FlowCheck calculates absolute pressure from gauge, atmosphere, and
differential pressures.
If pressure measurement is taken at the upstream tap, then:
absolute pressure = gauge + atmosphere
If the user is using AGA 3 (1985), the same formula is true for the
downstream pressure tap. FlowCheck calculates the Y1 or Y2 expansion
factor to suit the circumstance.
However, for AGA 3 (1990), the logic is slightly different. FlowCheck
follows the recommended guidelines for calculating the Y1 expansion
factor for flange taps. As such, absolute pressure is always referenced to
the upstream pressure tap.
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If a pressure measurement is taken at the downstream tap and are using

AGA 3 (1990), then:
absolute pressure = gauge + atmosphere + differential
The end effect of this logic difference is often small, but it is

important that the calculations include the correct pressure tap
configuration.
When absolute pressure transmitters are being used, enter zero for
atmospheric pressure.
Thermal Corrections for Pipe and Plate Diameters

The diameters of orifice plates and meter runs change with temperature.
Orifice meter standards provide methods to estimate diameter changes.
FlowChecks implementation of AGA 3 (1990) and ISO 5167 (1991 and
1998) includes adjustments to the internal diameters of both orifice
plates and meter tubes. AGA 3 (1985) compensates the plate diameter
but not the meter tube.
FlowCheck operates on the basis that metal in contact with moving fluid
is equal to the flowing temperature of the fluid.
The corrections rely on metal type and the reference temperature at
which the diameter was measured. Both are adjustable. The Detail View
of the meter information shows the exact coefficients used.
Turbine Meters
FlowCheck supports turbine calculations for both gases and liquids. The
correct equations are automatically applied based on the current fluid
type.
AGA 7 (1996)
This 1996 edition of AGA-7 specifies how to use turbine meters to
measure the flow of gas phase hydrocarbon fluids. The document is
published and supported by the American Gas Association. These
equations are also used for ultrasonic and PD and ultrasonic meters.
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API Chapter 12.2 (1981)

This 1981 edition of API MPMS Chapter 12.2 specifies how to use
turbine meters to measure the flow of liquid hydrocarbons. Guidelines
for provers, calculations, and documentation are also included.
Turbine Meter Settings

FlowChecks turbine calculation allows the user to enter pulse data in the
following ways:
1. by Frequency - if the meter is generating a continuous stream of
pulses, such as during typical service
2. by Pulse Count - if the user is calculating volume on the basis of
accumulated pulses, such as during a proving cycle or from the
open/close readings from a delivery ticket
Figure 14 - Turbine Meter Settings
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Optional Turbine Meter Settings

FlowChecks turbine meter support includes special features to
verify pulse output hardware and estimate the fluid velocity in the pipe.
Note that these features are completely optional and not required to
calculate flow.
If the turbine meter has a mechanical output drive and index, the user
can cross-check the electronics. Use a stopwatch and the Mechanical
Index Multiplier (also known as uncorrected or rear multiplier) to do
this. FlowCheck uses the index multiplier to estimate the Turbine Index
Dial Rate, the time it should take for the index pointer to complete a full
rotation.
Enter the mechanical index multiplier to calculate the Turbine Index
Dial Rate, which appears on the Detail View screen, in seconds per
revolution. Compare the calculation to an actual measurement made
with the stopwatch. The comparison works best if the flow is stable.
Pipe Provers
Prover Settings
There are not many configurable settings for pipe provers, so the default
properties are common to carbon steel. Confirm the specifications for
the prover before making assumptions about its material properties.
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Figure 15 - Pipe Prover Settings
Pipeline Volume Settings

FlowCheck allows the user to estimate the volume of fluids in cylinders
larger than pipe provers, such as pipelines. To estimate line pack, the
user needs to know the pipe diameter and section length and the
pressure and temperature of the fluid.
To estimate corrected linepack:
1. Select the liquid from the liquid drop-down.
2. Select Pipe Prover from the meter drop-down.
3. Click the Edit Properties button to view the Pipe Prover data.
4. Enter the pipe data, fluid conditions, and base conditions.
5. Enter a Pipeline Volume Estimate.
6. Click the Estimate Now button (the Estimated Static Volume
updates).
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7. Click the Calculate button.

8. Observe the Corrected Volume in the Results area.
Alternatively, the user can enter the pipe material specifications such as
Wall Thickness and Gamma. The equations provide reasonable pressure
and temperature compensation for the pipe.
Although FlowCheck 3.0 supports estimates for large pipeline sections,
accuracy is better for smaller pipeline sections. No compensation is
available for elevation changes, velocity heads, or temperature gradients.
Note: This utility is not derived from an industry standard. Users are
encouraged to validate this procedure against their own policies and
procedures.
Elbow Meters
Elbow meters consisting of a 90 elbow with taps on the inner and outer
radius at the 45 point are implemented in FlowCheck 3.0. Required data
is the radius of the elbow at the pipe center line, and pipe diameter.
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Figure 16 - Elbow Meter Settings
V-Cone Meters
V-Cone meters are proprietary meters which measure flow from a
differential pressure across a cone in the center of the pipe. The
calculations are similar to orifice meters, except that the flow coefficient
(analogous to the orifice meter coefficient of discharge) must be
manually entered.
FlowCheck 3.0 implements the equations provided by McCrometer, the
meter manufacturer. In most respects the data is the same as with orifice
meters, with some exceptions.
These are entering the cone diameter (in place of the orifice diameter)
and entering the flow coefficient, provided by the manufacturer or from
a flow calibration.
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The beta ratio is calculated differently from orifice meters, but the result
is similar. A high beta ratio results from a small cone in relation to the
pipe diameter.
Figure 17 - V-Cone Meter Settings
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Nozzles
Several types of nozzles are supported:
ASME toroidal and cylindrical throat nozzles described in

ASME/ANSI MFC 7M
Venturi nozzles described in ASME MFC-3M and ISO 5167
long radius nozzles described in ISO 5167
ISA 1932 nozzles, described in ISO 5167
thick orifice plates (1-6d thick, beta <0.50), reference: Flow

Measurement Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, R.W. Miller
For all the nozzle types, pipe diameter and throat diameter are entered.
FlowCheck 3.0 calculates a coefficient of discharge based on the nozzle
type and geometry.
Some of the nozzles will either operate in critical or sub-critical mode. In
sub-critical mode, the nozzle is a differential pressure device which
operates much like an orifice meter. The flow rate is dependent on both
the upstream and downstream pressure. In critical mode, (gasses only)
the velocity in the nozzle throat reaches sonic velocity, and the flow rate
is only dependant on upstream conditions.
The toroidal and cylindrical throat nozzles (described in ASME MFC7M) are intended to work only in the critical flow regime. If the
differential pressure is less than 10 percent of the absolute pressure, an
error message appears, alerting the user that the differential is too low.
The critical and sub-critical calculations use different equations.
FlowCheck 3.0 calculates where this transition is, based on the
conditions entered. In order to force a nozzle into the critical flow
regime, reduce the downstream gauge pressure to less than or equal to
50 percent of the upstream gauge pressure. Continue to reduce the
downstream pressure until the flow rate no longer changes.
For toroidal and cylindrical throat nozzles, the downstream
pressure is measured downstream of the divergent section, after some
pressure recovery has taken place. Critical flow is achieved when the
absolute pressure ratio is 0.9. For all other nozzles, the downstream
pressure is measured close to the vena-contracta (point of highest
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velocity). These nozzles require an absolute pressure ratio of 0.5 for

critical flow to take place.
Critical flow nozzles require thermodynamic properties
calculations, which in turn, require that the AGA-8 (1994) Detail
equation for compressibility be used. A full gas composition is required.
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Fluid Settings
Setting FlowChecks fluid configuration is the most technical part of the
verification process. Several important properties are critical to volume,
mass, or energy measurement. The user must also know which industrystandard equations are required by the application. Fortunately, the user
will probably use the same configurations repeatedly, which aids
efficiency.
Fluid Selection
The following fluids are available for calculation:
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FlowCheck 3.0
natural gas
liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
natural gas liquids (NGLs)
crude oil
condensate
gasoline
napthene
jet fuel
kerosene
diesel fuel
fuel oil
lube oil
water
air
User Manual
Natural Gas Settings

Because FlowCheck offers many settings for natural gas, exercise
caution in this area.
The two basic types of gas quality data are:
detailed composition full analysis derived from gas chromatographs

bulk properties composite properties of the mixture, such as
specific gravity and heating value
If the user has the detailed composition available, FlowCheck 3.0 can
use the following equations to calculate compressibility, heating value,
and relative density:
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AGA 8 (1994) Detail
AGA 8 (1985) Primary
Redlich-Kwong
Redlich-Kwong & Wichert-Aziz
FlowCheck 3.0 also calculates velocity of sound and thermodynamic

properties when a full composition is supplied and AGA 8 (1994)Detail
is specified.
Detailed Composition Settings

For Natural Gas, adjust detailed composition by setting the
amounts (in mole percent) for each component. FlowChecks default gas
composition matches the Amarillo example in AGA 8 (1994).
For an up-to-date indication of the total composition, press the Tab
button. At calculation time, FlowCheck complains if the total does not
add up to 100 percent (+/- 0.01 percent).
To adjust only a few components, press Normalize to adjust the
amounts of all (non-zero) components, returning the total to exactly 100
percent. This is the easiest way to experiment with the effects of general
changes in composition.
The fastest way to prepare the dialog box for a new set of data is by
pressing Clear All, which forces all entries in the gas composition to
zero.
If the user needs to abandon the changes and restart with the previous
composition, click Reload. FlowCheck reloads the composition that was
active when the dialog box was opened, not necessarily that which was
stored in the meter file. Reopen the file to start from scratch.
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Figure 18 - Natural Gas Settings
Wet Gas Support

The gas composition provided by commercial laboratories typically
excludes water vapor. To support water-saturated production
applications, FlowCheck incorporates logic to estimate the watersaturated composition from pressure, temperature, and the dry gas
composition.
FlowCheck uses the vapor pressure of water to estimate concentration.
The general method is outlined in several industry sources, including the
GPSA Engineering Data Book. The mathematical correlation for water
vapor pressure was adopted from US Weather Service so is not an
official petroleum industry standard. FlowChecks results agree with
traditional McKetta-Wehe graphs, deviating slightly at very high water
concentrations. Remember that solubility is affected by the presence of
compounds such as CO2, H2S, and N2.
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From the Natural Gas Settings dialog box, press Saturate to calculate the
maximum concentration of water vapor the gas will hold at the current
flowing conditions. The gas composition is automatically re-normalized
to include this water vapor.
Note: The water vapor content is not automatically recalculated when the
pressure or temperatures change. Remember to press the button again if
the items are changed.
The water vapor is included in subsequent density, heating value, and
combustion calculations.
If the user needs to report the flow of gas net of water, multiply
gas quantities by Fwv, the water vapor shrinkage factor. This factor is
listed on the Detail view screen, under the Wet Gas heading.
Isentropic Exponent and Viscosity

Also located in the Natural Gas dialog box are settings for Absolute (or
dynamic) Viscosity of the gas and Isentropic Exponent (k). These values
are calculated from the fluid properties that the user entered.
Optionally, the user can manually enter values. Manual values may be
required when comparing a calculation from a source that uses the
default values.
In the Detail view, use the calculated value (or the users manual entry)
for k, as well as an estimate of the ideal gas specific heat ratio. This
temperature and composition-dependent correlation is based on the
findings of McFall, Aly, and Lee.
Gross Volumetric Heating Value

For composition-based equations such as AGA 8 (1994) Detail, the
values for heating value and density update automatically and include
base pressure and temperature, coordinated with the metering base
conditions.
If a compressibility equation requires such data as gross heating value or
relative density, manually set their values. These values provide inputs
and must be determined in advance.
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Two common heating value standards used in the western hemisphere

are GPA 2172 and the now obsolete AGA 5. The data of GPA 2172 is
consistent with AGA 8 (1994) and ISO Standard 6976-95.
Gas quality reference pressures and temperatures default to the metering
volume base and rarely need adjustment. To estimate the volumetric
heating value for a different set of conditions than those used at the
meter, adjust the meter base conditions. In terms of philosophy,
FlowCheck cannot support mix-and-match base conditions for energy
reporting.
FlowCheck applies methods outlined in AGA 8, Appendices C.4 and
C.5, which provide good results for all typical base conditions, including
the 60 F/14.696 psia conditions listed in GPA 2172. The table below
shows constants for each standard.
Compound
Molar Ideal Gross Heating

Value (kJ/kmol) @ 25 C and
101.325 kPa
AGA 5 Btu/cf perfect

gas @ 60 F and 14.73
psia
Methane
890.63
1012.1
Ethane
1560.69
1773.0
Propane
2219.17
2523.3
Iso-Butane
2868.20
3260.7
N-Butane
2877.40
3269.8
Iso-Pentane
3528.83
4009.7
N-Pentane
3535.77
4018.9
Hexane
4194.95
4764.4
Heptane
4853.43
5509.7
Octane
5511.80
6255.7
Nonane
6171.15
7012.7 (est.)
Deane
6829.77
7760.0 (est.)
Hydrogen
285.83
324.9
Carbon Monoxide
282.98
321.1
Hydrogen Sulfide
562.01
646.4
Figure 19 - Table of GPA 2172 and AGA 5 Constants
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Gas Density Equations

The twelve density equations for natural gas are listed here. Descriptions
for each are listed below.
1. AGA 8 (1994), Detail
2. AGA 8 (1994), HV/RD/CO2
3. AGA 8 (1994), RD/N2/CO2
4. AGA 8 (1985), Primary
5. AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/HV/CO2
6. AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/HV/CO2
7. AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/CO2/N2 Method
8. AGA 8 (1985), HV/CO2/N2 Method
9. AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/Methane/CO2/N2 Method
10. AGA PAR NX19 GCN
11. Redlich Kwong
12. Redlich Kwong with Wichert-Aziz Sour Gas Corrections
AGA 8 (1994), Detail
This 1994 second printing of the industry standard specifies methods for
determining compressibility factors for gas phase hydrocarbon fluids.
The standard is cooperatively endorsed and supported by the American
Petroleum Institute, the American Gas Association, and the Gas
Research Institute. An earlier printing was produced in 1992, but
typographical and mathematical consistency issues prompted industry to
correct and reprint the document in 1994.
The Detail method requires the full, detailed composition of fluid.
Volumetric heating value and relative density are calculated from the
composition and base conditions.
This method applies to a wide range of pressures, temperatures, and
fluid composition types. Calculation uncertainties increase for extreme
pressures and temperatures.
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AGA 8 (1994), HV/RD/CO2

This method, also known as Gross Method 1, requires valid inputs for
the gross volumetric heating value, real gas relative density, CO2
concentration, and accompanying base condition data. All other
composition data is ignored.
Recommended ranges for pressure, temperature, and composition are
restricted to normal pipeline conditions. The authors of the equations
emphasize their formulas are not intended for extrapolation to other
conditions.
AGA 8 (1994), RD/N2/CO2
This method, also known as Gross Method 2, requires valid inputs for
the real gas relative density, CO2, and N2 concentrations, and
accompanying base condition data. All other composition data is
ignored.
Recommended ranges of pressure, temperature, and composition are
restricted to normal pipeline conditions. The authors of the equations
emphasize their formulas are not intended for extrapolation to other
conditions.
AGA 8 (1985), Primary
This method, derived from the first edition of the industry standard,
specifies methods for determining compressibility factors for gas phase
hydrocarbon fluids. This version of the standard was superseded in
1992.
This version of the equations requires a full, detailed composition.
This method applies to a wide range of pressures, temperatures, and
AGA 8 (1985), GR/HV/CO2
This version of the equations requires valid inputs for the heating value,
relative density, and CO2 concentration. All other composition data is
ignored. When using BTUs, be sure to apply the correct type.
FlowCheck supports three of the existing types.
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AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/HV/CO2/N2

This version of the equations requires valid inputs for the heating value,
relative density, and CO2 and N2 concentrations. All other composition
data is ignored. When using BTUs, be sure to apply the correct type.
FlowCheck supports three of the existing types.
AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/CO2/N2
This version of the equations requires valid inputs for the relative density
and CO2 and N2 concentrations. All other composition data is ignored.
AGA 8 (1985), HV/CO2/N2
This version of the equations requires valid inputs for the heating value
and CO2 and N2 concentrations. All other composition data is ignored.
When using BTUs, be sure to apply the correct type. FlowCheck
supports three of the existing types.
AGA 8 (1985), Gravity/Methane/CO2/N2
This version of the equations requires valid inputs for real gas relative
density, methane, and CO2 and N2 concentrations. All other
NX19 GCN
This calculation, although superseded since 1985 by AGA 8, remains in
use in some parts of the gas industry.
The Gravity, CO2, N2 method of this equation requires valid inputs for
real gas relative density and CO2 and N2 concentrations. All other
Note: Results are valid over a relatively narrow range of gas compositions.
Redlich-Kwong
This traditional equation remains popular in some fields of engineering.
This method applies to a limited range of pressures, temperatures, and
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Redlich-Kwong with Wichert-Aziz Sour Gas Corrections

This calculation is included for the convenience of users with high acid
gas concentrations. For calculations based on Redlich-Kwong,
FlowCheck uses fluid property data from the mid-1970s for agreement
with the original publications.
The AGA 8, Detail method is superior in predicting the density of sour
gas, but FlowCheck limits the acid gas content to 75 percent.
This method applies to a limited range of pressures, temperatures, and
Velocity of Sound
The velocity of sound calculations are included for natural gas mixtures
when AGA-8 (1994) Detail is used to calculate compressibility. These
calculations include the following engineering and thermodynamic values
for the gas composition, pressure and temperature
Engineering and Thermodynamic Values
C*
Enthalpy
RhoF
Cp (real gas)
Fpv
Specific enthalpy
Cp (ideal gas)
Isentropic exponent
Specific entropy
Cp/Cv
Molecular weight
Velocity of sound
Cv
RD (real gas)
Zb
Db
RD (ideal gas)
Zf
Df
RhoB
Figure 20 - Engineering and Thermodynamic Values
Liquid Hydrocarbon Settings

The properties of liquids at flowing conditions directly affect volumes at
base conditions. Industry-standard corrections for temperature and
pressure are grouped by product and density, as shown in Figure 21,
below.
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Figure 21 - Corrections for Temperature and Pressure

Although each type of liquid has a predefined range of densities,
FlowCheck allows users to specify unusual densities.
The calculation coefficients for each liquid depend on both the
fluid type and observed density. The user must select fluid type carefully.
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Figure 22 - Hydrocarbon Liquid (NGL) Settings

Some users apply spec density to NGLs, as opposed to observed
density. In this case, enter the spec density in the observed density box,
and set the observed temperature to the value accompanying the spec
density (usually 15C or 60F).
The density equations for liquid hydrocarbons are as follows:
API 2540 and Chapters 12.2.1M and 12.2.2M
Temperature and pressure corrections for density are performed per
guidelines in API literature. FlowCheck uses fluid type and density data
to determine the coefficients for the equations.
API Std 2540 specifies how to predict changes in liquid volume as a
function of temperature. The standard is divided according to product
type. In FlowCheck, Tables 53A, 53B, 54A, and 54B are supported by
equations rather than the look-up tables themselves.
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Tables 23E and 24E for light hydrocarbons are also supported by the
equations. These equations use the US customary units (F and SG at
60F) because there are no equivalent metric tables
Tables 53 and 54 (lighter hydrocarbon liquids) are supported by both
equations and tables.
The API-recommended rules for rounding and truncation have been
observed.
NGL calculations can use Table 53 and 54 equations or lookup
tables, or TP25 (API Tables 23E and 24E). TP25 covers a wider range
of conditions than the old Tables 53 and 54, and are considered to be
more accurate. Calculations for TP25 are done in US units (degrees
Fahrenheit specific gravity at 60F). TP25 is only valid at this base
condition.
In terms of coverage, FlowChecks look-up tables are wide but not
exhaustive.
The figures below show the boundaries of FlowChecks look-up tables.
Note: Some density ranges are restricted by temperature, a limitation of the
original data. FlowCheck generates an error message if the user enters
a combination outside the table range.
For instance, FlowCheck generates an alarm if the flowing temperature
does not fit on Tables 24 or 54 even though the observed data seems to
fit corresponding Tables 23 or 53. In this rare type of situation, recheck
the input data, and refer to the API printed tables if necessary.
SG Min
SG Max
Lower Temp Limit
Upper Temp Limit
0.350
0.688
-50 F
200 F
Figure 23 - Table 23E and 24E Coverage

Rho Min
Rho Max
Lower Temp Limit
Upper Temp Limit
480
490
15 C
60 C
490
500
10 C
60 C
500
510
5C
60 C
510
515
-5 C
60 C
515
525
-10 C
60 C
525
530
-15 C
60 C
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Rho Min
Rho Max
Lower Temp Limit
Upper Temp Limit
530
540
-20 C
60 C
540
600
-25 C
60 C
600
649
-25 C
50 C
Figure 24 - Table 53 Coverage

Rho Min
Rho Max
Lower Temp Limit
Upper Temp Limit
500
515
-46 C
55 C
515
600
-46 C
60 C
600
650
-25 C
75 C
Figure 25 - Table 54 Coverage

API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapters
11.2.1M and 11.2.2M are used to predict how static pressure affects
liquid volume.
The 1994 Addendum to API Chapter 11.2.2M specifies how to estimate
the vapor pressure of hydrocarbon liquids. For fluids whose vapor
pressure at base temperature is less than atmospheric pressure, such as
crude oil, vapor pressure is assumed equal to base pressure.
This standard, referred to as TP-15 is only valid down to a density of 490
kg/m3.
Where vapor pressure is directly measured or inferred from a
specification, the calculation may be overridden by activating a radio
button in the dialog box.
For crude oil and refined products, vapor pressure is automatically set to
0 kPag. The vapor pressure calculation complains if NGL conditions
approach the critical point.
No other fluid phase calculations are performed by FlowCheck.
The user is responsible for ensuring the metered fluid is single phase.
The hydrometer adjustment is not applied to NGLs or any other fluids
below 600 kg/m3 density. For densities above 600 kg/m3, if a
hydrometer was not used to measure the observed density of crude oil
or refined products, toggle off the adjustment.
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If observed density measurements were recorded at high pressures, such

as those in a pipeline with an online densitometer, API recommends
applying pressure corrections during the solution for base density. If an
observed pressure is set in the dialog box and is greater than the
equilibrium vapor pressure, FlowCheck includes these corrections in the
iterative solution for base density.
The adjustment for Sediment and Water (BS&W) only applies to orifice
and liquid turbine calculations. An assumption is implicitly made that
meter provers are used only on clean product.
Water Settings
FlowCheck implements the Wagenbreth and Kell equations to predict
the density of water at different pressures and temperatures. These
equations are typically used for densitometer calibrations but provide a
precise basis for measuring water through meters as well.
The dialog box for water density is minimal, devoted mainly to output
values.
Figure 26 - Water Settings
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Tools
FlowCheck utilities assist in recording results and provide quick answers
to common unit conversion questions. The utilities are located under the
Tools menu.
Inspection Form
The Inspection Form utility documents verification activity. Open this
dialog by selecting Inspection Report from the Tools menu.
Figure 27 - Inspection Form

The Inspection Form utility also contains information for the EFM
being tested. Manually enter EFM data in the applicable fields, and click
the Calculate % Difference button to show differences in percent.
Because of the large variety of communication protocols and data
formats available, FlowCheck does not support direct connection with
flow computers.
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Update Time/Date is a convenient way to stamp the current time on the

record. The stamp is stored with the rest of the information and appears
on printed records. Note that the stamp does not automatically update.
Gravity and Atmosphere

Use the Gravity and Atmosphere utility to estimate local atmospheric
pressure and the force of gravity, based on geographic location.
Figure 28 - Gravity and Atmosphere

To open the Gravity and Atmosphere window, from the Tools menu,
click Local Gravity and Pressure
The equation for atmospheric pressure uses elevation to predict the
average atmospheric pressure for the users location. When the
calculation is done, FlowCheck solves the equation and immediately uses
it for the meter calculations.
The primary purpose of the gravity calculation is to support adjustment
factors for deadweight-type pressure calibrators. The equation for gravity
uses both latitude and elevation. FlowCheck does not compensate
calculations for gravity. The equation is provided only as a support tool.
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The equation for gravity derives from AGA 3, which was taken, in turn,
from the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. The equation for pressure
is derived from the Electricity and Gas Inspection Act, a statute of
Canadian law.
Fuel Gas Estimates

When fuel gas measurement data is damaged or absent, the user may
have to estimate the fuel consumed by engines, line heaters, or treaters.
FlowCheck contains utilities to simplify the estimating process for all
three.
FlowChecks fuel gas estimates require current gas compositions
to deliver reliable results.
Estimation data is displayed in the Detail View screen and in the
Snapshot Report.
The methods contained here may differ from those specified in the
regulations and contracts of the users domain. Remember that these are
estimates only and should be treated as such.
Engine Fuel Gas Estimates

The Engine Fuel Gas utility applies Actual Power, Heat Rate (thermal
efficiency), Run Time, and the current gas properties to estimate the
volume and energy of fuel gas required.
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Figure 29 - Engine Fuel Gas Estimates

To open the Engine Fuel Gas Estimates window, from the Tools menu,
click Fuel Gas Estimates and then click Engine Fuel Gas.
Actual Power is the true power the user expects to generate at the output
shaft of the engine, compensated for elevation, temperature, and friction
losses.
Thermal efficiency compares the power entering a system with the
power exiting. For engines, fuel combustion supplies the in-bound
power, while out-bound power is typically measured at the output shaft.
Heat rate and thermal efficiency are really the same, stated in different
terms. For example, a heat rate of 3600 kJ/kW-hr (or 2544 BTU(it)/hphr) represents 100 percent efficiency.
FlowChecks default thermal efficiency for engines is 35 percent, a
reasonable starting point for jet engines running on natural gas. For
piston engines, 25 percent is a better choice. The user can consult
vendor specifications for accurate ratings for that application.
FlowCheck allows thermal efficiency inputs from 10 to 100 percent.
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Line Heater Fuel Gas Estimates

The Line Heater Fuel Gas utility offers two basic methods of estimating
fuel gas.
Figure 30 - Line Heater Fuel Gas Estimates

To open the Line Heater Fuel Gas Estimates window, from the Tools
menu, click Fuel Gas Estimates and then click Line Heater
Method 1 uses the Inlet Rating of the vessel and run time. The
calculation is focused on energy entering the system, based on
manufacturer ratings. If the main burner is in service less than 100
percent of the time, adjust the run time accordingly.
Method 2 is more sophisticated, applying data related to heater efficiency
(Inlet Temp) and fluid temperature and density.
Note: The user must supply efficiency ratings. This method uses information
about energy exiting the system to predict fuel consumption.
The ideal thermal efficiency of most indirect line heaters ranges from 75
to 80 percent, hence the default value of 80 percent. This implies that 80
percent of heat released by fuel gas combustion in the fire tube reaches
the fluid being heated. A heaters ideal efficiency may decrease due to
tube fouling, corrosion, or heat losses to the ambient air.
Method 2 calculates ideal gas heat capacity from current gas
compositions and median temperatures to predict the amount of energy
transferred to the gas.
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Methods 1 and 2 are linked. If the user enters temperature and

throughput data, Method 1 calculates efficiency, while Method 2
estimates Inlet Rate. This format allows the user to estimate efficiency
reductions due to tube fouling, etc. If the heaters performance output
decreases over time, there will be changes in efficiency.
Treater Fuel Gas Estimates

Treater Fuel Gas estimates are similar to Line Heater Fuel estimates.
Supply basic volume, temperature, and density data, and FlowCheck
calculates the fuel required to produce the heat.
Figure 31 - Treater Fuel Gas Estimates

To open the Treater Fuel Gas Estimates window, from the Tools menu,
click Fuel Gas Estimates and then click Treater
Oil and water absorb heat at different rates. The user must supply the
separate volumes of each to facilitate accurate calculations.
FlowCheck calculates oil heat capacity using a simple equation listed in
the Chemical Engineers Handbook (Perry & Chilton). Enter the oil
density (standard density) to ensure correct results. Oil density and
volume are used to determine the total mass of heated oil
Cp = (0.388 + 0.00045t) / s^0.5
where Cp is in BTU(it)/lbm-F, t is degrees F, and s is specific gravity

(60/60).
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Water heat capacity is fixed at 4.1858 kJ/kg, but the density is calculated
live at the median temperature. If the users produced water has a high
chloride content, these equations may be inadequate for the users
application.
The user should not be discouraged by the wide array of units for power,
heat capacity, volume, and energy. Engine and vessel manufacturers
usually provide their equipment ratings in very clear terms.
Unit Converters
FlowCheck features several unit converters for convenience and as a
second form of program traceability. FlowCheck performs all
conversions using the same group of equations and constants.
The unit converters support Energy, Length, Pressure, Temperature, and
Volume.
Figure 32 - Unit Converter
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User Manual
Units and Conversion Factors

Almost everyone has been caught up at some point by a unit conversion
problem. Puzzling variations often exist within the same unit system. For
instance, the Imperial system expresses density in pounds per Imperial
gallon, in specific gravity at 60F, in API degrees, or in pounds per cubic
foot, to name a few. This section describes how FlowCheck handles
units of measure and converts one type of unit to another.
Overview
FlowCheck calculations are implemented in SI units, but the program
displays other units of measure for the users convenience. Display units
can be individually defined for most physical quantities. Alternatively,
install a full slate of display units by choosing Units of Measure from
the Display menu.
Data Sources
The Canadian Metric Practice Guide (CAN/CSA-Z234.1-89)
provides the primary source of data for FlowCheck conversions.
Additional data is supplied by the Supplementary Metric Practice Guide,
5th Edition 1989 (Canadian Petroleum Association) and the AGA
Metric Unit Application Guide (1980) (American Gas Association).
In most cases, unit conversions are performed in long double precision
floating point arithmetic, using a dimensional analysis approach.
Although FlowCheck supports many types of units, all are derived from
the set of expressions listed on the succeeding pages.
Note: Some factors appear in fractional format, the traditional way to display
numbers not well represented by decimals.
Name
Description
Time
60 seconds = 1 minute
3600 seconds = 1 hour
86,400 seconds = 1 day
Mass
1 pound mass (lbm) = 45,359,237/100,000,000 kilograms
Length
1 yard = 9144/10,000 meters
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Description
1 yard = 3 feet
1 foot = 12 inches
1 mile = 1760 yards
Volume
1 US gallon = 231 cubic inches

1 API petroleum barrel = 42 US gallons = 9702 cubic inches
1 Imperial gallon = 454,609/100,000,000 cubic meters
Temperature
5 Kelvins = 9 degrees Rankine

459.67 degrees Rankine = 0 Fahrenheit
273.15 Kelvins = 0 Celsius
Energy
1 calorie (International Table) = 4.1868 Joules

1 calorie (thermochemical) = 4.184 Joules
Specific Heat Capacity of water at 15 C = 4.1858 J/(g.C)
1 Btu/lbm = 5 calories (IT)/9 grams
1 Btu(60 - 61) = 1054.615 Joules
1 therm = 100,000 Btu (IT)
1 dekatherm = 10 therms = 1,000,000 Btu (IT)
Pressure
Density of water at 60 F = 999.012 kg/m3

Density of water at 68 F = 998.202 kg/m3
1 inch of Hg at 32 F = 3386.39 Pascals
1 bar = 100 kilopascals
1 horsepower = 550 ft-lbf/s
Dynamic
Viscosity
1 Pascal second = 10 Poise
Constants Used
Throughout
Standard Acceleration Due To Gravity = 9.80665 metres per second

per second
One Standard Atmosphere = 101.325 kilopascals
Universal Gas Constant = 8.314510 J/kg-K (used throughout, except
by FlowChecks implementation of AGA 8 (1985), which uses
10.73164 psia-ft/lb-mol-R for closest agreement with published
examples)
Figure 33 - Table of Unit Conversions
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Glossary
Terminology is important, especially to custody transfer measurement.
This glossary explains the terms used in FlowCheck.
Absolute Viscosity
Measures the resistance of fluids to flow. In general, the viscosity of
a liquid decreases as temperature increases. Interestingly, the viscosity of
a gas has the opposite relationship with temperature. A closely related
property, kinematic viscosity, equals the absolute viscosity divided by
density.
Fluid
Viscosity
Natural Gas
0.01 cP
NGL
0.3 cP
Water
1 cP
Medium Crude Oil
3 cP
Figure 34 - Table of Typical Values for Absolute Viscosity

Acceleration Due to Gravity
The force that pulls objects toward the earths center, which varies
slightly from area to area. These variations can be estimated from
information about geographic position and elevation. FlowCheck uses
the AGA 3 formula, derived from equations published by the
Smithsonian Institute.
Air / Fuel Ratio
FlowCheck estimates the air to fuel ratios required for complete
stoichiometric combustion of the measured fuel gas. The ratios are
expressed in terms of mass, volume, and the number of moles.
American Gas Association (AGA)
A national trade association with a long historical involvement in the
measurement standards process, whose primary members are
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distributors of natural gas. AGA and other organizations often

cooperatively support the same standard. For example, ANSI/API 2530,
an American National Std, is published by AGA as AGA 3 and by API
as the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter
14.3.
Visit AGAs web site at http://www.aga.com.
American Petroleum Institute (API)
A petroleum trade organization whose mandate includes standardizing
petroleum measurement technologies, policies, and procedures. The
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) is a compendium
of related measurement standards published by API.
Visit APIs web site at http://www.api.org.
Average Flowing Pressure
The mean value of the measured absolute pressure of a fluid over a
specified period of flow (see Flowing Pressure).
Average Flowing Temperature
The mean value of the measured heat intensity of a fluid over a specified
period of flow (see Flowing Temperature).
Base Conditions
It is common practice to report hydrocarbon quantities in terms of the
volume the fluid occupies at a specified pressure and temperature, rather
than the actual conditions at the meter. For example, Volume at Pb, Tb
is the volume a quantity of fluid occupies if its pressure is at base
pressure and its temperature at base temperature. This translation to an
unchanging, agreed-upon set of conditions simplifies quantity reporting.
In some contracts and documents, standard conditions are specifically
pegged at 14.73 psia and 60 F. In countries using the SI system of
measurement, base (or standard or contract) conditions are typically
101.325 kPa and 15 C.
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Base Pressure (Pb)

The pressure parameter of a formal definition of volume (see Base
Conditions).
Base Pressure Factor (Fpb)
A factor used to translate volumes computed at 14.73 psi to other base
pressures. FlowCheck uses Fpb for calculating AGA 7. FlowCheck does
not use a factor approach for orifice meter applications but does
calculate and report a number of them for user convenience.
Base Temperature (Tb)
The temperature parameter of a formal definition of volume (see Base
Conditions).
Base Temperature Factor (Ftb)
A factor used to translate volumes computed at 60 F to other base
temperatures. FlowCheck uses Ftb for calculating AGA 7. FlowCheck
does not use a factor approach for orifice meter applications but does
calculate and report a number of them for user convenience.
Beta Ratio
In orifice meters, the orifice diameter divided by the pipe diameter. In
FlowCheck, temperature-compensated diameter(s) are determined
before beta ratio and other quantities are calculated.
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
A traditional unit of energy, originally based on the amount of heat
energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of water by
one degree F. However, since the heat capacity of water varies with its
temperature, numerous Btu definitions have evolved. Depending on the
starting point for a temperature increase, the required amount of energy
differs slightly.
FlowCheck supports the following popular variants of the Btu:
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Btu (59 - 60) was standard in the US gas industry until 1992 when the
Btu (IT) officially replaced it (see AGA Engineering Technical Note
M-92-2-1)
1 Btu (59 - 60) = 1054.80386 Joules, rounded to nine figures
Btu (60 - 61) was widely used in the Canadian gas industry and still
appears in some documents and contracts
1 Btu (60 - 61) = 1054.615 Joules exactly (by definition)
Btu (IT), or International Table Btu, is formally defined in terms of

the Joule, the energy unit in the SI system
1 Btu (IT) = 1055.05585262 Joules, exactly

Note: Energy is a very different quantity than volumetric heating value,
which depends on base pressure and base temperature. Energy is
independent of volumetric conditions.
Canadian Gas Association (CGA)
The national trade organization for Canadas gas industry. CGAs 320
members include Canadas major natural gas transmission companies,
distributors, producers, and manufacturers of gas appliances and
equipment.
Visit CGAs web site at http://www.cga.ca.
Certified Prover Volume
The volume of a pipe prover determined by calibration, often via a
water draw method using special procedures and carefully calibrated
water cans.
Coefficient of Cubical Expansion (Gamma)
A material-specific estimate of volume change resulting from
temperature change.
Type of Steel
Per degree F
Per degree C
Mild Steel
1.86E-05
3.35E-05
304 Stainless
2.88E-05
5.18E-05
316 Stainless
2.65E-05
4.77E-05
17-4PH Stainless
1.08E-05
3.24E-05
Figure 35 - Table of Temperature Coeffiecients for Pipe

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Coefficient of Expansion, Pipe

A material-specific estimate of length change resulting from temperature
change. Typical units are mm/mm/K (SI) and inch/inch/F (Imperial).
Coefficient of Expansion, Plate
A material-specific estimate of length change resulting from temperature
change. Typical units are mm/mm/K (SI) and inch/inch/F (Imperial).
Combustion Air
The total mass of air required for perfect stoichiometric combustion of
the metered fuel gas quantity. There is no excess air built into
FlowChecks combustion calculations. If oxygen is present in the fuel
gas, FlowCheck rebalances the air requirements to compensate.
Combustion Reference Temperature
Parameter used to fully define the ideal gross volumetric heating value
and used by AGA 8 Gross Compressibility Methods. Refer to the
standard for a full description. If in doubt, configure settings to match
the other metering pressure and temperature bases, or rely on
FlowChecks defaults.
Compressibility at Pb, Tb
The deviation from ideal gas laws that a fluid exhibits at base pressure
and base temperature. Compressibility at Pb, Tb is also known as Zb.
Compressibility at Pf, Tf
The deviation from ideal gas laws that a fluid exhibits at flowing pressure
and flowing temperature. Compressibility at Pf, Tf is also known as Zf.
Corrected Prover Volume
The volume of a pipe prover, fully compensated for pressure and
temperature effects. This also includes the pressure and temperature
effects on the fluid inside the vessel.
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(Cpl) Pressure Correction for Liquids

The factor compensating hydrocarbon liquids for the effects of elevated
pressure. FlowCheck uses equations published in API MPMS Chapters
11.2.1M and 11.2.2M to estimate Cpl. The addendum to Chapter
11.2.2M prescribes a method for estimating vapor pressure of lighter
hydrocarbons, which FlowCheck implements.
(Ctl) Temperature Correction for Liquids
The factor compensating hydrocarbon liquids for the effects of
temperature. FlowCheck uses equations published in API Std 2540 to
estimate Ctl, also known as VCF.
(Cps) Pressure Correction for Prover Shells
The factor compensating steel vessels for the effects of elevated internal
pressure. FlowCheck uses equations published in API MPMS Chapter
12.2 to estimate Cps.
(Cts) Temperature Correction For Prover Shells
The factor compensating steel vessels for the effects of temperature.
FlowCheck uses equations published in API MPMS Chapter 12.2 to
estimate Cts.
(Csw) Sediment and Water Correction
The volume correction factor compensating for the presence of nonmerchantable material in a liquid hydrocarbon delivery.
Differential Pressure (dP)
The pressure difference that appears across a restriction, such an orifice
plate, as fluid flows past. Mathematically, flow rate is proportional to the
square root of the differential pressure. For example, doubling the dP
from 100 inches of water column to 200 inches does not double the flow
rate. Rather, the flow increases by the square root of two or about 1.41
times.
Discharge Coefficient (Cd)
The ratio of true flow rate to theoretical flow rate.
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For orifice meters, the discharge coefficient was determined

experimentally for many combinations of pipe sizes, beta ratios, and
fluid types. The modern equations for concentric, square-edged, flangetapped orifice meters are based on data collected in the 1980s. The
results were correlated, and a set of equations was developed by ReaderHarris and Gallagher. Hence, the discharge coefficient equation is often
referred to as the RG equation.
Discharge coefficients for flow nozzles are calculated according to the
respective standards. FlowCheck allows the user to manually enter the
nozzle Cd, which is advisable if the nozzle has been calibrated.
For V-Cone meters, the Cd is referred to as the Flow Coefficient. This
will be supplied by the manufacturer, or by the calibration facility.
EFM Energy Flow Rate
The energy flow rate reported by an Electronic Flow Measurement
(EFM) system.
EFM Volume Flow Rate
The volume flow rate reported by an Electronic Flow Measurement
(EFM) system.
Elevation
Vertical height above sea level (ASL), measured in units of length.
Energy Flow Rate at Pb, Tb
The energy flow rate, calculated on a volumetric basis and corrected to
base pressure and base temperature. For natural gas only:
energy rate = volume flow rate * volumetric heating value
It is possible, of course, to express energy flow in other units or to

derive it from mass flow rate, but FlowCheck mimics a formula
common in the gas industry. It can be seen that the volumetric approach
depends heavily on the pressure and temperature conditions for both gas
volume and heating value. If the base conditions do not match, bias
results.
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Equilibrium Vapor Pressure (Pe)

The pressure at which a liquid and its vapor are in equilibrium at a given
temperature.
Expansion Factor (Y)
The factor compensating for the reduced density a compressible fluid
experiences when it passes through an orifice. Y results from the
increased fluid velocity and the decreased fluid pressure. The uncertainty
of calculating Y increases when differential pressure is high compared to
absolute pressure.
(F) Liquid Compressibility
The change in volume that a typical hydrocarbon liquid experiences
under pressure. FlowCheck uses F to calculate Cpl.
(Fb) 1985 Basic Orifice Factor
A factor calculated for some implementations of AGA 3 (1985).
FlowCheck does not use a factor approach for orifice meter
calculations but computes some for user convenience.
(Fg) 1985 Specific Gravity Factor
A gas density correction factor used in older versions of AGA 3.
FlowCheck does not use the factor approach to calculate flow but
computes this value for convenience.
Flow Extension (FE)
The extension FlowCheck uses for all orifice calculations:
FE = (dP * Rhof)^0.5
where dP is in Pa, and Rhof is the flowing density in kg/m3.

The above format differs slightly from the original, simplified version
which had its roots in chart-based gas measurement:
FE = (hw * Pf)^0.5
where hw is in inches of water column at 60 F, and pressure is in psia.

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Todays orifice equations and modern flow computing lend themselves

to an extension that moves all density-dependent terms under the square
root sign.
Flowing Conditions
The properties of fluid pressure and temperature at the time and place of
measurement. For example, Volume at Pf, Tf means the volume a
quantity of fluid occupies if its pressure is at flowing pressure (Pf) and its
temperature at flowing temperature (Tf).
Flow Duration.
The time period during which flow is assumed to have persisted. In
FlowChecks simplified flow/time model, flowing conditions are
assumed steady for the entire flow duration, which is never the actual
case.
Flowing Pressure (Pf)
The absolute pressure exerted by a fluid at the time and place of
measurement, equal to gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure. For PD
and turbine meters, pressure is usually measured at the meter body. For
orifice meters, pressure is measured at the pressure tapping either
upstream or downstream of the orifice plate.
If pressure measurement is made at the upstream tap, then:
(all versions) absolute pressure = gauge + atmosphere
Conversely, if pressure measurement is made at the downstream tap,
then:
(AGA 3 (1985)) absolute pressure = gauge + atmosphere
(AGA 3 (1990)) absolute pressure = gauge + atmosphere + differential
(ISO 5167-1991) absolute pressure = gauge + atmosphere + differential
Also see Flowing Conditions.
Flowing Temperature (Tf)
The mean value of the measured heat intensity of a fluid at the time and
place of measurement (see Flowing Conditions).
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Flue Gas CO2

The total mass of CO2 produced through perfect stoichiometric
combustion of the measured fuel gas. FlowCheck does not calculate this
quantity for engine, line heater, or treater fuel gas estimates.
Flue Gas H2O
The total mass of H2O produced through perfect stoichiometric
Flue Gas SO2
The total mass of SO2 produced through perfect stoichiometric
(Fpm) Turbine Pressure Factor
The basic pressure correction for gas turbine meter calculations. Fpm
operates on the assumption of ideal gas behavior. For example, if the
flowing pressure is 10 times greater than the base pressure, Fpm equals
10.
Fpv
The square root of (Zb/Zf). Fpv is used in AGA-3 (1985), and is
commonly used instead of Zb and Zf for differential meters. FlowCheck
calculates Fpv for the base pressure and base temperature defined by the
user.
(Fr) 1985 Reynolds Number Factor
A discharge coefficient adjustment factor used in AGA 3 (1985). (Ftf)
1985 Flowing Temperature Factor
A gas volume temperature correction factor used in AGA 3 (1985).
(Ftm) Turbine Temperature Factor
The basic temperature correction for gas turbine meter calculations. Ftm
operates on the assumption of ideal gas behavior. For example, if the
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flowing temperature (absolute) is 10 percent greater than the base

pressure, Ftm equals 1/1.10.
(Fwv at 100 Percent RH) Water Vapor Shrinkage Factor
Derived from the concentration of water vapor in a fully saturated
natural gas stream. Used to correct gross volumes to volumes net of
water. FlowCheck calculates this factor but does not apply it to
calculated flow rates or volumes. Application of this factor is left to the
users discretion.
Gas Processors Association (GPA)
A national trade association involved in developing and supporting gas
measurement standards.
Visit GPAs web site at http://gasprocessors.com.
Gas Research Institute (GRI)
A US gas industry-funded organization founded to support the
advancement and application of technology in the gas industry, with
emphasis on the gas transmission sector. GRI provides leadership in the
administrative direction, funding, and execution of research and
development projects, including those affecting measurement standards
and practices.
Visit GRIs web site at http://www.gri.org.
Gross Standard Volume (GSV)
For hydrocarbon liquids, agrees with the API MPMS Chapter 12.2
definition of Gross Standard Volume. Note that GSV is not Gross
Volume at Standard Temperature.
Gross Standard Volume = Indicated Volume x [MF x Ctl x Cpl]
H2O Content at Pb, Tb and 100 Percent RH

The concentration of water vapor in a natural gas when the relative
humidity of the gas is 100 percent (i.e. fully saturated). The
concentration varies with pressure, temperature, and the presence of
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compounds that affect solubility, such as H2S and CO2.

HV Density Pressure Base
Parameter used to fully define the gross volumetric heating value. For
greatest consistency, align this setting with other base conditions.
HV Density Temperature Base
HV Temperature Base
Hydrometer Correction (HYC)
The correction compensating glass hydrometers for small changes in
volume due to the thermal expansion of the glass.
Ideal Molar HV
The amount of heat energy in kJ/kmol generated through complete
combustion, per mole of combustible fuel as an ideal gas.
Ideal Relative Density
The relative density of an ideal gas, excluding real gas effects, such as
deviations from Boyles Law or Charles Law.
Inches of Water Column (INWC)
A unit of pressure related to the density of water at a given temperature
and the acceleration of gravity. In the gas industry, the most common
version of INWC is based on the density of water at 60 F, which is
999.012 kg/m^3.
Index Multiplier
The ratio between the meter output and the index output. A mechanical
index may be attached to a PD or turbine meter, translating the number
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of meter rotations into dial pointer movement and/or a number. An

index multiplier for a turbine might be 1000 cubic feet per revolution.
Indicated Volume (IV)
The change in meter reading that occurs during the receipt or delivery of
a liquid product. For a turbine or PD meter, indicated volume includes
the meters K Factor but not the Meter Factor.
Indicated Volume Flow Rate
The rate of liquid flow, in terms of Indicated Volume (IV). The
Indicated Volume Flow Rate calculation includes the meters K Factor
but not the Meter Factor.
Internal Diameter (ID) of Pipe at Reference Temperature
The internal diameter of an orifice plate bore at a specific material
temperature, usually 20 C (68 F).
Internal Diameter (ID) of Pipe Prover
The internal diameter of a conventional pipe prover, at the pressure and
temperature conditions of its calibration.
Internal Diameter (ID) of Plate at Reference Temperature
The internal diameter of an orifice plate bore at a specific material
temperature, usually 20 C (68 F).
Isentropic Exponent (k)
A thermodynamic property of gases used to predict the relationships
between pressure, temperature, volume, and energy. In its simplified
form, k is estimated to equal the ratio of specific heats: Cp/Cv.
Latitude
Geographic north/south position relative to the earths equator,
measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. For example, much of the
US/Canada border lies along the 49th parallel or at 49 degrees latitude.
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Live Heating Value

An externally-supplied (not calculated) source of heating value
information, used as an input parameter.
Live Relative Density
An externally-supplied (not calculated) source of density information,
used as an input parameter.
Longitude
Geographic east/west position relative to the prime meridian, measured
in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
Mass Density
Mass per unit volume. For example, at 60 F, the density of water is
999.012 kilograms per cubic meter or 62.36 pounds mass per cubic foot.
The density of mercury at 0 C is 13,595.1 kilograms per cubic meter.
Mass Density, observed
The measured density of a hydrocarbon liquid. The conditions at which
the density is measured must be recorded (pressure and temperature).
These may be different from the flowing conditions and the base
conditions.
Mass Flow Rate
Fluid flow rate expressed in mass units, such as kilograms per second.
Measurement Canada
Represents the Government of Canada in custody transfer measurement.
In the energy sector, two main statutes are supported through regulation:
the Weights and Measures Act and the Electricity and Gas Inspection
Act.
Meter Factor
A number used to correct a meters inaccuracy. The factor is derived by
dividing the known quantity of fluid passed through a meter by the
quantity registered by the meter.
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Mixture Molecular Mass

The molecular mass of a fluid mixture, based on the proportion and the
molecular weight of each component.
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
For pipe meter provers, a material-specific indicator of how the prover
responds to fluid pressure. The table below lists coefficients for
common pipe prover materials.
Type of Steel
Per psi
Per kPa
Mild Steel
3.0E+07
2.07E+08
304 Stainless
2.80E+07
1.93E+08
316 Stainless
2.80E+07
1.93E+08
17-4PH Stainless
2.85E+07
1.97E+08
Figure 36 - Table of Modulus of Elasticity

Molar Density
Moles per unit volume. At STP (0 C and 101.325 kPa), one mole of gas
occupies approximately 22.4 liters of volume. FlowCheck expresses
molar density in units of kg-mole/m^3 (SI) or lb-mole/ft^3 (Imperial).
Net Standard Volume (NSV)
For hydrocarbon liquids, the same as Net Standard Volume as defined in
API MPMS Chapter 12.2. In effect:
Net Volume = Indicated Volume x MF x Ctl x Cpl x Csw
Observed Pressure
The measured pressure of a fluid during density measurement.
Sometimes, it is necessary to take density readings when the liquid is
under high pressure, such as in a pipeline. FlowCheck uses the observed
pressure (usually equal to gauge pressure) and the observed temperature
in an iterative process to solve for base density.
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Observed Temperature
The measured temperature of a fluid during density measurement. The
fluid density changes with temperature, so the observed temperature
when the density is measured is used to correct density at base
temperature.
Note: If the density of a liquid hydrocarbon is already corrected to 15 C, use
15 C as the observed temperature.
Orifice Meter
An inferential metering device which operates by partially obstructing
flow through a pipe. In accordance with energy conservation principles
described by Bernoulli, reduced pressure accompanies increased fluid
velocity through the restriction. Fluid flow rate is inferred from the
differential pressure. Mathematically, flow rate is proportional to the
square root of the differential pressure.
Pipe Prover
A specially constructed and calibrated pipe whose volume is accurately
known, used for verifying or calibrating other meters. The provers
physical dimensions and material type determine its true volume at
operating conditions.
In operation, a tightly-fitting spherical ball is inserted into the flow. Two
detector switches are triggered as the ball passes down the pipe. From
when the first and second switches are activated, output is collected
from the meter being proved, whose meter factor is calculated based on
data from repeated runs.
Pipe Reference Temperature
The temperature at which pipe diameter is measured. The internal bore
of a meter tube changes as a function of temperature and the metals
linear coefficient of thermal expansion. A specific material type and
temperature are included in a full specification of diameter.
Plate Reference Temperature
The temperature at which pipe diameter is measured. The internal bore
of an orifice plate changes as a function of temperature and the metals
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linear coefficient of thermal expansion. A specific material type and

temperature are included in a full specification of diameter.
Pipe Reynolds Number
A non-dimensionalized description of flow rate:
ReD = (4 x qm)/ (pi x absolute viscosity x diameter)
A detailed discussion of Reynolds number is beyond the scope of this

User Manual.
Pressure Taps
Special taps or ports on orifice meters, allowing pressure measurements
upstream and downstream of the orifice plate. Several types of pressure
taps exist, including flange taps, pipe taps, corner taps, and D&D/2 taps.
FlowCheck supports only flange-tapped orifice meters, the most
prevalent type for custody transfer applications.
Pulse Frequency
The rate of electrical pulses proportional to the rate of flow through a
meter. A wide variety of techniques have been developed for generating,
conditioning, and decoding pulse trains.
Relative Density (RD)
The density of a fluid compared to the density of a reference fluid. For
gases, the reference fluid is dry air. For liquids, the reference fluid is
water. The properties of both water and air change with temperature, so
RD is accompanied by temperature specifications for one or both fluids
in the comparison.
Real Relative Density
The relative density of a real gas. Real relative density includes real gas
effects, such as deviations from Boyles Law or Charles Law. The RD
Pressure Base and RD Temperature Base specify the conditions at which
relative density is calculated.
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Sediment and Water, percent

The amount of non-merchantable material (usually water and sediment)
in a liquid hydrocarbon delivery.
System of Units of Measure
A set of standardized definitions and names for physical quantities such
as length, time, and mass. FlowCheck supports the SI system as well as
many traditional units of the Imperial system.
The base units of the SI system are: the meter, kilogram, second, Kelvin,
mole, ampere, candela, radian, and steradian. Derived units, such as the
Pascal and watt, are constructed from base units. For example, the
Newton unit of force equates to the expression kg * m / s^2.
Total Pulses
The meter pulses accumulated a meter proving pass, or trip. If a bidirectional meter prover is used, one run is comprised of two trips. The
total number of pulses accumulated during the run is used to calculate
the meters volume during the run. FlowCheck estimates volume flow
rate using pulse counts and flow duration.
Turbine K Factor
A multiplier or set of multipliers generated through meter calibration
that provide the relationship between raw meter output and true flow
rate. Turbine K factors are typically determined and documented at the
manufacturers calibration facilities.
Turbine M Factor (Meter Factor)
A multiplying factor used to trim a meters output for greater accuracy.
The meter factor is typically determined through in-situ meter proving.
Refer to APIs MPMS Chapter 12.2 for a complete discussion of meter
factors.
Turbine Mechanical Output
The ratio between the meter output and rotations of the yoke. On a PD
or turbine meter, a mechanical output translates the number of meter
rotations into rotations of a small yoke or drive pin. An index multiplier
for a turbine might be 1000 cubic feet per revolution.
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Turbine Meter
A velocity measuring device in which a rotor, positioned in the path of
fluid flow, rotates at a speed proportional to the rate of flow.
Velocity
The average velocity of a fluid within a pipe. FlowCheck estimates
velocity from volume flow rate and pipe diameter. Common units in the
pipeline industry are m/s and ft/s.
Velocity of Approach Factor (Ev)
A mathematical expression relating the velocity of flowing fluid in an
orifice meter tube to the velocity in the orifice plate bore:
Ev = 1/sqrt (1 - beta^4)
Volumetric Heating Value (HV)

The amount of energy released by complete combustion, with all water
vapor resulting from combustion condensing to liquid.
Ideal molar heating value is calculated according to procedures in GPA
2172-96 and AGA 8. Depending on the compressibility equation
selected, a real gas volumetric heating value is determined using the
calculated gas density (see Live Heating Value and Ideal Molar Heating
Value).
FlowCheck also includes legacy support for AGA 5, including the gas
constants and compressibility estimate prevailing at the time.
Where water vapor is present in the fuel gas, FlowCheck assumes it
remains in the gaseous state after combustion and that no change in
enthalpy results.
Volume Flow Rate at Pb, Tb
The volume flow rate, corrected to base pressure and base temperature.
For liquid hydrocarbons, this is Gross Standard Flow Rate. FlowCheck
adjusts the text labels for this item according to the fluid type.
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Volume Flow Rate at Pf, Tf

The volume flow rate, corrected to the flowing conditions measured at
the meter. For liquid hydrocarbons, the corresponding term is Indicated
Volume Flow Rate. FlowCheck adjusts the text labels for this item
according to the fluid type.
Wall Thickness (WT)
The thickness of a pipe prover wall, a factor used to determine volume
changes in the prover when under pressure.
Wobbe Index
An indicator of gas quality, used primarily in boiler fuel applications. The
Wobbe index is derived from real gas relative density and gross
volumetric heating value. FlowCheck computes the heating value
portion in units of kilojoules per cubic decimeter.
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User Manual
Error Messages
By design, FlowCheck simultaneously allows the user to enter various
settings and inputs and prevents program faults. However, since
applying industry standard equations outside their respective intended
ranges is possible, FlowCheck authors advise the user to confirm the
configuration choices before applying the program to commercial
measurement.
General Alarms
Some alarms may occur during FlowChecks calculation procedures,
including:
general calculation failure
max num iterations
negative density derivative
max density exceeded
fluid near critical limit
In cases such as these, recheck the input data to ensure its compatibility
with the equations selected.
If the users computer becomes extremely low on free memory during a
FlowCheck session, the user might receive the message, Error, not
enough memory. Close a few other applications to free up some
memory, then try again.
If an alarm persists despite the users efforts to clear it, reload the meter
file, or choose New from the File menu. If FlowCheck seems to be
creating faults of its own or exhibits symptoms of a program bug, please
contact Kenonic Controls.
Copy Protection Alarms

FlowCheck uses copy protection. When the user registers the program,
FlowCheck records information about the users hard disk for future
comparisons. FlowCheck can be re-installed to another directory on the
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
hard disk at any time using the original registration data. But, if the user
moves the program to another hard disk or partition, FlowCheck reverts
to its evaluation mode.
FlowCheck resists attempts to shortcut the copy protection. Depending
on the extent of tampering, FlowCheck may refuse to operate.
Therefore, do not attempt to shortcut the copy protection.
FlowCheck is not intended to be a shared network application. Install it
to a local hard disk instead.
For more information, on the Help menu, click Copy Protection and
Security.
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Software License Agreement

IMPORTANT CAREFULLY READ THE TERMS AND
CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT BEFORE PAYING FOR
THIS LICENSE AND INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT.
THIS SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT IS A LEGAL
AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU (EITHER AN INDIVIDUAL OR
SINGLE ENTITY) AND EMERSON ELECTRIC CANADA
LIMITED, KENONIC CONTROLS DIVISION (KENONIC)
WHICH AUTHORIZES YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE
PRODUCT. YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT IS
SUBJECT TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. PAYING
FOR THIS LICENSE AND PROCEEDING WITH THE
INSTALLATION OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT INDICATES
YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
IF YOU DO NOT AGREE WITH THE TERMS AND
CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT DO NOT CONTINUE
WITH THE INSTALLATION AND PROMPTLY DESTROY ANY
INSTALLED PORTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND
ALL COPIES.
1. Definitions
1.1(a) Software Product means all copies of the FlowCheck 3.0
computer program and accompanying documentation.
1.2(b) Site Key means a logical password key used by the Software
Product to enable certain functions.
2. License
2.1 Subject to you complying with all of the terms and conditions of this
Agreement and the payment by you of the license fees, Kenonic grants
you, (as an individual or single entity, and not including subsidiaries and
affiliates), a limited, non-exclusive license to use the Software Product on
a single stand alone computer.
2.2 You may make one copy of the Software Product for backup
purposes only, provided you reproduce all of the proprietary markings
including all notices of copyright.
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User Manual
3. Restrictions
3.1 You may not (a) distribute, rent, lease, loan, or sublicense all or any
portion of the Software Product; (b) modify, alter, adapt, translate or
prepare derivative works based on the Software Product; (c) transmit the
Software Product over a network, by telephone, or electronically using
any means; (d) transfer the Software Product or your rights under this
Agreement; or (e) reverse engineer, decompile, duplicate, decrypt or
disassemble the Software Product.
3.2 You agree to keep confidential and use your best efforts to prevent
and protect the contents of the Software Product from disclosure to or
use by others not authorized by Kenonic.
4. Ownership
4.1 This Agreement is not a sale to you of the Software Product or the
media (if any) containing the Software Product.
4.2 The Software Product and all copyright and other rights in the
Software Product is and remains the exclusive world wide property of
Kenonic.
4.3 Kenonic reserves all rights in the Software Product not expressly
licensed to you by this Agreement.
5. Technical Support
5.1 For a period of ninety (90) days from date Kenonic issues the first of
any Site Keys to you and at no additional charge to you, Kenonic shall
provide you with remote access to Kenonic personnel at the Kenonic
Controls Calgary office by telephone, fax or e-mail, during the hours
from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon and from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Calgary
time, Monday to Friday, excluding Kenonic holidays, to use reasonable
efforts to: (a) correct any major problems in the Software Product that
you report; (b) advise and help in the use of the Software Product; (c)
provide you with new versions of the Software Product that incorporate
error corrections and enhancements. You will be responsible for paying
for all long distance telephone charges.
6. Limited Representations and Warranties
6.1 Kenonic warrants that for a period of ninety (90) days from the date
Kenonic delivers the Software Product to you, the media containing the
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
Software Product, if any, will be free from defects of material or

workmanship. This warranty does not cover damage caused by improper
use or neglect.
6.2 If the media containing the Software Product contains defects in
material or workmanship, you may return (postage prepaid) the Software
Product to Kenonic during the ninety (90) day warranty period with a
description of the defect in the media and Kenonic will replace the
defective media at no charge to you. This is your exclusive remedy and
the entire liability of Kenonic for defects in material and workmanship in
the media containing the Software Product.
6.3 THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT IS PROVIDED ON AN AS-IS
BASIS. EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY STATED IN THIS
AGREEMENT, THERE ARE NO REPRESENTATIONS,
WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS, OR AGREEMENTS, OF ANY
NATURE WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, MADE BY
KENONIC, OR ARISING BY STATUTE, IN LAW, IN EQUITY OR
OTHERWISE, WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, FITNESS FOR ANY
PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE, NONINFRINGEMENT, PERFORMANCE, RESULTS, OR
DESCRIPTION, AND YOU HEREBY WAIVE ANY AND ALL
REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, CONDITIONS OR
AGREEMENTS, OF EVERY NATURE WHATSOEVER EXCEPT
AS EXPRESSLY STATED IN THIS AGREEMENT.
7. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
7.1 THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE LIABILITY OF KENONIC
FOR ALL CLAIMS WHATSOEVER AND HOWSOEVER
ARISING, REGARDLESS OF THE FORM OR CAUSE OF
ACTION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, CONTRACT,
BREACH OF WARRANTY, BREACH OF CONDITION, BREACH
OF FUNDAMENTAL TERM, FUNDAMENTAL BREACH, TORT
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO NEGLIGENCE),
PERFORMANCE, PURPORTED PERFORMANCE, NONPERFORMANCE, INDEMNITY, CONTRIBUTION, PAYMENT,
AND ANY OTHER LEGAL, EQUITABLE, AND STATUTORY
GROUNDS, SHALL NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNT OF THE
LICENSE FEES ACTUALLY PAID BY YOU TO KENONIC FOR
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FlowCheck 3.0
User Manual
THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT LICENSE UNDER THIS

AGREEMENT.
7.2 IN NO EVENT SHALL KENONIC BE LIABLE FOR ANY
SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING
WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF
BUSINESS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, AND ANY OTHER
COMMERCIAL LOSSES OR DAMAGES, EVEN THOUGH
KENONIC MAY HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF OR KNEW OR
SHOULD HAVE KNOWN OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.
7.3 KENONIC DOES NOT GUARANTEE THE CONTENTS OF
THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT OR THAT IT WILL BE ERROR
FREE OR THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE
PRODUCT WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED. KENONIC DOES NOT
MAKE ANY WARRANTY AS TO THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
SOFTWARE PRODUCT OR THE RESULTS WHICH MAY
OBTAINED BY USING IT. THE ENTIRE RISK OF
PERFORMANCE AND THE RESULTS OF USING THE
SOFTWARE PRODUCT IS WITH YOU. YOU ASSUME FULL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR SELECTING THE SOFTWARE
PRODUCT TO ACHIEVE YOUR INTENDED RESULTS.
7.4 THE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SHALL SURVIVE THE
COMPLETION, EXPIRATION, OR TERMINATION OF THIS
AGREEMENT AND THE LICENSE FOR ANY REASON.
8. Termination
8.1 The license will automatically terminate immediately if you do not
comply with all of the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
8.2 Upon termination of the license you will immediately stop all use of
the Software Product and destroy it and all copies.
8.3 You may terminate the license by destroying the Software Product
and all copies.
8.4 You are not entitled to any refund of license fees paid by you as a
result of termination of the license for any reason.
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User Manual
9. Severability
9.1 If any section, paragraph or provision of this Agreement, or any
portion thereof, is determined to be illegal, void, unenforceable, or
invalid for any reason whatsoever, such illegal, void, unenforceable, or
invalid section, paragraph or provision, or portion thereof, shall be
severed from the remainder of this agreement and shall not affect the
enforceability or validity of the remainder of this Agreement.
10. Governing Law
10.1 This agreement shall be governed by the laws of the Province of
Alberta and the parties hereto irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction of
the Courts of the Province of Alberta.
11. Amendment
11.1 This Agreement may only be amended by written agreement.
12. Headings
12.1 The headings of this Agreement are for convenience only and do
not affect the interpretation or construction of this agreement.
13. Entire Agreement
13.1 This agreement is the entire agreement between the parties with
respect to the subject matter of this Agreement and supersedes and
replaces all prior agreements, proposals, negotiations, understandings,
discussions, and communications, verbal and written, with respect to the
subject matter of this agreement.
83

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FlowCheck 3.

Working With Files .......................................................................................... 17

Units and Conversion Factors.......................................................................... 55

Using This Manual

About the Icons

6. When installation is complete, the FlowCheck can be accessed via

Figure 1 - FlowCheck Registration Dialog

Evaluation Run Mode

while evaluating the features of FlowCheck

Figure 2 - Site Key Request Form

3. Enter data in all of the fields.

Figure 3 - FlowCheck Dialog

Figure 4 - Registration Completed Dialog

uses only standard C, C++, and Microsoft library functions

makes no direct calls to hardware or the computers bios

makes no contact with third-party libraries, drivers, or network access

requires modest disk space

requires a small in-memory footprint and Windows resource load

FlowCheck supports SI units, metric units, and a wide variety of

6. diesel fuel and fuel oil

FlowCheck supports several equations of state, including AGA

FlowCheck supports the following API temperature

Tables 53 and 54, solved by equation or look-up tables

Tables 23 and 24, supported by look-up tables

Tables 53A, 53B, 54A, and 54B, solved by equation

Tables 53D and 54 D, solved by equation. For more

Tables 23E and 24E, solved by equation

Calculated via API MPMS Chapters 11.2.1M and 11.2.2M. For

Calculated with the GPA vapor pressure equation, TP-15.

Figure 5 - Table of Fluid Calculations

Turbine, Ultrasonic and PD Meters

Figure 6 - Summary View

Figure 7 - Detail View

FlowCheck Property Settings Window

Figure 8 - FlowCheck Property Settings Window

buttons, all display units are immediately set to a block of pre-defined

Figure 9 - Units of Measure Window

Selecting Meters and Fluids

Working With Files

1. the Calculate button is clicked

Figure 10 - Detail View Showing Results

Print snapshot contains detailed calculation results and it

Print Inspection Report

Print inspection report documents the EFM verification

Print preview allows the user to view a snapshot of how

Print setup is the standard Windows print setup feature

Figure 11 - Table of Print Options

Meter Settings Common to Most Types

Differential Pressure is the difference between the midstream

Gauge Pressure is the measured pressure over and above

Flowing temperature is the measured heat intensity of a metered

Base Pressure and

Base pressure and base temperature are the reference

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the earths

Flow duration is the elapsed time in which volume accumulates.

Figure 12 - Table of Flowing Conditions

Figure 13 - Orifice Meter Selections

coefficient. The document outlines three calculation approaches,

If a pressure measurement is taken at the downstream tap and are using

The end effect of this logic difference is often small, but it is

Thermal Corrections for Pipe and Plate Diameters

API Chapter 12.2 (1981)

Turbine Meter Settings

Figure 14 - Turbine Meter Settings