CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND
Two-thirds of orchids species in the world are in Indonesia. Borneo is the third
largest island in the world that is rich with orchids species, orchids species is also a
place scarce world. In Kalimantan, there were an estimated 2500 - 3000 species of
orchids that grow in the forest, in Irian Jaya there are 1000 species, in Sumatra there are
986 species, in Java and Sulawesi there are 971 species, and in Maluku there are 820
species.
In Sumatra, there are many orchids species in National Park and Bukit 12
National Park Hill 30. Phalaenopsis species that there are Sumatra Island, Fimbriata
Island, Viridis Island, Violacea Island, Amabillis Island, Violacea Mentawai Island, and
Corningiana Nias Island. In Java, Phalaenopsis from Garut or south of Sukabumi,
Cornu cervi Island, Fimbriata Island, and Palidus Island. In Maluku and Sulawesi, from
Amboinensis Island and Celebensis Island. For many orchids in Papua there are various
Dendrobium species. An abundance of orchids facts this species, it cant be denied, the
orchid hunters have seen this opportunity and make it as a commodity that can be
traded.
Orchids are plant that is wide spread through out the territory of Indonesia. In
cold regions and the low lands, moon orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) was first
discovered in Maluku. Orchids have a few names in areas such as squarterly orchid
(Java and Bali), fly orchid (Maluku), and menur orchid (Java). (Alamendah : 2010)
Moon orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) is a species of orchids in Indonesia,
which threaten edits existence. Forest where the place grow and development habit of
moon orchids, began shifting balance. In the causes for the rampant exploitation of
forest by the parties concerned personal. burning of forests as plantations, illegal
logging, to diversion of forest land to housing. Imbalance of the ecosystem is the causes
the moon orchids nearly extinct. (Alamendah : 2010).
1

Therefore, the authors chose lifted the title "The Cultivating Moon Orchids" as
step to provide an over view of the extinction of these plants, so that readers come to
protect these orchids.
Unfortunately selection as the study area and observation Moon orchids, because
in there areas are poor orchid populations . But now it is difficult to come across this
type of orchids.
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS
a. What are the causes of moon orchids come to scarce in Malang?
b. How to conservation orchids in Malang?
c. How to care the moon orchids in Malang?
1.3 ADVANTAGES
a.
b.
c.
d.

To determine the factors causing problems in stride orchids.

To give the readers a view to the preservation of orchids that are important.
The authors has the objective to preserve moon orchids.
To sensitize the public on the importance of caring and preserving are plants.

CHAPTER II
LITERATUR REVIEW
2

A. Causes the extinction moon orchids

Causes of the scarcity of orchids species in Indonesia, because many
exploitation by hunter orchids without thinking about survival living in nature, and there
isnt replanting to the natural habit of the cultivation. Damage environment from fire,
damage forest, illegal logging are the causes scarcity. Excessive exploitation forest
including mining, burning and conversion of forests to agricultural fields or residential
areas is cause shrinking forest. As the result, the ecosystem changes that lead to
decreased biodiversity. Orchids species in the forest grow with large trees, both below
and on upper, grow on rott wood, or grow with litter. Because of destruction ecosystem
forest is the causing extinction of orchids species.

B. CONSERVATION FOR ARE ORCHID IN MALANG

One of them, conservation through the botanical gardens. Purwodadi Botanical
Garden in East Java is one form of conservation of plant species that exist in Indonesia.
Botanical garden has a very important significance in the conservation for plants. One
of them conservation of rare orchids.
Purwodadi botanical gardens, orchid is an important and interesting collection.
Since 2006, conservation of rare orchids are routinely conducted and have yielded
progress.
Here are the results of the achievement of the conservation activities:
-Search native habitat of rare orchids.
-Collection of rare orchids alive.
-Research related to conservation of rare orchids.
C.

How Orchids Grow

Orchids are usually grouped into two broad categories that characterize their

growth habits. Monopodial orchids have a single, upright stem, with leaves arranged
3

opposite each other along the stem. The flower stem appears from the base of the
uppermost leaves. Orchids with this growth habit include the Phalaenopsis and Vandas.
The more common growth habit is sympodial. These orchids grow horizontally,
sending out new shoots from the old rhizome. Leaves and flower scapes form at the top
of the new shoots. Many sympodial orchids form Pseudobulbs, which are swollen
shoots that water store and nutrients to help the plant survive periods of prolonged
drought. Sympodial orchids include cattleya, cymbidium, oncidium and dendrobium.
Orchids can also be classified by their native habitat, which gives an indication
of the temperature, moisture and light levels they prefer. Orchids native to the humid
tropics, such as Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum, prefer daytime temperatures of 73 to
85F, with 80 to 90 percent humidity. They are happiest in an east or southeast window
where the light is not too intense.
Warm climate orchids, including cymbidiums and dendrobiums, are accustomed
to an average temperature of 55 to 70F, a steady supply of moisture, and good air
circulation. They are generally happy in a south-facing window, though they may need a
little shading during high summer. Cattleyas and some oncidiums grow where days are
dry and relatively cool. They are able to tolerate a long dry season with temperatures of
80 or 90F, followed by a distinct rainy season. Their need for light is high, so they
should be placed in a sunny, south-facing window.
High-altitude orchids, such as masdevallia and epidendrum, grow in the cloud
forests where average temperatures are 60 to 70F, and humidity is very high. These
orchids prefer filtered light that isnt too intense.
Caring for Orchids
With 30,000 different species of orchids, it is impossible to give general care and
cultivation instructions. However, how an orchid looks can provide clues to its
preferences for light, water, and growing medium. If the plant has few leaves, or
leathery leaves (like most cattleyas and oncidiums), it's likely the plant needs a highlight environment. If the leaves are soft and limp (like some phalaenopsis and most
4

paphiopedilum), the plants are probably very light-sensitive, and should not be placed in
a sunny south-facing window.
If the orchid has fat pseudobulbs, it should be watered sparingly, and should be
grown on coarse chunks of bark or lava rock. If the orchid has no pseudobulbs, it may
require more frequent watering, or should be grown in a more moisture-retentive
growing medium, such as sphagnum moss. (Wordpress : 2009)
Light
As a general rule, orchids are light-hungry plants. For best results, they should
get 12 to 14 hours of light each day, year-round. In a tropical environment, the duration
and intensity of natural light does not vary as it does in temperate climates. For this
reason, you may need to move your orchids around, and supplement with artificial light
to keep them happy during the winter months. (Wordpress : 2009)
South- and east-facing windows are usually the best spot for orchids. West
windows can be too hot, and northern ones are usually too dark. If you dont have a
good window location for your orchids, they will be perfectly happy growing under
artificial lights. Orchids should be positioned no more than 6 to 8 inches away from a
set of 4-foot fluorescent bulbs. Opinions vary as to the benefits of cool white, warm
white, and grow light bulbs. The new full-spectrum bulbs are probably the best allaround choice. Some orchids with very high light requirements, such as vandas and
cymbidiums, may need high-intensity discharge lighting in order to flower. For more
information, read Growing Under Lights.
Growing Media
Terrestrial orchids, such as paphiopedilums and some cymbidiums, grow in soil.
But most tropical orchids are epiphytes, which means that they grow in the air, rather
than in soil. Their fleshy roots are covered with a layer of white cells called velamen,
which acts as a sponge to absorb water. The coating also protects the roots from heat
and moisture loss.

An orchid growing medium must provide good air circulation and permit water
to drain very quickly. It must also give the roots something secure to cling to.
Depending on the type of orchid, they can be happy growing in peat moss, fir bark,
dried fern roots, sphagnum moss, rock wool, perlite, cork nuggets, stones, coconut fiber,
lava rock or a blend that combines several of these materials. Some epiphytic orchids
can also be wired onto slabs of tree fern or cork. As a general rule, fir bark nuggets are
the most popular growing medium. (Wordpress : 2009)
Watering
Most orchids can tolerate drought far better than they can tolerate excess
moisture. Nothing kills an orchid faster than letting it sit in a water-logged pot. Without
adequate air circulation, the plant will suffocate and die.
As a very general rule, orchids should be watered once a week. The growing
medium should be allowed to dry out between waterings, and excess water should not
come in contact with the roots or the growing medium. After being re-potted, most
orchids will not resume active growth for several months. Water very sparingly during
this readjustment period.
Humidity
Most tropical orchids prefer humidity levels of 60 to 80 percent. With the
winter-time humidity level in most homes hovering closer to 30 percent, orchid growers
often use a humidifier, or set their orchids in gravel-filled trays. Some orchids also
benefit from being misted.

Fertilizer
Orchid-growing mediums provide very few nutrients, so orchids must be
fertilized to sustain healthy growth. Use a liquid fertilizer, and dilute it more than you
would for other plants. Fertilizer should only be applied when plants are in active
6

growth. This means that most orchids should not be fertilized in midwinter, or right
after they have been re-potted. Many growers use a 30-10-10 fertilizer, though others
prefer 10-10-10 or 10-10-30. Misting your orchids with fish emulsion or seaweed
extracts will provide micronutrients.
Potting and repotting
Orchids are usually happiest in a relatively small pot. Plastic pots are preferred
because when its time to re-pot, the roots can be more easily detached, or the pots can
simply be cut apart. To ensure good drainage, you can fill the bottom inch or two of the
pot with Styrofoam peanuts. Suspend the orchid over the pot, and gradually fill the
pot with fir bark chunks or whatever other growing medium you are using. The crown
of the plant should be just a bit below the top of the pot. Sometimes it's helpful to use a
bit of wire to secure the plant until its roots get established.
Some orchids should be re-potted every year. Others may be happy in the same
pot for seven or more years. As a general rule, dont re-pot your orchid unless necessary.
Orchids resent being disturbed. Re-pot if the growing medium has started to break down
enough to reduce aeration; if the roots are creeping out well beyond the pot; or if new
growth has unbalanced the plant. (Wordpress : 2009)
Propagation
Propagating orchids from seed is quite difficult. Unlike the seeds of other
plants, orchid seeds do not contain nutritional storage tissues. To grow, the seed must
land where it will find a particular kind of fungi that can penetrate its root system and
convert nutrients into a usable form. To overcome the odds, an orchid seed capsule
typically disburses millions of microscopic seeds, which can be carried hundreds of
miles from the mother plant.
To propagate orchids from seed, you must work in sterile conditions. The seeds
must be grown in a gelatinous substance that contains nutrients and growth hormones.
You must also be very patient. It takes months for the first leaves to develop, and, even

then, they will only be visible with a magnifying glass. Roots appear even later. It will
be at least three, and possibly as many as eight years before you see a bloom.
It is far easier to propagate orchids by division. But remember that dividing a
plant means forsaking blooms for at least a year. Also, the larger the orchid plant, the
more flowers it will produce. Small divisions take many years to mature. (Wordpress :
2009)

CHAPTER III
SURVEY METHODS
In this survey, the surveyors use the qualitative method. The qualitative survey tries
to discover the facts comprehensively and context appropriately by collecting the data
8

naturally and the surveys it self. This kind of survey is descriptive and tends to use the
analyzis in inductive approach.
3.1 SAMPLE AND POPULATION
Sample of the population is taken as research materialis moon orchids Sthat exist in
one of the houses in the Lawang area, Malang.

3.2 COLLECTING DATA

(PICTURE 1)

(PICTURE 1)

(PICTURE 2)
3.3 PLACE AND TIME OF SURVEYS
This surveys is done at Jl. Madukoro number 40 Lawang, Malang, on Monday 2
September 2013.
3.4 INTERVIEW
9

Through interviews with Mrs. Soekartik in Lawang obtained information

Regarding the development of moon orchids.Lately, Moon Orchids has been
overstepped in some areas of Indonesia, especially in East Java, which proved that the
majority of orchid collectors in trouble to find the type and color of moon orchids.
Moon Orchids included in the monopodial orchids like little sunshine to support
life. Green leaves with elongated shape.
Roots are white and round an delongated fleshyfeel. The flowers have as light
fragrance and long bloom time and diameter can grow up to10 cm.
3.5 INSTRUMENT OF RESEARCH
In data, collection the researchers need the instrument support of research. In the
research, researcher uses 2 instruments :
A. The interview manual is used to be the guidline of interview and keep straight to
the purpose of result. This manual is arranged based on both the purpose of
research and related theory with the researcher problem.
In this research,the interview will be conducted using an interview guide.
Interview guide is used to remind the interviewer about what aspect should be
discussed, as wellas a talker list(check list) if the relevant aspects have been
discussed or asked.
B. Camera tools
Its function is as the supporting tool in interview to make th interview to make
the interview easier ake picture and documention the process of interview. In
addition, the taken pictures will be evidence that the interview was conducted.
3.6 QUESTION OF INTERVIEW
Mrs. Soekartik

: When did you become a fan of orchids?

Group

: Since 10 years ago.

Mrs. Soekartik

: What type of orchids that are here?

Group

: Moon orchids, leopard orchids.

10

Mrs. Soekartik

: How do you think the development of orchids during it?

Group

: Development orchids last few years has been reduced. it is

characterized by the time I was in town a stone which is one
orchid producing areas in East Java has now started selling rare
orchids. And if any, species of orchids are available only
leopard orchids.

Mrs. Soekartik

: In your opinion, which the rare orchids?

Group

: Moon orchids.

Mrs. Soekartik

: How do you how to cultivate orchids?

Group

: To pay more attention how to plant, water, fertilize, and it

is good land cultivated in green house.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 RESULTS

11

Indonesia is the one country that has a rich flora and fauna of the largest in the
world. One of them is an orchid flora with their beauty. Orchid germplasm second
largest after Brazil.
In the world there are about twenty-six thousand species of orchids, from the
amount of five thousand are in Indonesia. Endemic species of orchids that can not be
found in the other hemisphere. But unfortunately, due to act of the human are not
responsible, the majority of these species to extinction.
Orchids species are protected because of the following reasons as the decline in
the number of orchids species in Indonesia, to assist the government in conserving
species of orchids, both in vitro and in vivo conservation.
Moon orchids (Phalaenopsis amabilis) was first discovered in Maluku. Moon
Orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis) is a species of orchid (Orchidaceae) which has a
characteristic broad petals and white. Although it's been many moon orchids from
crosses orchid (orchid hybrids months) who have a wide range of hues. Moon Orchids
(Phalaenopsis amabilis) included in monopodial orchids are like little sunshine to
support life. Green leaves with longated shape. White moon orchid root sare round and
elongated fleshy feel. Orchid flowers have as light fragrance month and a long bloom
time and can grow up to10 cm diameter. (Alamendah : 2010)

Scarcity of moon orchids in Indonesia proves that orchid germ plasm

conservation in this country are in creasingly threatened. This is indicated by external
factorsiedue to rampant illegal logging, the forest fire swhich may be natural
oraccidental factors, and the occurrence of hunting orchids orchid continu ous take with
out works is humane and responsible. Then there are also factors that affect the scarcity
of orchids, one of which are production of the orchid plant is quite low, where orchids
can grow and evolvetore quire along time .

12

In 2010, LIPI found several new species of orchid species in Borneo. Among
Dendrobiumkelamense and Dendrobiummetusala.This represents there surrection to
conserve orchids species currently threatened with extinction. (Antara : 2010)
Based on research our group, the development orchids last few years has been
reduced. It is the development of orchids in Indonesia at this time is already scarce.And
for cultivating orchids to give more attention to how to plant, water, fertilize, and it is
good land cultivated in green house.

CONSERVATION FOR ARE ORCHID IN EAST JAVA

One of them, conservation through the botanical gardens.Purwodadi Botanical
Garden in East Java is one form of conservation of plant species that exist in
Indonesiaa. Botanical garden has a very important significance in the conservation for
plants.One of them conservation of rare orchids.
Purwodadi botanical gardens, orchid is slah an important and interesting
collection.
Since 2006, conservation of rare orchids are routinely conducted and have yielded
progress.
Here are the results of the achievement of the conservation activities:
-Search native habitat of rare orchids
-Collection of rare orchids alive
-Research related to conservation of rare orchids
ARE PLANT CONSERVATION OPERATIONS
Plant conservation in general can be done in two ways, namely:

13

1. In situ conservation is the conservation under taken at the site/habitat for native
plants are located. Examples of in situ conservation is the protected forest sand
national parks.
2. Ex situ conservation is the conservation carried out ex situ residence. Pelestarian
done as are habilitation and breeding of are plants. Examples of ex situ
conservation is a botanical garden. (Indun Kistinnah : 2009)
In addition to preservation in situ and ex situ, we too can preserve the following
efforts:
1. Do not cut down trees carelessly
2. Doing selective cutting down to select the size and age of plant.
3. Replanting of crops that have been use dorre planting. Plant maintenance
correctly
As for the government's efforts to preserve are plants are:
1. As a nature reserve where protection and conservation of animals, plants, soil

and water.
2. Protected forest place to protect water / watersheds due to the forest cover in
case of rain, the water will be captured and absorbed by the soil. Plant tissue
culture is breeding plants reproduce by growing cells (tissue) into a new plant.
(Asa:2012)
The

existence

of

plant

is

very

important

for

human

beings

to:

1. Learning resources in order to add valuable knowledge about life.

2. Used as an ingredient of medicines derived from animals and plants.
3. Maintain the natural balance of the environment and the surrounding
4. Concumci used as material, foodstuffs and even a source of income.
5. Gives a wonderful flavor to this nature.
The purpose of the preservation of rare plants as follows :
1. Ecosystems in order to preserve the balance of life on earth is still going well.
2. Preserve biodiversity for the benefit of science and society.
3.Meet the needs of the community. For example for building materials, food,
and medicine.
4. Create a comfortable environment and reduce air pollution by the growth of
14

various trees.
5. Can be used as a place of entertainment by creating recreational park. (Asa :
2012)
4.2 DISCUSSIONS
Based on the results of the study or our survey can be concluded that yesterday
was the last five years this moon orchids are difficult to find in some areas of Indonesia,
especially in Java island
The specialy orchids in the characteristics that lure, colorful flowers and
beautiful moon orchid collectors make them always add to his collection back.

But, if the moon orchids and steps are now in danger of being extinct, therefore,
that the moon does not disappear orchids, we need a good way of cultivating, watering
techniques include, cutting, placing flower pots, and even fertilizer and light intensity
are also considered. Appropriate treatment will help cultivating moon orchids for
nowadays.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING REMARKS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS
15

Based on the research that has been done, then some conclusions can be drawn as
follows:
1. Most of the orchids in the scarcity factor is poaching carried out by the
irresponsible and forest fires.
2. How to overcome the scarcity of orchids in cultivation of orchids month is done
through preservation in situ and ex situ.
3. To caring the moon orchids the plant needs a high-light environment. If the
leaves are soft and limp, the plants are probably very light-sensitive, and should
not be placed in a sunny south-facing window.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS
Based on the conclusions above, then while the writer's suggestion is as follows:
1. There should be an effort in cultivating orchids.
2. There should be a rescue effort, the cultivation of orchids month from extinction.
3. Make efforts so that the moon does not become extinct orchid.
4. In addition to the use of orchids as well as the cultivation of ornamental plants.

REFERENCES
Indun Kistinnah, dkk. Biologi Makhluk Hidup dan Lingkungannya SMA X: Jakarta.
BSE 2009.
Sri Widayati, dkk. Biologi SMA/MA Kelas X: Jakarta BSE.

16

Wordpress.2009.http://wawaorchid.wordpress.com//tips-merawat-anggrek-bulanphalaenopsis/ (online .). posted on 26 Agustus 2009.

Gardeners.2013.http://www.gardeners.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-GardenersSite.posted on 2013
Antara.2010.file:///K:/LIPI%20Temukan%20Spesies%20Anggrek%20Baru%20di
%20Kalimantan%20-%20ANTARA%20News.htm.posted on 4 April 2010:17.00 pm.
Alamendah.2010.file:///K:/Anggrek%20Bulan%20Puspa%20Pesona%20Indonesia
%20_%20Alamendah%27s%20Blog.htm.posted on 23 April 2010.

ATTACHMENTS
Vocabulary List
Research

: research, study, investigation, survey, watchfulness, search

Current

: flow, stream, influx, drift, tides

17

Spread

: deploy, disperse, scatter, radiate, overspread

Enliven

: brisk, jazz up

Humidity

: dampness

Scarcity

: lack, deficiency, shortage, drawback, shortfall

Midst

: center, midst, half, centre

Abundance

: galore, profusion, glut, smother

Rampant

: harebrained

Burning

: combustion, burn, firing, incineration, ignition

Stride

: step, tread, stride, step across, step over, stride over

Replant

: replant

Swollen

: puffy, bloated, swelled, bulging, turgid

Prolonged

: prolonged, protracted, continuous

Coarse

: rude, rough, coarse, rugged, harsh, crude

18