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THE

COSMOGONY

CELLULAR

OB

....

EARTH

THE

...

CONCAVE

PART

The

FOUNDEB

of

OF

THB

OF

8Y8TBM
OF

'the
BY
AND

OF

KOBBSHAN

U.

THE

GUIDING

UNITY,

AND

SWOBD.

STAR

PUBLISHING
Fl^ORIDA.

ESTKRO,
Z905*

MORROW

G.

K0BE8HAN

THB

FLAMING

THB

AUTHOB

Geodesy

PROFESSOR
FOB

BBLIOIO-80IBNCB;
LITBBATUBB.

II

New

OBODE8I8T

foundation."

KORESH

K0BB8HAN

yOLUMB8

palsb

PART

A8TB0N0MBB

Koreshanity

"astbonomt's

addkndum:

BY
TBB

Universology

(with

SPHERE

A.

K.

65.

HOUSE,

BDITOB

OF

^-J

':\i

v.^

i- u

TV i JL ''\

/^5T^r^"'^"?.
t" 6^

COPYRIGHT

GUIDING

STAR

BY

PUBLISHING

HOUSE

1898

PRESERVATION MASTER

ATHARVARD

'DEDICATION

/t
T^is
line

little

of

is part

work

tl^e cArm^

shall

never

every

xiesiige of

of

sfyiU

liave

the

to

all

men

in

tlieir

to

ignorance

competitive

the

religion
oblivion,

to

Resurrection,
tl^e Lord,

of

it;

dedicate

in

all

liberation

system.

evils

the,,,

Isapremely
tl^ence

and

relegated

It
until

and

fallacies

".To

Offspring

skirmish

influence

science

of

the

^{evolation.

its

been

Firstf raits

of

of

cease

perverted

and

grades
from
tl^e

of
t^e

hells
KORESH,

"

ress
progdom
thral-

of

the

Contents.
Part

I.

latrodttctlon.

TH9

Pages

OF

UJRIVSRSO^OOT
the

great

motion.~The

remote

Bihlical

the

force

mental

the

shell

The

of the

form

cause

Precession

the

of

of

Laws

Universe."

Ck"smogony

vanishing

of

principles

Horizontal

Level,

extended

surface

as

of

accurate

rectilineation."

ment
measure-

Geodetic

Modern

has

ISartli Is

shape."

Not

of

the

Earth

propositions.

our

pivoted
Is the

"

to

convergent

or

by the

the

water

comments,

Chicago."
feature
is not

of

of

the

convex."

the

and

final

of

true

water's

apply

vision

the

admissions."

Experiments

Earth

laws

on

of

Experiments

observation,

basis

zontal
Horiof

usual

point." Modern

conducted

on

the

of demonstration

means

observations

in

of

surveyor."

the

in Concave

Experiments

used

convexity

vanishing
the

Staffl" Universal

Convincing

phenomena
the

not

Appearances
and

and

of lateral

Geodetic

denials,

that

Limit

but

standpoint

bross-hair

to discover

Koreshan

Canal,

the

Earth."

Series

Proctor's

striking

f^om

Concave
The

facts'and

usual

rotundity,

Convex."

Drainage
"The

the

unable

been

Earth's

surface

shape

of

tangent

The

tangents
in

calculations."

Geodetic

The

Line,

the

prove

Horizontal

science

of the

fairness

The

Operations."

tangents

of the

II.

Question

Air

an

Astronomy

Earth."

Survey

40-47

Oeodetlc

Modem

The

specificproposition."

trasted
con-

ship's hull,

34-39

Ol^ODlSST."

upon

of

is it

49-34

Part
NBW

motion

Why

revolutionized

THB

noxes
Equi-

zz-a8

proofs of Koreshan
The

from

the

school."

of

Cause

Transposition of

energy."

of

UnlTene^

of motion

manifestations."

old

Outline

Contour."

of the

Amotion."

Universe?

Positive

Service."

The

(physical)

of the

Earth's

of the

motion."

Firmament

or

Illitaloaa."

Oeodetlc

Koreshan

the

assumptions
visual impression

of

laws

"The

in

and

Astro-Biological

the

with

physical

Motion

point of yiew."

Alchemico-Organic

to

and

Factor*

cause

to the

to know

neoeisary

of

fonn

The

World."

Theological

Disci

Planetary

Optical

and

related

as

KOR13SHANITT."

Alchemlco-Organic

5-9

the

47-63
the

water's

Hydrostatics."
on

return

the

journey.

giving unmistakable
on

Lake

Old

Michigan. 64-76

dence
evi-

INDBX.

Obsenratioas
Gulf

of

Mexico

Sanibel
at

leveL"

Gulf

Series of Experiments

Waters."
of

Bay

observations

Beach."

with

Ancient

and

Geometry."

modem

Geodetic

Transposition

invention

Fundamental

apparatus."
Geometrical

from

of the Rectillneator. "Modus

Mechanical

to

of

Operandi

Koreshan

Oeodetic

of Meridian

Expedition."

in the

Arc

Florida

the

87-zoo

of Reversals

proved." System
Levels,

Investigating Committee
Resnlts

and

Inevitable

of the Air

of the

Air

world's

of the

and

Oeodetic

each

Daily

Two

other."

Gordon's

over

Facts

facts of

of

results

exceeds

Reprints and

direct

importance

in

to irrational

and

objections urged."
of

objections

by the Rectillneator.-

Geodetic

Geometric
The

experiments

Other

which?

nacy
Obstiratio

objections

inclining first section."

measurement."

Convex,

or

of

altitude

of the

Conclusion

answers

obtained

charge

to

Pass."

of measurement

ZZ3-Z34

critics."
of

sion
exten-

of levels, plumbs, and

Line

in its success,

Conclusive

classes

Reply

Concave

Press."

of

tradict
con-

Charge of
corroborate

134-145

"

Etchings of Reports and Editorials in thei


the Florida
around
the
Survey went
Inside
the Olobe
(f^om Chicago Timbs-

Reports of
Irive

by
startlingclaim that their theory is demonstrated
the
How
Surveys." Propositions of the Roreshans."
made."
to
contest"
Scientists
chaUenged
Easily
open

Korcshans*

Hbbald).-

and

Experiments
were

susceptible
and

Louisville

and

of measurements

testimony
water."

Staf^

the

zoo-zza

surfaces."

Convex

Geodesy,

by chagrined

great dailies of America."


We
That
world." Proof

surveys

the

against the results

of the

the Survey,"

Science

Details
The

into

and

New

Measures."
of

Personnel

25 tide staflQs."Comparative

on

Snnrey."

Concavity."

falsification

the

Line

Tide

uniform

fruitless scientific research

manifested

In

of

records."

of Witnesses

water."

Line

Air

The

arguments

Earth's

the

Concave

on

demonstration."

Bchoes

into

of the

measurements

the

Corps

Conclnsions.-

Line

extension

altitude

and

Details of visual projection of the Air

horizon."
The

and

Final

System

in the measurement

ator
Accuracy of the RectillneTests."
Preparations lor the

Survey."

and

Survey." Prof. Morrow's


plumbs,
appurtenances,

Geodetic

involved

Factors

Coast

metrical
Geo-

principles of
principles^^
New
Geodesy.

"

The

on

demonstration."

direct

in

eye

of

logic

steps in the

Sttrrey" Successive
applied Mechanics

to

decision."

Theology."

What

Courier-Joubnal)."

great Revolution
benefits

would

Prof. Morrow

would

'

Naples Bay.
76-87

on

concavity visible

of Mecluuiical

the
Staft

Geodetic

Experiments

propositions and

The

Naples

by Koreshan

Naples Bay, Florida."

and

on

visible 25 miles

Romano

Cape

the

conducted

from

Obseryations

Naples."

84 miles."

Remarkable

of Mexico

"Water's

Principles

and

light visible

water

the

Sotttliem

on

result"

Koreshan

follow ?" Koreshanity


tells of Dr. Teed's

(from

Theories."

Hollow."
Experiments in Florida." Believes he has proved the Earth
and
of
the
inside.Relations
Stars to
and
Sun, Moon,
planets on
People
the world." Explanation of Gravity." Reverse
of popular theories." How

THE

eclipsei

creatiou."

of

of the

Circnmnayigation

occur."

Theory

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

the

Is

globe." Planets

Copemican

populated."

not

System

All

Wrong?
X45-X68

The

Globe

Hollow
truth

the

of

of

Copemican
and

the

chord

arc"

of

the Earth, Sun, Moon,


environ.-

The

Firmament

hand,"

His
and

What

where

and

demonstrates

Cosmogony

Scriptures."Texts

Firmamental

Stars; their location

and

Moon,

"Hollow
of

of

compared."

systems
The

the

Cellular

The
the

of

relations

the

demonstration

environ."

Bible."

Astronomy

Concavity,

Earth's

the

and
the

the
are

concerning
and

The
is

Earth's

the

the

tific
Stars; scienand

Koreshan

circumferential

Concavity."

the Physical Heavens

motion

The
?"

arc

Sun,

z68-z84

Report of Visiting and Investigating Committee."


Testimony con"
oerning projection of visual line into the water. May 8, 1897." Testimony of
concerning
adjustments and precautions taken
Operators and Watchmen

Appendix."

to

prevent

Concerning
from

anyone
the

Balloon."
Concave."

Convex."

tampering
shape
View

of the

Appears

Advertisements.

with

of the World."

as

Apparatus."
The

immense
a

Concave

Testimony

Concavity

terrestrial
surface"

of the

basin.Concave

of

Aeronauts

Earth

as

seen

Positively appeared
Instead

z85-aoo

of

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Introduction.

THIS

SCIENTIFIC
execution

!
I

ducted

of the

of the

"

stupendous

*s

is convex,

fallacy,the

does

discovery of
be

to
a

surface

and

principles
phenomena

be

to

to indicate

the

After

the
influence

appearances

the

weight

imposed
we

to

cosmic

and

the

This

of

rate

and

optical

earth

visual

the

cur-

ference
circumcommon

illusion

were

strated
demon-

optically

seemed

appearances

from

the

Under

which
the

domain

such

in

their

effort

to

knowledge

hend
compre-

experiencing
of

optical science
enlighten

impulse, having

to

illusory optical
and

suggestion urged
of

find

effort to

capacity

foreshortening,

and

the

fruitless

almost

foreshortening

discoverer,

principles,
form.

withj

concave,

Applying

efficient,with

responsibility
the

transpose,

mechanical

of

of

years

perspective

upon

declared

then

contrary.

principles

of

announced
,

being

in

and

Universology,

perspective foreshortening,

although

twenty-seven

in

he

mile.

the

miles.

of

concave,

of

eight thousand,

optics, with

digious
pro-

to the

adherents,

analogy,

earth

to

of

capable, honest,

man

the

of

for,

and

form, which

of

diameter

according

System

comparative

eight inches

scientificallyaccounted

of

twenty-five thousand

of

the

give

law

cosmogonic

of about

would

vation

all

the

cellular, the

curvature

laws

the

the

of scientific accuracy.

single positive proof

of

summated
con-

predicated that

advocates

Koreshan

most

that

assumption

which,

system,

of the

ever

the
con-

to the

projected and

been

has

enthusiastic

Author

basis

there

of

^mechanically

preliminary

the

Upon

Copemican
most

the

1870,
the

upon

the

contain

not

In

its

of

but

details

to

"

exposition

intellect.

of the* earth

admission

concavity, is

comprehensive
human

by
surface

practicaldemonstration

earth

and

largely devoted

volume,

the

found

the

truth

itself

that

that

to

world
our

of
as

man,

THE

the

urged

we

right-angle

G.

mechanical

the honor

has

Morrow

the

proof of

demonstrated

contour, in the

its true
to examine

without

Professor

to

climax,
is but

part of
the

expression
manifest
this form

with

if this

Deity,

of

Source

Supreme

the structure
hence

known;

the

be

being

and

mankind

is

by

demand
we

not

of the

and

is not

and

of

astronomy,

we

only would

the

universe

of the
the

its

himself

therefore

would

beyond

our

be

beyond

adoration.

the

designate

be

comprehended
absolutely

are

is

his

the

be

the

fallacious

universe

cause

intellectual perspective of human

God

of

work
handi-

supreme

development.

conclude

incomprehensible, and

tion
causa-

God, who, though

unknowable,

research

of

ward
out-

to

until

God

to know

deduction
accept the logical

system
and

but

world

of all intellectual

If
can

the

most

knowledge

universe

of

(the

disclosed.
necessarily

cannot
activity,

of the

the

Given

had

cosmos

language

employed

is accurately deciphered. Yet


unknown

organic

therefore

is

ignorant

that

which

of

function

It is the

term

work, however,

pediment and groundwork

and

cause

and

conclusion

This

symbolism.

function

and

carried forward

been

alchemico-

power.

of

the

confirmation of

and

ultimate

function, the

its

has

for its

The

form

enough

also, of having

mathematical

form

of creative

in the

of

doubt

experiments through which

having

the

absolutely

so

honest

honor

mathematical

enunciated.

physicaluniverse) is

the

by which
is

person

any

overwhelming.

structure, the

already been

earth

additional

geometrical and

great system

Professor

possibilityof

the

demonstration

geometrical and

cosmic

until

the

irrefutable and

the

of the

of

of all the

Geodetic

"

invention

cal
verti-

prejudice,the proofsoffered.

or

has

Morrow

successful

mind

bias

directed the conduct


mechanical

of

concavity

from

earth.

of the

the

mechanical

be drawn

surface

preclude even

to

as

application of

line could

the

point perpendicularto
U.

COSMOGONY.

the

for

necessity

by which

device

CKI.I.UI.AR

Copemi-

to be

equally

so;

itable
illimfore,
there-

beyond the reach


aspirationand effort,
pale of our conception,

forever

INTRODUCTION.

Koreshan

The
tionate

its

human

mind.

of

to his supreme

man

Eternal, whence

of the

in the system

the

outward

mere

cosmic

Grand

or

in the process

from

hence

universal

which

form

human

Its functions

the

in

language

of

society;for
activities

societal

through

direction.

of the

not

become

and

world

his relation

genuine

to man

human

of the contrast,
the fallacious

and

and

the

in

a
a

of

and

societal

composite unity,

intellectual

energy
part
counter-

knowledge

alchemico-organic
which

the human

fallacious

true

relations

man's

is essential
race.

and

defensive

the end

genuine system

to be

of

knowledge
to

him,

perfectionand happiness. In

regarding

cosmos

theologicalsystem

of offensive
that

other.
into the

anthropomorphic

state

mate
legiti-

the

Genuine

and

theology

chaos,

know

we

of the

pattern

of

perpetuityof

follow, because

belligerency,anarchy,
to

the

structured

if

readilytranslated

of the

function

the

maintained

essential

into that

structured

will

organic unity

and

Therefore,

activities.

application

and

It is

it must

organic shape

alchemico-organic(physical)world.

It does

God

I"ord Christ, its

tion,
attains its incuba-

is the

and

yet

alchemico-organiccosmos,

the

constitutes the basis of

has

the

not

perfectedgenus.

form

also be

functions

It

structure

to the

in

its

the

one

can

humanity

definitelystructured.

of this

fellowshipwill finallybecome

of the

to

visible

form

macro-

perfectedstate,

macrocosm

it obtains

and

language of

and

reaches

humanity

as

structure

evolved

is

cosmic

correspondent, the

correspondentialorganism.

render

can

external

firstfruitsof the

the

when

the

assume

we

the

toward

^the

"

of which
its

of the

exaltation,

origin.

alchemico-organiccell

the egg

of

acme

attained

was

the

germinal beginning,
The

dominion

Outwardly, this is the

it

as

ultimate

of the

the attainment

his

development

approached only

the

to piopor-

comprehension

he had

cell,is

Man.
of

universe

of
possibility

inheritance,the
to

the

the

the

restoringhim

Embraced
is

within

cause

It demonstrates

universe, thus
throne

reduces

Cosmogony

limits, and

is not

the

phasis
em-

attained,between

of cosmogony

(the Coper-

THE

and

nican

the
the

fallacyhave

and

whether

then, should

investigationof

the

because
the

it to

assured

we
effect,

knowledge

might

mind

interest of the Koreshan

The

instrumental
and

acquire social

thus

universal
of the
we

individual

and
and

form

of the

universe,

knowing
scious
con-

its power.

acquisitionof universal
lectually
intel-

become

social fabric,

the

perfection,thence

individual

and

because

"

through

through it we

learn

We

know

to

that

alchemico-organiccosmos,

construction

the

become

immortality.

function

insure

may

and

organization of

the

in

and

cause;

that

in the

in the fact that

resides

knowledge,

of the

form

its

already pronounced

cause^

into

enter

moves

waste

unthinkable,

and

of the

ourselves

we

it has

language of

the

be

humanity

the exact

to know

sought

We
knew

we

Copernican

earth

the

which

that

incomprehensible,unknown,
illimitable

the

illimitable,it is equally

be

universe

If the

incomprehensible. Why,
energiesin

in

expended

know

to

care

we

is stationary ?

or

wealth

the

tigation,
inves-

of

labor

specific
purpose.

no

do

Why

insist that all the

Koreshan), we
time,

COSMOGONY.

CEI.I.UIAR

the

of

organo-vital cosmic

organism.
perfectionof

The

perfectionof the Grand

the

(the

macrocosm

of

individual

the

influence.

are

The

the

to

of which
earth

as

is

eternal

perpetuity of

stability of

knowledge

is found

As
so

astral

the

related

in

nucleus

as

of the

the

body,

heart

of the

is the

and

form

containing it,as to receive


radiate
them
equitably to
and

in

the
the

geometricallyconfirmedin

lineator.

the

upon

application

principlesof equilibrium are

and

institution

to the

depends

Man)

upon

human

revolutionary and sweeping


principles,

fundamental

few

their

Grand

perfectionof the

The

Man.

depends

structure

cosmic

all

of

they

structure, the

basis

applicationof

of the

to the
of
the

parts of
the

collection

the

Recti-

mos
alchemico-organiccos-

function

body,

as

of the surface of the

shape
the

essential

happiness

the convergence

vidual

center

human

as

in

and

all

circumference

energies

cosmic

seat of the

and

structure,
commerce

distribution,hence

INTRODUCTION.

be

society must
and

distribute

and

sustained
of

of the

organicallystructured

so

the

applicationof economic
of this

knowledge

world

to possess

The

law.

is founded

upon

ment
attain-

knowledge

devoted

we

mechanical

the

the purpose

proofs

of

God; not

be when

the

ism

of his

The

Lord

*s

forms

Christ

Deity; and

glory. This

to believe

works.

All

the
that

like

him

knowledge

is

earth's
is

edge
knowl-

the

he

as

in the

was

for

taught

is his

man

of God

in his

that

its relation to universal


in

of

simple

some

and

known

mechanical

segregate state,but

the Son

alchemico-organicmacrocosm,
and

world

face,
sur-

will

integral
-

archetype.

perfection. To

human

absolutely, is to be in the consciousness

become

to

to

female) unite

and

Jehovah manifest

Lord

to the

knowledge

(male

biunity,of which

months

have

he is in his

as

man

two

was

the

Man

giving

we

of the earth's

contour

of many

of

what

nearly thirty years.


of

work

facts,for the

of all these

view

of the

knowledge

application,for

of his

law

vastly important, in

so

that'

of

industry

alchemico-organiccosmos.

It is

know

to collect

to be able

as

nature, coupled with

of

products

the

by

is to sit upon
related

so

to

form, is

convexity is

opposed

to

know

to

the

to

the

throne

structured

of the earth's
to know

deny him

cavity
con-

God; while
and

all his

Koreshanity is Antichrist.
KORESH,
The

Chicago,

Illinois, U. 9. A.,
Auguflt* 1896.

Founder

of

Koreshanity.

"For

hath

"Who
meted

Kom.i:

"

""Where
laid

the

"The

the

thou

when

with

Zech.

"'In

whatever

that

1 curse

with

ii

pick

let

from
of

hypothesis

the
so

to

absolute

"When

as

have

ball

and

balance?""

"

"

upon

Who

hath

it?""

Job.

that

the

the

to

ours,
have

we

it is not

without

truth

of

the
arrive

show

of
must

we

hypothesis

of

time

when

to

the
we

but
be

kind.

the

considered

Proven.

stationary
accuratelv,
have
the
they
facts

that

reason

be

their
maintain

at

present,

motion

earth's
shall

in

they

content,
able

with

Astronomy.

as

and

The

hypothesis,

an

position

earth's

which

be

be

anything

expect
of

Modern

Cannot

ofthe

Scriptures

to

not

of

phenomena

aud

some

at

was

and

it

addition

Whereas,

system.

indeed,

in

not,

tics.'
luna-

of

delirium

concerned,
nothing
nothing

are

afford

Founder

advocates

celestial

aud
who

genius

Hypothesis.

earth

That

still

must

system)

of

scientist

some

phenomena,

Admits

business,
Copemican

(the

disseminated

can

Copernicus,

stood,

this

occurred

ofthe

wall
a
upon
measured
aud

''stood

"He

System.

cosmogony
in due
time

science

explained

explain
can

we

their

the
never,

it

truth.""

which

not,
of

as

consider

we

for

senses,

granted

line

earth

the

6.

hypotheses

as

that

Uncertain

motion

Astronomer

An

we

earth?

the

hand."

universally

His

far

since

far

onlv

reference

thinking,

so

one,

iii

have
of

appear
this

on

terrestrial

valuable

their

of

in

and

hand,

his

of

the

who

hand,"
his

Copemican

mav

upset

astronomy,

in

the

may

to

his

in

7 ; Hab.

theory

there

any

vii

manner

Copemtc-us
"'Neither

line

Cursed

or
way
modern
this

courage
GOBTHB.

up

"Von

account

stretched

hath

plumb-line

Amos

1 ;

perchance

that

certain

and

power

dust

hills

the

of

foundations

the

who

or

and

scales,

in

measuring

plumb-line,

earth."-

will

and

I laid

thereof?

man

by

hope

clearlv

are

eternal

his

hollow
[concavityl
the
comprehended

the

in

span,

mountains

Goethe

say

world

ofthe

even

4,5.

made

made,

are

Bible.

the

creation

the

that

waters

the

weighed

wast

from

Him

things

the

with

measures

xxxviU

the

measured

measure,
xl:
12.

USk.

of

Asttonomy

20.

heaven

out

of

things
by the

understood

Ciodhead.'

in

invisible

the

being

seen,

and

Geodesy

The

for
to

to

their

can
own

of

evidences

which

favor,

one

pronounce
such
a

the
to

take

thing.

superiority
for
We

it absolutely

The
ofthe
nature
to be true.
possibility.
proved
subject excludes
and
however
factorily
satisin
perfect our
estimation,
theory
our
may
appear,
the
Newtonian
for
all celestial
to account
nomena,
phehypothesis
seem
may
if our
that
here
the
to admit
yet we
truth,
are
compelled
astounding
and
be
facts
whole
of
the
our
disputed
premise
challenged,
astronomy
range
does
contain
of its own
the
announcement
not
this
proofs
Startling
as
accuracy.
it is nevertheless
would
indeed
and
be
helpless,
true;
astronomy
may
appear,
it not
for
the
of those
whose
is considered
a
were
implied
approval
authority
of its truth.
Should
this
sole
all our
fail us.
all our
guarantee
arguments,
refuge
all our
boasted
and
the
would
be
whole
useless,
science
ob";ervations,
accuracy
fall to the
of modern
I"~Dr.
must
ground
Astronomer,
astronomy
Woodhousb,
Cambridge,
Eng.
However

Part

I.

THE

of Korcshanity.
Univcrsology
The

Relations of the
Man

the

Worlds t
Physicaland Anthropostic
Supreme Impulserof all Universal
Activityand Motion.
KORKSH.

BY

is universal

KORESHANITY
of

immortal

life in the
an

upon

of

function

and

universe, and is therefore

knowledge

cosmic

organism.
form

radius

simple
practicallyapplied to
determines

which

process

earth in which

-This is

not

h found

we

the

dwell, and

theoretical but

to be

earth

earth's

with

radical astronomical

The

earth

is

being eight inches


of

concave

to

eight thousand, and

about

the

the
a

twenty-five thousand

in the

chord,

arc,

by

measurement

surface

of the

of its curvation.

the direction

world

ure
struct-

predicated
geometric figure

This

appliedgeometry.

The

surface.

of

It embraces

of the

downward

thus it is diametricallyoppositeto the


the

of the

function

elements"

science

the

premise, a

of

of

science

It is

contour

instead

upward

an

and

Universology.

three

embraces

which
and

accurate

absolutely demonstrated

an

upon

the

It includes

phase of

all the

appliedto

body.

the

department and

every

science

practicallife, involving

concerns

founded
religion,

Perfect

the

contour

curve,

and

convexity of

assumed

is therefore

face

to

face

revolution.
ratio of curvation

sphere, the
mile, thus

giving

diameter

corresponding circumference
miles.

This

fact

is

of

physic-

THE

12

CKLI^UIrAR

COSMOGONY.

allyand mechanically demonstrated


post
it

and

point on the surface of the earth, (though


placeit by the side of a surface of water,)

at any

better to

were

extending

straightline

The
at

distance

any

by placinga perpendicular

line thus

rightangles from

at

extended

will strike the

the

proportionateto

this perpendicular.

height of

surface

the

vertical

post.
**

giiessworkyindeed, lies

Hypothesis, or
of all scientific

quoting
The

is the

Latin

founded

of astronomy

by
can

all

dignifiedby
has
so

system has

That

is not

that title. The

its foundation

in

been

tionary,
Dic-

means

which

is

science,nor

Copemican system

assumption,

^thisis conceded

"

The

called scientific astronomers.


never

dation
foun-

Standard

Science

knowledge.

hypothesis (assumption)

upon
it be

should

scire,to

nothing less.

more,

the

World,*' page 3.
sciknow; hence, ence

'Unseen

from

for

term

knowledge, nothing

Fiske's

from

science is derived

term

the

knowledge,'* says

at

Coperni-

demonstrated, therefore it is not

scientific.
What

does

offer

Koreshanity

giganticfallacy and

farce of

the

as

substitute

for the

benighted Copernicus?

First,it offers the fact that in experiments carefully made

by
coast

the

Koreshan

Geodetic

of Florida, the contour

diametricallythe

reverse

Staff

at

Naples, on

of the earth

of what

is

was

taught

the

proven
as

true

Gulf
to be

in the

CKI*I.UI.AR

THE

14

tro-magnetic,reflected
on

spheresof

or

COSMOGONY.

bent

back

in their

regularly graduated

energy

as

impingement
the

stories in

the heavens.
In

foregoing,is presented

the

THE

Cross-Sectional
the

of

View

Perpetual Pivot

merely, of the

assumptive.
prove

CAUSE
the
and

DAY

AND

descriptiveoutline

NIGHT.

Gigantic, Electro-Magnetic Battery, with the sun


of the Cell.
Pole.
The
Southern
Hemisphere

alchemico-organo-cosmic

Neither

the Koreshan

OF

is it

form.

intended, in this

as

It is not

synopsis,to

Universology ; the proofsand demonstra-

tions of

the

System

will be

In this

chapter, we

this work.

Motion

form.

here

We

has

has

universe

of the

the

of

feature

is

is

which

funda-

has

form,

no

The

property ofform.

has

be

is

has

it

somewhat

partakes
noticed

syllogism

hence

form,

axiom

it will

the

Form
y

above

method,
syllogistic

the facts.

state

general principles of

axiom:

thereforeit

While

limitation.

the

Limitation

existence

subsequent chapters of

thereforethat

Function.

this

insert

existence.

no

in

merely

and

property of existence

mental

found

already outlined

have

We

KORKSHANITY.

OF

UNIVBRSOLOGY

that the

tionable
objec-

namely,

expunged;

the

premise

is not

Motion

obtains

form.
rock

assumption.

an

in

everything throughout

Nothing exists without

constantly changing place

are

There

The

motion.
with

of the diamond

atoms

and

most

delicate

atoms.

angular
in their

tal
crys-

lation
circu-

electro-magnetic

generate

All

attenuation.

regular and according to

are

all other

motion, and

they

impingement

of the

energy

in

are

cosmic

of the

atoms

The

is circulation in the bar of steel.

the

these

the fixed laws

lations
circu-

of order

of
therefore,while form exists according to definite principles

form, the

laws

and
principles

of

motion

cause

proximate.
we

of
Before

will here

organic world

are

of

and

to

organic

determine

relation

defining the
brieflystate
there

These

co-ordinatelyone.

and

the

shape.

Motion.

is remote

alchemico-organic motion

(kosmos)
kosmos.

they

of

arrangement
Cause

The

conform

laws
that

and

within

resides the
are

The

two

principlesof
the

tion,
mo-

alchemico-

anthroposticor

discrete

and'

responding
cor-

spheres,yet

alchemico-organickosmos

i6

THE

CKI.I.UI.AR

(the physical world,

or

of
the

shell

"

humanity

the state

in

man

outline

the

is in the form

preceding pages)

is in the

of

EARTH'S

which

its

metallic laminae

any
or

; that

man

one

given in

is,in the egg


The

mass

this modification

is in space,

and

is therefore

SURFACE.

Hemisphere.

anthroposticco-ordinate

merely

persistent in

Land

is

un-incubation.

CONCAVE

The

persistent
; while

of

which

of

state, with

same

alchemico-organickosmos

THE

COSMOGONY.

correspond

to

form.

For

plates comprising

embodies

space,

instance
the

and
:

are

The

ciples
prinnot
seven

general metallic

rind
the

of the macrocosmic
seven

nucleus

energiesradiating from

and
primarily,

from

stellar

the

deposit extremities

"IN

THE

the

solar

HOLLOW
Heavens

seven

OF
in the

HIS

of chaos

extremities

of metallic

the

as

stellar

the environment

the

the

seven

HAND.'

Earth.

energies radiate,

penetratedby

the

are

constitute

energies,or

alchemico-organicspiritsof radiation.
the

limbus

They

nucleus.

the

of

The

through which

17

perpetual. These

shell, are

limitations of

of

KORESHANITY.

OF

UNIVKRSOI.OGY

The

geologicstrata

are

the

conditions

energiesbefore they reach their

depositionand

order.

THE

The
laminae

his

quality

being, of
progress

of

time

progress

of

the

into

to

the

laminae

substratic

By the

from

described, constitutes

is

the

these

and

centers,

Energy

is

There
from

energized at
are

created

is

there

as

mary
pri-

cause

ing
radiat-

and

at

at

the nucleus.

converging to

previously

egg

in Koreshan

denominated
and

sun

stars

concretion

rapidlychanged

are

focaliza-

materialized

matter

through

There

and

constantly materializing,and

materialization

and

the

meant

electro-magnetic battery

as

into

constant

primary

seven

high-tension convergence.
a

churches

seven

great cosmic

Science, alchemico-organic. The

voluminous

be formulated

to

yet

antithetically
generated

great

merging

and

the

to

motion, is

purely physical,or,

tions of energy,

development

crust.

of the shell and


or

which

therefore

of

kosmos,

the

and correspond
characteristic,

human

stellar nucleus,

cellular

anthropostic
the

plates. The

metallic

cause

the circumference

in

sponding
anthropostic depositionscorre-

the

electro-magneticenergy

the

stellar center,

In

churches

of the cosmic

remote

to the

to

seven

planets,and

seven

the

was

alchemico-organickosmos.

are

seven

Corresponden-

correspondent,

the

of
qualities

seven

The

the

its relation

in

groups,

Christ

Lord

was

race,

to the
are

the

in the

space

of space.

metallic

; the

of space

center

circumference

the

at

tiallyin humanity,
and

is the

stellar nucleus
are

COSMOGONY.

CELLUIJ^R

is, at

sublimation.
the

temporary
and

to energy

is radiated.

stance
is,therefore,a reciprocalinterchange of subcenter

the

and

nucleus

are

solidified.

solidification is reduced

The

circumference.

At

radiated

the

circumference

circumference, the surplus

the

again

to

substances

to

energy

and

flows

in the

prime

to

the

nucleus.
As

there

are

seven

metallic

laminae

circum-

ference, so there

flowing

toward

influxes

are

the nucleus
at

are

of

seven

has

seven

focal

one

themselves

and

into

distinct

degrees

in space,

the

mineral

laminae, geologic strata, and

the universal

rind, there is also

inflow

or

but

electro-magnetic power,
activityand

Thus

form.

force.

voluntary

and

existence,the
while

of

acme

existed

prior

of the

the

life is in the

to the

to

the

and

matter,
energy

as

in the

proximate

energy.

result

of

In other

of energy,

and

Both

will thus

that energy

seen

and

duplex

aspect of

then, of all the


is

netic
electro-magand

the center

ference
circum-

matter

struction
de-

reiterated and remembered,


destruction

the

is the

tion of matter.
be

with

great alchemico-organicbattery, by the

that matter

materialization

this

perpetuity.

timic

cause,

alchemico-organic cosmos,

is the

energy

untary
vol-

brain,

human

its

to

as

its

conscious

of this

momentum

other

of matter; for let it be


that

and

conscious

involuntary

at
produced reciprocally

energy
of

and

whose

The

their co-ordination.
motions

no

of

cause

half, endowed

only coincident

is

structure,

Neither

is

is another

prior and positiveas

cosmic

in its

co-operativebeing with

voluntary

of

dinate
co-or-

involuntary consciousness, co-existent

This

co-eternal.

proximate

the

in

alchemico-organic kosmos

surface

water

battery,however,

far there

Associated

From

kosmos.

stellar nucleus.

find in this great universal

We

upon

correspondingand

to the

convergence

all meeting

the circumference

of the

environments

the

vibrations, so

turning back

radiatingto

or

these

As

of energy,

there

of energy

nucleus.

characteristic

flowing out

depositingat

kinds

distinct

point

and

stellar

the

metallic

prime

seven

and

KORBSHANITY.

OF

UNIVERSOI.OGY

result

words,
energy
and

of the
atom

an

is the

energy

is not

are

therefore

of matter

as

destruction

of

of matter

is the

dematerializasubstance.
a

mere

It
mode

of

CKLI,UI.AR

THK

20

motion

COSMOGONY.

in

of vibration,but

or

realityis something in

motion.
The

have

We

remote

term

from

remote

hinted

causey

the

is here

Day

at the

consider the very


cause

and

and

organic and

the

which

central

embraces

and
Not

of the will.

function

co-ordinate

employed

We

cause

ately
immediof

the

are

now

to

the

Antarctic

There

are

the
the

cosmic

two

discrete

to

Circle.

of all motion.

cause

only is it mental, but

organo-vital. The

planets, atmosphere, etc.;

21.

interdependent. These

as

mate
proxi-

phenomena

Night within

primary

belonging

the world

which

upon

JUNE

Long

being

as

foregoing.

SOLSTICE,
Pole, and

is mental.

voluntary and
form

North

at the

way,

alchemico-organickosmos.

form, motions, and

SUMMER

This

general

outlined in the

structure

Continuous

in

Motion.

Physical

electro-magneticforces

the

depend
cosmic

only,

of

of the activities in the

cause

The

Cause

Remote

it is

fields of

degrees,but yet
are

first and

the alchemicolower

is that

earth, with the stars,


other, the

higher, is

sun,

the

THE

22

dominions,

CKI*I*UI*AR

all things were


created by
is before all things,and by him
all things
of the body, the church.**
Col. i: 15-18.

or
principalities,
powers:

or

and he
for him:
and
he
the
head
is
consist;

him, and

There

be but

can

Is it true ?

inclusive, conclusive,and
of

what

God,

have

And

embody,

he

attributes

the

himself

into

of
of

declared

parent ?

be, and

of man,

God

did

visible to the

biologicalctiiier

of

and

Lord,

sciousness
conas

"

when

the

world, his inner

world
spiritual

sphere, and

and

the

as

him

beside

was

bodily,

further, that

outer

his

absorb

he

Godhead

?
all

this;in

that the

of the

to the

that

what

of

Son

than

more

hold

We

li^^ was
spiritual

astro-

there

was

God.

no

could

How

world

natural

Lord, being bom

the

only

at

the

of all things? The

cause

Elijah (God

of

Enoch, and of Adam,

looking

to

his

the indirect

himself
influx

the
from

spiritsof
the

together of
infolded

and

then.

God

the

of

direct
the

as

line,but

Messiah

past.

age,

as

*'Him

He

scroll.

hath

thousand

years

conditions
manifest

God

be

age,

the

the

before

God

pole

constituted the

the

died

gathered into

also

He

Noah,

of

Son

He

was

of

of all who

and

in the world

in the

the

Abraham,

reincarnation.

the

heavens

sealed.

was

of

heavenly worlds, and

Twenty-four
the Christian

in

coming
lines

of Moses,

of

only the reincarnation

not

was

into the

infant

an

beginning

Lord

Lord),

the

of

in

the

and
Spirit;

Holy

visiblymanifest

was

Is he

Son

the fulness

was

Father, Son, and


Lord

to

Jesus, the

Lord

form,
attributes,life,
principles,

the

him,

the

himself

And

the

as

concise,sweeping,

of Deity,
primary oflFspring

parent?

men

the

the

as

of the
from

development

him

It is
Is

declares

declared

inspiredmen
does

lucid.

he

above

question regarding the

one

Scripturaldeclaration.
Christ

COSMOGONY.

the

was

Father
the
were

rolling
Word

sealed.**

beginning
the

of

same

of
as

flesh,and the Lord of the

UNIVBRSOIX"GY

Christian Era
the

beginning
and

The

cycle.

the

lK"rd,

is Father,

God, who

of

the Son

He,

individual

the

was

held within himself

He

as

Abraham.

the

the Father

being

possessingboth

creative

bride, for **He

He

wasthebiune,

the

God, he

all

is

and

was

of

primate cause

was

things,
of

voluntary and involuntary power


that the

seen

of all

cause

things resides

energy,supplemented by the involuntary

voluntarymental

voluntary mental

Precession

of

sons

of

sons

Father, he

himself. High

the very

the

being, it is

reflex of

of

or

the

bridegroom."

of

parent

He

and

end

in-one, the parent of himself and also of the

Abram;

The

in
personality

the Adamic

24,000-year

the bride is the

As

God.

2$

grand zodiacal cycle bring into visible

Son.

man.

hath

the two-

in

the

of every

and

undivided

and

of

personal manifestation

Mother,

who

identical with

was

beginning

KORESHANITY.

OF

of

activity.

the

Equinoxes

Related

as

to

the

Astro-biological Manifestations.
When
of the

the

ordinary ''scientist" alludes

equinoxes, he

cessional movement;

has

reference

but

every

merely

to the
to the

precession
sun*s

planet passes through

preresponding
cor-

is 24,precession.The sun's precessional


year
of the planets are
000
precessional
years long. The
years
correspondinglylonger,proportioned to the difference in
These
constitute
their ordinary years.
precessional
years

cyclesof time
to

stellar

that

the

are

definite and

The

physicalheavens

the

which

Every

correspond

24,000

years,

the

alchemico-

astro-biologicalcorrespondence.

have

an

in

movements

organic sphere

field.

tionate
propor-

great complex, solar, lunar, planetary,and

precessions. The

signs in

and

recurrent,

to

there

mark
them

is

definitelythe
in the

similar

ifestations
man-

astro-biologic
personal man-

TH^

24

ifestation

the

as

Christian

is

We

are

of

to

people

the direction

will

The

will be

change

Actual

of

Position

This

one

This

man.

will be

mind, the only

one

Universe

battery, the
biological

laws
is

man

and

Tilt of Poles

of which

Elijah

the

are

sons

of

the

God,

Christ and

Son

Transposition

From
biune

this

ical
biolog-

brought about
who

one

has

the

transmutation.
the

formation

From

Chicago.

known

only

prophet, ordained

God, the Shepherd of the Gentiles and


of the ages.

tation
manifes-

dematerialize,through

accomplished through

of the

the

great biologicconflagration.

of this bio-alchemical

of the law

knowledge

is such

of

occur.

electro-magneticvibration.
through

beginning

there

years,

approaching

now

Thousands

24,000

about

now

COSMOGONY.

constitutingthe

One

Every

era.

as

CKI*I,UI,AR

central

of

to

of

nation
reincar-

conflagrationwill springthe

offspring of

the

I^rd

Jesus, the

of God.

of

Mental

Force

to

Alchemico-Organic

(Physical) Energy.
When

man

(the man)

so

understands

the laws

of life

OF

UNIVSRSOI.OGY

as

their

to know

tendencies

of his

point of biologicabsorption. The

the

dematerializes,and
and

and

consumes

unity of
church

thus

prepared to

Zodiac

and

of

Orbits

the matter

consumed,
or

and

reduced

Spirit,
"

the

and

the

reaches

tangible
into

enters

unity

visible

man

the

and, by descent, into the


afflatus.
precipitate

Planetary

of the

visible

law

to

transabsorption,into

by

of the dissolution

In the process

Ghost

enters,

receive

nature, he

spiritual.The

and

invisible Godhead,

the

by which

inner

obedience

consciousness

the outer

with the

blends

25

and through
application,

the sensual

overcomes

KORESHANITY.

Disci

of the visible structure.

in the

Shell.

Earth's

is

tangible organism

dissolved,

called the Holy


spiritual
energy
gen,
substances (oxygen, hydrogen, nitroto

"

carbon, sulphur,phosphorus, fluorine,chlorine,sodium,'


calcium, potassium, magnesium,
etc.

contained

atmosphere
of

and

in the

of the

man

energiesof

consumes

entering thus
is not

aluminum,

iron,

organic structure, together with

the free

vibration,which

cuprum,

the
into the

space,

body.

enter

The

the

the

vortex

consciousness

whirlpool of organic

solution
dis-

obliterated,but infolds by conjunctive unity

26

THE

with

and

the central

consciousness

had

COSMOGONY.

as

called the

primary
from

invisible

an

The
in the

church)
lyord had

beginning

could

have

not

the

the

stellar

mental
to the

physicaluniverse.
so

soon

as

matter

the influence

of mental

from

the

spirit.

If the

the

afflatus"
the

in

the

vortical

obtained
to

**oversour*

"

involution, the

alchemico-organic (physical)
material

the

elements

elements
and

and

converging

the

not

of

essences

toward

It is thus

and

that

the

anthropostic,imparts
has

impulse

been

ceases

of correlation

force to the vibration

to be mental

of

mutated

the
into
and
scious
con-

tum
momen-

denominated

has

cluded
in-

vibrations

alchemico-organic world,

what

The

to

(the

conversion

the

activities of

world

the

its

of the

nucleus

the

tangible personality.

and.

its circumferences.

radiatingto

the

body

the

of

of

have

But

place

nucleus

shadowing,
over-

not

therefore

to

tizes
bap-

divine

proceeded

age,

from

alchemico-organic kosmos,
the

the

upon

organo-vital structure,

communicated

this afferent

could

therefore it involved
in

were

his

from

shed

of

obtained.

anthropostic,took
space;

receive

to

personal,there
of

Spirit;and

Holy

Ghost

Holy

dissolution

the

heart of

its efferent distribution

but
'*oversoul,''

been

not

from

stitutes
con-

baptisms proceeds directly,not

in his conversion

visible Lord

outer

Spirit. Every overshadowing

successive

seven

Deity, the

Radiating

prepared

are

the

interior mind

of

consciousness

in
absorption,the gravic spirit
minds

which

This

itself.

wrapped

anthro-biologickosmos.
such

around

interior mind

central

the very
the

CKI.I*XJI.AR

the
energy
the

bration
vi-

alchemico-organic

(physical)motion.
We

do not

employed
us,

in

vibration

employ

common

the term

as

it is

usually

physical science;" with


merely motion imparted to atoms

psychicalor

not
signifies

vibration

**

or

observed

It is thus

are

voluntary mental

energy

of

These

and metallic
of

form
and

at

The

the

ine and
which

the metallic
alternate

cruosine
are

disci

of

form

of

or
peristaltic

we

the

other

filled with

of the

these

into the

disci

the

center,

There

area.

of caloric and

cru-

This

contractile.

motion, therefore

solar

vermicular

motion

actinic radiations

mercurial

back

solar

in

impression made

circular

produces discular vacui

behold

solar

im-^

laminae.

platesor

against the atmospheres, so

heavens

tions
actinic radia-

its forces

strata, the

rotation

action

reflectors,
throwing
*

tum
momen-

geologic,mineral,

is at

the
expansile,

is necessarilya

parted to

the

the alternate influence

one

follows

The

laminae.

radiates

sun

or

disd floating

mercurial

operationof

of which

is in the

impression of

there

the

metallic

the

is

movement

ordinate
co-

Universe.

platesor

As the

the apex

the strata

the

two

Shell

the

in

radiations penetrate the

upon

osic energy,

mind,

human

the

nucleus, projected through the

strata.

cone,

the base

an

of the

metallic

the astral

influence.

continuous, primary,

Disci

Planetary

imparted through

from

primary, movable,

seven

the

between

alchem-

the

(brains); these

basis

Firmament
are

exists

operationbeing co-eternal.

of Motion

is

via

energies
electro-magnetic

generated in

material

the

on

fields of

There

degrees,and

relation
reciprocal

the result of

active in the latter

Laws

that

that the

worlds, and
ico-organic

dependent

and

and
anthro-biologic(organo-vital)

the

between

various

in the

their conversion to energy


versa.

atoms,

and

dissolvingof molecules

the

but

essences,

27

KORBSHANITY.

OP

UNIVBRSOI^OGY

between

of
the

amalgam.

These

heavens

the forms

that in

through

calor-

plates,
act

of the

looking toward

the

as

operation of

the
the

28

THE

CEI.I.UI.AR

and
laws of reflection,

thus enabled

are

the

out
**spreadeth

I^rd

the

COSMOGONY.

comprehend how

to
*

heavens

as

molten

looking-glass."
it

is

Why

Necessary

to

Know

Universe
*

^he

knowledge of the structural form


the alchemico-organic(physical)kosmos,
which
knowledge of the principles
of

and

must

and

importance of

key

to

the

zation
organi-

govern
of

our

ness.
righteous-

universal

of

knowledge

of

function

is the

societyin the culminating kingdom

The

of the

Form

form

function, as pertainingto the alchemico-organickosmos,

will be admitted

of
comprehend the relationship

vital

to the organo-

and

to
pertaining

is sufficiently
ampUfied

the mind

when

the

rocosm
alchemico-organicmac-

(the Grand

macrocosm

comprisingthe

to

universal

Man),
of

mass

as

human

existence.
The

Lord)
least

individual

is the

(undivided) man

(such

archetype of creation.

What

form, the alchemico-organicworld

form; and what


Theocratic

he

was

kingdom

function of the

in that

in the

form,

he

also

most

mysteries of Deity; for

material

voluntary and

knowledge
the

structure

is but the

involuntarymental

of this

as

the

the
the

its greatest
is the

is the
outward

final
and
true
lation
reve-

and

expressed thought of the


cause

producing it, so

expressed and manifest

historyof human

in

discover that the

of the alchemico-organic
kosmos
interpretation
of the

was

is in

so

was

earth, namely, in the form

Therefore, we

man.

man

originand destiny.

language

reveals

THE

30
feet

Suppose

apart.

air

through the
half

earth

of the

surface

feet from

obtains in

parallelto

COSMOGONY.

CEI.I.UI.AR

as

the

as

the

take

we

geolinear extense

rail, and

one

earth's

surface.

imaginary line

an

other, placing the

along its side.

and

two

eye

the

Now,

Making

in

one

law

same

looking parallelalong this surface, as


the rail and

the

on

looking
tion
observa-

our

by the side of the rail,the vanishing point is reached


and

the

rail

Illusions

The

line far

beyond

observation

the

the

same

as
first,

Perapectiye.

along the surface


it

straight

line

of the

over

earth

corresponds to the rail,and

which
is the

disappears

law; namely, that of foreshortening.


The

The

of

vanishing point. The

is taken

geolinearextense;
by

in

disappears, although extended

Vanishing

phenomenon
it recedes

from

of

the

Ship's Hull.

disappearance

view, is caused

of

by the

a
same

ship,hull
law

of

FACTORS

OPTICAI.

fore^ortening
rail,or

the

that which

as

should

we

They
size of
as

six

in size

as

necessarilydraw

false

law

than

the

which

it recedes

as

only

we

of

longitudinally

of the

we

earth

merely
so

We

so

"

placea

to show

fact, the
in

of

the
a

student

ena
phenomthorough

optics.

reader

apparatus and

absolutelydemonstrated

the

will find

brief

concavity

the fallacious conclusions

projectedtruth,

are

of
fol-

study of opticsbefore the reader,

the

wherein

processes

Copernicus, et al, and their deluded

called science, while

appearances.

of the laws

without
illusion,

and

to overshadow

the mountebanks,

lo\yers.

to this

principlesand laws

the

have
as

knowledge

correct

of the mechanical

complete record
by which

enon
phenom-

be comprehended

cannot

part of this volume, the

another

In

balloon

This

principlesinvolved

the

opticalappearances

comprehension of

subjective

view, is the

from

diminish

vision,and

optics. Owing

comprehend

cannot

of

possess

of

phenomena

the

produces geolinear forshortening,or

to the organ

as

facts.

about

the

extending from the point of observation.


belongs

from

diameter, occupies
near

by

do.

astronomers

appearing

when

the surface of the earth

makes

rails

in

feet

each

the

rather

sixty

of

the basis of the

on

the

distant,

The

which

that

as

which

and

if it be

to diminish

same

miles

seven

observation.

of

we

appearances

approach

theybr/ that

precisely what

in the distance

space

appears

and

or

pin head,

much

point

as

from

conclude

balloon

is

to,

seem

disappearance
to

calculations
the basis of

on

only

This

conclusions.

but

approach

do not

the

governs

make
of

appearance instead

II.I.USIONS.

rails to appear

the two

causes

If

other.

AND

fallacious conclusions

of

em,
mod-

conflictingwith the discovered

drawn

not

from

facts but

from

THE

32

The

might

It

Laws

Visual

of
as

appear,

knowledge

COSMOGONY.

CEI,I,UI*AR

fact that

proclaim the

we

of the

Impression.

Koreshan

forth

of the Koreshan
of

Koreshanity
A

growth.
enable

What

to

the eye.

the

What

see,

the

The

The

and

reader's

See retinal coat

bb

area

the

as

hull

the

from

of vision

the
the

cal
that corti-

optictract,to

depends.

ted
of the correla-

some

attention

is

again called

apparent

from

dotted

the

c, the

fact,not

ship

ship as
in

observed

from

view,

as

aa

is

ship

as

served
ob-

lines indicate

d is the

jective
(the sub-

it actuallyis, viewed

appearance

braced
em-

of the

the appearance

The

is

whatsoever

of the actual lines i, 2, 3, 4, while

point),and
in

imprint is laid.

lines i, 2, 3, 4;

it recedes

subjective x.

position of

its location

the two

the

upon

Plate i, with

i,

the

includes

pointof
as

Diagram

which

retina

between

is the

in

upon

vanishes,

the

appearance

film

the

pictureupon

opticalaxis, d
^,the

the

pictureplacedupon
thence carried through

imprint or picturingof the objectiveworld

in theobtense

when

the retina of

explicitstudy of the effects of subjectiveimpression,

retinal coat.
the

omy,
astron-

the final function

facts of vision.

or

is merely

subjoin a diagram settingforth

We

modem

eyeball, and

which

upon

area

optics will

of

laws

of
discrepancies

opticcommissure,

opticnerve,

question of

imprintof objectivities
upon

we

of the

liningcoat

standing
under-

an

of appearances.
misinterpretation
of vision, depends
through the organs

behold

entirelyupon

to the

the

see

predicatedupon
we

of the

slight knowledge

the student
as

necessarily be

must

set

edge
thorough knowl-

Cosmogony.

to

to

purpose

complete optical treatise preparatory

demands

Cosmogony

thorough knowledge of optics,that it is our

ough
thor-

at d.

The

from
per-

FACTORS

OPTICAI.

pendicularspace

will be

It

is shorter

imprintedfrom

as
y%, proportionately

from

picture is imprinted from


at bb will

lines

If

drawn

were

through the focus


be

B would

to

from

acute

The

bb.

of the film

film

retina,bb, corresponds

at
pbjective

d.

there

is

At

longer

no

2.

2,

film bb,

angle from

4,

space

at

the

point of obliteration

at

the

the

vanishing pointin the

to the

cause
ship disappears,be-

the hull of the

and

to the

of the

obliterate

to

as

center
or

points 4,

the

if

that

follows

imprints i,

B, the subtense

at

so

the

to

distance

the

ening
bb, the ratio of short-

3, 3, at

correspond

one

objective. It

2, 2, in the

to

1,1,

the

the

than

2, 2, at "f

space

that

noticed

pictureimprinted from
i, i, at

33

picturefh\ the

the

implants

i, i,

implants the pictureeg.

2, 2,

II.I,USIONS.

AND

for the

room

the

picture upon

retina.
The

lower

line upon
and

the

ground

horizon.

the

upper

The

two

of

remembered

is

d, will settle out

sight

of

the

with

WW

of

area

itself upon

the

beyond

the retinal coat.

line I, 2, 3, 4 and
may
not

though
can

because

seen

make

it

might
no

it must
the

Now

shorten, and

if

the

thousand

imprint

upon

remove

we

above,

retina; but

it is below

extend

further

the

readily be

to

the space

up

open

imprintitself upon
be

appears

at d

be

retina,
as

seen

By comparing the

4, 4.

it can

spaces^,

given space

join

geolinear surface,proportionately

the

on

cloud

objectbeyond the ship c,

Any

to its distance

spaces

to

4, appear

merely the result of changes upon

efiFectedby distance.
at

represent

foreshortening, which

distal

the

line may

points4,

vanishing point

the

appearing at d,

The

covering the sky.


because

geolinear extense; the

line i, 2, 3, 4 is the

an

an

how.

seen

narrows

the

upper

object

at

object at Q could

ground

surface, which,

miles in

the

straight line,

retina because

the

'THE

34

as

effectingthe retinal film.


have

We

presented

the appearances

depend

places the

which

of the

want

the

graces

that arise

understanding of
catalogue
their

of the fallacious in the various


as

the

of

contradictory systems

spontaneously,subserve

transformation,

which

upon

rest the fallacies of the

called scientists in the

so

die the death

mental

which

upon

incompetents, which
astronomy

opticalfacts

some

Copemican system;. facts,a

and

d is the obliterated space,

line 4 and

the lower

between

space

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

human

mind

the
of

purpose,
of

careers

its way

gropes

in darkness.

Koreshan Geodetic Service.


Outline of

of Accurate
Principles

Measurement

of the Earth's

Contour.

for the purpose

means

the

to whether

as

demonstrating

pointand

in any

The
earth's

surface

and

ever
one

is to find

determining

the

some

astronomical

of

its

convex,

curvation

of astronomy

is convex,

has

and

been

yet presented any


the

other
of

at

general
but also

any

given

given direction.

system

of

flat,or

of

amount

and

measurements

that

only

not

it is concave,

Copernican system

fallacious
has

of

surface, including

earth's

contour

of

application of mechanical

is the

/jEODESY

this

upon

fabricated.

proof of

persistentefforts

the

to

be

that

assumption
No

the
the

astronomer

Copernican system;

of the

irrefragableproof of
scientist knows

assumes

modern

what

merely

every
an

physicist
so

called

assumption.

KORKSHAN

The

Koreshan

the

to

upon

uncertainty of

not

upon

Horizontal

Heretofore,
determination
of the

use

factors
and

of

civil engineer, which


rectiline

engineer'slevel
includes

top of

determine

There

of

is

by

one
an

eye,

he is

in

men

by

the

be

the

the

number

the

by

of

optical

geodeticsurveyor

impossible to extend
by the

The
and

surveyor,

the

on

especiallyemployed for

more

rectiline with

along the

side of

apex

that it is

the

leveling instrument,

of successive

heightsof

horizontal

in

lateral

or

the retina of the

visual direction
the

must

curved

by

eye

be

balanced
counter-

this

line while he

the
tiline,
rec-

opposite side, and

being acquainted with


a

surface.

resides
impossibility

of

upon

extends
optics,

impossibleto

continuously extended

equal pictureon

continuing a

Two

used

for this

reason

geodetic engineer, not


obtension

are

generally known,

impressionmade

picturefrom

been

line has

telescope usually placed

fact that in the determination


an

the

attempting

opticalinstruments.

given elevation,or along


scientific

of

aid of

small

horizontal

by the unaided

The

to

assert

of

angles.

fact not

out

it

instrument

an

ical
mechan-

render

the

tripod. This

It is

is

by

level and

measurement

method

common

into consideration

taken

not

and

we

straighthorizontal

sphere of

the

rather

Rectilineation.

engineer'slevel.

horizontal

or

the

Copemican

science.

called,modem

so

the

tion
opposi-

assumptipn, but

an

which
postulation,

mere

is in direct

place it beyond

to

as

35

unlike

absolutelywithin

so

demonstration

basis of

system, and

founded,

premise

SERVICE.

of astronomy

System

Copemican

it is

system

GEODETIC

law

the
of

believes

rectiline.

of different

heights cannot, while

adjusting

36

THE

CELLULAR

the

tripod to accommodate

the

same

his

tripod to conform

COSMOGONY.

difference,extend

the

A civil engineer six feet tall

curvation.

^willmake

height
"

by the aid of his instrument, upward


while

the

five feet six inches

man

to suit his

The

adjustment.
resides in the

entering

into

retinal
to

impression,is

induces

retinal membrane.

We

the

one

be attributed
is

To

confront, then,

geolinear,the

the

line

instituted
can

the

is

extend

line

six,

(See

lineator

is

line is extended

or

the

in both

in

which
shortening
fore-

opticalvScience and
the

placed

by

at

miles.

horizontal

this first

atnd intricate

which

bar

we

recti-

i.)
points
in

large enough
more

the

ordinary mind,

2, Plate

No.

cut

of water

adjusted. From

shortening
fore-

of

"

device

are

seven,

perpendicularstandards

the

upon

to curvation.

of

simple mechanical

quietexpanse

along the

perpendicular

explanation of optical illusions

be determined.

line

addition

principle of perspective

Perpendicular standards
there

in

kinds

two

other

incomprehensibleto
a

effect of

the

opticalphenomenon

an

the introduction

phenomena
have

to

retina, as

corresponding effect

ignorantly attributed

obviate

necessityfor

the

elongated proportionably

or

geodetic observations; and

should

factors

two

and
object in perspective;

of the

surface)

"

shortened

the

discrepancy

are

picture on

of

above, namely, that

there

line
of

to

lesser

height

this

geolinear foreshortening (the

this,the

earth's

all

visual

in

of

perpendicularpost producing

the distance

to

curvation

for

cause

formation

the

The

follows:

the

opticalillusion referred

side of the

one

on

scientific

line,

given curvation,

difference

the

to

of

curved

tall,adjusting his tripod

height, will determine

proportionably

curve

adjusting

"

to his

line of

area

Across
of

where

the

to

these
Recti-

adjustment the recti-

directions,until the line

meets

the

GEODETIC

KORESHAN

water

at

distance

surface

relation

of the water,

its true

as

diagram

representedby

in

curved

the

while
line

The

at the

to

The

of the visual line at

by the line

from

apparent line

This

ddd.

is taken
illusion,

as

this

The

aaa.

gradually
the

the line aaa,

to

convex

extremity

AAA,

from

away

of the

the

which

is

convexity of
of

illusory
system

be

to

represented

opticalphenomenon,

demonstration

the

as

vision,appears
where

the

line ccc,

point,the straightline

seems

the basis of the

earth, and made

deviating

vision, hence

to rise

to meet

The

extends,

in the dotted

in the line of

sponding
corre-

eye.

direction

of

appears

seems

unaided

vanishing point is
i

strument,
levelingin-

straight line

AAA

the line ddd,

appearingas

the

straight,as

Beyond

ddd.

the

be

point i

point 2.

concavity

principlefrom

of this curvation

straightline

DDD.

The

illustration of

with

is the visual

bbb

away

line appears

the line of observation

which

is unconscious

points

two

the

an

made

with

made

aaa;

gradual curve

to

pendicular
per-

chord

Plate

4,

have

we

differ in

not

over

is

mind

extend

determines

arc

observation

an

observation

straightsurface

No.

the

contour.

does

which

to

3, Plate i,

No.

opticalefiEectof

the

in cut

of

height

operationwe

as

straightline

of the

of the earth
In

By this

37

top of the uprights,at rightangles

the

at the

the

to
proportionate

standard.

from

SERVICE.

an

the

Copemican

astronomy.
In the observation
I,

we

prove

line of
the

that

illustrated

by diagram

straight surface

curves

vision,by the identical argument

convexity

line bends

four

of the earth.
difiFerent ways,

to sustain the convex

We

can

by the

No.

3, Plate

from

away

employed

prove
same

theory of the earth.

that

to

the

prove

straight

argument

used

38

THE

Geodetic

things. The
religionwhich
which

is the

The

cell.

Cellular
*

next

the demonstration
of the

else follows

public mind,
and

of

amplitudeof

in

the

The

the surf

at

verificator of

right angles. The

possible. After

two

of the

This

is

an

This

factors

many

surface

entering

the

other.

the normal

of

six

should
of

be

the

having

"

or

each

ing
act-

as

adjust

less,and

adjusted

at

nearly level

line three

two

mined
deter-

perpendicular

feet,more

will answer,

instrument

rectilineal bar,

the

extension

this

methods,

of

curve

be

may

Place

given

any

the

or

four

geodetic

graduated glass

Sword,
Nov., 1896,
published in The Fi^aming
beginning of the Florida Geodetic Survey, in 1897.

Written

before the

the

earth,
of the

of

process

exact

points selected

less than

miles, even
level.

fact,in the

accuracy.

given point by

initial section

face
sur-

its curvature.

any

too

are

requisiteheight, about

place the

as

of

proportionate ratio,which

at a

ace

the

the

radius

there

to insure

the

is

accept this

to

of the

prime vertical,approaches

at any
as

is forced

Rectilineator,extending its line from


of

height

concavity of

the determination

accurately by

because
triangulation,
into the process

the

or

arc

Unity,

readily.

importance, is

be determined

cannot

of the

Koreshan

concavity of the surface

the

also

next

the

the establishment

with

In connection

lyife develops in

the world

When

organization,
of

for the

world

to the

scientific

basis, the foundation

Cosmogony.

critical work

earth.

proposition,all

scientific social

astronomical

an

all

Every dispensation

**

reiterate,that

We

embrace

must

proceed from

will

Seer said:

egg,'*

an

in

implies revolution

astronomy

great Swedish
from

proceedsas

Revolutionized.

Survey

in

Revolution

COSMOGONY.

CKLI*ULAR

and

KORKSHAN

GEODETIC

perpendicularsvery

side of

perpendicular graduates

tube twelve
contain
The

fourteen

or

of

the

of

The

curvature.

simple. This

instrument

plumb-line. Across
flat surface, is

of

first

the

to

of variation

inch.

from

the

perpendicular. The

toward
This

the

of the

curve

of

This

the

the

the

world

Cosmogony.

to

We

definite

will

ber
num-

the

determine

the

from

is also

prime vertical;namely,
normal

the
will

diredlion of curvation.
determines

radius

know

acknowledge

tion
the direc-

both

Any

of curvature.

can

be

accuratelysurveyed by this method,


yet instituted.

has

prime vertical,as the line extends,

of the surface of the earth

ever

has

with

slender

rod, which

the

scale

of mensuration
and

bars

very

\)y the

scale, to which

deviation

it,according to
method

of curvation

the section

adjusted

divided

the

ates,
gradu-

this
perfe"5l;

verified

be

may

bottom

the

radius

of the

is

be

must

adjusted to
which

in the

mercury

instrument

minutely

increase either from


or

ates
gradu-

the

microscope. The

divisions

amount

and

point,will indicate

instrument

perpendicular rod, to

adjusted

tube

the

se(5lion bars at any

of another

use

(The

connecting

arranged parallelwith

accomplished, the determination


is most

by

variation of the

conne(5lingtube

redliline of the

degree

united

long.

These

glass tubes.

the

are

microscopes

mercury.)

amount

with

feet

39

spaced, with

minutely

adjusted to the graduated


two

SERVICE.

thousand-fold

than

by

that

the

result

the

Koreshan

tion
pormore

any

process

will

compel

System

of

Part

The
The

11.

New
the

of

Question

Geodesy.

Earth's

Pivoted

5hape

Upon

Specific Proposition.
BY

First, the
which

accurate

No

their

; and

THE

discussion

the

earth's

; in

are

earth

to

is demonstrated
the

fact and
Koreshan
are

in

there

the

above

stars

as

the

to
a

us

the

the

the

; some

figure of
a

phenomena.
Science, and

revolutionary.

earth

Once

In

the

of the

ascertained

relation

of

the

well-established

such

determined,

of the true

system

the

configuration of the earth's

premise.

the

of

Cellular

construction
first be

is

earth

problem
of

should

of
of the

omy,
of Astron-

mathematically, geometrically, and

is laid for

foundation

in

and

be taken

must

and

that

and

ascertaining this

figure of
the

on

^Proctor.

figure

exact

System

of

earth

"

the distance
determination

for

principlesof

directly related

basic fact

surface,

fundamental

the orbs

the

foundation

the

of astronomy,

the

the

solution

fact, the

It is obvious

system

what

of

constitutes

shape

Cosmogony.
true

of

exact

of the Koreshan

the

made.

are

heavenly bodies, nor any


a true
knowledge of
is derived
a
powerful motive
possibleprecision." Olmstead.

all

revived

figure of

obtained

be

can

promulgation

IN

the

observations

his

without

hence

with

element

MOBBOW.

determine

to

which

measurements

movements,

earth

O.

the

of

ma^itude

from

U.

has

astronomer

lives and

he

PBOF.

this, the
conclusions

relations
methods
reached

premise
ically,
mechan-

scientific
of

versal
uni-

pursued
from
there-

NKW

It is well known

from

illusion of the

be

to

is

which

to

circumnavigated.
of the earth's

extent

were

few

of its surface.

of the

view

attempted

were

idea

it

prove
any

the surface

convexity

of the

; and

so

endeavor

it was

of

the

the

of

surveys

form

meridian

arcs

and
were

ration
configu-

true

the

time

"

the

ceived
precon-

live is

we

convex.

of the conception

earth

and

the

until

not

premise

which

upon
the

of

to demonstrate

made

was

was

when

geodetic

at

to determine

the assumed

upon

elapsed between

Centuries
idea

that

earth

surface,but for geographicalpurposes,

of the earth's
and

they

direct demonstrations

no

ascertaining the

to

ceived
con-

definite calculations

nor

earth; measurements

the

with

made

were

settled

were

Attempts

wholly inadequate

and

dimension
not

shape,

through

heavens

be

to

there

But

sion
conclu-

reached

was

of

oped
devel-

not

was

part pf the

every

earth

history

sphere because

question seemed

the

the

premises. The

star-strewn

and

the

popular system

of vision ; the

vSense

so,

with

body,

exposed ;
was

familiar

convex

concave,

be

to

41

series of demonstrated

that the earth

appear

to those

that the present

astronomy,

the

GKODBSY.

any

present
the

of the

endeavor

to

century

that

mobility of

the

earth.

False

the time of its

From

convexity

It has

heat, and

directed

has

rather than

been

motion;

the
of

false foundation

Absurd

to

Conclusions.

the theory
inception,

the

been

to have

physics, optics, and


All the

Leads

Premise

of the

earth's

of scientific investigation,

course

tion.
supported by specificdemonstra-

origin of fallacious theories


erroneous

natural

for modern

scientific instruments

conceptionsof
philosophy,and

the

has

geodetic operationsand
of

today employed

of

light,

laws

of

led to

survey.
in

astro-

THE

42

nomical
to

and

assumed
that

ago,

of

which

evolved

Being
only

its

assume

new

system

now

see

in

resulted

have

world

the

in

phenomena

the

which

in

In

of the
what

see,

the

endeavor

for

of

it is

to

we

not

we

are

be

to

only by

roborative
cor-

reason

which

laws

which

that

are

we

claimed

earth, and

we

its

presenting

confront;

are

and

can

which

and
facts,principles,

form

Scientist is warranted

methods

we

that

prevailingtheory;

interpretationof

correct

premise

development

System of Astronomy,

all the

the true

now

acknowledge

scientific jargon.

discovery of those

demonstrate

the

prove

in the

employ

to

conditions

of the

premise,are

must

foolish

of the

familiar with

of

be

the Koreshan

ignorance

of

methods

depended!

probability,and

science,

of

has

vision

hypotheses, the popular system

It would

uncertainty.

to the

from

false

verify and

to

their construction

which

upon

of

conceived
and

rectilinear

instruments, the

result

the

conform

to

idea

to the

light is

These

endeavor

in the

employed

of

ray

are

constructed

are

convexity, and

virtually illimitable.
use

COSMOGONY.

geodetic research,

the earth's

centuries

CEI.I.UI.AR

lead to

the

Koreshan

revolutionize

the

scientific world.
We
merits

of the Koreshan

without

ground
no

quibble

might

of agreement;

The

and

experiments;

and

devoid
that

are

of

question must
and

such

tests

complications;they

subject to dispute.
are

of conclusion

for between

and

made
can

be

such

found

facts ascertained

reaching a

the two

be

must
must

It is

not

relative

common

there

systems

be settled by

tests

which

or

the

of astronomy,

Copernican systems

practicalbenefits

reaping any

harmony.

all other

and

about

century

actual

is

tests

simple, absolute,
embrace

only when

applied,that
will be in

ples
princi-

such
a

onstrations
dem-

premise

harmony

by equally rigorous methods.

with

CELLULAR

THE

44

COSMOGONY.

place all the ''heavenly bodies'* within


hollow
should
and

be

not

premises,but by

themselves.
the

would

If

logicalmind

be calculated
We

and

the

familiar
and

survey

with

and,

survey;

not

not

the

taken

is

have
physicists

not

applied,would
at

because

of this

as

be

that

laws

in field work,

True

It is obvious

to

that

as

surface
an

arcs

tion
refrac-

in

any

of

the size of the


of which

fadlors

^are

the

which,

from

those

procedure.

the

It is

employment

applying simple

at

the

as

and

of

absolute

true

Air-Line" Tangent

an

Water's

if the earth

line,representingthe

extended

survey

of perspective

nor

"

laws

of

insist upon

Level, Extended

Convergent

water's

methods

in

of the earth's surface.

tests of the contour

Is the

indicated, the

of

to

modify results of

principlesand

usual

newly-discovered means

the

vision

"

we

have

of the compass,

yet clearlydefined,

the

distance

of meridian

lead to different conclusions

from

arrived

to

the

inaccuracies;many

measurement

into account

thought

is

lars
perpendicu-

would

propositionsand experiments whereby

earth

if

that

earth

Government

without

variations

the

moreover,

the

ises
prem-

difficulties encountered

the

light and

of

of the

all

stars

engineering;even

extremely difficult. The

other

basis.

concave

things conspire to render the


incurvation

that

and

moon,

geodeticoperationsare

and

admit

premises
upon

and

true

center, and

one

the sun,

from

are

ordinary

Our

scientific tests

must

to

converge

magnitude of

and

diameter.

premises be

our

of

compass

judged by conceptions founded

unproven

concave,

in

miles

sphere 8,000

the

dir-line^could

Surface?

were

convex,

level at any

right angles
never

or

to
come

the

tal
horizon-

given point

on

perpendicular,
in contact

with

GEODESY.

NSW

the

suface, but would

The

shown

of

arc

perpendicular,the
surface; BC,
and

the

inches

per

by
the

water

the

EF

is

distance

of

declination of the water's

is 6 feet from

line
3

at the

of the

surface

12

feet.

If the

air-line

diredlion the result is the


If the earth
per

In

the

water,

Let XY

page.

length. A,
feet above

represent

length, and

the

BD

to

D, the

plied
multiand

parallel

the

inches, or
amount

PQ, which

in the

the

rate

opposite

the

concave

horizontal

extension

convergent

on

ing
the follow-

arc

the top

of 8 inches

be

diagram

perpendicular support,
BC,

of 8

miles

is the

that the air-line would

the water;

rate

same.

represented in

as

is 72

extended

concavelyat

curvates

mile, it is evident

be

is

PQ

PQ

from

the

the tangent

arc.

from

to

in miles

miles, while

the

It is clear

horizontal

connecting

length,

feet in

of the distance

declination,plus the distance

equals

in

length. A,

in

feet;therefore, the length of the line EF

of the

to

XY

continually

tangent beginning at the apex

Let

line BC.

extended

increase

mile, or the square

at

diagram.

which

of the horizontal

would

8 inches.

gent
tan-

straight-edge 15

from

distance

the

arc,

miles

lo

point of

horizontal

surface

water's

convexity

vertical

D, the extension

that

accompanying

is self-evident.
and

perpendicular, the

in the

represent the

This

be tangent to it.

relations of the
are

45

10

miles

of which

straight-edge 15

of the horizontal

in
is 6
feet

line BC.

46
E

THE

point

represents the

in

completes

the

Every
is

the

works

be the necessary

of which

air-line,and
the

convex;

make

air-line
to

converge

relations that

the

exist

curvating

principlesand

that

all

such

following from

the

as

laws

Indeed,

leveling insist

consequences,

the

that

would

it inevitable.

surveying and

on

the

contact.

of the

were

of

con-

perpendicular,being oblique

the
perpendicular,

earth

cosine

along

the

to

engineer will admit

and

hydrostatics would

would

the

comes

distance

upright support
The

points of

fair statement

surface, if the

standard

the

air-line

The

extremities

chord, the

at

extended

surface.

miles.

surveyor

the

between

the

water's

about

to the horizontals

of

where

from
equidistant

the water

above

COSMOGONY.

surface, from

point,is

tadl

the

with

contadl

the line of the

EncyclopaediaBritannica:
drawn

line

at

and

the plumb-line (or vertical),


right angles, crossin^^
the

touching
particularspot ;

that

continued
and

the

apparent

hence
to the

true

absolute
as

level

equallytrue

of the
an

earth's
but

surface, is

if the

considerable

for any

It is

as

CELLULAR

will

length,
be

if such

which

level at any

above

the

point on

the

crosses

true

the

only

in

plumb

be

surface,

one.

is concave,

the extension

the water's

surface,

minate
inevitablyand invariably ter-

converging with
line be

level

true

it will rise above

that if the earth

air-line,would
line

line

the water's

extended, and

surface of the water, it would

be

surface; and

it should
an

absolute

converge

demon-

stration
the

of

the

which

upon

it will stand

scientific

If the
of

truth

of

them

Cosmogony

of modern

science.

invitingan
There

which
and

be

be

obviously

the

and

one

contour

the

as

one

of

clamoring

for

world

the

test,

nor

dispute,

today, in

of the

susceptibleof

so

concerning

concavity of

the

water's

solving

the

surface

cannot

question

in

formulated

Geodetic

Modern

of the

stated, focalized,
specifically

to the

proposed

now

basis

all the conclusions

before

of

method

no

certain

and

this

as

earth; because

changed,

point

one

convexity

earth's
the

to

facts.

of the

so

enced
experi-

hereby extend

establish

not

are

we

issue

principlescan

decision,

System,

this

another

pivoted upon

the

will be

We

overthrow

thus

impartialtest

is not

the

absolute

and

to

the

test

in demonstration

them

to meet

demonstratingthe

of

In

premise

the

willing to

as

are
are

we

premises, or

our

Koreshan

but

today

men

opportunity

is

against all opposition!

premise,no difficultywhatever

our

destroy

to

it is

"

speedilysettlingthe question.

the

and

System

propositionsas

our

in

Koreshan

the

47

This, plainly stated,

concavity.

earth's

of

premise

OPERATIONS.

GEODETIC

MODERN

the

is

so

Koreshan

world.

Operations.

(convex) is but cumulative


pendently,
indeask separately and
of phenomena
circumstantial; scores
the
other explanation can
be imagined except
What
ricity
spheProf. De
(convexity)of the earth?
Morgan, Secretary English

The
and

evidence

that

the

is round

earth

"

Royal

Astronomical

THAT
and

the

earth

is convex,

positiveevidence
are

unable
It

long

Society.

ago,

seems

but

to

has

offered; the

place the
that

there

they should

have

the direct demonstrations

any

eminent

most

within

matter

been

never

the

mers
astrono-

of

range

settled this
have

not

direct

tainty.
cer-

question

been

forth-

48

CELLULAR

THE

coming;

introduced

to be

the

is

problem

forth

that

supplied;some

absolute

field of

at

least has

any

satisfactory demonstration

The

Koreshan
the

earth's

Involving
of

corroborative
endeavors

known
earth's

Facts

been

and

evidence"

system

exactly the

was

reduce

and

of

than

' '

The

necessarilyresulted

do

not

prove

forth in the modem


system.

presented in favor
that

we

live

on

of

the

in the scientific

''cumulative

convexity
ascertain

the

this

the earth's

its exterior

nitely
defi-

The

popular

says,

**not

in the

in

perversion

hypotheses

scientific world
For

to

disorderly development

held

facts

to

Proctor

conclusions

usual

the

earth's

the

rather

contour

true

truth;

Modern

Not

engaged

reduce

to

in

developed gradually,but,

of the

as

Earth.

principles,and consequently

reverse

the

demonstrated

But

of the true

exact

form.

rejectsno

It

earth.

has

making

phenomena

of the

of the system

to

cosmic

men

systematic or orderly sequence.

any

able

Used

of the

systematic arrangement,

some

of

the effort of the

circumstantial

true

put

crucial tests of its premise.

field for the past century,


and

earth's

Rotundity,

Convexity
It has

in

concavity.

the

Prove

Astronomy

not

succeeded

the

Phenomena

and

needs

stration.
and pivotaldemonspecific

fact

fear the most

not

Usual

today has

well-established

no

fact

principlesof universal form, it

the true

to set aside

fact,and does
The

the

to

Some

absolutely solved.

been

has

shape

is able to utilize every

not

of

alone

geodesy

geodetic operationsbefore

the scientific world

System

of

scientific mind.

actually, practically,and

singleeffort,or

question of

science

modem

into the

maintain

We

the

to be

link needs

missing

the

things pertaining to

many

bafflingthe skill of

are

COSMOGONY.

reason

are

and
the

all of the

rotundityr^dWy

but indicate,
surface,

GEODETIC

MODERN

for what

considered

when

they

system, nothing but


After

of that
such

of

System
and
the

to be

curvature

The

earth.

the

assumption

The

size of the

standpointof

earth

the earth's

geometric functions
In the

proved

is

The

with

convex

is greater

all the

facts

convexity of the
to be

sphere by

involve

not

of that

sphere.

sphericalangles and

from

if considered

same

in
application

from
of

the

the

ical
spher-

hollow

globe,

to

misapplicationof

most

the
or

view

to

the

the

ratio of their
of arcs,

measurements

is

an

oblate

are

of the

them

basis of absolute

ter
polar diame-

from

the view

of meridian

curve

stellar
to

arcs,

altitudes and

findingwhether

the

prolatespheroid.

in this line of field work

by painstakingmen
to have

whether

equatorial;geodesistsendeavor

attempting to ignore the

not

obtained

or

the

line of

the

ascertaining,riot

but whether

curvature

with

the facts and

in

work

accurate

concave,

less than

or

sphere.

concave

ascertain,not the direction

We

for

of

Koreshan

concavity; the evidences

true

leads

convex

is made

the earth

earth

direction

The

outside

the

on

ter
charac-

geodeticoperations,the assumption that

figures involved.

but

the

evidence,*' does

the

in the

field of

is

the earth

to

is

computed
be

the

sphericaltrianglesin geodeticoperations fulfiltheir

the

survey

of the

live

we

find their

excess

and

that

is round.

sphericity,applying

instead

the earth

would

arcs

earth's

circumstantial

and

remains

place

true

the

concavity

fact that

''cumulative

meridian

finds

to the popular

earth

considered, and

pointing to

to the

same

the

definitelyascertained.

Cosmogony

arguments

that

reached, there
be

rotundity to

49

reallyworth

are

fact

the

is

conclusion

that

OPERATIONS.

with

accurate

facts and
and

coast

survey,

instruments; but

oring
endeav-

substitute in the stead

facts; so

that

ments
measure-

instead

of
of

assumption,a

first

measuring

THE

50
meridian

and

arcs

first ascertain
with

CKLI*UI"AR

deducing

the direction

the work

of that

of

of such

then

flattened

extended

constitutes

at the

of survey

and

from

and

employed;

the extension

ellipsoid;

an

whether

ceed
pro-

the

Standpoint

geodeticoperations (save

the

assumption

visual

that

visual

the

line.

earth

insist that

We

first determine
from

absolutely which

of the line of
be

can

without
from

lines

point has

signal staff at

the
an

altitude

therefore

line.

approximated
the earth

critical

in

excess

of

the

If he knew

of

of

earth

the

the visual

line and

the

reads

miles; this
the

hair;
cross-

sight is straight,

it would
from

the

contour,

downward

curvates

analysis of this fact only proves

exists between

of

visual

absolutely that the

downward

and

tangent.

three

altitude

the

straightline, then

curvates

and

instrument, and

distance

to

tangible,and

earth'

that the line of

concludes

that the surface

the visual

that

levels his

geodeticsurveyor

plan

be determined

cannot

divergent

are

clude
con-

direction

or

is

of the

are

tangent

intangible,and

are

demonstration
lines

course

surface

vision

wiser

the

the
s

the

the earth curves,

way

earth'
of

be

of their curvation

the visual

point on

and

lines

absolute

an

which

he

ratio

and

The

The

vision.

tested; the

direction

it would

tangiblebasis, determine

that

from

downward

curvates

in

Unes

compensation rods),visual

they invariably
straight(modified only by refraction),
that

is

earth

the

Surveyor.

with

geodetic measurements

or

then

poles.

of the
In all work

not

or

circle

Tang^ents From

Horizontal

and

curvature,

be able to determine

they would

are

curvation, they would

ratio of

determining whether

curvature

or

COSMOGONY.

be

surface

of

line

conclusive

tangent;

that

from

but

divergency
the

earth

CELLULAR

THB

52

The

one

fact

lines of

vision

manifest
and

vision

of

as

such

in

observations
surface

the water's

of five inches

extent

COSMOGONY.

mile; it does

per

is, that

divergent to

are

indicate

not

does it prove

right lines,nor

the
the

the direction

the

theory of

convexity.
Horizontal

Assumption
fact;facts

should

absolute

be

often

and

proof of

would

the

intangiblevisual
this is

When

weight against

any

found

the

made

that

have

we

had

no

surface, we

another

in

to

our

I^t the

Cosmogony.

conform

to

eses
hypoth-

we

water's

ratio of

the known

done,

of

system

a new

and

If

wanting.

assumption against

lines be

real contour, within

Earth.

assumptions

concavity of

pittingone
to establish

endeavor

have

never

the scales in which

are

weighed

are

in tlie Concave

Tangents

the

earth's

divergence.

which

is

represented

represents the water's

in the

above

T,

geodeticleveling instrument; A, signalstaff,and P,

the

the

diagram.

point read

be able to

the

from

earth

of

the earth

the visual

horizontal, but

the

surface;

critical mind

is concave,

the visual lines from


curvation

The

cross-hair.

the

that if the

see

divergence of
indicate

over

XY

the

would

will

fact of the

positively

ward
lines,not slightlydowncurvation

upward

more

MODERN

of direction
surface

of the

of the

place the

ratio of

in

of

from

external
at T.

The

below

read

point P
direction

the

point

^np,

of
the

water*

read

engineer's level,plus

the

words, the point P

the

to be

far below

as

in the

'

the

assumed

earth
and

and

and

in

external

**

is the

be

to

of

the

other

p, appearing

visual

the

and

line

horizontal

is

gent'
tan-

the

the

conclusions
and

category

other

convexity ?

The

size

of

the

cate
indi-

to

seem

lines

and

angles

reached

from,
there-

being something
thus

of

number

**proofs" that
*

considered

whole
What

Calculations.

conclusions

as

can

explanation does

earth, where

the

usual

visual

lines

In

of
the

'cumulative

explanation

imagined, but demonstrated.

of the

at

seen

In survey,

in the

the

circumstantial."

to be

be

to

appear

altitude

phenomena

demonstrated;

not

is convex,

of

virtue

appear

Qeodetic

observed

convex.

factors

imagined except
need

is

placed

are

dicular
perpen-

divergence; in

positionas

Usual

into consideration

the main

things

of

certain

the earth

taken

staff,would

visual line

Basis

In this way,
that

surface, but

the

would

of the
of

ratio

ening,
perspectiveforeshort-

surface

amount

it

earth.

concave

Appearances

at

to the

parallelwith

extent

its true

vertically. The

curved

are

on

upward

signalstaff,would

the

to

of

much

which

curvating, by

so

line

lines that

the earth's

and

the

on

mile, would

per

right angles

lines of vision

curvilineation

bcy and

tangent

mile, not from


be at

the curvilinear

concavely, from

curvation

tangent

principlesof

be in the

inches

that the visual lines curvate

13 inches per

the

being

the difference

and

lines and

visual
curvilineating

earth's

of about

the

53

curvature;

curvating visual

water

the

the

is conclusive

an

OPERATIONS.

the ratio of the earth's

rapidly than

excess

GEODETIC

be
not

culations
caland

the

into

enters

thought
the

"

they

have

results

same

of

specificpremise
from

which

is

premise

the

earth's

factors
ones

but

for

absolute; and

principles of

will be found

and

to be

in the direction

height
the

on

of

which
a

mountain

distance

at which

sions
conclu-

the

specific

true

geometry

method

of

calculating

analyze its chief points,essential

entirelyoverlooked

of cui*vature
we

supplies

the

when
the

the

and

form.

instance, the usual

magnitude,

earth's

System

Koreshan

would

size

usual

the

substituted, the deception being

surface

and

take

we

practically

standpoint of the

between

cosmic

the

scientific

of

^that

"

culty.
diffi-

the

over

earth's

of the

the

the

be

must

in

tions;
deduc-

geodetic measurements,

restored, the

will be found

imagined

from

Geodesy is,that

Koreshan

erroneous

leaders

the

to

even

difference

quantity

bridge

to

to calculation

as

The

concavity.

If

not

if considered

be obtained

occurred

not

assumed

produces

link is needed

has

It

and

problem

missing

the

calculation,an

the

in

factors

angles are

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

THE

54

live.

and

The

(Fig.
its top

not

in the

the

the

fallacious

magnitude,
of the

character

instance

i, in

and

is that

above

is visible at

sea

of

the

diagram),
over

the

MODERN

horizon, which

is
of

computation

GEODETIC

supposed

OPERATIONS.

furnish

to

magnitude of

the

55

only

not

basis of

also

earth, but

the

proof of convexity.
bethe

lyCt DBC
of the

mountain;

which

the mountain

farthest

B, the

be

may

the circle at B; AB

point

AB

: :

AB

: AD

AC

".

that

of

CD, expressed mathematically, would


The

diagram

principlesin

some

and

visual

of

be studied

may

mind

curvilineation.

it not

Does
as

the

of the

direction

considered

as

essential

Suppose that

problem?
calculated

7,936 miles.

profit,with

with

of

indicative
earth's

factors

in

the

factors

these

be

basis of the

practicallythe

concavity.

We

maintain

if taken

earth

factor

in

furnishes
For

showing
the

which

way

all such
a

the earth

of

that

above

the

nitude
magthe
culation
cal-

Definite
be made

must

curves

the

for the

upon

does not indicate that the earth is convex.

knowledge of

should

earth's

the

of

and

curvature

compensate

same,

the

shape

solution

the

convexity, the computation of

would

prime

in

that

seem

foreshorteningand visual curvilineation

the ratio of
be

the

be

perspectiveforeshortening

acceptance of this appearance

earth, that

miles

miles, the value

126

further

of

those

"

be

mountain

if the

distance

AC

-"

height, and

at

ment.
seg-

AC

in

seen

to

AB"

this it is determined
is

the external

CD==

AC

From

is tangent

333,
AB"

AC

AB

from

circle

the

on

Then,

seen.

is the secant, and

Therefore, Geom.

earth; A, the top

of the

circumference

the

calculations; the concavity of the

basis for absolute calculation.

comparison,
that if the

we

earth

present Fig.
be

geometrical relations would

in

acknowledged
be

the
to

be

same

cut,

concave,

changed but little from

56

THB

Fig.

in

those

the

a,

in the

is the

same.

results

top of the mountain

far below

as

the

COSMOGONY.

of

the

calculation

its real

are

point of observation,

curvilineatingvisual line diverging

The

XY.

and

i,

the
practically
BA

CSI.LUI.AR

would

from

the surface
be

to

appear

and

at

seen

place as the visual line has curvated

vertical direction; and

follow the direction of the

the

dotted

earth

would

segment

or

to

appear

of circle

arc

beneath.
The

There
level to

Cross-Hair

distant

extending

from

must

embrace

the

diameter

loo

be

can

direct visual

no

objects, for
the eye

dimension

of the

feet in diameter

of the
the
cover

in the

BC,

the

axis of the instrument


that

balloon,a thread
same

throughout

increase

in

the

that

reason

engineer's
**line''

the

object,

an

vanishing point,equal

Suppose

to

balloon

speck

or

that

the

diameter

vanishing point. Adjust


the

cross-hair

part of the balloon

will

is the

just

visual

pointing?

there
so

the

horizontallyinto space, to almost


be a mere
speck in the sky.

so

point. To what

Suppose

from

diagram, represent

engineer's level T,
the

line

object vanished.

recedes

Point.

Vanishing

vanishingpoint of

at the

above

balloon,and

the

the

to

its vanishingpoint; it would


I"et

the

and

could

that

its

be

extended

apparent diameter

distance;its diameter

proportion

to

the

from

to

the

shall be the

would

distance, until

at

have
the

to

place

GEODETIC

MODERN

where

the balloon

be

feet

100

diameter; which

electric

At

b, place

the

the
point of light';
to

an

that

the

Remove

pointof
but

the

the visual

be

below
be

would

is

that

at n\

seen

curvated

is convex,

used

not

the

reach

demonstrate

exterior

or

by

above

the

point

of

interior

from

of

are
an

be

efg

line

the

to
*

space

top of the
that
which

on

This

A^?
prove

that

'visual line!'*

and

Earth's
be

visible,

seen

earth's

Apply

Shape.
that

the

rotundity

evidence; they

they

feet;

100

conclude

Discover

of the

absolute

surface

the

the surveyor

favor

absolutelywhether
to the

of

still be

the

of the

cur-

ing
at the vanish-

surface

the

to

Shall

within that

consideration,it will
in

'

then

we

from

of Demonstration

rieans

line*

are

that

Unable

been

^'proofs'*
usually offered
do

shall

to ^ ?

point. Let

is

thread

dimension

to

suming,
as-

conclude

to be ?

of the

Visual

line

then

we

extending

curvating away
has

Science

From

downward

preciselythe argument

the

tracted
con-

d\ it is 50 feet,

vanished, and

has

Modern

line

feet of which

it rests

earth

to

appears

lightappears

contracted

of the hill is at op, and

the

Shall

the

the base

is

hair-line;10 feet of it wotdd

space

mountain

instrument

visual

b to

longitudinalaxis

height, 50

to

d.

thread, and the

to

feet in

contracted
but

be.

perspective,and
the

from

the

feet embraces

100

it appears

hill 60

at

where

the

from

downward

vates

be

to

of

that

the distance

lightappears

conclude

we

would

representedby

b and

factor

surveyor,

d is 50 feet below

that

between

space

the

line,measure

the

is

direct the

light;now

important

the

does

as

and

diameter

thread

at d.

Ignoring
direct

point,the

57

point,and consequentlythe pointof lightwould

to be

appear

to be

appears

'

OPERATIONS.

do

applicableto

not

the

earth, 8,000 miles

58

THE

in diameter.

It

have

to have

be found

in the

horizontal
instead
latter

has

by

visual

devised

other

has

Something
they
The

is the entire

in the

such

Koreshan

fact

of

absolute

demonstration,

render

of

form

Koreshan

of

and

of

conclusion

There

why

is

no

that

has

Korksh,

the

there

to make

the
such
has

something

which

not

also

the

been

Founder

it bespeaks the

boasted

able

to

do.

of the marvelous
the

science

of

of the

only revolutionizing the

present

survey,

in the

should

only'

success

of modern

deceit

the

are

not

but

us

that

operations,and

but
general scientific investigation,

every

reason

geodetic

only

not

specificproposition and

done, and

in not

this

so.

"

do

lines?

for

them, and

evidence

function; and

and

nineteenth

of the water

demonstration,

to

applied

discovered,
a

would

visual

Koreshanity, is promulgating

System

methods

not

fact that

the

is

able

us

has

scientific world

cosmic

of

the

the

scientific apparatus to enable

invention

System

of

System,

to

tion
investiga-

it been

surface

prevent

question reduced

conspired to

had

than

demonstration

pivotalpoint and

It evinces

to

The

absolute,and

ingenuity

able to do

been

not

fact that

principlesof

conspired

have

is

means

is to

test

scientific

to test the

means

some

seems

curvilineation.

to

great is^ue
the

it

given perpendicular,

former

of

means

air-line,of the

or

modern

the

not

equilibration,
by

reason

with

the

has

Why

century

to

havoc

decided

have

point of

some

absolute

direct

called

so

form;

true

the

line, subject

geodetic surv'^ey;

ago

that

as

the vertical

played

them.

in

to them

modem,

find

earth's

extension,

from

of the

and

long

occurred

the

failed to

long

so

ascertainingabsolutely, the
never

that

strange

seems

scientists should

COSMOGONY.

CSLLUI.AR

be.

science
Koreshan
It

experiments,

also in overthrowing

System; there

invites

is

no

investigationand

6o

THE

until they

CELLULAR

entirelydisappear. They

certain visual laws in the

known

those who

to

who

have
is

there

the mind

object which

perceivesan

in

actuallylarge or
We

inches in

length, at

removed

arrow

the

where

the

the rays

de is just one

that

distance.
to be

The

eye

as

which
one

same

retina

eye;

from

of the

the

half the

focalize.

length

BC

an

the

eye;

DE,

eye;

from

distance

the

and

to be
an

could

arrow

be

entirely invisible.
be

object can

degree, or

the

of the

is removed

to

(i') of

distance

which

the object

arrow

12

Ar,

and

the

same

de^

and

eye,

far

so

smallest

so

from

the

angle under

that when

equals

the

angle

the

sixtieth

one

space,

here

noticed

image be, and

removed

The

ject,
ob-

an

retina; P is the pupil

I^et it be

is about

seen

minute

one

small, it is

principleby -the

angle Ybc therefore,is proportionallylarger than


Yde,

When

angle which

this

illustrate

impression upon

cross

parallellines, or

railway tracks, that

the visual

given distance

to twice

length of

well

fact

apparent size of

represents the

the

its impression upon

of

impression of

is

appears

The

near.

may

following diagram: A

operation

size,or it is distant; if large, it is

therefore, depends upon


subtends.

with
of

the
the

in the

convergence

either actually small


either

do

to

in fadl diminish;

It

eye..

straightreach

apparent

an

had

have

observed

to

implantation of

the retina of the

objecJls
upon

do not

in size is due

diminution

the apparent

the

COSMOGONY.

3,000

part of
an

times

ject
obits

GEODETIC

MODERN

diameter, it will subtend

angle no

an

largerthan

(i')of *a degree, and therefore, will


this is the
For

to

let
illustration,

the balloon

of

that it shall

so

the balloon

is reached

in diameter.

When

or

of

dimension

the eye,

so

be in the

that the

to form

compadllyas
thread

at the

looking out

flat

the e3^e at the bottom

lyCt us
earth

would

in

would

of each

part of

direction

constitute

eye

be
a

from

if the

fact would

eye.

is

closely and

so

feet

If the

result

surface

as

whole

the

thread

upper

be

loo

^being50

rim,
the
were

that

the

basin, with

deep

inches of the surface


the

upper

radiallyfrom

placed

concavity 50

inquireif a rise of 8
be perceptible
to

feet

trumpet,

point.

of each

every

would

to

when

loo

"

because

constitute

plane. The

of

to be

extended

be

would

surface of the threads

upper

like

to

The

would

slope upward

eye,

be

would

the appearance
upon

that

straight. The

reduced

surface.

flaringend

the limit of the

center, while

have

vanishing pointof

longitudinalaxis

plane, they

same

same

thread, its sides,

it appears

threads

if 10,000

and

the same;

the

opposite direction,the

in the

be extended

thread

been

thread

to be

more

the sides
at the

will

have

and

level of the

feet has

100

apparently

would

reduced

extend

we

be

to

necessarily

distance, so

more

the thread

the

higher than

balloon

If

the

reallybe higher than

feet,would

the

is appliedto the

the eye

pointof

it appears

loon
bal-

actually been

have

the thread

and
absolutelyparallel

vertical

feet

point;

that

distance,its diameter

the

although curvating outward


appear

as

suppose

not

feet.

loo

proportionablyto

be increased

us

vanishing point of

throughout

diameter

visible

until

that it has

dimension

recedes

know

We

The

point.

embraces
to

of

feet in diameter

point.

mere

be

minute

one

vanishing point.

the sake

ICO

6 1

OPERATIONS.

Suppose

of the

the

eye

62

THE

looks

out

flat

upon

placing

at

subtend

The

would

become

or

half

one

concavity of

horizon

be

not

perceptibleto

will appear

feet in

of the

excess

second

mile would

which

has

above

angle of

an

more

The

feet.

miles, would

be

be

eye

XY

inches

than

mile

"

The

the eye,

surface.

the

Is

tend
miles, sufficient to sub-

(1') of

object embracing
invisible at

supposed

degree?

feet vertical

distance

and

the eye;

to look

be 6 miles, as

represents the

of the arc;
one

is 32

of

6,000

so

on,

or

for tht

similar results.

radii would
2.

The

inches ?

first mile.

above
2

the

now

first mile,

the

higher

minute

one

imperceptibleto

third mile, with

whose

Will

feet vertical rise of the earth in 10,560 feet

Let the

than

become

dimension, would

inches

concavity,

as

the

feet

distance of

feet; an

2X3,000=6,000

for

curvature

mile

one

eye.

such

miles

2,000

of solid

of

area

much

as

in two

actually rise

feet at

an

one

in diameter

inches, or

altitude of 8

an

altitude of 8

an

of

the space

at

eye

of the earth

upward

cur\'^ature

perspectivefor

rise 8 inches.

to

it is not of

"

the unaided

8 inches

mile, curvating four times

be apparent to the

Plate

for

sufficient to

degree

plane,

ible,
be invis-

rise of 8 inches

inches

be elevated

If the eye

second

is not

object8 inches

mile.

of the

in

object having

invisible is 8X3,000=24,000

radius, would

the

(i')of

an

mile

one

objectwould

of vertical

area

at which

distance

feet,less than

ground

The

minute

one

sufficient size to fillthe


mile.

mile, an

one

of 8 inches.

angle of

are

the surface

objectof that dimension

an

an

radii

whose

placed near

distance of

vertical dimension
because

COSMOGONY.

plane,

be

the eye

length. Let
after

CELLULAR

i, 2, 3, 4, 5,

apart.

The

eye

over

concave

area

representedin Diagram

concave

6,

out

surface;S, the beginning

points on

at A

5,

the

is situated

earth's

face
sur-

24 feet above

MODERN

the horizon

surface, with

the

first mile, the definite


wotdd

make

subtends

the unaided
and
as

an

lies between

the retina
make

of

minute

angle too

to

of

vision; at the distance

i,

length,

picture, bc\ the

shorter

S and

definite

picture,cd^ and

mile, a still shorter

last mile

which

The

of 6 miles.

distance

length of

mile would

ab\ the second


third

at

pictureupon

63

OPERATIONS.

GEODETIC

until

the

so

on,

be

perceivedby

miles, the vertical

have operatedso harmoniously


geolinearforeshortenings
to form

the horizon
which

beyond

eye;

sight. The

of

the ratio of
so

to

as

the

earth

cause

surface

concave

is not

concavity is
What

subtend

large to
angle sufficiently

If the

earth

less than

were

diameter, curvating concavely


mile, the concavity would

although exactly on
far distant

The

earth

as

to

destroy the

the
of

appearance
at the

mile; it therefore lacks 5


the perspectivedimensions;
surface curvating 8 inches

to the

inches

up

so

inches

be

eye,

would

clear-cut

of

view

upon

per
zon,
hori-

the

mile

the

upon

the

to

mile will

ratio of about

that

to

its present

13

to the

the

on

concavity

half

one

is,

perspective,

and
perceptible;

level with

concavely

curvates

be

not

out

^that

impressed

rapidly as

as

drop

that each

perspectiveso
be

the

upward

be the ratio of

must

area

retina?

and

with

"

the vertical

just fillthe
an

to

appears

outward

view

of vertical

level

concave
sufficiently

equal to

not

continuous

**slope."

concave

on
point practically

so

line.
inches

filling

the

cave
con-

mile, produces that

supposed would be produced


a convex
earth, curvating about 5 inches (corrected
upon
for greatest refraction)to the mile
a distinct
horizon, the
eflfectupon

the eye

it is

which

"

distance
of the

Beyond

sight or
a

to which

observer
the

above

horizon,

curvate

little below

is determined
the
the

downward;

the actual

by the

surface
surface
and

level at

at

altitude

place

seems

of

the

eye

of observation.

to

drop

the distinct horizon

point of observation.

out

of

appears

The
of

Series

Earth is Not Convex.

Experiments

Surface

the

JPON

Conducted

the

by

exterior

Koreshan

surface
there

of

amount
convex

the

"

such

there

arc

first

of

arc

inches; while

32

increase

These

formula

of

calculation

of
that

offer

we

accredited

The
mile

the

of the

miles,
The

point

etc.

or

the

quote

earth

The
to

depression

for

inches; obviously,

inches,

or

times

inches,

two

feet
or

and
6

one

the

of

would

solution

the

the

be

tundity
ro-

know

may

of

amount

the
that

suggest

referred

for two

the

or

to:

line is 8 inches

tangent

of

constitute

follows, and
may

feet.

24

reader

miles;

The

for the

mile, determined
depression for
so

from

divergence

or

distance.

8 inches:

feet; and

of

vation
cur-

multiplied by

present

the

six

or
or

That

32 inches

square
first mile, 32 inches
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
as

inches

for

one

72 inches

for

Astronomy.

curvature

of the

of

convexity

as

from

for the

inches

at

geometry

contact;

Mattison's

"

of

amount

of

from

exaggeration
we

declination

supposed

surface.

no

geodesy

on

curvature

from

three

here

the

downward

in miles

obtained

the

for

tangent,

distance

be

of any

declination

first,curvature

of

earth's

curvature,

work

any

the

be

and

inches

fall of 72

horizontal

simple geometrical problem,

8
a

and

would

summit

mile

cumference,
cir-

in

ratio

or

of

would

figures are

miles

25,000

apex

second

mile,

of the

square

the

the

third

the

Staff.

definite

curvature

of

after

the

as

8 inches.
a

from

mile

every

be

Water's

part of its .surface

miles, there

downward
For

end

for the

in six

feet; and

exist

globe

circle;from

the

at

of

Every

would

mile, and

Geodetic

would

curvation.

the

on

for
on

"

three

within

the

mile,

second

vertical

of the

curvature

and

geometrically,
two

miles

miles,
such

the

is four

creases
inis 8

earth
so

on.

"

amounts

times

depression

greater distances

is 9
as

EARTH

THE

NOT

IS

65

CONVEX.

in ordinary observations.
be considered
Thus
up to 100
it may
be said that the depression, estimated
geometrically,is
the
8
inches
of
the
number
to
of miles.
multipliedby
equal
square

have
miles

to

"

Proctor.

The
If

Universal

earth

the

conform

would

Laws

were

present
would

miles the curvature

few

Upon this pointthere is


That

by

such

the

relatingto

laws

foundation

law

which

be

may

the

among

for all waters

and

pressure

brieflysummed

the

found

eye.

some

fluids.

of

certain

the

as

in

at rest, is shown

balance

up

seas,

physicists.

will be

hydrostaticsembraces

of

oceans,

appreciableto

hydrostatics,in which

on

equilibration

surfaces, and

convex

dispute

no

in

convexity;

be

is claimed

curvature

work

any

of

ratio

lakes, and canals would

Hydrostatics.

all water

convex,

this

to

of

The

principles

necessary

quences
conse-

of the property of all liquids:

(i)
at

In

perfectfluid

given point is

normal

equal intensityfor

and

of

The

surface of
at

when

still,the

to the

surface upon

all

(3) A horizontal surface

is the surface of
above

is

work

standard

pieceof
a

must

of the
and

clear and

to the

"

of

of

so

is,
at

gravity. Such

what
of

is

From

the

the surface
hydrostatics,

principlesinvolved
be

can

palpable

presented in

fluids.

general contour

self-evident that there

acknowledgment

that

everywhere

earth; this is universally admitted

physicists.The

is everywhere

gravity

that is

of

balance

of the law

conform

of

(2)

stillwater.

the

upon

it acts,

that surface.

the force of

brief statement

natural consequence
all water

of

which

stillfluid mass,

direction

the

right angles to the direction

any

in

equal pressure

right angles to

horizontal.

The

positionsof

exerted

pressure

no

fact.

tion
configura-

or

by

all scientists

here

escape

The

of

are

from

issue

so

the
rests

66

THE

here
true

^but the great issue of

"

tested and

form

of

indicate that

if water

does

to

it is

of

the

surface

to the

attacks

the

upon

convexity

earth

from

to

the
with

extent

some

survey

accepted theory
Astronomy,

to his neck

reach

chief

in

you

referring

the

the

vexity
non-con-

he said:

his eyes
few
inches from
the
a
the
surface six miles
close
to
object
have been something wrong
in the

seen

an

would

and

rotundity. Myths
"

Marvels

of

argument

water

miles, and

of

his first lecture


described how

at

answered.

He

Bedford

had, with

the

telescope,seen

which

one

had

is a

there

where

Canal,

was

he

down

stood

up

straight
near

the

Of course,
the only sound
boat six miles away.
to his reiterated
can
questions, "What
say you to that? how
explain that?" was simply, "We do not explain it;we decline to

water*s
answer

in the

six

of

the water's

Copernican system, by denying

the earth*s

possiblybe

not

tion"not
ques-

279.

page

Parallax*
could

about

the

upon

himself

to console

issue rests

had, with

manifestly

him, there

curvating

Admissions.

and

surface, in which

if Parallax
Of course,
of Bedford
Canal,

surface

or

tains
main-

System

testimony of experimentalistsconcerningeven
of the water's

water's

per mile.

making experimentsof

surface, but in the endeavor

it would

the

the

the

of

some

of the earth

of

test

Koreshan

Comments,

himself

busied

in

which

have

that

form

be

mined
deter-

upon
to

universallyrecognizethat

Astronomers
Proctor

earth

are

can

be

can

equally clear

The

earth.

the

Denials,

Proctor's

If water

the

laws

the earth

questionof

at the ratio of 8 inches

upward

of

of

be determined

can

settle the

that it is concave,

here.

pivot.

convexity.

surface,then, would

non-convexity

shape

these

not

or

general configurationor

conform

not

the

surface, then
the

whether

surface

the

live is convex;

other

this

settled upon

to be convex,
we

COSMOGONY.

questionis

that the

not

"

CELLUIfAR

edge

believe it.""

From
hold

small

Proctor"s

the
that

letter to Harper's

Weekly.

above, it is evident that


even

the smallest

bodies

astronomers

of

water

in
conform

eral
gento

68

THE

CELLULAR

surface,experiments

COSMOGONY.

conducted

were

Old

Illinois Drainage Canal,

the

bend

canal

in the

canal

5 miles to the

At

the

of the

Old

1896; beginning with

111.,and

Summit,

of the line of

fixed upon

was

canal, so that the

Illinois and

25,

the surface of the

running

the

up

northeast, to the first bridge.

beginning

inches in diameter

at

July

upon

experiment,a target
staff driven

of the

center

Michigan Drainage

Canal."

disc

Site of

in the

tom
bot-

just

was

22

18

Experiments,

July 25, 1896.

inches, and

its lower

this

boat

point a

materials
three
was

target
with
upon

was

inches,above

containing
for

miles;the boat
obtained

edge

of the

the

sketches, etc.
was

then

target.

The

According

to

the

rowed
and

whole

plainlyvisible,appearing

From

observers, with

was

anchored

all the sections of colors of

it.

three

the water.

an

of

scope,
tele-

distance

accurate

of

view

the disc of the

little above

the water,

black, white, and red painted

accredited

convexity, with

the

KARTH

THB

inches

telescope12

have

the boat

When

water; the target


the

by

located

within
the

above

bulge, on
would

curvate

three

fourths

visible to

of

the top of the

mile

which

also the

was

less than

Convincing
Under
were

made,

the
two

edge of

each

was

the

With

to

and
12

of

aided

29

inches

the

of the

bank

the

which
one

fastened side
above

the water

miles; only

the

could

be

telescope.

would

be

above

the water,

line of

the

feet;

12

vision;

ible,
entirelyinvis-

below

the

tow-path,

the water.

on

large targets,
7 inches

inches

canal

be about

surface

below

8 feet above

from

with

of the

apex

apex

the target be

should

the instrument

or

which

water's

or

Observations

26x38 inches, were

canal.

from

was

feet,7

bridge

lowered

instrument

the

remaining /^% miles

not only
consequently,

but

of

target,which

been

have

should

point also, 5

convexity, would

away,

unaided,

eye

this distance,

at

canal, in the beginning

the

for the remainder

away

the

with

the water, the horizon

mile

this

barge

through it the target

of the

course

declination in the

The

of

the basis of assumed

fourths of

three

which,

of

the

surface; the target being plainly

water's

in the

body

or

another

above

telescopewas

plainlyvisible as

as

6 inches

inches

At

working.

seen

the

bend

bridge,and

telescope 12

againstthe bank

discernible
of the

the

of the water, and

were

from

inches

under

side of the target, upon

6 inches

barge

5 inches of the top

to the distance of 5 miles from

miles from the target, the

measured

only

visible,also the hull

was

were

men

rowed

with

obtained

was

69

visible.

anchored

the target, it was

view

been

was

CONVEX.

the water,

above

of the disc should

NOT

IS

Return

the

the

above

21x27,

by side

Journey.

so

observations

and

the

other

that

the

lower

The

water.

"

Digitizedby

paper

of

THE

70

which

they

miles

three

with

made

were

Upon returningto
boat

bridge,the

brightly
each

the

upon

sittingin

above

its

and
these

in
position

the targets became


into view.

came

three

about

of

Repeatedly the

the

sight. Will

again at

be

have

The
and

to the

same

barge

placed

it the targets

then
view

lowered
was

not

30

the best

observations
made

was

of
out
with-

his head

few

from

inches

of the

surface,

again they

the

unaided

eye,

appeared occulted,

bridge appeared

have

out

targets into view


Had

water

of

lowered, but each

To

three

of

been

boat
with

seen

feet above

been

the

the

water

invisible.

telescopewas

through
was

the

been

and

was

the

about

were

sittingerect
eye

eye

the

with
quietand still,

telescopebring the

alone; the body of

would

being

the water

piers under

alongsidethe targets,it could


eye

eye

15 inches

seen.

above

approach

nearer

not

of the

bridge;

unaided

within

to

invisible;upon

feet of space

that much

the

slowly lowered

within

came

the targets could

time

writer

shining

the

was

final tests

sittingposture,

the eye

as

canal

face
sur-

miles from
was

observation
particular

telescope. The

the water;

and

sun

surface; the conditions

for the

experiments.

the
its

favorable

most

the

boat,

The

the water.

scarcely a rippleon

distance,to

the

made

was

the water.

targets under

paper

was

the water; the entire

anchored; the

visible at this

were

observer

inches

trip,observation

the first target,5 measured

was

boat

the

plainlyvisible above

was

in the

placed

were

bridge. When

telescope12 inches above

the

targets

the

the return

on

of the targets

the

COSMOGONY.

white; they

was

directlybeneath

sunshine
rowed

CELLULAR

to

were

above

the

water,

plainlyvisible.

The

ment
instru-

12

within

obtained, with

targets in plain view.

The

inches

inches

the entire

result of the

of

the

surface;

surface

of the

comparison of

the

THE

conditions
the

same

under

the

of the

been 9 feet

the eye

would

10

The

of the

and

bulge

represents the

of

were

convex,

to the terminus

of the

the

eye,

basis of the

the

6
telescope,

mile

the

above

diagram illustrates

relations

view

the

ing
direct line extend-

objects,upon

the surface;A, the apex,

signalsor targets, and

water

accompanying

from

inches

convexity, is

accredited

inches below

sight to the occulted

first target

be the conditions

calculated convexity.
from

the

the apex

over

five miles.

line of

of

case

the

tops of the targets, if the

have

from

with

CONVEX.

bridge,with the instrument

The

should

what

in the

NOT

IS

of observation
as

water.

EARTH

inches

distant; S, the

their reflections upon

the

water

beneath.
The

Striking Feature

Unmistakable
But

Evidence

the

at

that

end

of the

Observation,

Water

strikingfeature

the most

observation

Final

of the

was

noticed

because

it afforded the

water's

non-convexity. Directlybeneath

seen

their white

most

unmistakable

reflections upon

in

plained away;

this view, obtained

adjustment

of the

the

the

the water,

water, which

showed
telescope,

cannot

from

in
"

this last

important,

evidence

waving with the slightlyripplingsurface.


fact mirrored

Convex

is Not

journey

return

Giving

of the

targets

were

elongated

We

found

here

possibly be

careful

and

conclusivelythat

and
a

tix-

steady
we

not

THE

72

only

the targets, but also the

saw

targets', we
the anchored

the surface

bridge No.
which
the

and

boat

2,

of

the

the targets

the

visible down

between

only this,

not

canal

the

up

The

distant.

fastened, and

were

surface

targets; and

more

built, were

pierswere

water*

extending

water

miles

ij^

"

the white

the

directlybeneath

waier

foot of the

every

saw

"

but

COSMOGONY.

CELLUI.AR

timbers
of

stones

surface

to the

to

to

which
of the

canal.

The

evidences

presented

satisfying and

most

the

slightestconvexity

with

the

telescope6

with
12

feet above

The

the

of

the water's

time

relations

the

the

bank

from

the

have

been

and

with

There

bridge.

carefully-drawn sketches
The

surface

of the

placed
had

in the

under

testimony

in bold

refutation

to the

of

assumption

the unaided

taken

canal

is the

truth

the

of the

of the

modern
water'

in

the

half

convexity

views

targets and
as

Once

can
can

was

be

be

objects

indisputable

Cosmogony,

could

it

as

targets

same

of science

mile

observation.

today

plain view,

Koreshan

system

objects,was

comparison,

of each

the

the

instrument,

one

For

same

two

water,

distortion;there

were

relief and

the

eye,

mirage.

conditions,with

invisible.

size,from

of the

positionagain. The

same

similar

standing out

relative

through

no

and

bridge,

the

targets upon

bridge is there, and

July 25, 1896; the

canal,

side, with the

dimension

nor

the

been

have

there

be seen;

objectunder

their

was

refraction

no

were

reflections

no

could

either

on

last view

size

in the view

as

same

of

any

the

to

as

The

left them.

water,

beneath

telegraph poles, and

we

the

surface,would

carefully .observed

were

above

convexity,

of this

the surface

upon

water

bridge, the piers,the

lines

of

inches

targets upon

the accredited

observations

these

convincing. Manifestly, had

been

of the

in

and

built upon
more

in
the

the tele-

TH^

scope
ago,

is used

it

BARTH

with

was

the greatest

to look

be induced

through

conversion

principaldifficultynow

scientific thought to
of

scientists

or

and

experiments
results

of

observations

it be

Let

Experiments

neers,
engithe

where

repeated with

the

put to the test!

Lake

on

body

any

still water,

and

modern

of surveyors,

be

can

of

leaders

number

any

use,

new

time,

system.

new

surface of

the

the surface

to

given above.

as

induce

is to

will escort

We

water.

years

that

at

to the

is put to

it upon

use

hundred

magic tube;

Today, this scientific instriunent


the

73

that scientists could


difficulty

the

through it meant

observation

CONVEX.

science ! Three

revolutionize

to

NOT

IS

Michigan.

is shown
in
That
the surface of the sea is convex,
by tjje way
it sails from
the
when
which
the ship disappears
the shore.
First,
hull goes down
the horizon, then
the sails,and
behind
finally the
mastheads.
other than a convex
surface it
If the ship moved
on
any
in
Astronomer.
the
Prof.
would
Peabody,
telescope.
again
appear
"

If the water
in

the

were

interveninghill of

it is conclusive

that

be

render

powerless to

It is

again.
bulged

and

water

if this

not

ships disappear
do

so

because

prevent their being seen;

telescopewould

portionof

the occulted

does

would

the case, the

were

hulls, the

boats and

they

would

that if the

equally clear

vanished

the
not

hull down,

distance

the

when

convex,

water

telescope can
which

upon

store
re-

they sail is

downward

curvate

ible
ships vis-

the

beyond

the

horizon.
It is with

made

were

of I^ake

to this

reference
on

sharply defined
yachts and

The

Fair

atmosphere

against

schooner

were

the

that

servations
specialob-

16, 1896, from

August

Michigan, World's
Staff.

phenomenon

the

shore

grounds, by

the

menting
Experi-

clear and

the

horizon

was

sky

observed

beyond.
at

Several

distance

of

sloop
about

I'HB

74

miles; from

12
a

altitude of

an

the

pierextending into

half of the

height

through

eye;

and

the

full

an

feet above

lo

height

glass,all of

with

still invisible; but

vessel

the

of

surface

one

into view

the sails
the

telescope of about
brought

was

about

and

visible, with

were

(from

invisible to the unaided

were

of masts

the water

hulls

the

lake),

of the masts

opera

the hull of each

COSMOGONY.

CEIXULAR

40

hulls

powers,

with

able
remark-

clearness.
then

We

30 inches

about
small

10

miles to

boat 60

feet out

of

sight.

opera

glass and

about

one

seen;

but

It

the

was

that

at

12

horizon.

were

over

been

of which

greeted with

by
satisfactory
the

the

at least

with

As

west.

we

eye,

horizon.

upon

the

could

masts

small

portionof

the

be

yacht,
On

made

we

beautiful

at

the

seven

the

sunshine

was

pilot house

upon

the

appeared

horizon

"

rendered

were

approached
It

the

glass,only

opera

observations

what

20

low:
brieflypresent be-

we

most

of

reason

observed, with the unaided

speck

the

feet

40

came

1896,

23,

the

as

plainly visible.

Roby, Ind., August

the

vessels from

made

water

leaving

away,

test

sails and

miles, was

very

^they

if the

not

have

the

"

the horizon; and

tops would

eye

horizon, placing

height of the

well defined; and

only

the

the

clear and

with

miles

probably

were

now

observations, some
specific

white

from

feet below

the

water,

be two

seen

through the telescope,the hull of each

I^ake shore

more

be

could

the

only

water,

telescope. With

half of the

the distance of

We

from

would

if not, their

height, and

of the

unaided

the

specks just above

sloop yachts

of the

with

masts

downward

curvate

the hull of each

in

the

white

mere

the horizon

convex,

masts

the surface

at this distance

the eye

were

above

portion of the top of

appeared like
With

beach, and

to the

went

shore

to be

small

the
we

mere

steamer,

visible above

76

THK

refraction

be

to

would

remain

and

clearlyto be

disappearanceof

if

that

seen

through the instrument

strange that
so

matter

long escaped

nothing

of

that what

calm

day

the

even

we

upon

have

of

observations
of the Geodetic
conclusive.

Cellular

observer,

Cosmogony

tion
explana-

no

seen

dear

any

While
in progress,

now

the

to

and

Southern Waters.

Bay

of

the

on

Expedition,were

of

of Mexico

Naples.

carefully condudled
These

Qulf

by the

in every

experiments

members

way

are

tory
satisfac-

sufficient to

of astronomy,

and

to establish the

Koreshanity.

The

facts obtained

by these processes are such that, were


they observed
people of the world generally,they would leave not
for the

^to say

"

it;suffice it now

be

Conducted

the old system

overthrow

seems

this,should have

as

overlooked

on

Experiments

and

It

eye.

see

the I^ake.

and

THE

It is

impossibleto

as

casual

can

vexity
con-

of the

cause

offer at this time

observed

Observations
Series

be

the naked

most

We

they have

reason

with

the

were

easilyobserved

so

the scientist.

of the
say

as

the

not

field ?
telescopic

convexity

vessel,it would

the

the eye

between

view, would

to occult it in the

still remain

it

it ofE from

the vessel to cut

considered.

be

convexity intervened

that

If it be admitted

the

between

feet

loo

facts of this observation

let the

to be over

allowed

the hull of the steamer!

refracted visual line and


Now

(it is seldom

third

one

fifth),there

one

COSMOGONY.

CEI.I.UI.AR

decliningsystems
preliminarywork

the operators lost

no

by the
a

hold
foot-

of science!

with the Rectilineator

was

opportunity for conduct-

OBSKRVATIONS

all that

ing

possibleof

were

in demonstration

seventy-fivesuch
horizon

sea

tions
observa-

experiments and

the

of the

^^

premise. About

Koreshan

conducted;

experiments were

volved
in-

these

comparative observations of
and atmospheric
meteorological

critical and

numerous

the

WATERS.

SOUTHERN

ON

under

various

conditions,distant vessels,coast
of the earth's

lines,etc.

concavity thus afforded

; and

the evidences
and

conclusive

were

absolute.
Westward

from

the beautiful
the north

Gulf

the

Gulf

of Mexico;

through

horizon

Naples

west

bounds

south, the great semi-circle of the

to

From

the waterscape.

the lateral

to

of horizon

arc

of

great

sheet

concave

heightthe

observation

horizontal

plane of

the sides of which


rim

of

is made, the horizon

the eye,

and

gradually curvate

of various

Vessels
horizon
came

of

into

visible to the naked

finallythe hull,
the familiar

the

over
they sailing

Were

body ?

We

are

in text-books

this

lower

the earth
so

called

the earth

is

to

bulge

is

When

live

topsails

receding,
was

on

served,
ob-

vessel.
convex

the usual illustration used


the

Everywhere, from
we

they

sails and

going **down**

schools, to convey

convex.

proof that

view.

hill of water

or

the

they gradually disappeared.

finallythe entire

sails,and

all familiar with

of modem

the distance

From

of the hull

the horizon

to

gradually the lower

exposed

phenomenon

then

that

were

eye;

bowl,

lies the dark

field of vision,only the

our

the

rises to meet

dailycoming within

were

view, and from plain view


approaching

whatever

geolinearperspective.

or

sizes

nearly i8o?, the

upward

Operating Station.

our

In
were

beneath

servation
point of ob-

the

From

extends.

water

the limit of the lateral

"

distance, from

in the

away

stretches

line, there

coast

on

the

urged against the Koreshan

impression

all quarters,

exterior

surface

System.

It

of
was

78

THE

objections against the

usual

all the

The

themselves.
made

Expeditionto utterlydestroy and

of this

the purpose

COSMOGONY.

CEI,I.UI*AR

the

to rest upon

earth's

the sea,

had

experiments
of

of

scores

From

Observations
On

January

schooner
about
upon

10

miles.

the

water

cut

horizon.

The

telescope,not only
but

the
the vessel
down

to the

genuine
How

we

by

means

distance

dark

half

and

masts

mast

which

of the

seeing the

it sailed,he

the

sails,

the

sloop

sidered
observation,con-

**down;'* upon
and

be

to

large mounted

Capt. Gilbert,of

the time

line

quently
conse-

appeared

the

of

more

and

masts,

sails

top of the

bringing into view

of

with the naked


same

upon

unaided
do

main

the instrument

water

case

to the

at

vessel about

through

at

four-mast

be but

to

half

one

plainview.

present

was

Beach.

Through

the

were

also the hull in

Ada, who

appeared

beneath.

ofiEby the water

Operating Station.

southwest,

of the

the

during

Naples beach,

about

thirds

two

accounts

Soon, however, it became

and

hull

about

the

It at first

the

far

series of

our

made

Naples

in the

observed

was

distinct.

from

12,

is worth

give brief

observations

experimentationat

five months'

no

powerful telescope.

will

We

have

comparative

Expedition;but

only begun.

of the

few

and

eye

of the

the expenses

than

fadls of

the

as

appearance
dis-

and

can

alone, is found that which

observations

In these
more

the natural

with

observations

realizes

mind

the

facts

convexity,

of the appearance

phenomena

of the hulls of vessels upon


real basis when

the

System, by

of the

argument

refute

viewing

hull

even

considered

it

the hull of

ble
ship invisi-

eye.

know
eye

of

that
?

We

we

will

rough draft

saw

only about

endeavor

to

half masts

illustrate the

of the four-mast

schooner,in

OBSERVATIONS

the

accompanying
from

topsails. The

the

unaided

vision

was

Fig.2,

of the
as

shows

diameters

was

nearly all

of

Through
dotted

telescope. An

also

the

cloud

January

line

seemed
was

above

connect

reached

There

horizon.

the water

the horizon

be

was

at that
cut.

famous

Sampson'

eye

tion
the apparent rela-

view, but

The

the southern
the

that it was

point we

smoke.

As

fleet,was

observed.

coming

to

the

hull.
the

above

the

dark

nel
small fun-

The

through
The

clusion
con-

into

unaided

endeavored

viewed

the

observed

steamer

have

bring

the horizon, the

nothing visible
the

to

is extended.

horizon.
with

cloud

six

powerful

more

we

4 p. m.,

not

vessel

the

the horizon

about

When

glass of about

lighthouse tender Mangrove,


s

the vessel

being sufficient

seen.

line,but

Fig.3, in above
now

19,

just above
to

horizontal dotted

glass,that part of

of vision the farther


On

sails
top-

The

opera

into

mainsails

could

CD

the

between

Fig. 2 shows

used, its power

the opera

line

means

the

to the naked

vessel to the

the

field throughout the time of


telescopic
This gives the comparative observations

and

the eye

cline
be noticed, in-

the

the observation.

with

i, the space

topsailsto the horizon.

appeared in

it

of

appearance

Fig.

79

mainsails, leaving Vs

of

to the horizon.

reaching almost
in

in

as

it will
topsails,

width

to

topmasts

between

line AB

The

cut.

WATERS.

SOUTHERN

ON

vision

appearance
to

our

of

represent in

the

telescope,

of Rear

miral
Ad-

body of the vessel

8o

THE

to the

as

shown

in

admitted

of

made

brought all

of

entirelyinvisible

jibswas
half

could,

observed

be

in the north

from

the

about

fiftydiameters,

time
on

as

the water

hull

Through

the lower

Rev.

eye

As

was

the

mounted

Sloop was

telescopeof

as

hull

were

at the

seen
a

same

white

speck

sail,mast, jib,

telescopethe

eye

about

from

view.

sails,and

masts,

Castle,who
13, 9

were

45

shore.

With

the

alone, not

more

than

the vessel

in

hull

a.

observed

m.;

most

half

mast

Through
the

of the

sloop observed
careful

scope
the tele-

best

ment
State-

Unity, and
experiment.
about

observation

half of the mainsail

calm, the

**down,*'

Staff,signed by

of the Koreshan
witnesses

in southwest;

visible.

were

possession of

Gratia, Pre-Eminent

February
from

unaided

to

this effect is in

E. M.

shining brightly

sun

largeschooner

entirelyhidden

the hull

Victoria

m.

11, 4 p.

appearance

to

the

was

visible.

were

February
with

line.

sight.

vessel

the

this,as

of

out

sails,masts, and

the

ing
fly-

two

appeared about

eye

schooner, appearing only

two-mast

the horizon.

and

into view, when

entirely

about
the

all of

parative
com-

telescope

schooner, with

hull

Through

southwest.

plainlyvisible to

the

while

the

effective in the

unaided

mistake

no

and

horizon

eye.

to the

*'down,'* with

mast

There

which

atmosphere

the

Mangrove

two-mast

7, 5 p. m.;

in every

was

experiment the

the

the naked

of

the

more

this

In

body of

to

seen,

of

the contrast

the

February

condition

the

observations.

pilot-house were

observation

sharp, clear view

smoke, which

This

Fig. 4.

because
satisfactory,

way

COSMOGONY.

line,the rigging,masts, and

water

visible

CEI.I.UI.AR

could

9 miles

with

be

the
seen.

opportunity was
The
afforded for critical observation.
telescope not only
showed
plainlythe topmast and rigging,but also the hull
down

to the

was

surface of the water.

very

82

THK

In order that other

tide level.

charadleristics by which

into the

extending
N.

The

W.

Sanibel

earth

about

was

place the

horizon

to
an

5 miles

about

to the

the horizon

560 feet,the

been

also

Idght

it to

doubt.

facts of actual
from

seen

The

be

I^t

the

axis of

was

us

to

the
sider
con-

leaving

away,

miles of

29

lighthouse,which
of the

Naples.

fallacious

the

dock

This

with

would

light to be

Here

observation!

Naples

scope
the tele-

level;this would

water

requiredheight

elevation of 17 feet from

theory and

can

the

difference of 462 feet between

Sanibel

telescope,directed

convex.

were

feet above

17

declination from

at

1897, from the dock

5,

impossibilityof observing this light at this

if the

distance

seen

flashes,different colors,etc.

reasonable

any

such

"

Naples,the

at

mistaken

recognized by all

intermittingflashes showed

JJightbeyond

the utter

amount

Gulf

be

not

light possesses certain

through the large mounted

observed
N.

be

evening of January

the

On

it may

intermittent

alternatingor

as

lightsmay
such

lightsin lighthouses,every

for

is manifest

Copemilighthas

the naked

eye,

extremely favorable circumstances, concerning which

under
we

COSMOGONY.

CBI^LULAR

append

following statement:

the

8 and 9 o'clock p. m., I,in


between
and
Mr.
Hugh McDonald, of Covington,
and
N. Walker, of Marco,
Fla., saw
at Naples, Fla.,the Sanibel Light in lighthouse
from the pieror dock
from
clear
Sanibel Island, N. N. W.
on
Naples. The evening was
and the light shone
clearly. The light is an intermittent one, with
in regular
one
bright flash "uid two less bright;these flashes came
In

March, 1895, one

order

evening

Drummond
Thos. E. Hart

with
company
Ky., and

Mr.

throughout the time of observation, so


regarding it beingthe Sanibel

that

mistaken

been

tide,with Gulf

very

previous. The
about
3"i feet.

mean

about

12

was

feet.

"

above

with

difference

The
David

present

of the

smooth,

height of
N.

at the

northeast

between
the

high

observation
"

N.

not

have

at low
It was
for several days

wind
and

floor of the

Walker, Sailor,Marco,

statements.

could

we

Light.

low

pier from

tides here is
low tide is

Fla.

referred to, and

attest

Walker, Marco,

Fla.

the truthfulness

OBSKRVATIONS

Cape Romano

Visible
at

With
at which

be

would
We

clear

25

Water

be

possibleupon
the

Florida

calm

the

Eye

weather, the distance

the

is greater than

sea

basis of the

the

Fla., an

ililes With

upon

following

citizen of Marco,

pointalong the

seen

83

WATKRS.

Level.

and

atmosphere

objectscan

append

SOUTHKRN

ON

earth's

handed

statement

convexity.
to

old resident,familiar with

west

by

us

every

coast:

the 29th of January, 1895, at about


About
Mr.
S. E.
4 p. m.,
Williams
and myself, from Rabbit
Key, a small island justnorth of
Pavillion Key, and a little south
of Chokoliska
Pass, observed
Cape
Romano
timber
the cape
at a distance of about
The
on
25 miles.
to the unaided
been
was
as plain
only a few miles
eye as if it had
with ordinary atmosphere. A little schooner
yacht that had
away
in plain
passed us and had been out of sightfor over two hours, was
also a schooner
that we
to her hull.
had
not
There was
view, even
seen

before, sailingalong
but

I do

the
remember

not

channel
whether

from
we

Coon

Key

to

Cape

mano;
Ro-

could see her hull or not.


I believe that we
25 miles.

The distance I should judge to be about


could have seen
the above-named
10 miles
farther,as we laid
obje"5ls
the deck
of the boat, with our
down
heads
level with the
over
on
a
water, and we could see the cape, schooners, etc., as plainlyas when
the cabin.
The sky was
on
cloudy, and we could not see the sun.
little
There was
breeze
the time; what there
at
from
came
very
was,
the south.
that it was
The reason
I know
is that
Cape Romano,
there is no other land W. N. W. from
Rabbit
^the course.
Key
of
and
Mr.
Robert
N.
Walker,
Also,
Marco,
Anderson, of Hotel
from
Sanibel
the
saw
Naples,
Naples dock, one night in March
Light
of the same
affidavit
make
I
would
of the above, except as to
year.
not be exactly correct.
^Thos. E. Hart, Marco,
distance,which may
"

"

Fla.

Remarkable
Staff

Observations
on

tlieQulf

by Koreshan

of Mexico

and

Geodetic

Naples

Bay, Florida.
The

objectionhad been

that

tests

that it

was

upon

decided

inland

so

waters

that observations

the conformity of which


itself,
no

sane

mind

will

often

ics,
criturged by illogical
were

not

be made

to the

contour

satisfactory,
upon

the Gulf

of the

earth

question. Against the results of such

84

THE

observations, no
this

COSMOGONY.

CEI.I.ULAR

also,the air line

reason

be

subterfuge can

brought

surveyed

was

to

bear.

For

the

Gulf

upon

coast.

Six
main

and

land

upon

Pass,

tide.

high tide of the Gulf.

fixed

Pass, and

at

target

the

it

lyingbeneath
this

time when
Also

low

was

still in view.
water

water's
the

above

convex,

miles distant,leaving sH
to decline

13^

downward,

"

the

horizon

iniles of the

amounting

ble
observa-

of March

3, at

over
telescope

miles beyond

repeated.

was

the water

level,

only i}(

surface,of the Gulf

After

was

observation,
be

would

As the target

feet.

tide water

target below

inches, and finally,

18^

to

level,it would
deducting nearly

up for the

refraction,
11^ feet would

the visual axis of the

was

of the last

of this declination to make

the

beach

surface,the target

water's

of vision.

depressionof

this

the axis of the instrument

edge, with

feet delow the line

sH

18

at

same

the low

seventh

oi

feet above

only 5 feet above

for
of

morning

the conditions

Under
were

sandy

convexity

calm, the observation

was

the
stillvisible;

inches

12

the

On

was

At

tide.

low

line of the

No

telescopefixed

by recliningat the

instrument

level,all of the surface of the

tide

elevation.

the

the target

was

feet above

distinct.

was

the Gulf

with

if the

3^

taken to

telescopewas

visual axis of the

the

and the white


visible,

was

at

2, the mounted

elevation of

an

altitude above

one

point

the

On

March

On

Gordon's

be

Doctor's

fixed
large target 3"^ feet square was
just 5 feet above
supports; the top of the target was

at Doctor's

low

sand

at Gordon*

the

long sand-bars, the elevation of

points are

is equal to the

which

pointsof

the

lie between

extending into the Gulf


These

Passes.

miles

half

one

remain

as

usual

lowance
al-

the amount

line

extending through

the

tance
horizon,to the dis-

the horizon.

All of these obser-

OBSERVATIONS

vations

repeatedin

were

SOUTHERN

ON

the

smooth

4^^

uprightwith
the

feet above

the

cross-arms;

tide,the StafE sailed

to

which

the target could

naked

eye,

the most

be

the target

with

seen

Over

the water

fixed

at

through

an

at the

results.

observed

30

Afterward,

18

with the

telescopeat this altitude.

target and the

of the

the test
was

upon

touchingthe

were

high

belt of

from
the

horizon
mangrove

The

relief.

inches, with

made

were

The

target
between

was

still

repeated
clear

was

the bottom

Then,

observable.

was

same

inches

10

and

and

ment
instru-

the

of

height

the space

even

water

the water,

to make

and conclusive,the telescope


absolutelysatisfactory

fixed

without

The

surface of the target

careful observations

defined,and

of

northeast

above

the

at

Very

well

or

the views.

in bold

visible.

and

telescope.To

the

inches

to within

the water, the entire

above

cut

the

pointof observation,the telescope

altitude of

then lowered

of

5, at time

point

of

limbs

it the target stood out

was

target stood

entirely invisible.

was

the lower

to occult

farthest

the

tremity,
ex-

fixed upon

space

March

the

upon

was

top of the
On

sults.
re-

southern

inches

constitutingthe background of

trees

found

high-tide mark, leaving a


surface.

was

At

same

Bay.
was

cloth 20x30

inches to the water's

seemed

miles

Naples Bay.

target of white

a
an

of

waters

Naples

on

of

straight reach

the

afternoon, with

Experiments

85

WATERS.

wetting

made.

surface;with the instrument

the water's
water

the

There

^indeed,it could

"

lenses

could

of the target could be seen,

background appearing

long

"

be

no

with

beneath

and

not

careful

mistake; the
a

it.

small

The

be

placed closer
observations

entire

dark

most
al-

surface

line of

terrestrial

the

eyepiece

86

THK

The

power.

the axis of the

in diameter;
the water.

be but

the basis of

On

half mile away

one

to be

mile is considered

The

in order

the water

only

have

target would

feet,it would

two

These
made

The

results

in

height was

and

J^ feet

the

littlebelow

earth'

was

at

below

the

for

length of the stake.

altitude of

an

line of

had

of the

sight.

concavity. A
the

stake

With

feet

With

observed

was

the

equal

the

an

Observing Station

top of stake.

breadth

more

were

they afEorded

as

target, with

to

be

shortened
target foreabove

to

visual

the

axis

one

of the

was

seen

the top of the target.

Besides this observation, an


was

feet.

feet above

telescope2 inches above the water, the cross-bar


to be in line with

of surface

10^

to

the tests

altitude,the cross-bar

half

one

Visible.

between

the top of the

would

horizon

10^

than

conclusive,

were

to
by perspective

half the

the

satisfactoryobservations

most

placedmidway
same

it

as

the target, with cross-bar at

telescopeat
a

seen;

of the

ocular demonstration

higher

because
StaflE,

by the Geodetic

crucial.

be

Concavity

by far

are

inches above

Cleaving4 miles

"

relations

background

point, amounting

be 8

Water's

telescope was

inches

to

be

to

the

for the declination

"

the

objectglassis 3 inches

convexity,

the horizon

to decline from

surface and

water's

noticeably. The

stillmore

out

came

the

eyepieceof greater

in size,and

increased

target was

of the target and

COSMOGONY.

for the astronomical

exchanged

then

was

CEI.I,ULAR

water's

view
absolutelysatisfactory

surface itself. With

the

telescope

ally
placedabsolutely level,the water appeared to slope gradufield. With
the
upward to the center of the telescopic
objectiveend of
the true

the

telescopeplaced a little upward

level,and with the

water

stillvisible

near

the

from
ob-

of

principi.es

jectiveend
water

of

depression

midway

between

which

midway

from

to the

upward

depression there
This

target.

concavitythrough

There
was

but

be

could

to be

seen

concavityof

view

also

mistake

not

convex;

being

to the

as

the

concave

it did not

target,

by the long

astronomical

the

bar
cross-

gradual slope

obtained

was

latter

the

no

by

was

the

and

the

This

with

the stake

point of observation

the

terrestrial eyepiece,and
the

point of

at the

midway depressionwas

actual

clearlyobservable.

was

"

87

survey.

instrument, the

the

midway

--di

mechanicai.

eyepiece,
marked.

more

the water

arc;
to be

appear

plane,

concave!

of Mechanical Survey.
Principles
Successive

Steps in the

Logic of Geometrical

Applied Mechanics

and

tions
Proposi-

in Direct

Demonstration.

FACTS

THE

of

in the
demonstrate

the

premiseof

the

preceding chapters

that
involved
fact that
seen

the
From

in

have

again
these

most

simple

for

to

the

Geodetic

the

concave

those

who

more

pass

to the

accurate

measurements

direct processes

ocular

Indeed, the

that

and
a

it

can

be

settlement

of

demonstrations.

consideration

in the demonstration

mind

of vision, the

Survey.
arc,

desire

the

the

strate
conclusivelydemon-

as

as

destroy

To

laws

similar circumstances, is

facts,we

direct processes

The

is concave,

seen

under

question

few

surface

Koreshan

the

we

the water's

the earth

quite sufficient to

are

system of astronomy.

capable of comprehending
on

experiments presented

non-convexity, and

earth's

the modem

observations

and

observations

of the

of the earth's
of the earth's

more

contour.

surface

88

THE

by mechanical

made

are

CEI.I.UI,AR

the

the mind

can

at once

measure

has

measure

length

agreed

solid

space

units, as

material

The

chain.

the

of

end

of

to

end

does

involve the

Ptolemy

and

evolution
to the

the

preservation

embodiment

of

the surveyor's

or

is
appliances,

all such

surface, or

principlefrom
of the

measurements

arcs

these
earth

of

Modern

Geodetic

Apparatus.

geodetic apparatus

from

the

days

present time, has resulted

from

the

obvious

necessity of obtaining the greatest possibleaccuracy.

improvements
adjustment.
placed end
longitude
determined.

by
made

The

to end

have

have

simply

first apparatus
upon

been
In modem

Picard, the

French

the
thus

surveyors

increased

consisted

of

measured,

and

precisionof
wooden

miles

times,similar apparatus

of the famous

of
were

Improvements

astronomer.

by Mason
Mason

and

of

cessive
Suc-

rods

ground; degrees of latitude

by Osterwald, of Germany;

London,

by
tance
dis-

the

of meridian

differ in

or

factors.

same

Ancient

The

not

of

wood, iron

use;

measurement

all modem

processes;

of

lengths upon

unit

successivelythroughout

The

geodetic survey

simple

measuring by

of units

standard, its

means

constitute

their

be measured.

to

the

rule, yard-measure,

marking

placingthem

the

applicationor

must

process

simply that

of

After

two

any

number

etc.

linear

necessity

between
a

as

upon

preserved,and

to convenience

other

in

surface, embracing

been
be

must

reduced

exists

of

of the

conceive

inches, feet, yards,

"

historyof

the

as

simplest factor

appliances. Space

the earth's

of apparatus

employment

far back

as

with

of mechanical

of

extends

Starting

measurement,

points on

The

means.

for this purpose

astronomy.

COSMOGONY.

and

and

space
used
were

Dixon, of

Dixon

line in

THE

90

CEI^I^ULAR

Principles of Geometry.

Fundamental
We

to make

work,
the

in this and

purpose

the

simple and

absolute

so

to be both

as

and

logic

be upon

that

show

take

the

firmly established

or

denial.
at the foundation

the

mind, step by

/zerpov,

fragment of

the true

that

form

form

every

functions.

in

has

There

Every

its co-ordinate
is

no

we

and

A,

relations

has

followingpage.

to

the

of

Thq

and

yj/,

is

properties
its present

opposite form,

and

possiblewithout

mentation;
seg-

circle to its co-ordinated

and

secant

chord,

as

which

right angle. There

arc, and

in the
is

radius, which

simplestangle to

be referred,is the

from

and

which

chord, bisects the chord, and


The

conclusions.

form, possessing correlated

the intersection of

on

its

transmutation

bisection of radius

it subtends.
can

have

delineate

and

geometry

past, from

form

in the evolution
square,

Modern

the

to

purpose

inevitable

of the

every

conclusion, is

of geometry,

measure.

der
ren-

Our

We

of

line

of earth-measurement,

system

existed

is derived.

name

to

train

of doubt
possibility

all

step, the

science

is the

of all

the

premise.

resultant

as

exclude

to

as

begin

earth, and

of

well

be

granted that would

the

must

in the

In

footingof fact.

sure

We

Geometry

for

from

exclusion

positive.

nothing

premise, as

our

so

for

and

less certain than

conclusion

must

step

direct

be
must

we

comprehension

proceeds

utter

so

processes

second, all factors involved

and

must

sequences,
our

to the

this

concavity of

First,the premise

absolutelyproven,

assumptions;

of

easy

demonstration

direct

premise by regular deduction.

of

of the

direct demonstration

conclusive.

known

succeeding chapters of

surface, involving principlesand

earth's

and

COSMOGONY.

diagram

lar
perpendicu-

also the

arc

relations
can

tion
rela-

be

no

which
of form
merg-

principi.es

of

ence

circle into

one

relations of the

other, the

dicular

If two
chord

common

joinstheir

Our

mechanicai,

another

cross.

is bisected

which

of

which

the

intersect each

section,
joins the points of inter-

right angles by

at

91

figure B, without

circumferences

the

straight line

centers.

simplestpremise, that the angles relatingperpenand


horizontal are
equal, is susceptibleof being

in Geometric
Evolution.

which

in

as

Segmentation

known

survey.

Bisection
and

of Common
Lineal
Axis.

Chord

geometricalstandpoint. The principles


upon
rightangles depend ^bywhich they may be formed,
from

"

also furnish

conclusive

test and

Right Angles-

CD, E;

demonstration

relations

right angles
guide, we

with

may

of

straight lines.

Angles.

To

another, independently of

relate the

points

of

per-

of

of Demonstration

Process

Right

pendicular

of the

line at

draw

square

intersection

of

arcs

as

of

connecting their centers, as before


in diagrams D and
shown
E.
as
Having
the principles
of right angles,our
demonstrated
premise is
and
are
we
ready to take the next step in the line
proven;
of sequential
propositionsand arguments.
merging circles
and
illustrated,

to the line

THK

92
From

CEI*I*ULAR

the above

construct

and

perpendicular
straightlines

geometricalfacts

which

that the sid^


as

and

know

can

we

by

the

of

other.

We

If

parallelto
place

we

Bight angles. Square.

equal breadth

of the

to the sum

area

lines.

other

are

angles,the

drawn

were

deviation from

end

to end.

rectanglesof

two

of the

extremes

of

conjunction of

Continuous

to show

Transposition

from

that there

straight

two

could

thousand
be

rect-

angles
rect-

possible

no

straightrectilinear direction,and

mathematician

are

ParaUels.

obtain if ten
There

is

prising
rectanglescom-

the extension

as

Rectangles Forming

results would

same

other,

rectanglewhich

new

areas

If this is the result in the

Conjolned

any

sides

each

lutely
abso-

right angles,

at

it;the sides joined being in unity, the

parallel. The

as

Rectangle.

form

together,we

know

are

two

given straight

can

straightlines

processes.

may

because
parallels,

rectangleare

premise,we

rightangles with

each

that two

same

Parallels.

equal in

at

are

as

rightangles,four sides,two

horizontal

two

parallelwith

line,are

four

having

square

COSMOGONY.

we

defy

could be!

Qeometrical

to Mechanical

Principles.
When

transpose the

we

consideration

to

mechanics,

we

under
geometrical principles
have

to

deal

with

material

!Z5

D3
""

W
a

"

"

"d

o
o

E
p

of

principi.es

figureson

relations

the

from

do

Such

transpositionis

about

the material

the

of the

geometry

of

to

we

principlesto
conclusion.

our

demonstrate

to

bound

things. When

realm

violence

no

necessary

form

93

for

same,

of material

of form

principlesapplied,we

SURVKY.

geometric lines which

are
principles

demonstrations

our

carry

the

paper;

of the

treats

of

angles instead

and

surfaces

MKCHANICAI,

truth

the

of its

earth, or the character

tangiblecontour.
The

principlesof right-angles constitute

mechanics

well

as

of

as

right angles;he
these

relations
and

engineer,
in

squares

be

If

surveyor.

Metal

Plates

place the perpendiculararms

to

edge

of

three

It also

plates,the

the

results

other

Ten

thousand

recfiline.
fact

that

A
at

with
parallel,
the

result

be invariable

would

would

junction the

the horizontals
would

that

if

identical.

are

be

at

and

form

If two

that

for every

straight line

horizontals

builder,

and
parallel,

follows

sides to

we

in

the

Two

placed
straight

platesjoined

the

adjustment
the

same;

same

subsequent adjustment.

plates joined would

every

of

mechanic's

two

plates accurately trimmed

will force

laws

together,the horizontal blades

straightline,it follows

result would

the

by

siders
con-

Straight Line.

line,as in the accompanying diagram.


will form

The

will be

Fonning

straightline; the

"rectangularmetal
edge

place

we

closelyfitted together.

will form

alike

obeyed

line,the perpendiculararms

Bectangular

may

be

must

mechanic

the square.

with

works

of form

Every

geometry.

basis of

the

be

form

forced

surfaces

continuous

because

joined

of the

would

be

right angles; consequently

necessarilybe

in

line.

Flagstones

'I^HB

94

principlesinvolved.
will

extend

If such

in the

We

the

direction

same

straight line

of

survey

These

small

made

railroad

tangents

taken

Four-mile

B.

R.

signalstaflEis

in

coincidental
has

the

with
fixed

axis

on

its

right-angledaxis,so

direction,another

axis, and

horizontal

instrument

placed exactly in line with

coliimation

that

diagram, presenting a

at

rightangles

Heal, A is the point of the


its axis at
the second

right angles with


staff,and

as

to

point in

from

the tube.

view

of the

first

with

is the

ground

line X;

new

line

and

be

site
oppo-

first,may
the

from

line of

the

ver-

telescope,CD,
is the

extended

by revolving the telescopeperpendicularlyon


If the axis be true, the lines X

tube

the

the

the

In the accompanying

staff;B, the

the

the

Horizontal,

on

the first staff and

extending through

be

may

perpendicularcross-hair.

miles

staff,two

left.

the

vision, or horizontal axis of the tube, if the

revolved

for

of the transit instrument,

means

Transit
Revolving
Tangent
Surveyed
by
Axis"
Bight-angled
Perpendicular View.

the instrument

line of

right and

to the

to

extend

given point, and adjusted so

is

reference

often

perpendicularly. The

mile from

one

related

telescopemounted

revolve

to

by
principle
which

tangents,

surveyed by

are

would

There

straight line.

illustrate this

straightline,as

^in a

"

that

this conclusion.

from

further

may

miles in

be

laid in

squares

joined accurately, the pavement

were

possibleescape

'

As

illustrations of the

miles, are

join accuratelythe contiguous surfaces, it follows

if the surfaces

no

COSMOGONY.

for

running

pavements

Upon

CELI^UI^AR

point

of

from

B,

its axis

will form

CD.

continu-

96

THE

braced
of the
The

tensioned

and

to

length of

the

the

five inches

are

crossing the
through

the extremities

maintain

the constancy

of

brass
the

Rectilineator

As

made.
each

section

and

was

in

tension

extending
adjusted

of the

to

constitute

cross-arms

the cuts
two

the

on

the

facings,
adjustments

in this

the

body
set

castingsedgewise, the
in the

tion,
connec-

strongly built,

adjustablecastings

shown

rods

Adjustment

Accurate

adjustablecleats with clamps and

perpendicularly,as
irigs

in

years

width, while

are

cross-arms,

supported by

sections between

rest in the

Steel

wnde.

from

seen

platformedstandards,with
the horizontal

in

placed for securing

will be

are

Co., Pullman, 111. The

Through flanges

adjusting surfaces.
were

is to 3.

rightangles. Finely trimmed

facingsat the extremities

ingenious screws
when

the

of the
of the

Car

transversely and

bar

horizontal

Cross-arms

for twelve

is 8 inches

bar of each section

cross-arms

section, as

seasoned

Palace

shops of the Pullman

horizontal

the

the sections of the Rectilineator

material of which

constructed,is inch mahogany,


the

length. The length

4 feet in

cross-arms

is

cross-arms

COSMOGONY.

CEI.LUI.AR

of

to

the

screws.

cross-arms

picture.

receive

castings
The

tions
sec-

extend-

of

principi.es

involved
principle

The

lineator,is as simple

platesin contact,
the

Indeed, from
at

or

in

operation of the Recti-

the
of

laying two

foregoing the

to its standards

imagine

is ready to

reader
to No.

This

I.

by

squares

mind

with

is

further

and

clamps

tion.
descripand
the

screws,

of Section

adjustment
the

eye

accurately leveled

accomplished by placing two

place in line with

in proper

together.

mechanical

without

the

the

rectangular

mechanic's

Supposing the first section


fastened

Geodesy.

placing two

the method

understand

once

97

New

that

as

survey.

of the

Operandi

Modus

can

mkchanicai,

No.

standards

preceding standards,

and

placing the castings at approximately the proper height.


is placed in positionin the castings; set
Section No.
2
to

raise

approximatecoincidence

with

screws

to

turned

are

The

section.
of

brass

directed to raise
on

with the

microscope,and
by

are

the device

fiftieth of

one

the middle

to within

the section

bring

to

screws

inch

are

hair-lines

the

read

are

carefullymoved

for that purpose,


an

set

until the

apart,

zontally
hori-

brass

determined

as

first

fourth

one

fine lines
coincidental;

the section is

axis

line of the

the

sections exadlly

the two

the horizontal

Operators of

lower

or

lower

or

facingsare brought

of contact.

inch

an

as

so

ings
fac-

by

bristol card.

The

is determined

preciseadjustment

that the thickness

of paper

on

the

is measured

ciple
prin-

same

by

the

finest

only in the fact that the metal


micrometers, differing
are

card,

.01

thickness
of paper

adjustable,while
inch in

of sheets of paper,
pass

between

difference of

the
the

of

thickness

is constant.
thicknCvSs,

equal friction,proves
The

the

In

the fact that

fingersof
sheets

millionth

of

an

to

inch

of
can

celluloid

measuring

when

the

be

the

faces
sur-

two

micrometer

the

sheets
with

equal thickness.
be

determined

98

THS

So, in

in this way.
the

of

case

surfaces

it proves
equal friction,

i, and

Section

Secttoa

disturbance, while
2, 3, and

Sections

so

adjustment with

is in line with

sections

two

other

The

same

3 to Section

the line which


rectiline,
at the

The

forward

first section

\s

the

that every

so

section is

in

keeping with
as

be

to

our

by

conclusive.
absolutely

If

can

we

invariable
can

know

and

also know

mechanical
The

have

that

So

the

rectilineation

in their

all

consequently the

of the

is

far

so

hair-line of

simple,and

we

the argument,

have

taken

only that which

mechanic

right angles are

constant

that

and

Every

necessitates
first,

beginningof

asserted

mathematician

every

that

conclusion
the

line.

is parallelwith

extension

an

premise at

nothing for granted,and


known

and

the

like the

cross-arm

This

precedingsection.

each

as

the survey.

of

terminus

by virtue of actual contact,

hair-line of each

will not

right angles the perpendicular

succeeding adjustment being exactly


others

first section

from the
forcedby right-angulation,

to

the conclusion

repeated

which

one

to

that will continue

pointof beginning of

straightline

free from

are

the

Only

one

at

crosses

and

being made

are

is

line
hair-

ready for

processes

2.

earth,but

of the

curv^e

those

the

now

firm

are

is leveled, for the line to be extended


follow the

are

adjustments

on.

adjusting Section

in

in

are

bolted, the sections

bolting;when

with

cross-arms

ing
consequently the hair-line extend-

The

i.

the

adjustment is precise)that

length of Section

the whole
on

that

between

passes

of the

that the

the brass surfaces of Section


of

card

same

bottom

top and

at

adjustment of the sections of

the

Rectilineator,when

brass

COSMOGONT.

CKI^LUI^AR

to

be

is

true.

equal,and they

are

geometrical functions,we

of right-angulation
and
principles
are

one

and

the

same.

unique principlesand pointsof the Rectilineator,


"

OF

PRINCIPI.BS

previous

arguments

summed

follows

as

up

It is constructed
Proceeds

from

be

conclusion, may

final

our

geometrical

upon

mechanical

and

principles.
invariable

with

basis of measurement

known

to

99

in the line of evidences

certaintyto be considered

factors of
and

SURVEY.

MECHANICAI,

results.

and expansion.
Compensates for contraction
Eliminates
atmospheric refraction and visual perspective.
Furnishes

and

measurements,
Methods
the

basis

constant

for

for

reference

levels, tests, and


of the

ascertainingratio of curvature

operationand

of

of

results

obtained

be

can

earth.

understood

by

simplestmind.

the results.
requirea "scientist" to interpret
It has
two
cross-arm
|"ointsof adjustment for each
finely
trimmed
brass facings.
from
tampering hands by bolts;
Adjustmentsare made secure
each adjustment is witnessed
by every operator.
Other
Standards
are
platformed"to obviate settling.
apparatus
in
mounted
are
on
tripods,terminating
sharp points extending into
the ground.
A complete system of reversals of the sections corrects anypossiin the cross-arms.
ble inaccuracies or deviation
of right-angles
This
of
makes
the
impossible
charge
system
predetermined plan to
any
It does

not

"

the

construct

instrument

sections

The

rightangles,and

to run

lines

curved

all the

read with

were

to hair-hne

of

From

the

microscope.

on

above, it will be

one,

"

two
as

that the

seen

ever

adjusting points for each

the

end

intended

right or left,but

to
an

at

and

starting

the

bility
possi-

principlesupon

used, in the simple feature

of

rod.

Its

straightline instead of followingone


It is not

stake

is constructed, difiEerentiate it from

geodetic apparatus

that it has

of

tests

given distance and return, the hair-line axis

the Rectilineator

all other

crucial

known

the

point,thus

given

line.

brass plate on
firmly set
of
instrument
the
perfection
proving
accurate
absolutely
adjustments.

returned

of

as

subjected to

were

the

In trial surveys of

which

so

survey

perpendicular,in

object is

the

accordance

related

as

vertical
with

to

force a

its length.

to measure

straightline

air line from

instead

cross-arm

to

point of

the

plans

specifications
presented in the previous chapter.

the
any

and

FoUow-

THE

lOO

ing the line

of

ready

are

achieved

fundamental

the

in
principles

of the

through itsuse.

firstand

the

On

stood at the

evening of March

whether

vey,
sur-

the

the

flat,convex,

is

earth

history of

concave!

Factors

Involved

HAYING

the

to be

8"^

arc

and

arc

belong

which

have

must

to

the

introduced

of
reader
accuracy

consider

our

of the

the methods
of the Gulf

of

the

direct processes

demonstration

of

and maintained

chord

In

work

of

in

level,which

premise.
processes

great

arc

necessary

preparationupon

of

factors

these

strength and

the

depended, our

employed

in the

that

order

principles

the

from

to the

appreciated,it is

survey

actual

the

circumference.

evidences

the

the

already considered,

thoroughly understood, and


our

to

relations

deal with the factprs involved

now

miles

be

sustains

now

that

relation

length. The

relatinga tangiblyconstructed

25,000

actual

processes,

in

have

redlilineation and

it
applied geodetically,

the

show

miles

we

of which
we

to

surveyed by such

meridian
chord

are

Arc

Meridian

Survey.

of
principles

how

us

of

Coast

the

upon

rectiline

Florida

they

Expedition.

Measurement

demonstrated

shown
devolves

the

in

in

and

in the

made

ever

The Koreshan Geodetic

may

17, 1897,

line of

beginning of the

only geodetic survey

the world, to determine

of

Apparatus,

Geodetic

Naples, Fla.,ready for the first adjustment in

at

We

premise to

present the facts of the actual demonstration

to

the Rectilineator

or

COSMOGONY.

from

argument

the embodiment
we

CEI,I,UI,AR

acter
char-

that

which

the
the

preliminarysurveys,

ments
measureobtainingaccurate
is subjectto daily tides.

GEODKTIC

KORBSHAN

TH^

winter

beautiful

Naples,a

EXPEDITION.

resort

lOI

Florida

the

on

(longitude 8i^ 55' 25" west, latitude

coast,

selected

north,) was

The

reasons:

number

tively
compara-

miles;the climate

of

admitted

operationsduring the winter months, and the


the Koreshan
near
Co-operativeand Communistic
of

The

atEstero, I^eeCo., Fla.


Unity reached
with

was

Colony

Staff of

the

reshan
Ko-

1897,

2,

apparatus, and all appurtenances and instruments,and


and

observations
observations

on

been

have

required five
work

accurate

the

water's

of the

In the direct line of

the

is absolutelynecessary

could determine

world, demanded
incentive to the
to be sure

of the telescope,

means

Proved.

employed,*is demanded;

so.

The

only

duty that

System,

to

this
to

apparatus
owed

ourselves,and
found

admit

to the
to

the

powerful

Caution

apparatus would

an

we

of

It is easy

accurate

and herein we
precision^
greatest possible
accuracy.

that such

of

logicalsequences, demonstration

of the Koreshan

Founder

Details

to definite conclusions.

it to be

careful

preceding chapters.

that if the earth is concave,

seen

months'

execute.

Rectilineator

of the apparatus

the accuracy

to

surface,by

presentedin

Accuracy

us

site

Operating Station January

the

which
plans of operations,

be

Geodetic

4' 30"

for the following

line,north and south, was

coast

straightfor

OperatingStation

the

as

26**

west

forced

of

cal
practi-

precisework, so that months of our time, as well as


mental and physicalenergy,
might not be thrown away in a
futile attempt to settle the question. It was
to
necessary
and

submit

the

be devised
and if it was
must

apparatus

to

in mechanical

the

science.

inaccurate,it must
be drilled and

crucial tests that could

most

skilled

It

was

be made

new

apparatus,

accurate;

our

ators
oper-

by actual experiencewith

COSMOGONY.

CEI*I,ULAR

THB

I02

the

apparatus, before preciseadjustments could be expected;

for

makes
'^practice

to

The

of the

sections

weeks

four

experts devoted

reversed, end

on

engraved

steel and

on

were

referred,were

way,

the very

of

brass

by

read

reversals

in which

the

trial surveys,
use

Station
member

witness

turning over
in this way
whether

be

ment
measure-

adjustments

microscope;in

placed, fell

cross-arms

Rev.

this

Final

and

of

tests

the

was

survey,

Castle,of

Visiting and

any

great

or

section

right-

bar.
Tests.

apparatus
of

the

the

at

the Geodetic

at its every

inaccuracy in

the

small, would

in the

and
tions
sec-

ing
Operat-

Staff,and

InvestigatingCommittee,

importantoperations. This
each

absolute

reversals

invented

the

upon

mechanical

at

the horizontal

on

E. M.

was

were

ingenious system of

in actual

of the
of

the

mechanical

an

by

could

of Reversals

System

for

of the

tion
sec-

possiblelines

which

microscope, it

the hair-line

During

each

fiftytimes

over

finest

the

of the

adjustment

section,in the diflFerentpositions

they

the

that

demonstration

angles with

mechanical

variation of angles could be detected.


slightest

point under

same

axis of the

or

devices for

plates,to

means

the hair-line of each

When

and

be at

to

applied,and

were

mechanical

Points

reference.

and

and

test

first.

to the

and

end, and turned

for

specialplatformwith

the

inventor

to

of tests

right angles; six series


was

The

apparatus.

reversing

be proven

longitudinalhair-line

the

right angles with

in

final results

referringthe

several sections must

on

cross-arms

devoted

were

results is obtained

of mathematical

operations,and

the

weeks

apparatus and trial surveys.

the

practicemanipulation of
Proof

Several

perfect."

and

consisted

system

alternate

in

adjustment;

right-angledcross-arms,
course

of

few

adjust-

THE

I04

CELLULAR

with

coincidental

fine line

apparatus.

forward

19

adjustments
last

found

the hair-line

with

plate. The
the

exactly the

results

traversingthe
of

.0001

inch.

an

plans of

critics

space

of

This

test

who

Copernican System,

to prove

the instrument

and

the

demonstration

was

accurate

and

or

several

Haldeman^s

marked

determined
earth's
the

the

true

of the meridian
of success,

From

intervals

of space.

was

had

to

of

the

power

applied,

was

the

apparatus

line,

air

accurate

be moved

beginning of

or

from

the

inch

15-foot,2x6

dicular
perpen-

They

horizon.

southern

line of the first survey


ratio of curvatare
stake

in the

conducted

line

the geodetic

Col.

the lesser stakes


had

Survey.

Naples, standing upon

and

Standing

We

been

their

and

the fixed

s instruments,
siurveyor'

tilineator

the

dignifiedstakes

line.
were

the

with

North

againstthe

contour

the

Geodetic

two

saw

points along

Naples dock,

test

that
an

tourists

numerous

the residents

surface.

of

deviation

all in

The
fact

previous to

outlined

historic

point,

same

accordance

doing

the

for the

long dock,

stakes

the

to

denial !

weeks

Europe, and

on

observations, representing

were

places

the
operations,
from

with

in

inaccurate.

Preparations
For

by observations

capable of surveying

all doubt

beyond

brass

456 feet,without

field of

the

on

the

line

fine

returned

was

tion
sec-

originally,

place as

same

determined

were

the

adjustment, the

the

preciselyover

and

made,

were

return

microscope; the apparatus

after

the

in

to be

of the

hair-line

horizontal

the

direction retraced; at the


was

COSMOGONY.

the

on

marked

long
that
a

of

the

approach
the

of

direction

line like sentinels

indicated
coast

shorter

survey;

path along which

section

that

the

with
Rec-

justments,
by section in precisead-

measured, and eighths of miles

marked

THK

by Stakes,
to be

was

for

straight,and

similar

of

clear the
when

the

above

the water

were

was

of

that

the

taken

was

care

faithful

refer to these
all other

understood

we

in

what

the

the

of

execution

idea of the

an

of

we

were

plans; that

our

determine

show

to

us;

volved
facts in-

the

question, geometrically, mathematically,


"

and mechanically;
practically,

to manifest

to the reader

faithfullydetail the entire proceeding all of the

we

and
difi"culties,

demonstration

only

and

success

that the

toiy of the world


a

Prof.

marvel

have

System

such

of

curve

water's

its

survey,

to

surface

Tide

his-

ment
accomplish-

Measures.

must
a

surface

of the water's

be

of

statics,
hydro-

conforms

to

curve

which

all

referred;that is,after

tangibleair line
is considered

to

surface; consequently,its

level constitutes the definite

that

to

estly,
hon-

attempt in the

first

as

that in consideration

to show

Uniform

of the earth's

geodeticmeasurements
the

the

"

made

through definition of the laws

shown

general contour

natural

made, and

was

was

well

that the contour


the

it

as

facts of measurements

survey

make

to

Morrow's

We

removed,

were

achieved, but also

of the fact that

is

they

principlesand

of

not

prove

how

that

obsta-

"

j^lesand

and

involved

that

accuracy;

requiredto

was

other

incidental

factors

before

had

we

attain

persistentin

and

muck

uninterrupted operations

with

to

from

all obstructions

We

undertaking

little irregular,

and

obtaining the results,to give something

magnitude

air line

level varied

remove

and

the

necessary,

character, to

connection

line

I05

As

coast.

the shore

as

adjustments began.

in
preparations,
in

the

for convenient

way

EXPEDITION.

down

Excavations

feet.

work

miles

4^^

land elevation

the
to

GKODKTIC

KOR^SHAN

as

or

the
rectiline,

the

curve

our

ing
relatarc

of

measured.

I06

THB

which

from

measurements

The

of curvature.

and

only

system

of

and

measure) for the

of

fierpovy to

the

surveyed line

throughout the line of


The

by

of

means

The

all

pointwith
tide

of tide levels

that its bottom

the level of

water

from

tide.

at normal

and only
still,

and

fell with

was

measurements

will show.

We

obtained, it

desired to

altitude of 128 inches above

level;consequently,by

tide level.

the fixed
level

were

means

the

wave

When

upon

pointto
the
a

the

which

referred, as

definite instead of
of

the

perfedlly

was

marked

was

so

its top

prevented

project a line from


a

Gulf,

tide,and

caisson

the Gulf

of water

Cross-sectional

in the

and

to

did

we

perforationsadmitted

in the

stationarytide registerand became


all other

way
point mid-

caisson,with

set

pressure,

water

tide level

Florida

necessary

Beach"

to Naples
South.

The

the

mean

was

the level of low

fludluations; thus
rose

It

tide staff measure,

high

beneath

mile

which
possibleprecision,

Looking

below

was

above

the

tide level is

mean

Altitude

View,

altitude

the

on

register,
consisting of

Transferring 128-inch Vertical

and
perforations,

of the

eighth division of

high and low tide levels.

ascertain this

the

survey.

^j4 feet.

between

on

(from vi^K^ height,

measurements

every

difference

average

is about

coast

at

land, necessitated

hypsometry

of

definite ratio

impossible to operate
the

on

employment

to deduce

are

we

fadl that it is

surface

the water's

COSMOGQNY.

CKI.I.XJLAR

we

vertical

fluctuating

tide staff

extending

THE

GEODETIC

KORESHAN

EXPEDITION.

from the caisson, that altitude


vertically
the land

of

the

elevation where

The

had

the

became

inches

128

altitude

known

and

for the

as

of Referring all Measurements

tide

staff

portableregisterat

XY

isthe

tide level,which

as

staff A, the top of which

shown

tide level,which
on

what

Now
we

any

could

staff B
mean

basis

illustrate

may

to the

measurements

stationary register,

on

any

other

given point.

as

altitude

of

is also indicated
The

we

desire to make
same

fixed
128

tide staff A

point

inches

the

on

the

tide level.

Gulf
We

clear to the

beach

is divided

reader,is how

vertical altitude with

point along the line,by

with

as

inches.

obtain the

other

We

is marked

is the

preceding page.

into feet and

taken

East.

tide staff on

mean

the

on

Stationary Cais8on.-"Land

to

and

above

point

of the air line.

the entire line.

by diagramming
original,

inches;

of the altitude of the air line at

referring all other tide

mean

fixed

tical
ver-

stationary tide register

the

Elevation, Looking

on

the

to cause

quantity,it was

measure

pointsalong

this process of

Process

fixed

to

Cross-sectional

commencement

tide level in

mean

of reference
all station

adjusted

was

beach, as the altitude of the


As

in the

to intersect the tide staff at altitude of 128

angle
then

geodeticlevel

transferred

was

began, by application

survey

of right angles, as
principles

View.

we

the

107

measurement

level constantly
will take

the

accuracy,

of altitude

varying from

measurement

at

on

the

tide

I08

THE

CEIXULAR

Staff A, for instance.


miles from

the

inches above

At

line

staff.

the

The

staff A,

that

received
the

Datum

Arc

measurements

Tide

level between

of staff B

was

the

two

reference.

high

Measurements

When

Line.

at

or

results

the

any
were

and

the constant

was

vertical altitude

of

same

points along the beach

vertical altitude of the 25


lint parallelwith
XY

as

is the

from

the water
the

ning
begin-

completed,the
tide

the water's
water's

illustrated

measure.

vertical altitude above

extremity of the line;when

diagram.

same

of the firsttide

to the

the

at

the

Datum

tide,

low

made

was

Secondary

of

tude,
alti-

proper

whether

matter

on

Code

our

at the

elevation,the

for 25

formed

indicated

as

of

extremes,

made

inch uniform

tude
vertical alti-

same

the water,

or

116

ascertained,the corresponding vertical angle

in the cross-sectional view

above

at

cal
verti-

the

Register B,

A,

Staffs,and

ih^Jixedpoint at
of

to

means

no

way,

Level, Tide

transferred to the land

were

by

at

this

taken

were

unvarying basis

was

In

of Mean

accurate, because

from

adjustment of staff B

instant.

same

water

fastened

the

on

measure

marked

level in caisson

water

was

be

stationary caisson.

116-inch

inches

12.

was

inches of tide staff

the

at

corresponding height above

or

The

water

say

level

water

PQ, it will have the

the line

A.

A,

as

same

above

Signals,so
the

the

if staff B, with

point the

as

the

will represent the

PQ

of measurement,

tide level,leaving 116

mean

Now

inches

time

the

beginning, suppose

A, extending above
The

COSMOGONY.

128-

necessarily
staffs,

surface, as in the

continuous

surface

THE

at

KORBSHAN

tide

mean

128-inch
datum

vertical

altitude of

The

by

PQ established

line

the

therefore,to
lines

the

tide

the

was

the

line
it

the
mean

made

from

the

upper

the land

on

sometimes

was

convenient

more

points than from


When

the

datum

our

by

as

level in

highest

the

measured

Survey

and

53

Records.

extended

was

right angles,regardless of
of

By reference
the

that

that it

rectiline

to

would

extended

No.

cut

vary

other

regardless

not

was

through
any

straight line, and

it is obvious

levelingprocess.
seen

the

feet above

4J^

the apparatus

on

which

on

the survey,

Appurtenances,

of determination

I, it will be

about

average

beginning of

the Geodetic
of

means

the beach

on

were

ground.

of the consequences,

water

the

on

Plumbs,

Inasmuch

any

With

accuracy;

points.

elevation

ground

the

Levels,

method

and
scientific,

are

the water, and

the vertical

elevation, the hair line

space

equal

was

in these

involved

were

found

vertical

tide staff

parallelwith

datum
we

from

tide level;at the

inches above

by

with

waters;

extended,

was

land

line

the

established,the preparationsfor the survey

were

mean

fixed

lower

measure

complete. The
line

mile

our

was

air line above

line, measurements

line beneath

datum

of

the

represents

measurements.

constantlyabove

was

elevation, while
beneath

2i

line of reference

the upper

datum

as

datum

or

eighth

of accurate

109

tide staflEs. XY

of the tide staffs

means

admitted

tide level

the

PQ,

hypsometric principles

measurements

the process

line

the altitude of the

successive

at every

referred.

BXPKDITION.

level;the curved

line,to which

water

line

GEODETIC

4,

Plate

from

ever-increasingangles from the beginning

the line.

If the earth

the end

of

the end

of 4 miles would

be

were

higher

than

convex,
at

the

the

line

the
to
at

beginning.

THK

no

and

the

and

the

reference to the

how

the

ence
By refer-

the coast.

of the

Line,'' the

Air

plumb-line should hang with

right-angled bars first,if the

second, if it were

the

from

of the sections

'Comprehensive View

levels

used

We

first section;second,

given pointsalong

at

will understand

convex;

the

beginning; if

the

beginning.

record the variation

horizontal
to

the

First, to level

purposes:

to ascertain

COSMOGONY.

divergent from

convergent from

for two

reader

be

angles would

concave,

water

CEI*I*ULAR

flat;and

earth

were

the basis of the

third, on

concavity.
The

exercise and

be

must

levels obtainable.

In connection

Mercurial

Geodetic

for
especially

this survey.

of being
susceptible

Applied

used

plumb

also

number

the appapatus,

of

so

the

The

leveling was
by

the

From

thence

which
principles

the

the

from
to

The

line of the

or

four rods back

under

edge of the

in apparent

line

water

member

every
8

50

the Une
we

have

on
was

of

the

horizon

straight-edge

water

pointthree

place the

of

long straight-edge

clear-cut

was

levels

cross-arms

corroboration.
to

12-

precision.

contiguity.
successful

careful, painstaking, and

pronounced perfectat
1897.

the

to

spirit

writer,

mercurial

adjustments, and the

as

straight-edge and
work, witnessed

applied

pose
pur-

length,it
and

accuracy

the

our

the

by

spiritand

relation

in

observed

of Mexico, viewed

Gulf
of

by

also

was

with
parallel
perfectly

was

great

additional

the first section,as

formed

with

had

we

feet in

12

this

sensitive

most

l^evel, invented

Being

for

accuracy;

For

with this

to the first section,the

agreed. The

was

finest and

point

skill and

accuratelyleveled

of the

applied one

we

the

was

applicationof the greatest

tl^efirstsection

foot

first section

levelingof the

the

staff,and

morning

projectedon

demonstrated.

of

finally

March

the

basis

18,
of

THE

112

apparatus

Staff,we

its

or

CELLULAR

adjustments.

brieflymention

class of work

COSMOGONV.

the

to which

each

the list of the

In

positioneach occupied,and

the

assigned:

was

A.

Division
rROP.

Operating

Geodesist, head of the Expedition; Inventor


Rectilineator;in charge of the Field Operations,Experiments,
and
Observations; director of Hypsometric Operations;
tested
and
special Newspaper
Correspondent; directed
every
of
and
the
entire
Measurement
Adjustment
Survey, and personally
G. Morrow,

U.

of the

checked

*L. M.

Boomer,
E.

Rev.

Unity; inventor

Rectilineator,and
T.

Georgia

Books.

Manager.
of

of

Record

'

General

Castile,

M.

in the

same

the

the

witness

of Reversals

of

of

the

Screw

Set

detached

each
rear
section, and transferred same
in accordance
made
reversals
with the
adjustment;
Castle

the

signaled

System;

Koreshan

sections

of

the

important operations.

Operator; manipulated

Ordway,

of

University System

System

tide

for

Formula

from

measures

No.
i;
forward
of

Stationary

Caisson.

J.Jackson

Assistant

Wii^wamson,

2; assisted in detachment
reversals;Watchman.

*H.

B. Boomer,

Set Screw
and
in the
section,

Operator; manipulated
of

No.

each

rear

Secretary.
Division

B.

W. Hunt,
George
Engineer; in charge of Division B, operating in
of Division
advance
A; directed emplacement of the 8-foot platthe
received
formed standards, and adjustment of castings which
sections

of the Rectilineator; in
Tide Staflfs.

charge

of all

excavations,

and

settingof

P. W. CampbeI/I., Mechanic
Watchman.
Ai"i.EN

H.

and

Second

Andrews,

Corps

of

First

Assistant

Assistant

Staff

Engineer;

Engineer;

Assistant

Fabre.

Leroy L'Amoreaux.

Charles

Mealy.

Laurence

and

man.
Watch-

Assistants.

Gustave

Visiting

Assistant

Investigating

Bubbett.

Committee.

of the Koreshan
Pre-Eminent
Gratia,
Unity.
Koreshan
the
of
Castle,
University,Estero, Fla.
of I^anin Chair
A. M., Ph. D., 31 years
Prof. O. F. L'Amoreaux,
111.
Wheaton
College, Wheaton,
^/^
guages,

Victoria
Rev.

E. M.

RESULTS

C.

AND

SterlingBaldwin,
Ada

Mrs.

T. R
W.

Wei

INEVITABLE

M.

S. L. Green,

II

D.

ton.

Ehney, Postmaster
Puerifoy, Naples,

D.

CONCLUSIONS.

M.

Fla.

Fla.

D., Marco,

Other

Naples,

at

Fla.

Witnesses

Visitors.

and

McDonald, Covington, Ky.


Hugh McDonald,
Covington, Ky.

Hugh
Mrs.
Miss

Haldeman, Louisville,Ky.
Lucy Lemon, Louisville,Ky.
Miss Elsie Frederickson, Louisville,Ky.
111.
J. T. Smith, Springfield,
Mr. Strauss, of Louisville Courie /-Journal.
Gilbert, Estero, Fla.
Capt. Robert
Ann

Miss

Gilbert.

Richard
R.

B.

Punta

Fla.

Rassa,

Robinson, Chicago, 111.

Elizabeth

Mrs,

Gilbert, Punta
Rassa, Fla.
Stotler,Estero, Fla.
Rose
Welton, Estero, Fla.
Leutich, Estero, Fla.
Esther

Mrs.
Miss
Carl

Wintersgill,Estero, Fla.
Plant City,Fla.

Lester

Calhoun,

G.

R.
Thos.

E. Hart, Marco, Fla.


Walker, Marco, Fla,

D.

N.

N.

Walker,

Marco,

Miss

K.

Neal

Harris, Marco,

"Called

to

before

Fla.

Large, Naples,

M.

Fla.

Fla.
the

announcinK

by telegram
began; assisted

Chicago
Survey

in

death

of

Mr.

L. S. Boomer

preparations.

and InevitableConclusions.
I^esults
and

of fleasurements

Details

Into
**

Ia/HEN

Hew
we

to the

line,let

of the Geodetic
doubt

the
at

the

suspended
direction
the

chips fall

initial

adjustment, the bubble

the

where

plumb-line at

Apparatus,
of

of

the

Air

Line

Water.

the
the

Extension

we

earth's

station.
in the

they may."

the firstadjustment

established

radius, or

Poised

upon

graduated

beyond
the

the

vial of

all

dicular
perpen-

pivot of
the

spirit

''^HE

114

level measured

lycvel stood

at

in the

equal altitudes

invariably tell

level

the

bribe

the

With

perpendicularand
in

our

which

factors

it was

together the brass facingson


would

extend

terminate

concave.

into

If the

space,

proceed, the bubble


successive

compelled

earth

in the

more
application,

were

the

spiritlevel

the

direction

radii at the various

of the

If concave,

levels and

plumb would

the

conditions

be the

the

would

hang

reverse

of

to be

line
or

in

vex
con-

line would

shift at each
the south from

plumb-linehanging
the

toward

and

The

the line would

as

the

principles

in space

perpendicularor

stations,would

station.

end.

toward

more

vfosjixed,

the maintenance

be found

explained;
and

of

bolts which

very

convex,

the central division of the scale,while


in

the

somewhere, either

before

as

line

The

beginning to

the

projected,we

adjusted right-angled

according as the earth would

the water,
or

the

change.

no

of the apparatus

of the rectiline from

projectedmust

of

admit

argument

our

our

possibleto depart ;

held

at

indisputablebasis

an

which

of construction

in

afforded in the Une

from

cross-arms

bubble-

definitelyfixed

and

constitute

not

man

the line of survey,

leveled,the direction of

Once

reference.

The

theory.

horizontal
survey

concerning the evidences


have

silent witnesses
^

and

plumb

energies which

throughout

accepted as conclusive.

starting point

right angles

The

are

unseen

suit

be

must

Geodetic

denying preconceived opinions,

corroborating or

whether

Mercurial

of the earth.

to

stations

shifts at the various

division of

level is at

truth; they

change

nor

central

perpendiculartubes, in

the

testifyingfrom the standpointof


cannot

the

in the 12-foot

mercury

radius
perpendicular

the

from

of the fact that

demonstration
with

COSMOGONY.

equal distances

The

the scale.

CKI.I.XJI.AR

earth's

the initial

positionsof

those

on

convex

the

RESULTS

; if

surface

the relations
at

of the

the

beginning of
when

in

the line

would

the line

of the movement

found

of Levels,

independent
of the

positionof sections
the line.

For

of

in

twelfth

of the level ; and

thus

manifest.

The

too

was

it was

bubble

It will be

in

measurements

the

with

harmony

appliedin

was

our

test

out
adjustment through-

not

slightto be detected
until

near

the first eighth-of-mile


division of the line that any
was

offer them

tests, the divergence of

first several

by

altitude of

constitute the factors of

at every

the air line

; we

obtained.

are

by these

afforded

tide level

evidences

line and

Horizon.

measurements
mean

in

or

readings of the levels,

the

the evidences

the

the water
means

line would

souths

the

and

level
spirit

the

On

apparatus.

The

direct demonstration.
of

of

facts which

and

measurements

the

if concave,

line ; and

measurements

these

At

increasingangle,

comparison with the table of

chapter,that

of the

apparatus

horizon

Plumbs,

of any

surveyed above

upon

conjunction

horizon.

the

be toward

of the

horizon, because

corroborative

this

"would

present the evidences

are

regards the

as

In

with

the

throughout

We

and

of the horizontal

their original
relations
flat,
parallel

Testimony

means

as

if

The

plumb,

i,

explained.

the

the north

convergence

the direction

before

as

toward

apparent

the apparent

4, Plate

Cut

to

theories.

parallelwith

were

proceeded ;

be

at

clearly seen,

straight-edgesand

to converge

appear
as

the

arc,

continually, as

line,the straight-edgesof the

the

adjustment

convex

extension

II5

plumb, the observations

made,

were

an

concave

tests of levels and

horizon

reference

be

the

same

By
to

may

the flat,and

convex,

Gulf

plumb

initial station

the

with

the line.

of

CONCI.USIONS.

be the

flat,they would

beginning

the

INEVITABLK

AND

had

shifted

the end

of

difference

little
"

toward

Il6

THB

the

north, or

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

From

section of the apparatus.

rear

deviation

point of the manifest

until the end

the first

line^the

of the

angle increased proportionatelyto the distance traversed.


This

also

corroborated

was

plumb-line, and the observed

by the

increase of

position

the

of

angle between

the

straight-edges and horizon, always converging toward


south.

have

We

question would

; the

terms

angle measurements
horizon,
there

The

were

.075

of

angle read
while

feet.

shift

Level,

measured

the

on

mile, and

of the apparatus

adjustment

mi.,

Pi,UMB-LiNE,

.0375

bubble

of

graduated
in.;

on

Geodetic

The

horizontal

could

be measured

apparatus
I

at end

in the
toward
scale

for

15

feet,

12

straight-edges36
angle
end

for

36

of the

2^ miles, at

last

north

end

of

the

vial, as

arc

of 4

feet

radius, as

2"i mi., .044

related

to

in.

indicatingangle of divergence of
points of test, for the space of 12 feet :

mi., .094 in.; 2f^ mi.,

with

the

for space
eye

at

of

36 feet,as

distance

in.;

mL, .34 in.; 2^ mi.,

air

.115 in.

of

accurately as

15 feet from

mi.,

; the

cross-arms

at the

of

the

southerly direction.

mi., .037 in.

indicatingangle

Horizon,

and

Level,
at

.042 in. ;

mL,

suspended

was

the

observed

spirit

mi., .015 in.;

Mercuriai.
line and

of the

angle
to

If

miles, .077 in.; 2^ mi., .089 in.

measurement

right-angledcross-arms

the

determined

the results

second

the

related

was

and

ations
the vari-

were

plumb

of

bottom

therefore

give below

We

the

determined

horizon

length, and

first mile, the

Spirit

level

the observed

feet in

the

plate at

on

small

or

graduated scale

apart

actual

applied?

were

4-foot right-angled cross-arms,

mercurial

12-foot

inch

an

tests

great
the

on

the

were

by the levels,plumb,

all these

divisions

top of the

from

arise. What

variations, how

angles in general

to these

ascertained

as

points where

at

were

level

far referred

thus

the

.51 in.

the

RESUI.TS

These

INEVITABLE

AND

taken

readings,

calculations,will be found
relations of chord

and

circumference, and
the

about
the

to

four

the

an

evidences

are

to the

end

; the

independent

direct demonstration,
and

our

of

of

arc

of the

the

to

miles

25,000

angles increased in

chord, tangibly constructed,

as

have

we

evidence

shown

; and

now

we

of facts of absolute

net-work

to render

as

arc,

of

sources

Visual

and

positioninvulnerable,

our

Projection
Gordon's

From

the

marks

of

have

we

route

of

patientlyfor eight

weeks

success,

the

precise adjustments,
tedious, and
were

and

trying work

obtained.

the

the

of

The

lettering; C
extending into
Line

to

4}i

was

white

to

line is

path

our

this course,

facts

the

Air

the

to

and

making

coast

ing
publish-

are

Wne,

the

128

is the

inches;

into the
be

can

coast

point
B

of

is the
of the

waters

easilytraced

out
with-

Pass; D, the long sand-bar

Gulf, through

projected;

miles.

line

we

extremity of the line,

altitude of

is Gordon's

the

ment
emplace-

.Carefully

the

rectiline extended

of Mexico.

line in

executing painstaking,careful,

covering

the

for

world,"

followed

we

surface

point where

in the

diagram

line at

Over

white

This

horizon.

demonstration.

the water's

the

Line

Rectilineator, extending

made

line, and

beginning of

Air

looking south,

by which

We

space

the

Pass.

Pass, in the southern

the actual mark

of

the line of excavations

standards

of the
Gordon's

Naples dock

sand

the Florida

Air

mathematical

premise impregnable.

Details

Gulf

of

nearly conform

very

radii, over

presenting such

purpose

the

basis

constantly converging with the

was

by

as

I17

ratio,as the surveyed line progressed from

proper

beginning

CONCLUSIONS.

the

an

excavation

excavation

in which

admitted

of

Il8

THB

vision

CELLUI^R

horizon

of the water

the final

COSMOGONY.

from

of the

adjustments

the

apparatus

All of the definite measurements


and

of

minute

the

reference

of the line to the


distance

below

the

at the

end

2j^ miles

level.

water

of Coast

had

We

Line

of

for

Air

surface

the water's
earth

were

above

the vertical

For

Line

the

into

the

direction,we

the

of

water,
had

to

of the

the

the

line

ground
with

Line

of

the

far

as

and

our

the

Air

or

employ

as

Point

veniences
con-

startingpoint of 128-inch
54 inches

point was

nearer

beginning; whereas,

would

the

of Air

limits

the

feet

sections,and

have

been

54

if the

inches

original128 inches,making
p

feet^ in

the

position of

Line

Into

the

Water.

given above, the extension

reasons

tangibly

was

apparatus

Course
Gulf.

reallyobtained.

that

Extension

the

Showing

inches, or

108

ning
begin-

rapidly converging

at this

point of

apparatus from
The

7 inches

was

at

the

convex,

difference of

the

within

Pass.

than

the

extended

line of the

Projection Into

I^ine

line

middle

operation from

The

altitude.

; the

cross-arms

possible,within

practicableand

with

adjustments, covering

manipulated

Gordon's

and

or

were

axis of the apparatus

the

Map

axis

horizontal

made

apparatus from

of the

The

distance.

of

divergencet were

the

end

made.

were

of altitude of the line

feet,or 2"^ miles

of 13,200

built for this

of

positionof

the

to

angles

J^ mile station,where

continuance
another

of the

method

of the Air

line in any

of survey.

As

TH"

I20

bar

through which

CBLLULAR

excavation

Air

portion of the
of

the purposes
it

curvature,

sail-boat

the

marked.

By

cross-hair,it was
of

Land

of

reached

by

Showinpr

giving
replied,

These
and

along

south

Operating Staff,who

the

appeared
point was
at the

point

the

Visual

Projection

the

miles from

whose
well

as

At

the

view
telescopic

showing the boat

of

of the Pass,

conducted

days later.

of the

that

was

of

Air

occupants
the stationary

indicated

as

in by
participated

were

close of this work,

sketches

that the

by

by

the beach.

observations

three

done

was

line with

boat, and

4)^

as

Investigating Committee,

at the

Process
Gulf.

the

distance

i"^ miles

caisson, or
the tide staffs

the

the

Into

sailors in

the

in

of

the Gulf

point on
This

obvious

information

the

Line

ratio

of

Signal Code, the observer

our

Elevation,

the dotted

part of the hull

the lower

telescopetransmitted

Profile View

locate the

to

No.

continuous

calculation

beyond the Pass,

When

means

The

20.

into the water.

the line extended

just above

and

necessary

telescopeaxis.

E, Tide Staff

projected visually. For

Line

measurement

was

directing our

Staff No.

by section adjustments

line is the line surveyed


line is the

made

was

telescope; F, Tide

19, with

where

COSMOGONY.

on

into the water,


for the benefit of the

the Gulf
as

the

as

testimony
the

Visiting

we

append

testimony

of

the

tion
repetitionof the observatime

were

where

of

the

made

observations,
by the writer,

the Air

converging chord

reader, we

the

herewith

Line
of

was

arc

jected
pro; and

produce sketch,

RKSUWS

the

pictureof Tide Staff

line with

20, with

No.

The

the cross-hair.

same,

extending beyond and

Showing

Extension

SKETCH
Air
Pass; also
Horizon

Qordon's

completed
the

Founder

years
coast.

OP

of the

the

THE

previous

to

Koreshan
the

121

Staff No.

stripattached

in

visual line

connecting

the

projectinginto

TELESCOPIC

the

19,

steel

the

results

South

of

being proclaimed by

Cosmogony,

demonstration

water,

VIEW.

into the Gulf through


Line
Excavation
and Steel Strip to
relation
of Cross-hair
and
Boat in the Distance.

experiment,

of the

CONCLUSIONS.

telescope at Tide

in

cross-hair

the

showing

INSVITABLS

AND

on

for twenty-seven
the

Florida

west

THE

122

For
retraced

purpose

the

surveyed

the first

as

line

half

one

COSMOGONY.

of further

the

distance of

the

CEI.I.XJI.AR

testing the apparatus,

by

of the

means

the

on

hair-line of the apparatus returned


tide

of

accuracy

be

be made

reference, such
forward

the table

of

nearly the

of

remarkable

of the apparatus employed


efficiency
test of the

of

Facts

earth's

in the

surface

of

Measurement

Tide

25

As

Rectilineator

the

section, in the
of

hair-line

the

secondary datum
At

rise above

the

the first 660


of

.15 of

an
an

of

with

the

downward

the

original

inch

tide

the
to

hair-line

the

per

ing
followand

the

world.

Air

Line

on

forward,

section

by

the
staffs,

relation

of

128-inch

the

line of survey

128-inch
the

the

the firstdirect

the

easilyobtained

line,was

feet,where

inch

moved

was

sections

placethroughout

no

.125

the

of

of

Staffs.

of

direction

history of

on

accuracy

to make

Altitude

bases

points, as

under

the

quently
conse-

tide staffs

same

measurements

subhead, demonstrating the

would

staffs the

the

to

the

from

points as

the

the

of

deviation

fixed

upon

return

apparatus fell upon

figuresin

demonstration

by having

Upon

If the

point on

same

return, and

recorded

were

as

the

ment
adjust-

survey.

to the

error

applied on

survey.

the

the

An

manifCvSt

return

further

work.

our

rectiline would

of

be

staffs,it would

apparatus, for

mile, taking the last forward

adjustment

we

by

measurement.

did

sections

the

At

altitude.

calculated

altitude,or

the

ratio would

end

of

indicate

curvation, the hair-line of the apparatus fell


below

the
of

only .025
conditions
instead

of

an

that

128-inch
inch.

would

upward.

altitude, being
This
result

If it

were

is in easy
if the

earth

convex,

ence
differ-

contrast

curved
the hair-

RESUI.TS

line of the sections


above

TABIiB

the

have

altitude.
OF

AliTITUDB
STATION

OOMPABBD

brilliant

would

28-inch

SHOWING
BVBBT

INEVITABI.B

AND

pointsof

OF
WITH

AIB

STJBVBY,
THB

interest

CONCLUSIONS.

fallen about

The

IjINB
WITH

CALCUIjATBD

throughout

tide

ABOVB
THE

.125

123
of

staffs
DATUM

an

inch

marked

IjINB

AT

MBASUBES

CUBVATUBB.

the

survey

; for each

'^HB

124
measurement

was

the earth

CBLI.UI.AR

demonstration

its

toward

curved

COSMOGONY.

only of the fact that

not

chord, but also the ratio of its

concavity.
For

all of

altitudes,by

the

of measurements

facts

with

to

and

here

calculated

ratio which

ratios increases

surface

miles

2%

after

and

had

to the

mean

inaccurate

work

nor

crowding of

of

the

been

is due

lines from

beyond

the

refraction

to

2}^

the

line

miles

Results

of

water's
not

to

curvature,

levels,
of the

the mouth
water

level in that

the line

projectedinto

and

incurvation
to

the

survey

due,

even

miles, instead

the

of 4

miles,

the

visual

of

surface

water's

be

if such

Convex

asked. What

would

We

append

reference, study,

parallel
arcs,

as

survey

the

or

mean

ours

table

test

tide

Measurements

Altitude

and

Concave

surface?

is

4^

station

and

the

to

be

will

It

of the tide

around

that

apparatus

Pass.

Comparative

It may

of

distance

the

of the

end

in the
Pass, creating a slightirregularity

at the

how

level of

the waters

the water

ratio, and

measured

measurements

It will also be noticed

may

surveyed,

water

vicinity.

work

study.

the
the

toward

approach

but to the

which

and

since calculated,

have

we

between

rapid approach

apparent

to

densed
con-

Koreshan

our

of

hair-line

staff, the

difference

the

of

calculated

the

present for comparison

noticed that

actual

tide

each

indicatingthe

came

the

have

of the

the results

of which

means

easily compared

nearly, at

nor

and

Survey, into the preceding table of distances

Geodetic

be

definite record, we

reference

easy

Surfaces.

be the facts of
were

of

on

made

upon

ment
measurea

convex

comparative results,

by calculation.
level,and

the

Having

for

two

secondary datum

At
Group

of

Witnesses

Gordon's
and

Pass.

Position
of
South.

Apparatus

Point

Btclilnsa

Noa.

and

6.

at

Farthest

126

THE

CKI.I.UI.AR

COSMOGONY.

surveyed line falling8.02 inches below the secondary datum


rise about

line,it would
of about

above, making

inches in the altitude of the line

16

the

and

far

as

line

the

on

earth ; while

convex

difference

the concave,

on

at the end

of

4"^

miles, instead of the line extending into the water, the line

inches, making

original 128

miss the mark

could not

apparatus,

could

nor

line into the water

on

followed

have

beginning of

the line of

logicalargument

and

of the chord

the

New

earth's

convexity.
from

direct demonstration
all

geometrical

these

forms

in
principles

end, and

have

summed

results.

Step by step

from

beginning

not

the

built

clear ;

upon

made

and

We

frank.

experiments and

from

the line of

have

completedthe
now

have

we

hypotheses.

honest, open,

conclusions

have

embodied

described
the

and

have
The

been

to be stated.

the

are

have

logical and

evidences

surveys

to

propositions;

our

assumptions, we

no

all of

beginning

chain of direct demonstration

remain

theory

of
principles

have

have

proven

tions
rela-

the line of

the measurements

up

we

the

foundation

Survey from

the

the methods

followed

apparatus, and

the

have

we

means,

relations; we

Geodetic

the details of the


the

an

the very

and

presented a long

ocular

have

We

from

and

reviewed
have

We

experiments,disproving by

of the

premise,

have

employed in the old geodesy.


line of

Grodksy;

our

and

arc,

miles.

running

as

Demonstration.

or

two

earth !

of
clearlythe principles

stated

blunder

the

right-angled

any

Direct

II,

Part

such

the

feet,in 4^.

22

feet with

convex

the

of

about

22

make

we

Conclusion
We

or

136.125 inches above

difference between

of 264.125 inches,

theories
We

into space,

projectedout

be

would

obtained

all in.
;

We

only the

RESULTS

The

simple route

surveyed Air
From
we

INEVITABLE

AND

Line

the

have

described,we

reference

to

known

horizontal

from

line

the

to

The

is the

The

Air Line, Datum

Bxtemal
at

128

was

perpendicular and
the

Rectilineator,
4 miles ;

maintained
the

In

tangent.

line at the

Tangrent"
Points.

25

its

panying
accom-

line

the

C, the point of projection

altitude of the

Arc, and

will

began with

perpendicular; BC,

B, the beginning, and

into the water.

We

straight, and
external

which

diagrams which

adjustment of

was

diagram, A
;

in the work

determined

27

tide level.

mean

Line for the distance of about

throughout

surveyed

or

relatingof the

conclusion.

our

the first

parallelrelations

line

construct

and

Air

projectedan

is the

obtained

may

demonstrate

the

datum

the facts of measurements

illustrate and

we

conclusion

to

to

CONCLUSIONS.

Altitnde

inches; it follows that the line

was

beginning

Line

of Surveyed

parallelwith
inches

above

the

external

tangent, and

the

external

tangent, PQ, throughout the entire distance.

Now,

external

surface

intervenes

consequently
between

tangent, the distance

beginning, and

end

at the

; we

for all the intermediate


rectiline down

to the

fine lines in the cut

every

tide staff.

measurements
as

the

The

from

datum

arc

BC

ments
measure-

from

tide staff.
from

to the

is the

from

the

the

The

the line BC,


datum

line which

projected rectiline above


made

the

inches at the

given the

line at every

distance

were

is 128

and

Line

points"the distance

datum

relate to the

measurements

have

extending downward

indicate the measured

Air

the

to which

128

at

arc

the
; and

surveyed line

to

128

THE

CELLULAR

COSMOGONY.

the water's

surface, it follows

intellectual

comprehension

the results

(10

feet and
We

about

the

the

altitude, at

surface; A,
which

the

The

to the

of the

and

stations

the
of

the

at

beginning

point than

the

touches

the

XY,

arc

surface

to

show

also

diagram

diagram

drawn

true

altitudes,would

to

the

nearly agrees

mind

with

of mechanical

the

be too

survey:

concave

ratio

lower

the

fact

definite

only

arc,

but

to

not

scale,suflSciently
large

the proper

ratio of the

Points

rectiline

serves

chord, radii,and
to

are
are

only the

long

for drawing
followingspecifications

to convey

processes

above

last the
not

but

is concave,

staff at

of the

basis of the calculated


very

from

fine lines

relation

the vertical

The
serve

at the

demonstrating
The

ratio of its curvature.


illustrate the

until

preceding one,

water's

the scale.

the water's

end, which

the

by the rectiline BC, cutting each

the

of

at the

beginning,

intersected

that

staffs,

ending

arc

the

tide

25

i, and

to

the

on

the Vertical
Intersecting the 25 Tide Staffs,Falling Below
in Proportion to the Square of the Distance.

Air Line

BC

inches

128

space

projected. The

was

cur-

original 128-inch

the

is the

XY

25.

BC

and

surface

mile, or

the

by

4 miles.

perpendicular

tide staffs from

the

of the water's

measurements

Staff No.

forced

principlesemployed

top of Tide Staff No.

rectiline

the

arc

about

various

at the

of Tide

bottom

the

the rectiline

tide staffs between

conclusion

8 inches

inches) in
take

may

beginning

of

obtained, that the

concavelyat

vates

as

which

for

ing.
print-

the scale will

proportions on

the

curvature, which
we

obtained

by

ScAi^E
The

is

scale

in.

.0204

in.

"'

in.

**

In

represent

in

arc

ft.

ft.

"

in.

external

36 feet, from

line of survey,

36

the

ft.

.2176 in.

tangent,

opposite direction, if the drawing be extended


chord
(making diagram 72 feet long),curvature

the

ence
circumfer-

.0136 in. represent 8 in.


.2176 in.
10% ft.

representing4-mile

of sine of arc,
of

10

29

36 fl.=4 miles.

basis of a circle of 42.5 miles


with
diam.,
6.75 miles radius.

.204

Curvation

mile

the

projectedon

.0017

CONCLUSIONS.

ft.=i

586.667 ; 9

to

: I

; 13.5 miles

Length

INEVITABLE

AND

RESULTS

complete

to

would

be the

same.

.2176-1-in.

36 ft.

of

consists

Diagram

of

inch

an

apart

principal lines, each

two

beginningparallelto

1980.

other, .2176 in.,or

each

of
6.75 miles
direction of the sine of arc
with the sine at the distance
per mile

on

The

results

obtained

half

At

the commencement

of the

apparatus

observations
as

in the

south
the

to

in the

made

; the

points;

levelingthe apparatus, which

I,

in

toward

same

as

toward

nearly 8j^ miles


from

north

the

that

from

the south.
of

the facts

adjustment, special
in the north

arc

of

and
were

the

the

employed

tion
rela-

same

several

well

as

processes
at Station

observations, constitute

the

the conclusion

earth

and

with

connection

in

the firstsections

straight-edgessustained

for

premise of

when

and

sine of arc,

oppositedirection also.

of the horizon

horizon

two

in the

leveled

of the

survey

of the survey,
were

were

of 36 ft.

obtain

chord, would

or

fifth

one

the other being the arc of


straight,
radius, curvating concavely in the
at the ratio given below, converging

scale ;

Curvature

the

than

line

; upper

circle

the

36 feet in length,
more

the ratio of curvature


our

of

the

stationarycaisson,is

the

In this way
concave

obtained,the

the

we

curvature

conclusion

relate
definitely
and

its

chord,

is inevitable that

an

CELLULAR

THE

I30

The

depth

whose

concavity

of the

extension
and

measured

about

of

which

of

centuries

conclusion,

observation

of the

surface
of

Success

Its

in

Geodesy

New

forms

concave,

astronomical, geographical,

surface

inner

have

we

and

earth

upon

great cell about

in diameter.

8,000 miles
The

is the

live

we

which

inches.

128

miles; which

the

that

demonstrates

survey,

by

be

to

all the

obtained

is about

cur\'^ature

25,000

with

in connection

geodeticfacts

and

of

arc

radius contains

miles

center

demonstrated

have

circumference

the

at

4}i

of

of the earth's surface

area

taken

COSMOGONY.

tiie World's

Exceeds

Fruitless

in

ance
Import-

Scientific

Research.
of the

knowledge

Our

indirect

means.

figure of

geodeticoperationscarried
of determining
purpose

The

half for the

have, up

earth

time" led

to this

only

to* no

the

on

during

figure and

obtained

last

by

century and

dimensions

results.
sati^actory

of the

They

with

astronomers,

most

and

is

the

eminent
it would
seem

the

performed by

been

earth

the

Ball.

Astronomer

"

the

have
most

that they ought to have led


is by no means
however,
the
a
problem ; such,
of
meridian
has
but
a
and
measure
arc
added,
adds"
case.
Every new
of concordance, nay, to ttie positive
and want
to the existingdoubts
the various
contradiction which
operationsexhibit, as compared with

perfect instruments,
to

final solution

one

another.

The

"

of the

Schubert.

Von

scientists has

been

of which

has

of

has

that

problem

; the

solved

is

cellular,with

its habitable

all it

impliesand

realm

of science

realized, there
absolute

of the rational

last

at

involves, there
is of

can

be

evidences

earth's

surface

that

of

more

earth's

of

tion
form, the determinataxed

the

ingenuity

demonstrated

concave

is

minds

In the

nothing

more

the theory
investigator,

lightof

in the

entire
When

startlingthan

concavity. To
of the

be

to

stupendous import.

nothing

the

the

long engaged

baffled the skill and

scientific world,

the

so

the

the mind

earth's

con-

RESUI.TS

is

curvature

cave

of

is

minds

applicationof
The

by its ultimate
efforts of

have

facilities at

paid
almost

world
of

in every

and

has been

for the

ingenuity of
heavens

the

in the

visible orbs

singlefact

failed

of

the

advanced
the field of

as

form.

true

plied the

yet they have

has

been
the

they have

tainly,
Cerof the

oceans

the

hope
of

correctness

nations, section
vations,
geodetic obser-

failed

ostensiblylabored.

and

the

to

triangles,

accomplish

Likewise, the

directed toward

the

of

the

movements

failed to discover

support of the hypothesisof the earth's motion

in

they have

us,

of

surveyors* chains,

pole to pole, in

investigationof all

above

with

have

more

astronomers

millions

have

of base lines,spherical

survey

they have

their

they

earth's

from

selected

and
quadrilaterals;

that for which

"

the

In

the

geodesistand geographers

indicative

fact

against all

sioned
they have been commis-

the

direction,and

the

we

all their observatories.

The

bidding, vessels

their conclusions.

"

which

that

measured

apparatus

their command,

discover

some

and

with

to discover.

to

discovering

after section

prehended
com-

place

all

with

girdled the globe

in the endeavor
at their

over

appliances
and

basis,

scientific men,

humanity

and

and

geodeticsurvey.

accurate

such

On

workmanship,

to

considered

geodetic survey

our

modern

all the

bring

to

have

undertaking is always

an

dollars,with all their

With

circuitous

phenomena of the
tled
questiondefinitelyset-

the

who

results.

of

finest

mere

various

principlesof

the

importance of

importance

plane of

certainty; the

absolute

of those

the

131

meaning of the simple facts afforded through

the

very

from

obviated, and

now

in the

of

of

CONCLUSIONS.

inquiry concerning the

universe

the

removed

that

probability to
route

INEVITABLE

AND

failed

fixed star, and

to

determine

their calculations

the true
of

distance of

single

solar,lunar, and planet-

THE

132

the sun,

about

revolution

the

To

mark.
and

annual

ingenious experiments have

many

instruments

accurate

been

applianceshave

mechanical

of

diurnal rotation

wonderfully

conducted, and

been

wide

are

theory of the earth's

the

prove

distances

and

magnitudes

ary

COSMOGONY.

CELLUI.AR

but

employed,

and

without

success.

When
work

Koreshan

of the

concavity, in

with

contrast

of the

world,

of

valueless, in view

How

desired,

conclusions

star-gauging !
in the

We

of energy.

called

so

world; such

far

performed by scientists of

Truth,

mogul

with

now

mind

scientists there

eclipsesall
teachers

are

manifesting

is,that

outside

should

develop

in

all the

the

the

school, is

directed

great

the efforts of

Foucault's

wonder

of

vast

observatories

the

line of
army

and

ranks

mount
parawith

of

line

the

forcing itself
the

of

the

of
thus

success

of

cause

of

work

not

along

the

and

forth

scientific work

value, but

to

the

prove

expenditures

simply comparing

contributed

fallacy. The

of

startlingfact
rational

that

needless

the old

of energy

results

failure, the

We

to

spectralanalysis,and

are

their

the

importance.

failure

of

lax
paral-

stupendous efforts put

science

efforts have

solar

true

the
discrediting

not

are

ments
govern-

transits

experiments with

short, the

In

of

cause

of the

rotating gyroscopes,

the

pendulum,

the

are

the various

the

determining

fruitless

How

observations of the

to make

for the purpose

Venus

by

earth's

how
scientists,

all their efforts!

expeditions commissioned

many

the

proving

failure of

the

of the geodetic

success

in

System

seem
utterly insignificant

the

remarkable

the

consider

we

great

hour,

the

upon

the

recognized

scientific work
of

of

and

astronomers

universities

that

of

the

world!
Columbus

in his

adventures

struck

chord

that

re-

RESUIyTS

sounded
of

and

of the

confined

of that

man

his

the

the

of
cosmic

resultant

deaf

was

Vastly

more

form, in

which

demonstration

earlier

there

were

lifted the

veil

turning-point in
than

the
covery
dis-

the

discovery of the

is the

lie, with

continents

which

the

Europe, mighty

important

all

that

"

in the

He

the

America

of

before

the lifetime,

ears,

of

continent.
act

the continent

Within

kingdoms

new

operation

pivot upon

to

where

came;

plans fell upon

all the

of nations.

made

was

expression.

world; that

new

progress

true

in

toward

movements

from

his

career

awakened

soon

world,

33

march

development,which

great change

The

civilization.

human

fields of

new

one

of

days

of

old

to the

discovery of

of

the progress

mighty forces

CONCLUSIONS.

world; he led the westward

the

throughout

empire

were

INEVITABLE

AND

brings

the

to

the

world

comprehensive view of the I^ightof Ages ! The Koreshan


scientific and
a
System is founded
specificpremise.
upon
The

the demonstration

The

of that
forces

mighty

to

us

the

pivot

of

will

soon

the

in the

the

be manifest

realization of the
which

humanity

ignorance

the chord
the

and

of arc,
of

message
to the

the

voltage of
of

dawn

of

darkness

will vibrate
!

Korksh

mental

The
energy

Koreshan

of

and

the

and

from

That
tension

has

premise,

the world
a

"

to

the

Era,

New

in

prevailingfallaciesx

testimony of

the world

spheres

pulsating about

of

the

lution,
revo-

which

scientific

World

New

The

success.

integralmind

awakening

will be saved

world.

the

in the

centers

System,

demonstration

its

concavity;

scientific

impending

the

marvelous

earth's

pivot of

in their proper

elaboration, involved

brought

"

fact is the
of

hitherto confined
of

fact of the

the

System pivots upon

the Air

Line,

in confirmation

of

testimony

is

claimed
pro-

of

thought

involved

System,

human
in
and

the
the

now

work

and

of promulgation

triumphant

'^^^

134
of the

herald
be

fadls of the demonstration

future

felt in

years

after

^long ages

"

of

premise, will

all fallacious systems

Echoes of the Geodetic


Answers

Conclusive

its

buried in the ruins of the old world

been

have

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

to

Irrational

Survey.
ments
Argu-

and

Objections

tlie Results

Against

by the

Obtained

Rectilineator.

ObstinacyAUnifcstcd by

ChagrinedCritics.

the

first great lesson


in the inquiry into obscure
I learned, as my
fields of knowledge, never
to accept the disbelief of great men
or
their accusations
of imposture or imbecility, as of any
weight when

opposed

to the

and

repeated observation of facts by


The
whole
historyof science

other

admittedly

men

that whenever
shows
us
denied
of any age have
the facts of
scientific men
other
investigatorson a priori grounds of absurdity, the deniers
have always been
Prof. A. Russell
Wallace, the Eminent
wrong.
Naturalist
sane

honest.
and
educated

"

THE

Geodetic
and

the

Many

few

the

to the

itself.
from

the

character
and

of the

reader, we

of
a

the

fested
mani-

evidences

Redlilineator
find

publish the

are

been

history repeating
above

quotation
reveals

the

demonstration

opposition to
in

its true

without

here

this,we

immediately

the

theory, we

publishedto

which
recognized scientist,

in the very

its hold

the

of

pen

of

completed^

results;others

rejoicedhad

have

Copemican

been

the

resistance

employment

Because

observation

grounded

would

who

produced by
favorable

stubborn

been-

has

have

rejoicingover

are

the

In

chagrined.

Naples, Fla.,

at

thereby obtained

facts

the

world.

by

work

heart
a

facts

light. Fallacy
of

humanity,

struggle.

recall the fatuous

discovery, by the noted

of

For

and

is rooted
will not

the benefit

oppositionto

Harvey,

of

the

the

the

and
don
aban-

of the
facts

circulation

of
of

ECHOES

the

blood

in

the

evidence,

the

blood

the

body

refused

to

be found

When

the

wisdom,
show

wrote

the

the lenses

made

telescope.

satellites

sequel proved
that
obje"fts

The

long

result of

can

have
have

seen

than

died

we

have

we

undertaken

projected?

The

and

of

lenses,

planet
having
of the

means

telescope?

he

denied

that

The
the

seen.

of Eartli's

had

the
ever

by

be

What

observed

nomena
phe-

give the

to

about

the

possibleto

the

as

without

about

fraud.

by

years

the

in

way

concavity is considered

and

for

knowledge

produced

Ratio

facts

telescope,attemptingto

nothing;yet

Geometrical

and

witness

observation

were

reveal

to

scientist,who

revolving

know

the evidences
never

to

in such

and

he knew

deception

through

planets, the

One

line of demonstrations

the facts

ground

we

were

earth's

the

about

did he

that

and

Geodetic

and

lived

man

few

be

the

What

can

stubbornly denied

the

could

single astronomical

but

on

to revolve

Jupiter. That

schools
that

began

the

jealousy

made

of

appearance

human

old
man

system;

telescope.

astigmatisms

how

and

were

inducing

dissertation

the

life fluid

the

Ptolemaic

zeal, prejudice,and

more

of

about

others

the

in

through

who

and

of

Galileo succeeded

and

satellites

by Galileo

astronomers

of

of

flow

the

the

is ifot

there

invented

telescopewas
of

of

produced

systems.

venous

movements

he

of

veins

anatomists

circulation

deny the

the

observed

and

investigate. Today,

the arterial and

the

arteries

the

35

Although

demonstrations

physicians and

to

SURVEY.

system.

ocular

through

he
^t

"

GEODETIC

human

made

"

THE

OF

as

the

do

Upon

Concavity.

absurdity,

an

same,

the

mere

critics know

our

what

reasonable

present, be disputed by those


the

lines

opposition to

of
our

experimentation
work

today is

136

THB

unreasonable, absurd, and

as

of

against the work

proclaimthe /ads
as

COSMOGONY.

CELI.ULAR

have

persistentlydenied
the

near

by

line

by

means

results of which

are

as

who

seen

have

about

never

its

to

test

of

its contour.

the apparatus, and


of use,
who

results of

the

by

our

the

the

as

had

of

moons

observed

never

survey,

few

nothing

know

telescope. These

the

have

We

apparatus,

who

are

ventured

never

easily(?) explainedaway

through

explanationsof

have

mechanical

explained by those

motions

persistently

We

obtained; they

and

who

methods
or
capabilities

Jupiter were
their

few

of water

surface

surveyed

observed

manifested

that

as

Galileo.

and

Harvey

we

idiotic

called

so

we

purpose

to

coast

of

overthrow.
have

We

surveyed

The

Florida.

measurements

conclusivelythe
which

concave

the survey

its curvature,

from

water

level;the line

at

distance

AB,

the

water,

of
as

of the

the

in

and

tangent

ratio of curvation
the

survey,

the

article. The

while

over

the mile

the

miles

represents

ratio of

proportion to the square of

the
the

the

following
in

length;

feet above

into the

water; N

the
is

stations;ab represents

surface

earth's

the

beginning of

on

surface

water's

the

diagram

of

found

we

parallelto the air line, showing

of the
cd

the

beginning, 10^

i, 2, 3, 4,

direction

feet above

10^

from

arc

upon

surface to meet

into

B, the point of extension

north; S, south;
the external

earth's

the

air line; A, the

curvature

In this survey

miles

concave

demonstrate

to

as

only the

not

extended

about

Gulf

earth's

altitude of

an

was

shown

being

XY

page;

the

but also its ratio.

rectiline extended

survey,

such

made, and

was

approach

the

of

arc

the

upon

were

definite ratio of

line

for each

line referred

concave

distance;

to

curvature
at

the

mile

zed by
Digiti

of

later in
was

end

the

in

of the

KCHOES

OF

THK

first mile, the distance


surface

inches

was

in

the earth
the second

end

at the

in

length

found

to exist at the

obtained

any

other

involved

We

of

end

the

obtained
than

and

survey,

by

admit

of it.

Two

Classes

of

geodetic work

From

several sources,

i, 2, 3, 4,

the

was

ratio

proper
at the

of the

end

survey.

mathematical

sphere

concave

this

ratio

and

of

tion
calcula-

the

25,000

results

that such

right line

ratio
upon

surface; the geometricalprinciples

concave

two

o,

proportion that the

it will be found

will not

confront

perpendiculars

at

arc

mile, 6

line extended

beginning

extension

the

the

lines of

same

of

test

inches;

Surface; Ratio of Curvature.

Concaye

on

upward

miles; but also

the

water's

beginning,because

mile

only

the

inches; third

the

even

from

Line

of the

not

Not

ratio of curvature

by
be

cannot

fourth

preciselythe

circumference,

in

capableof making

reader

of the

the

curvated

to

137

air line and

diagram, the

mile

of Air

SURVKY.

feet and

concavely.

eighthof a

Diagram

had

air line

in

curvates

miles

at

of the

the

earth

Let each

less than

In the

from

extending

of every

the

this distance

into the Gulf.

decrease

between

mile, about

feet,while

GKODSTIC

Objections

classes of
upon

objectionsto

the coast

it is claimed

sufl"cientlyaccurate

to

Urged.

extend

of the
that
a

the

Gulf

the

character

of Mexico.

Rectilineator

is

straightline; while

138

THK

from

others

the accusation

comes

the first section

at

distance

first section of the

toward

inclined

earth

of

classes

two

minds

expressingthem.

apparatus

only

not

also to insure

but

devote

did not

for

"

The

for whatever

error

being

cross-arm

reversed,

as

who
and

plan

make

or

of

sources

that could

always
occur,

corrected

this

in the
as

or

from

same

is done

to

to the

the

each

the

never

"

or

of

out

should
of

source

and

sion
expan-

the apparatus,

seen

that

fact

^those

of

change

of

deviation

Check

all surveyors,

inch

up
and

are

no

adjustment,
temperature,

of the

all the
the

the

whatever

Besides, there

inaccuracy

single

effect of

the

occurred.

produce

at

correct

section

appreciatethe

wind,

section

apparatus is constructed.

obviates

the

own

brass-facings

an

knows.

rate,
accu-

its

from

that

we

further

would

contraction

objectionhave

direction.

by

.001

well

mechanic

of which

conspire

apparatus

process

when

work;

neutralize

apparatus

This

tions,
precau-

to insure

employed

the

overthrown,

such

of

expansion

vibration
settling,

the

making

extra

be

required for

inaccuracy of

attributed

error

took

the

that

urged

less than

or

its construction

contraction

be

turning-overof

or

consequently cannot

of

satisfactoryto

result

be

of the material

Those

the

that

suppose

in the line would

every

inaccuracy is also

We

therefore

method

any

more

right angle, would


be

to

adjustment.

arisingfrom

error

by mistake.

weeks

by reversal

alternate

every

others, that the

objectionsmight

by making

was

inaccuracies

any

four

the line

accuratelyleveled,but

not

the accuracy

nothing.

accuracy,

such

that

miles; from

was

accurate, and

not

was

to extend

as

objection would

that the

knew

purposely inclined

we

objections seem

these

We

of 4

apparatus

the

that

startingpoint,so

at the

into the water

COSMOGONY.

CELLUI.AR

air line
that

errors

value

of

the

THE

I40

involves

CELLUIyAR

of

admission

the

factors in the work


mathematics

of

three

extending

exact

was

COSMOGONY.

absolute

that

we

of

the

apparatus,

the apparatus, in order to extend

position of

first section

the

agreed (?) upon

into the

before the work

else than
of

absolute

level?

have

just the

given inclination

the other

of

line

adjustments

was

says

made

correct

position.

Reply

to

is

minute

arc;

above

in the

AB

mistake
the

the

the

We
of

an
we

inclined

out

that

know

that

the

finest
of

^the accuracy

"

light
"

in the

to

objectionin

an

altitude

of level

so

as

trate
illus-

the two

represent the

XY
at

lutely
abso-

the

will endeavor
and

our

Section.

charge in another

line,beginning

water, and

true,

measurements

first secSlion in

followingcut: lyCt

the air

be

distance

be

to

impossible.

expositionof this charge

diagrams

to

ments
measure-

the

at

charge

lightof geometricalprinciples,and
our

water

Chars^e of Inclining First

will examine

We

have

of the first section from

the

and

no

getting

upon

distance

accurate

level,having applied two

obtainable; we

depended

for

at

absolutelystraightline, involving

an

class of minds

the firstsection
levels

order

In

to extend

kind

and

strike the

we

inclined

the

straight line, for with

perfect apparatus

angles,could

desired,from

would

third, that

and

water

ment
adjust-

the

began, would

perfectand capable of extending


what

in

from

line

the

ing
mak-

capable of

angles

our

calculate

to

were

of

measurements

of the first section

First,that

rectiline:

necessary

^very

"

^necessarily
so,

"

second,
angle of inclination;
some

things,

vex
con-

lo^ feet*
to

strike

in 4
into the water
"Really, to confonn
to the fact that the air line extended
miles at an angle, with
the horizon
of the chord, the
the end
\% miles beyond
altitude of the starting point, on the convex
would
have
earth as per charge,
to
be 18 FEET
and 8 inches, instead
of 10 feet ! For the sake
of simple illustration,
have
we
represented the line as terminating at the horizon, and consseqaently
parallel to the water.

the

in

water

the ratio of

extended
line

it.

to

from

the

to the
to

In

the

As

really obtained.

would

be

the

at

water,

of

the

surface

approach of

the line to the water's

beginning

the

divergence of

the ratio of

beginning, would

the distance

from

of the air line and

beginning
line had

of

the

be in
of

reallydescended

or

approach

of

the

of

Supposed

than

greater

that
feet

and

Conyex

of

at the ratio of 4

end.
feet

the

and

line
of

square
in

the

more

end,

the

was

nearer

be

ratio of

the

line,

ratio of

the

end

the

surface
at

line

10^

The

line; whereas

the water's

angle

to

would

proportionto
the

liquely
ob-

the

be 4 feet

at

the

parallel

reverse

surface

Naples, Fla.

line and

definite

line

first mile, the

the

line

the

surface

ended

with

just

the line from

the end

of the line at

the survey

at

of

trast
con-

diagram,

beginning.

the water's

rapid at

at

charge, would

the

than

first

instance, beginning

end

the

according to the basis of

to the

of

of Projection of Rectiline on the Surface


Flat Earth.

Results

above

begins

ratio

for

the

coincidental

The

surface

water's

Now

surface, and

water's

ends

at B.

i, 2, 3, 4,

illustratingthe

cut

In

line

this, the

horizontal, and

horizontal

the

arc.

began parallelwith the

S, south;

the line to the water's

in

concave

I4I

line of survey.

the

approach of

the

over

SURVEY.

is north;

along

exhibited

have

we

GEODmMC

miles; N

four

indicate mile stations

that

THE

OF

KCHOKS

fact, in
gence
conver-

less at
If the
for

the

the
air

first

THE

142

mile, and

so

the line would


have extended
proportion,
of i^ miles from
the begina distance
ning

in

on,

into the surface

at

line,and

of the

would

the

been

have

If the earth

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

were

of inclination from

angle

in 4

the

line,as

arc

in the

plane,

the

of

the air

I, 2, 3, 4, the

south;

line to the

mile, and

the

sustain the

would

was

The

it ?

first mile

would

increased

2^

of

the end

pointto
Charge

miles

This

is

such

possible. The

mere
an

to

of the
the

line

out
throughdeviation

end.

How

from

of

the

mile,

progressed, until

at

that

the horizon.

Facts

of Measurement.
the

line

show
such

at

greatest

eighth

on

ignorant subterfuge;no
of

the
line

air

visual line from

curved

objection can

2"^

for

the

be

the

the air line to the horizontal

Gulf, below

of

been

The

at the

first

the

of the

construction

north; S,

same

arc,

horizontal

extend

run

is

the horizontal

objection that

the

the

convex

obliquityof

of Falsification

represent

de\'iation
perceptible

no

of the

the surface

speciallyconstructed
made

line,and

the

principleof

have

apparatus would

continually as

confront

We

the

On

convex

approach

fourth.

the

obliquityto

sufficient to

was

for

same

the end

near

the
would

XY

the

line showed

until

horizontal
and

the

beginning of

with

of

descent
the

line,as per charge; N

axis of the

of the horizontal

of

below

diagram

The

same

the line into

ratio

even

stations.

the line of survey.

the

the

to extend

as

mile, 2^4 feet, and

feet;for the second


third

an

incliningthe

of

mile

for

water

so

straight lines.

two

line;AB

result

in accordance

precedingcut,

the water

be

miles, would

representedin

convergence

zontal
hori-

enormous.

firstsection of the Re"5lilineator


the water

the

an

how

apparatus
a

convex
one

this

ever

could

apparatus would

was
face.
sur-

ing
havbe
in-

volve

the

degree

of

more

the

can

for

objectorsclaim

also the

convexity

results

of the

fame

of the

the methods

by

that

the

employed

Koreshan

of it not

reason

We

testifyas

as

absolutely as

be

charged

an

admission

that

we

fact that

lied about

the Koreshan

be convex,

upon

them

as

Copemican System
Other

The

of

expect
minds

some

are

four.

our

survey,

of

If it

if the
has

it is
earth

obtained

bestowment

of

first to demonstrate

the

consider

and

the

Survey.

who

man

simple principlesof
those
to be

who

the

comprehend

table, until
multiplication

will have

mean

repliesto objections will be conclusive

will

to reach

the results

two

Corroborate

would be impossibleto satisfya


of the

we

scientific suicide.

form, and

the

the

Experiments

above

who

those

being

that,

which

to

Staff alone

Geodetic

also

not

become

objectors that

facSls concerning the earth's

honor

determined

what

the results

Coperni-

Cosmogony;

never

and

two

capable

the

course,

know

we

the part of the

on

could

such

ing
concern-

true, but

be to commit

do because
the

of

have

not

was

take

subject to charge, would


we

could

we

being true, it

are

favor

lished
pub-

it would

employed

ever

fadls;

we

truth

of the Koreshan

System

To

water,

the case,

were

only method

skill

possible!

by tellingthe

to lie in favor

theory, than

prevailingsystem.

the

If such

and

falsified the

we

43

fold greater

to be

that

charge

the

gain

to

easy

thousand

settlingthe question absolutely,in

only
by

SURVEY.

precision of adjustment

oppositeresults.

the

of

class of

discovery of

that upon

be far

and

accuracy

confront

We

GEODETIC

necessity of attaining a

the other

than

THE

OF

ECHOES

will not

changed by

he

the

cannot
turn

the

to

mathematics.
nor

facts.

doubted
came*

We
reason;

in

to

the

It

racy
accu-

edge
knowldo

not

their
tide

of

I'HE

144

CEI.LUI.AR

popular favor

from

the

strange

to us

that

seems

in view

"

been

ever

and

applied by

convexity

in view

the

all the

to face

absolute

rejectedby

evidences

mind

any

Corroborative

by
of water
which

be

can

and

the line

form,

true

but

by other

repeated upon

challenge will

our

field of contest,

to which

"

the many

lines of

obtained

the facts

from

our

we

character

He

apprehend

who
the

has
nature

be

faction
to the satis-

have

we

long line

experiments

of water,

facts

cavity
con-

observed

tion;
challenge contradic-

We
to

be

answered

the

upon

dare the scientific critics, in


"

we

have

geodetic work

ducted
con-

world.

of the

reproduce the following extracts

Staff,we

reviewed

^that the

of the surface

and

tests

"

the

tests

"

to the

announce

we

the pen

followed

of the editor of The

reports of the

the

them:

Convex
*

have

we

body

have

Leaflet,of Ironton, Ohio, who

seas

test.

series of editorials from

work, and

"

earth's

the

experimentation through which

Concerning the
by

in
participate
Staff

of

means,

any

susceptibleof

are

work

surveyed, demonstrating the earth's

have

we

our

produced should

have

skeptical. The

of the most

criticise

Geodetic

survey,

canals, lakes, and

on

circumstantial,

issue and

of the demonstration

obtained

of evidences

of the

simple right angles.

of accurate

means

have

means

capable of realizingthe geometrical

in

involved
principles

and

who

the

we

facts obtained

called evidences

so

the

the

direct

it

But

in view of the
scientists,

fact that those

enough

of

face

only cumulative

are

System.

such

no

the old- school

experiments performed by

direct and

New

right in the

that

of the

brave

not

were

the

to

of the fact that

fact that they admit


earth's

old

COSMOGONY.

read

or

Concave,

Which

thus
far,need
carefully

of the

question involved;

?
not

and

be
may

at a loss to

form

some

THE

IN

PRESS.

DAII.Y

145

theory
these

men

earth's

of the

laid

have

rotundity?

themselves

out

They

are

vex
con-

If

you.

practicea deception

to

How

the

before

now

of such demonstration.
idea of his own
as to the practicability
shall we dispose of the facts of this seeming innovation
on

the

on

tinkered
or
gullibleof mankind, and have doctored their instruments
their manipulations so as to obtain the results they expected, then we
What
sold in proportionto our
to what
commitment
are
they say.
not
cananybody could jpossibljr
expect to accomplish by such course, we
with the intelligenceof
does not comport
imagine. Thebehef
the persons
capable of the work reported to have been done.
The languagequoted does not belong to those who
are
ignorant
indicate that
of the laws of mmd;
treated
does the subjectmatter
nor
ness
it is by those unfamiliar
with geometricalrequirements. The carefuland
characteristic of
not
are
painstaking patience manifested
those who
are
incapable,or who care
only for short-lived notorietjr^
The
desire
the
for
to
highest attainable degree m
seeming
accuracy
order to project a straightline,and the frank, open,
and
unreserved
detail of procedure, the results of which
anybody of equal skill could
readily overthrow
by experiment, if untrue, do not witness to our

mind

fake.

The pressure seems


whole convexite

to be

of the

on

and

mathematicians

the

all
fraternity ^including
"

philosophers
of

^to explain the behavior


Copemican system
surface of the earth
level,the plumb-line,and the water
to a straightline projectedhorizontally!
"

But it is abhorrent
to our
sense
be committed
to a fallacy,on
any
known; and veritable measurement

geometrical

based
of The

fact

than, in

assumption. Extracts
Leaflet,Ironton, O.

on

"

In the
Reprints and

Etchings
Great

of the

its absence,
from

importance,
of the
upon

Koreshan

fitness
the
further

nowned
re-

spirit

the

in

their

of

things to

truth

may

be

evidence

of

Editor

the

by

lation
re-

ing
establish-

in

mountains

series of articles

DailyPress.
of

Reports

Dailies

magnitude,
Geodetic

presentationof

the

and

in

Editorials

tiie

of America.

Reportsof the Florida Survey Went


THE

eternal

subject,when
ought to go

the

of

adherents

and

Around

the World!

influence

Expedition
evidences

of the

may

afforded

be

work
ciated
appre-

through

146

THE

the

CEI.I.UI.AR

daily press, which, previous to

plans and facts,was


System.

We

work

your

been

asked

are

prominent

asked, Why

made

public?

who

factors

and

The

propaganda.

our

and
times
the
that

made

of the

concavity

the

flashed

from

successful
which

channels

From

truth.

earth's

of the

aware

parts of

the

Indies, and
A

to take

of the dailies

This

showing

the

process

we

System

we

strongly

about

arrangement

Koreshan

of

ing
dar-

mental

the

of

went

news

in

been

have
from

responses
also

the

hamlet

people

had

tinent,
con-

of

and

town

all

France,

from

containing reports

for this, for

word

arranged

etching

to

to

evidences

the

to

strated,
demon-

Zealand, Mexico, the West

possession.

our

perhaps appeal more


have

echoes

daily press, the

have

and

Hawaii.

into
our

modern

continent

the

English-speaking world;

number

come

tant,
impor-

been

has

from

world; millions
facts; we

in

popular

vibrating in

news

India, Australia, New

Germany,

have

of the

most

startlinginformation

the world

responsive

the columns

the

on

surface

achievement,

parts of the

various
made

The

weeklies, carrying the

the

the

greatest, most

city to city,and

became

with

instrumental

impression

reverberatingaround
and

of the

papers
news-

questions

geodetic experiments of

distinct

These

it ?

avenues

scientific mind.

called

so

results

remarkable

most

have

direct

the

not

touch

in

not

are

results of

the

not

have

Why

Koreshan

to the

have

something regarding

those

by

display of scientific

our

extremely unfavorable

often

are

contained

to

COSMOGONY.

score

to

of

We

do

have
the

of

ask

not

the

evidences

the

of

the

the

same.
on

Hqn.

torials,
edi-

by

the

comments

Expedition by

We

reports and

reproduce photograph

and

will

skeptical mind.

available

favorable

reader

that

large displayed headlines; and


includes

work

our

the

Henry

148

THE

THAT

PROOF

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

LIVE

WE

INSIDE

Editorial

[From the Chicago Times-Herald"

of the

Advocates
inside of

of

have

satisfyall who

This

theory.

in

claim

proof of

originated and founded by Dr. Cyrus


and
during the past twenty-fiveyears
of converts
large number
popular theories concerning the
are
fallacious, resulting from

making

interpret observations
and

of the heavens

of the

shape of the
a

usual

the

from
is

earth

the

therefrom
With

new

the

is revived

the

it is the

theories known

properly

phenomena
the promulgation

In

discussion

of the

radical

most

the

to

universe

to

horizon.

System,

entire

departure
today"it

world

Consequently, the methods


and

the

conclusions

reduced

system
the

with

plans

experimenters

sued
pur-

reached

for

to

pivotal and

making

that

test,

expedition
there
is a straight
December
to Naples, Fla., where
for a number
of miles, to practicallyapply the principles
of testingthe earth's
of the newly discovered
means

contour.

The

Koreshan

theory

fact that
has

of the

common

our

in

belief that all the

failure

Koreshan

cosmogony

and

of

company

coast

has succeeded

character

of

as

Cosmogony, was
Teed, of Chicago,

he

most

of

correctness

decidedly revolutionary.

are

specifictest,
last

the

scope

complete antithesis.
in

the

of

R.

the

to

system, known

to the

to be able

the

Cellular

the

or

the

on

diameter, instead of

Astronomical

strange

Astronomy,

the Koreshan

for

asked

living

are

we

globe, now

convex

July 2S, 1897.]

pages,

theory that

shell 8,000 miles

hollow

the outside

the

GLOBE.

Qaim That Their Theory is Demonstrated by Experiments


Startling
and Surveys."Scientific Revolution to Follow.

Koruhans'

on

THE

such

might

be

never
a

work

of

the

in

geodetic work

thought

of

the

on

an

Experimenting

is of interest

before

sent

was

to

all the
been
results

Staff of

the

all, from

the

simple

history of

the

world

executed.
of the

Whatever

series of surveys

THE

IN

made

at least the

been

for

entirely overlooked

reason

surveys

of

time to time
facts

the

if

G.

accepted will

and

the

main

operations in
straightline surveyed
extend

the

of

into

points,like

two

the

the earth

whether
concaved

have
succeeded

have

of

chord

cannot

be

called

the

of

of

the

water*

arc

surface

at

It is claimed

possiblefor determining
convexed
at its surface,or

means
or

hollow

the

survey

is

rays

rectilinear
as

On

account

of

light

and

vision

direction,and
The

mechanical

clearly illustrated

reproduction

itself.

of this

in the

The

Editorial

on

acter
char-

live.

The

forcing a straight line.

explains

test of the

we

practicaltest.

Rectilineator, is
of

first direct

which

upon

the true

purpose

etched

to

concave

the

making

surface

the

"See

is rounded

employed

which

vertical

rightangles to that perpendicular,


from
the earth curvating away

direct

inside

in

the

of

the

from

at

atmospheric refraction, the


bent out

now

sphere; and if the experimenters


correctly applied the principlesinvolved they

the

as

gives
which
investigations,

directions

in two

space,

this is the most

that

report

Koreslians.

line,or will the line converge

that

has

science.

perpendicular,and

and

who

question involved, constituting the basis


the new
geodesy, is : Will an absolutely

of

point of

with

obtained,

of his

results

revolutionize

Chicago,

Times- Herald

results

Propositions
The

of

Morrow,

the

supplied
of

lines

U.

observed

final summary

usual

in the

The
geodetic survey.
ments
experithe
the
under
were
gulf coast

on

direction of Professor
from

that

remains,

and

scientific research
and

fact

one

49

unique and original,seemingly embodying


have
simple geometrical principleswhich

of

some

the

coast,

is

plan

number

of

Florida

the

on

PRESS.

DAILY

2.

are

consequently

apparatus

used,

contrivance

for

whole

plan

*accompanying

survey
Plate

of

began with

of

gram,
diathe

THE

150
at

apparatus

CEI.I.ULAR

altitude

an

feet above

of ten

the basis of the

making

COSMOGONY.

the water's

face,
sur-

instead

figures,
eight miles

of

six, as first proposed.


If

earth

the

inches

mile, in four

the

to

straight chord,

the

concavely,

with
line

that the

the

the

middle

into

convex

water

eight
of

the

earth

the
veyed
sur-

the

"

end

of

curvates

line would

object was
the

arc

at

if the

hand,

Their

**run

ratio of

the

from

claim, the

water.

the

in

come

to demonstrate

They declare

water.**

gulf coast terminated, in


with their expectations,in the water
accordance
at the distance
of four miles from the given perpendicular.
that

line

from

above

the Koreshans

would

at

given perpendicular,the

other

the

the

miles

feet

distance

On
as

the

be twenty

be that

survey.

contact

from

or

line would
line would

convexly

curvates

the

surveyed

the

How
the line

Along
of

Surveys

surveyed

which

mile, upon

the

on

the

were

Were

Made.

fixed

altitude

stakes

of

the

**air line*'

progressed, in order
registered as the survey
afterward
made, and
might be
of the distance
it

this way

proposed

was

approached

line

is made

claim

could

concave

line

of the

the

that

no

the

determine

to

surface

upon

such

above

at

other

relations

the

and

water's

of

calculated

first mile, the


than
inches

line

came

of

mile

the

at

*'line''

was

beginning;

eight inches
second

third mile, six feet,while


with

in contact

the ratio

.he results

for

even

referred

to,

surface.

In

not

the

or

ratio;and
surface

the

mile, about
at the end

the water.

Also

of

the surf

nearer

the
the
and

the ratio

end

the
ace

thirty-two

of four miles the

eighth
progression;

at every

line' of
along the same
miles showing the aggregate

was

than

in about

At

curvature.

concave

v/as

urements
meas-

figures be observed

obtained, the line approachingthe surface


of the

that

whether
proper

kind

eighth

every

result

for

THE

IN

the measured

altitude of the

From

these

figures it

concavity determined
The

mile.

of

angle
with

deviation

the

the

from

levels,the

beginning

direction

of

of
all

the

the

may

be

stations
that

seen

measurements,

of the

of

extension

plumb-line

the

water,

the

in

principlesinvolved

test

from

the

as

well

of

the

as

sideration
con-

apparatus

fact

declare, it is claimed, the

in the

points,in

various

at

the

to

of

stations

surveyed

of

closely

increase

at

line

into

the ratio
very

line,the

the

ing.
interven-

eight inches

of

horizontal

the

length

point of

to

for the

curvature

ratio of descent

15I

line

by these

estimated

the

approaches

PRESS.

DAILY

ployed,
em-

earth*

concavity.
Scientists
It

easily be

can

scientific tests
If it

would

admitted

were

define

entitle

direction

to

credence

would

have

the

by

earth*

the

weight

if

of

such

impetus
they were

of this survey

results
of

an

true.

curvature

nitely
defi-

so

as

the

scientific world,
that

evidence

to

would

positionimpregnable. The future will reveal


validity or the fallacyof their claims, and judging
the line of work
planned by the scientists of the new

render

from

the

that

Contest.

Open

to

imagined what
give to a system

the

them

Koreshans

the

Cliallenged

their

school, they

not

are

field to

the

Upon the strength of


expedition, the Founder of

the

anticipatingleaving

the

criticism of the scientific world.


results

of the

work

the

the advocates
general challenge to meet
of the prevailing system, not merely in discussion, but in
the field of operations
and experimentation.
upon
open contest
of the results of the unique surveys,
Corroborative

System

issues

of the

they claim
the

surface

have

to

of

tangiblefacts
the

water

must

long

line of facts of observation

itself,and

be admitted

the

force

to possess

more

of

upon

visible

and

weight

with

people in general,than platform argument.


the leaders
Concerning their attitude toward

of mod-

THK

152

scientific

em

scientific
of

truth
as

Morrow

today

as

are

of

results

in demonstration

them

to meet

Koreshan

the

Professor

propositionsand

our

are

we

thought,

of the world

men

COSMOGONY.

CEI^LUIyAR

System,

willing to test the


our
geodetic work
of the premise of

difficultywill

no

**If the

says:

be

experienced

hereby extend
speedily settling the question. We
the opportunity of demonstrating the earth's conthem
vexity,
establish
the
and
to
to destroy our
premise or

in
to

basis of the

Koreshan
of modern

conclusions
for

dispute,

but

science.

inviting

'There

is not

this

In

not

are

we

test

of

all

clamoring
the

facts.

Decision.

to

issue before

another

overthrow

thus

impartial

an

Easily Susceptible
*

and

Cosmogony,

the world

today, in

be
so
specificallystated and
principles can
lute
one
so
susceptibleto absopoint of test, nor
pivoted upon
decision, as this one concerning the concavity of the
be changed, and
earth ; because
the water' s surface
cannot
of solving the question is so obviously certain
method
no
the

which

as

the

of

one

which

formulated
are

in the

Koreshan

proclaimed

now

to

the

System, the results


world.

We

have

of an
air line,
employed a unique apparatus in the survey
ticipated
terminating in the water's surface as we proposed and anbefore
We
undertaking the survey.
employed
a

there
of
well

extension

of

process
can

be

refraction
as

forciblymade
were

results

right line,concerning which

the effect of
a

ically
perspectiveforeshortening,by mechanstraight line, and thus settled the matter

beyond dispute. The


and
time
patience.

from

eliminated
the elements
question. We
of visual lines,as
light and incurvation

no

of

forcing

We

of

aware

As

would

was

yet, the

laborious, requiring much


scientists

have

not

been

of the

confident

consideration
which

work

of

weight of the evidence obtained.


in
the
beginning of our
work,
the
and
the
principles involved

inevitably follow, that

we

were

pro-

THK

IN

jectingthe greatest
the nineteenth

and

the

with

ultimate

they

ured
meas-

place

over

against all

the

earth's

of the

apparatus

the

shape,

very

finest

discreditingthe geodetic work


efforts have
their value, but the sequel

We

not

are

of the world; such


that

always

basis, we

determine

to

men

appliances and

workmanship.

such

On

geodetic survey

our

is

undertaking

an

results.

scientific

all their

proves

of

century.

importance of

efforts of

153

important geodeticsurvey

most

**The importance of

by its

PRESS.

DAII^Y

are

of

not

importance.

paramount

We

have sucwith failure


ceeded
we
simply comparing success
in accomplishing that for which
they have labored
for centuries,by the applicationof direct means
of determining
the earth' s true
shape. The great wonder of the
hour, the startlingfact now
manifesting and forcing itself

are

"

upon

rational

many

minds

is,that outside of the ranks

of

recognized scientists there should develop a line of scientific


work
that
of
eclipses all the efforts of the vast
army
scientific experimenters the world over.
Nothing can now
impede the progress of the Koreshan
The
world
stand
cannot
System; it is invincible.
long withthe forces of the absolute truth, having for its foundation
the indisputable facts of the greatest discovery of
* *

modern

The

times.

have

facts

have

we

observed

and

the lines

demonstrating the earth's true form,


We
susceptibleof test.
challenge contradiction; but

we

surveyed

challenge will
contest, in
which

have

the

have

we

many

be

to

answered

lines

observed

of

the

upon

the

field

are
our

of

experimentation through
facts

we

announce

to

the

world."
A

The

Koreshan

Revolution

Would

scientists have

realm

of discussion

taken

Result.
the

question

out

concerning various astronomical


cosmographical phenomena, and placed it at least in an

of the
and

Great

effort at
is

it

really concave,

sun,

and

moon,

all

case

the

readily be

can

and

in what
of

success

radical

of the
It

hollow

would

turn

the

be

set

if the world

has

and

the scientific

effected such

edly
decid-

thought and

of human

into

many

other

No

its resultant

mind

is

general public?

general acceptance of

globe theory

to

comparatively

revolutionized.

be

result from

to

part of Koreshanity,

in the channels

changes

would

as

have

difference

put forth in the world

ever

concave

attributed

it interest the
the

would

be

arc.

is the

on

curvature.

should

arc

distances

concave

does

way

popular theories

life

the

astronomical

earth*s

heavenly bodies would


stars
brought to within

be asked, what

In the event

absurdity,and

which

the

if that

immense

the

the

It may

system

of

arc

that

short distance above

"

from

other

aside, and

concave

the

"

seen

instead of convex,

planets

the

of the

movements

the side of

foundation

or

made

are

of

in such
because
planets impossible,
ance
would have to be interpretedin accord-

ground

calculations

explanation

the

and

us

earth

if the

that

the

phenomena

with

usual

entirelyon

stars

of

habitation

the

claim

the

places

orbs above

of the

COSMOGONY.

They

demonstration.

character

It

CEI.I.UI.AR

'J'HE

154

premise

the

conclusions.
channels

newer

reveal newer
ous
numerlaws, and clear away
investigation,
function.
form
and
mysteries concerning cosmical
be
of thought and
investigation would
Every domain
in short, a startling,
invaded by the new
appalling
process
would
revolution
and
world-wide
necessarily follow if
of

"

universe
from

the

being,
and
the

general mind that the


of life
is a great cell or shell containing forms
of existence to the highest realm of
lowest domain

proved beyond

it were

as

well

as

doubt

all the

to

the

atmospheres. Nothing could be more


mind
today than a vivid conception

of universal

existence

and

and

stars, planets,sun,

perpetuityhave

moon

startlingto
that

been

the

laws

discovered.

156

that
must

that

of 8,000 miles diameter, it is obvious

dimension

to the

verse

COSMOGONY.

CEIyLUI^AR

THE

corresponding change of concept of the Almighty


Because
of this,Koreshans
necessarilyfollow.
say
and
of
their
science
their system
rably
theology are insepaa

and

connected

fact of the cellular form


the world

existence

divine

universe

there

to

come

of that

but

cause,

It is claimed

cause.

and

natural

of

means

that

the

universe

and

physical
expression of the

outermost

mind, and that if the natural

the

also

its laws

understood, they unmistakably indicate the character of

are

the mind

which

it.

expresses

Koreshans

explain the great mystery

to

attempt

that
the claim
Deity scientifically.Hence
or
theory of Koreshanity is the foundation
is claimed

religion,which

it

Christian

system

and

apostasy of

the

defend
is

has

knowledge of the laws of creation,and


laws of perpetuity of not only the universe

effect of the

the

is the

universe

of the

definite

consequentlythe
as

that in the discovery of the

related"

as

Bible"

the

''firmament'*

taught priorto

the

church.

of the

teaches

the

Testament"

and

of

its

primitive

declension
claim

that

metallic strata

outermost

Old

basis

Koreshans

Bible

the

scientific

the

the revival of the

was

that

sphere, the

hollow

be

to

of

world

the

being

that the

to

the

Bible is

expressions. They hold that


of the earth's concavity,the inspirain the demonstration
tion
strated.
of the Scriptures is scientifically
proved and demonThey teach that the two great forms of expression
and the Bible
of the mind of the Almighty
nature
because
to be read in harmony,
are
originatingin the same
in all its

correct
scientifically

"

"

divine mind.
cause,

and

The

is true

"

argument
^a

true

and

research,from

men

are

which

yet

tangible index

of

edge
to all knowl-

of the universe.

of all life in all domains


Scientific

is the result

is that nature

on

the

it follows

voyage
that

of

discovery and

they have

not

yet

Chart

Showing

the

of the

Koreshan

Principal Astronomical
Phenomena
of

Cosmogony.
Features,

the

Heavens.

latching: No.

8.

in

Explanation

of the

THB

IN

definitelylocated the

PRESS.

DAII,Y

of the

secret

57

of

great cause

existence,

of the
real purpose
Koreshan
theory claims to

explained the
yet satisfactorily

nor

The

world.

Founder

discovered

have

to

or

to

of the facts
to which

the claims to such

embraced

as

in

it would

are

is claimed

as

undoubtedly reveal
greatlymistaken, or
and

the rankest

most

times.

Benefits

What
What

today are
promulgating

modern

fallacyof

absurd

discovery,

possibledetermination

the

that either the scientists of

that the Koreshans

be

in open field of contest,


satisfactorytest could be made

the earth curves,

way

could

with its advocates

definite and

ing.
thinking world is look-

the

prevailingtheories

the

examine
critically

that

so

of

in contact

come

the

that for which

leaders

If the

induced

of

Would

be

to

Follow?

benefits

the

to

be derived

to

of such a system ? It is one


humanity through acceptance
of the doctrines of Dr. Teed, its Founder, that there is not
a

in the

law

universe

understood

when

that

; that

is

man

apply to

cannot

man

himself

microcosm, or small world,

involvingthe functions of the world

large; that to the


mistake
that we
extent
or
misapprehend what are the
fail to apply them, but that when
laws of the universe,we
men
can
comprehend what are the laws and principles
he can
and perpetuity,
of universal construction
adjust
himself to universal being and become
immortal.
Man
is held

to

until he has
overcome

and
be
*

be

mortal, and

will

so

applied and

fulfilled immutable

and

death

claim

to

In

is looked

accordance

of

dis*^^^eryof

the

upon

Jcemel

very

'philosopher'sstone,"

which

continue

to

be

mortal

law

as

to

perfect himself mentally,spiritually,

physically.The
the

at

as

with

organicunity of htunan

the

the

and

the

science

key

this

the

of

system

seems

long sought

to

for

transmutation,

to all knowledge.

premise,a great system of


is hoped
divine co-operation

158
for

THE

the adherents

by

universal

the

has
and

COSMOGONY.

sought

are

be

to

definition of the true

in

human

science of government

is termed

what

of

laws

applied to

"

manifest

The

views.

the Koreshan

^itis claimed to be
political
economy
Theocracy expected by all
supreme

made
and

to

existence

affairs in the
and

CELLUI^AR

the

Christians

to

be

advent,"

"second

the

of

beginning

originatingthe system of Koreshanity


some
personal claims as to knowledge of divine law,
consequently a mission to perform in the world, looking
the

hence

man

of salvation of

humanity
from the present conditions of evil and
mortality,through
order of life and
the institution of a new
organic system
correspondinglyfashioned after the general universal order
of the great Cellular form
which
is held to incorporateall

to the establishment

there is.

Koreshans

the claims

of Dr.
and

study
insisted

of

system

Teed.

of

engaged

to comprehend his mission;it is


investigation

the

in

necessitating
system is intricate,

His

by his followers

claims

his claims

that

Those

scientist.

true

the

of

work

scientific

practical
proofs of

that in the

misunderstood

people have

say many

the

the

are

who

rational
been

have

experimentation,hold
of the

correctness

reshan
Ko-

ethical,and
religious,
Cosmogony, all the scientific,
economical
principlesof the entire system are conclusively
to be true;

demonstrated

KORESHANITY.
Prof. Morrow

Tells of Dr. Teed's Theories."

He lias Proved

the Earth is Hollow.

"

ExperimentsIn Florida." Believes


Peopleand Planets on Inside.
"

and Stars to the

Relationsof the Sun, Moon


World."
[Courier

Journal

Prof.

Staff of the
way

to

U.

of Gravity.
Explanatiosi

Reporter's Interyiew with Prof. Morrow,


July 28, 1897.]

G. Morrow,
Koreshan

Chicago, where

Dr.

is

Cyrus

LooisYiUe, Ky.,

Scientific and

of the

Unity,

at

now

R.

Geodetic

in lyouisvilleon

Tkkd,

the

his

originator

THE

IN

of

Koreshanity

Founder

and

the seat of the Order

anxious
he
a

advocates.

Prof.

experiments
and
highlysuccessful,
the

proves
is
as

earth'

159

Unity, lives,and where


has received many

He

the

inquiryconcerning

series of

was

of the

is located.

to make

PRBSS.

DAII,Y

Morrow

ors
visit-

ries
strange theo-

just concluded

has

Naples, Fk., which he thinks


in his opinion conclusively
which

at

be

surface to

concave

and

not

convex,

live on
the inside
generally believed,and that we
of a great hollow sphere, not the outside.
A description
of the experimentswas
time ago in the Couriergiven some
Journal^ with diagrams showing the methods
employed.
It was
novel undertaking, and, whether
admits
a
one
the theory of Koreshanity or not, its results are certainly

without

not

interest,and

scientists the world


Prof.

is enthusiastic

The

horizon

and

of

instruments

plumbs, and

those

who

used

we
a

of

new

the Rectilineator.

among

of

the outcome

us

Florida
of

to

original,and had

were

his

the

apply
never

he

was

Gulf
some

been

The
popular view.
weft telescopesand transits,levels,
hold

to

the

apparatus, invented
We

in

observations

contour, led

water's

cruical tests; these tests

applied by

over

experiments

our

long series

of the

attention

Courier-Journal
reporter last night

'*The character

unique.

attract

over.

Morrow

experiments. To
said:

will

are

now

by myself, called

successful.

Our

work

has

had
before.
The
given an impetus that it hias never
we
claim, ought
strength of evidence and of argument
of the world.
the minds
hold upon
to give us a remarkable
I have
for about
twenty-fiveexperiments.
specifications
At Naples we performed about
sixty experiments,divided

been

into four classes of tests."


The

advocates

of

Koreshanity can see no reason


why
their doctrines should not become
widely prevalent. They
in the world, unless
some
say it will gain a firm foothold

l6o

THE

overthrows

one

As

matter

scientist to

CELLULAR

COSMOGONY.

it,which

nobody, they claim, has yet done.


of fact,they are anxious
for some
recognized
undertake
to disprove their doctrines
by practical

demonstrations.

Reverse
'*The

Theories.

of Popular

System,*' said

Koreshan

Prof.

last

Morrow

night, *4s
theories

modem
all other
radically different from
it is not a partial difference,but the absolute

"

antithesis.

in all lines of

words, the conclusions

other

In

thought, in all phases of science,economics, and religion,


the

are

exact

of the

reverse

primarily,that

means,

^that is,from

deductively

reason

"

from

effect to

fixed

as
principles,

theories,we

earth

instead

of

well
what

to

other

universe

We

cause.

Illustrative of

on

reason

as

from

extent

hold

that

the

instead of its

preference to

reverse

we

the order of

thought; we
well as
to effect,
as
cause
from
the standpoint of
evidences of phenomena.
ours

we

are

live

on

the

of

reverse

the inside of the

outside, in the limitation of the

in the eternityof
infinity,

brief existence

conceptions.-That

usual

of

the

material

nature

in

universe.

is central instead of

that
circumferential;
he
a
tangible manlftod instead of being an
possesses
with his
infinite Spirit; that he is inseparably connected
universe of expression instead of being extra-cosmical or of
and above the universal order of existence.
existing over
We
hold that alchemy instead of chemistry is true.
We
Veach a form of government that is the unity of all forms of
^
in the world
today, involved in one order of
government
We

hold that God

control.
*'Doesn*t

the

**Yes, if one

Koreshan

System

undertakes

are
globe as men
standpoint. In that way,

the hollow

to

seem

absurd?"

account

for

phenomena

used to do from
of

course,

in

the exemal

it would

appear

62

THE

"The

CEIXULAR

old-school

to the
more
today owes
and to Tycho Brahe than to Newton,
No
ered
theory of astronomy is consid-

astronomy

Egyptian astronomers
Herschel,
in

Proctor.

or

COSMOGONY.

concept of the universe

no
eclipsepredictions;

change its form


really occurred
whirled

alter its motions

or

and

foretold

were

school globe.

or

can

functions.

before

Eclipsesoccur

Eclipses
Copernicus ever

regularintervals.
An eclipse
cycle is about eighteen years and eleven days in
length. During that time twenty-nine lunar and forty-one
solar eclipsesoccur.
During the next cycle ot eighteen
these
same
eclipseshappen again. Those who
years,
predict eclipsesconsult tables as the farmer consults his
a

These

almanac.
as

and

sun

do

''How

account

you

during

moon

could

not

off.*

In

on

moon

lunar

**The earth

is

casts

be called

of

secret

eclipsepredictions.

the

no

shadow

on

the

shadow

moon

is in the earth's

great metallic

implant an
under

lying just above

surface of the
modified

moon

we

by the

substances

energies or

image would

obscured.
appears
off and consequently

moon

see

shell

on

If it did

moon.

crust.

it

*to cut

an

the

shell upon

hydrogen

these

? Isn't the earth's


eclipses
a
eclipse, proofof convexity?"

is cut

moon

origin of the
generated in the
the center.
They

denser

ecliptic.*'

for

the

The

earth's

the

eclipse,for eclipsemeans
have to say
the old system, they would

eclipsedwhen

system,

of

is the

absolute

as

behind
saw
boy could do it if he once
curtain,understood longitudeand time, and the relations

of the

the

and

accurate

as

school

the

are

itself. This

calendar

the

tables

at

the

sun

In

our

eclipsed.
Energies

levitate

toward

X-ray photograph of the


surface of the atmosphere
our

common

air.

On

the

reflection of the earth's

face,
sur-

of

the

photographic impressions

anything should cut off


disturb the ascending magnetisms, that

become

beneath.

more

or

If

less obscured.

The

obscuring

THE

IN

object,or
here.

ecHpsor,is

the

It is in the earth's

PRESS.

DAII,Y

but
is

the

is

disc

round; thus

'shadow*

would

be

to

appear

to

necessary

angular
rect-

square;
'shadow'

consequently the

and

it is not

see

actuallycuts ofiEth

be forced into

If the disc should

round,

we

It

passingin

disc

mercurial

"

the interstices of the metallic shells.


currents.
levitating
shape, the

63

thing of particular
question

the

crust

that

suppose

is a sphere. A disc does


thing that eclipsesthe moon
it just the same,
and is no
proof that the earth is convex,
because insteadof it being the earth, it is a small disc only

the

few

current

as

the anode
sun

in

miles
a

causing

very

rays

by

occurs

diameter

dense

X-ray

reason

of
the

as

effectuallybreaks

disc would

in the

of
eclipse

an

that

cut

apparatus.

sun

off the

cathode

eclipseof

The

conjunction of
by a reflex of

the

sun

its

and
own

or

the

moon,

self,or

The

its shadow.

to the world, and it requires


theory is new
little study and
conceive the
a
we
investigationof what
universe to be, and how it generally conducts itself before
the theory would
appear to be dear in detail."

Circumnavis^ation
about

''How

the

so

called

of the

Qlobe.

of
circumnavigation

the

globe ?"

circumnavigation of the globe. To get a good


school
from
idea of the Koreshans*
globe, tear off the map
the usual one, divide the pasteboard globe into two hemispheres,
and paste the map
the inside of the globe. The
on
globe will then have two poles,one
ecliptic,
equator, one
of latitude as when
meridians and -parallels
the
just as many
The
the outside.
of a ship marked
route
was
on
on
map
**It is

the outside

sustain

the

latitude,and longitude to

all

As
as

same

relations

pointson

the

as

concave

to

distance,
surface.

360 degrees inside a circle or globe, the


the outside,the ship would finally
return
to the

there
on

would

are

point with

sailingaround

same
same

good deal safer journey, perhaps, than by


the outside of a sphere in rapidrotation
on

164

THK

and

motion

and

safe; the other

the

through
to

oceans

COSMOGONY.

circumnavigation is simple
fraught with the diflBcultyof getting
Our

space.
is

stay

do you

**How

CELLULAR

the outside.**

on

explain what

call

we

?*'
gravitation

gravic energies have a center


ally
of generation, and consequently, must
be expressed radiin all directions from
that center.
Gravity really
**By proving that

descends

from

all

above, consequently it has

tendency

to

push objectsinstead of pullingthem.


I^ight and heat are
That
forms of gravic energy.
is called gravity is
which
of 10,000
but one
of descending gravic energy.
qualities
Gravic
energies are cathode, consequently they descend;
It is not
anode"
levic energies are
hence they ascend.
and nothing
scientific to hold that everything comes
down
The
usual saying is, 'everything that goes up
up.
goes
This is universallytrue.
It is the secret
down.*
comes
of the

supply of the

fuel, the

shell.

earth's

of the

sun*s

The

The

universe.

from

farthest

other

Hence

the

released, and

when

These

sun.

All

of space.
of rest.

the

surround

forced

are

to

stance
sub-

plane of
of

material

every

the

the

central

ponderate

constitute the two

substances

of
a

miaterialize and

substances

heaviest

the

sun;

arrangement,

equilibrationof
lightest substances

or

the perpetuation

gravity
specific

determines, in the universal


static balance

of

means

extremes

their

planes
rising

substances
phenomena of some
left without
others descending when

support.**
"What

causes

sailingfrom

ship'shull

to

*Terspective foreshortening ^the


"

annihilates

space,

When

ship has sailed

space

the

the

equal

when

disappear first

the vessel is

shore?'*

to the

ship's hull

a^

it were,

between
to

the

altitude of the eye


embraced

within

same

two

thing

railroad tracks.

vanishing point of
from
that

that

the

the water, all of

vertical space

will

No.

DIAGRAM
This

illuitrates

Diagram

DIAGRAM

No.

"

*'The
Illustrating

i."

meaflurements

principle, not

trae

to

Lawfr|
Soalt;mf.

in the KoC

^The Rectilineator used

DIAGRAM

No.

3."

the Illusio^
Illustrating

IHrecftiono! Plutnb line in "v

"

3 1 X

I L

is"j

CobcavitjT

DIAGRAM

No.

4.

"

Comprehensive

View

of the

Geodetic

Air

Iviue,showing

Staff at Naples, Fla.

u|
pl

PLY

25. la

"35K5;:-.^=

4Mitl"l

**"lek

Mt

of

Ite

utroMaaMMI

'XL
a

over

C.

fft

-'"

"

UrTMlrg^TTin?

-n

Digitized
by

\pAaBS2S.nJ6.l

ia.

if*

IK

^^wsopnists, witn
'-^J^
piaoeti^;

^^^"

^^

earth

to

vanish
great,

"^^^^

about

itjiow

Comets

**

There

longer
comets

return.

is

great

small

are

not
can

vessel

we

and

lenses

life from

else?"

do

to

the

will

all

something

conclusions

of

impossible.**

lenticular

"

^broken

"

the

central

frequent
not

see

solar
do

of

the

crystallic

They

fly ofiE into

not

and

of

sphere.

feed

comets.

Some

periodic

appearances

as

across

belts

into

plunge

the

reflections

up

They

variety of

so

?"

that

things

They

others"

than

realized

manifestation.

and

**Wliy
hollow

of

efforts

of

comets?"

through

cycles

space

the

anywhere

to

futile

absurd

spirating about

energies
have

but

generally
are

are

rays

sun's

^^ is

old systems

the

Jupiter"

^^^1 meant,

evolution

tneir

comet

the

sun.

cycles
of

are

some

others.**
the

hollow

globe,

like

fly

in

THE

IN

sails above

invisible;all the

become

PRESS.

DAILY

Extend

line will be still in view.

that

horizontal

the visual

visual

with

power

telescope,and the vanishing point is pushed farther


according to the power of the eyepiece, and the hull
to be in plain view.'*
Planets
"Are

**No

They

little focal

are

spheres in

real

focalize

They

the

Their

are

well

it is

great, when

their

the

old systems

**Comets

are

small

through

rays

absurd

and

"

and

lenses

There

is

longer
comets

are

**Why
a

hollow

others"
not

can

vessel?"

so

we

the

see

"

else?

the

the

on

of life from

evolution

do

will

"

all

something

conclusions

of

reflections of the
belts

up

solar

They

do

into

of

and

feed

Some

periodic

appearances

across

others.'
the

crystallic

sphere. They
not
fly ofiE into

comets.

frequentas
not

on

central

plunge

great variety of

than

above

plan-ets,little
Mars; Tesla, with

that

^broken

"

the

They

return.

center.

atmospheres

lenticular

cycles of manifestation.

space

earth,

impossible.*'

things

energies spirating about


have

usual

?'*

the comets

about

*'How

sun's

are

to the

anywhere

realized

generally

the

in the

futile efforts to

but

meant,

sky.

is very

imaginary people

to

"

as

the

his canals

planets; the theosophists,with


earth
to Jupiter to
to
Mars;
vanish

in

concave

indicate

names

communications

his chimerical

seen

the

diameter

concept

energies in

with
planes. Schiaparelli,

in

discs of mercury

their

what

are

is

partiallymaterialized

energy,

like the

planets are
sun's

there

up

see

the metallic shells; they

between

us.

planets we
points of

of combustion.

process

The

theory.

away,

Populated.

Not

Jupiter is nothing

small.

They

the

not

"

the

planets inhabited?"

of the

any

65

comet

the

sun.

cycles are
of

some

'

hollow

globe,

like

fly

in

66

THE

**

different
We

little farther

but

the limit of

causes

and

moon,

sun,

and

of

atmosphere

our

and

the environ
is

limit

or

infinite

no

things

that

is

exists

it is

There

is

is

dimension
is

the outside

There

at

absurd
on
as

to

problem
is not

what

Nothing

will

reveal

the outside

on

substance

"

extend

cannot

how

matter

sufficient thought

person,

the

universe
existence.

no

eternally. No

be to the average

this may

the

extend

could not

all; matter

be.

couldn't

of

ness,
heat, cold, light,dark-

no

"

is

of

factor

if the

Hence

of

There

nothing.

and

there

limit

Outside

condition, entity,qualityof
^temperature,

nothing.

tion
junc-

call the earth ?'*

Limitation

limited,beyond which
on

is

measure

factor of existence.

nothing

The

the

near

exists.

existence, there

it is definite.

to

hydrogen.

globe you

all that

Space

space.

are;

form; form

of

our

hydrogen

is the circumference"the

It environs

universe.

the

of

hydrogen.'*

*'The shell of the earth


of

of

sea

vision.

blue, and

appear

daily, are

see

we

to

of

are

stratum

the air and

above
the

They
light and

upper

outside of the hollow

the

is on

*'What

the

beyond
that

stars

of

rays

between

vision

our

all within

obscure

than

effect of refraction

The

intervene.

atmospheres
They refract

density.

see

air.

the

Because

COSMOGONY.

CEI.I.UI.AR

fact that

conclusions

our

and
reasonable, logical,

are

absolute."

of

Theory
do

"What

*'That

his

being;

will need

The

says
to

necessary

and

this

hold

with

reference

universe

the
He

Almighty.
be

you

Creation.

is

eternal

that it is his

him

as

now,

consequently,
footstool.

processes

to the

are

creation of the universe

Creation
now

can

as

eternal

and
footstool,

the
he

"

creation?'*

ultimate

always

it

the

as

to

seems

pediment

has

is continuous

and

of

always
and

going on, and the laws


only be read through an

nal.
eter-

of the
accu-

THE

IN

PRESS.

DAILY

We

accept Moses*
It will

ago.

As

times.

its rest and


"What

again, and

occur

form, the universe

to

recreation,which
supperts

occurred

has

always

was;

it must

have

re-creation.**

mean

earth in its present

the

of years
millions of

thousands

of creation

account

67

is created.

that which

understanding of the character of

rate

position?'*

pended;
supported ^itneeds no support. It is susit is dependent upon
The center of the
its center.
It is the
earth is the terminal point of interior space.
absolute pivot. Job says the Almighty 'stretched the north
the empty place and hung the earth upon nothing*
out over
did not hang it
He
the absolute pivotal center.
upon
long threads of gravic something. There is nothing
upon

**It is not

"

"

outside

to

of

out

the earth, and

attract

the

only space

be to force the hollow


is the

**What

the

central

of

daily orbital

shines

day

upon

sun

we

central

do

would

so

night?**

sun

see

is

side and

dark

refocalization of the

rotates

one

its axis in twenty-

on

to make
projected sun
of 360 degrees. The
projectedsun
of the concave
sphere at any given

sweep
half

one

alternations of

IS THE
The

half

of Mexico

dark.

In

this way,

THEORY

ALL

Staff,recentlyengaged

and
and

have

we

night.**

COPERNICAN

Geodetic

obtained

and

day

body of mystics
has

and

sphere is light on

time, leaving the other

Gulf

To

move

hours, thereby causing the

four
its

The
The

sun.

"

never

globe into nothing.**

cause

other.

^place ^there is.

"

**The central solar


on

it can

hence

coast

of Florida

on

WRONG?
surveys

in connection

socialists called the

on

with

Koreshan

the
the

Unity,

narily
Martlingly contradictoryof the ordiThey have suspended the plumbaccepted notions.
results

line;from this,at right angles,they

have

extended

an

air

68

THB

line which

They

COSMOGONY.

the earth

invariablystrikes

claim

the

to

result of the

it will be

demonstrated

have

to

eight inches
The

CELLULAR

mile,

rather

(or

the

that

convexly,

not

of
investigations

earth

but

sea).

the

curves

concgtvely.
in

"Parallax'*

England,

irreconcilable

with

the

recognized experts of science

take

the

remembered,

also

were

Copemican theory.
Will
matter

the

not

up

and

show

wherein

investigators? Ordinary
cannot

answer.

men

Brotherhood^ London, July, 1897.

"

Cellular

Demonstrates

Cosmogony

the

of

Astronomy
Earth's

Texts Concerning the

of

attitude

evinces

the
Concavity,

is

tendencies, and
are

world

the

the

are

of all

the battle-axes

'

the

systems

and

The
Bible

defense

not

offered

is ''intended

to

and

of

theories

'highercriticism."

inclined,from the school of


skeptically
of Dr. Briggs to the agnosticismand
is,that the Bible is

Bible

Environ.

Bible,

the

the

mogony
cos-

system,

science

decidedly atheistical in

hypotheses

of

Earth, Sun,

the

popular astronomical

great disparity. The

prevailingin

the

of

of the Firmamental

between

the

upon

Relations

scientist toward

modem

fact that

the

founded
there

the

Truth

the

Scriptures.

the

Moon, and StarsiScientific Demonstration

THE

it,and

quite puzzled over

are

these

of

mistake

Hollow Globe and the Bible.

The
The

lies the

now

their

they involve
The

theology'*

**new

atheism

cry of all

of

IngersoU,

scientific.
in the orthodox
be

pulpitis,that

and
religious,

not

revelation; if a natural philosopherhad undertaken

the

scientific
to write

THB

I70
does

logian

CBLI^UI^R

not

the

to

prove

scientifically
accurate, and
that

is

Bible

the

scientists cannot

that

the
A

is

prove

hand, the

basis of the modem


of science

nomical
astro-

admittedly

having for its foundation

thing with which

poor

not

other

the

on

system

uncertain, and

hypothesis,is a

mere

consequently he does

is correct.

and

inaccurate

skeptic that the Bible

inspired;while

prove

system

COSMOGONY.

to

of the Scriptures. It would


disprove the inspiration

folly and

sheer
a

mogul

the

as

plumb-lineof wisdom, by
of

concept

there is

that
possibility

which

facts

the

the

also corroborate

Bible and

Koreshan

the same,

are

the

of the

well

as

Any

the

as

of the

to cover

the

the laws

of the

form

ground,

of the

and

True

theology

astronomy,
to

be

and

Bible.

Thus

how

he

the

science

cannot

be

neither

in harmony

can

with

is the

form, but
both

science

cosmology and

must

one

the
and

with

mogony
cos-

raphy.
cosmog-

the

deal not

of

Bible

"

only with

connect, unmistakably,

expression in cosmic

stands

upon

of cosmogony

linked
the true
the

find

necessarilybe the

the science of his

show

we

universe,but also the laws of

the idea of God

Theology

true

science

perpetuity;it must

it must

Indeed,

earth's

must

its creation and

"

only in

scientific theories.
prevailing

science of

same

fallacy,

fallacyof modern

science,to be in harmony

in order

form

the

the

universe

of its creation; true

science

Science, their teachings being

opposed to

science

be

modem

is correct, not

demonstrate

science

to

teachings.

only demonstrate

science, not

The

in all its

but

its cosmogony,

Bible

the

late
to formu-

If the

be proven

called,can

be

accept such

which

origin and destiny !

our

of science, so

system

that

height of credulity to

the

to

attempt

with

are

his footstool.

inseparable.

fallacious

theory of

science of creation be

false

conceptionof

the

seen

func-

GtOB"

'TH^.HOttOW

of

the

and

its

and

perfect.

tions
mind

expressionin

clearlyand

the

between

the

to

be

must

of

laws

establishes

the

of

perpetuity

science

premise of

basic

also

sion,
expres-

principlesof

the

and

plete
com-

point

not

of cosmic

source

established

the

divine

the

world

only of theology, but

truth, not

of

I7I

science that does

unmistakably

becomes

this relation
all

called

so

BlBI.^.

worthy of the time applied to its study;

is not
that

relation

the material

lead the mind

and

this out

The

Creator.

*tKU

AND

of

the

universal

science
and

being

existence.
find

We

laws

the

what

of

mystery

of creation

about

and

God

of

between

use

cannot

The

design of

that

with
ocean

been

we

the

live

on

is

between

revealing

it cannot
any

point
specific
has

It

world

of

its aims

taught
and
the

organic unity.
and

purposes,

of the Bible !

Systems

Compared.

for centuries that the earth


molten

enclosing the great

matter,
of

mass

pared
outside; that the earth, com-

universe, is but

of infinite space,

true

nothing

world.

largeglobe filled with

surrounding

crust

far from

material

Copernican

and

nothing

"

the Author

that it is

the

ing
noth-

it contains

being;

of

source

analogy, analysis,and synthesis it

harmony

has

world

as

great

it knows

in it to suggest

universe

the

Koreshan

fire,and

and

that

is convex;
"

God

show

The

of the divine

of

the

creation,it contains

nothing

the laws

the

perpetuity. As
form;

indicates

solve the

to

point out

not

is

for

Hence, there is no
and

nothing

physical creation,it is

functions

that

astronomy

"

of cosmic

There

relation
no

science

of

of

laws

the laws

the laws
out

the

the

about

laws

the

are

It does

Being.

existence,nor
about

in modern

nothing

having

been

mere

speck

evolved

in the

through

vast
a

pro-

THB

172
of

cess

from

development
of

mass

rotation

the

of

The

earth

placesthe

sun

miles

the

It

year.

one

tains
main-

earth, and

the

revolves

sun

in

sun

from

twenty-four

in

once

the

around

92,000,000

around

thab

its axis

the

teaches

popular system

upon

its revolution

hours, and

ing
of revolution of the burn-

vortex

sun.

the

COSMOGONY.

CELLULAR

family of planetsand

satellites.

Relatively,the
earth

and

center

it knows

their

and

the

all

an

of

is

hypothesis.
of its

^itis

"

are

no

to

Its laws

must

is full of

infinityof

universe, it

be

definite

no

of the true
"

having

idea

no
men

grandeur

in the

necessities

The

to

sums

up

find

From

study of such
edge
the knowl-

as
as

the modem

of the

the claims
from

nothing;

cosmic

it there
in possession

being

not

form
and

purpose,

and

function

designof

the

sublimity in its vastness,

dazzling orbs;
that which

uncertain

reached;

to the cause,
to

from

cult.
diffi-

it fills no
the

it is

wants,

times; the

capable

of

and

meets

no

will

theory

putting forth

"

!
Koreshan

the universe
limited

vagaries.

conception of
as

as

problem;

question equally

full of freaks

exigencies of

nor

accomplish only
nothing

as

conclusions

seek

universe,

is

be

scientist knows;

great unsolved

worlds.

filled with

called

be learned

nothing

scientific mind

can

out
limitless,with-

be

to

ocean

so

existence

advocates; it is

the

vast

one

things is today

purpose

There

is held

miles

nineteen

of about

rate

infinite space;
circumference, filling

without

relations

originof

the

universe

bounds

no

What

it at

The

second.

per

the

about

moving

of the solar system, the

is the center

sun

is

System maintains

unit; it is

to the dimensions

the

great law

of

an

and

demonstrates

that

alchemico-organicstructure,

of 8,000 miles

analogy, we

diameter.

hold

that

ing
Accordits form

is

THE

GLOBE

HOI.I.OW

cellular;that all life is generated in


The

ovo!

voltaic

miles

ICO

the
pile,

basis of the great

supply of the

the earth

of the shell and

emplaced

atmospheres. At
revolve

of the

the

The

the

sun

energies

tained
main-

see, has

we

from

spheres of

in

the

Koreshan
what

they
laws

of

and

the

above

universe.
prove

The

laws

us;

Their
their

energy

The

crust.

is essential to
limit

outermost

earth is the

moon,

sun,

they are

and

tively
relastars

inseparably

functions, as

utilityand
form

of

only physical

and
planets,

of cosmic

stars

magneto-electric

concave

The

System,
are.

the

sphere of

and
footstool,

ultimate

in orbits in the heavens

with

the

on

the

orbital motion; it is fixed

no

stationary,while
connected

from

the divine mind.

world; it has

path

reflected from

energy

is

earth's

the

is eternal; it is God's

expressionof

orbital

an

moon

planets and

the

its

center, rotatingon

at the

earth's circumference, and

his existence; it is the

in the

All of the

the

negative circumference;

the

to

points of light. The

energies generated

move

which

with

and

tion
engendered through the rela-

are

planets are

metallic disci in

whole

the

positivepole of

around

sun,

is located

proper

ecliptic.The

derived

the three

perpetuated.

sun

focal

the strata

battery of physical unity is thus

the
axis;its projection,

are

minerals,

surface of

concave

find the

we

positivecenter

great complex
and

The

twenty-four hours.

physical universe

of

ex

cell for the generation

of the

Superimposed upon

the center

in

and

in their static planes,are

great battery" the central


heavens

vivum

cmne

"

battery,
galvano-magnetic

fuel.

sun's

is habitable.

alone

173

thickness, constitutinga gigantic

in

furnishingthe negative elements


and

cell

of metals

earth's shell,composed

is about

BIBLE.

THE

AND

defined
strate
demon-

and

creation,maintenance, and purpose

tion"the
funcof the

"^^^

174

COSMOOONy.

CELI.ULAR

universe, with all it contains, are


The

described in the Bible.

of

demonstrations

questionof
The

the

rakayia

The

world.

The

the exterior surface

livingon

of unenclosed

explanation of

no

ridiculed Moses'
solid shell

said:

'*

Don't

the

only

be

observe

gravity of
specific
in

have

to be

reached

seek

few
all

facts

than

constitute

the

in nature, and

form.

the

Proctor

he

wTote

another

wrote

substances, to know

to rise above

afford

that

has
book

solid affair ?**

Substances
it.

their static plane

heavier

who

man

are

infinity

an

foundation

demonstrated.
scientifically

the universal

atmosphere

universe;

that the

know

we

can
direction,

and

universe, can
to

earth, with

enclosing the

metallic strata

such

that

because

believed the firmament


That

enclosingthe

conceptionof astronomy

you

are

environ,it means

Scripturalfirmament.

the

but

plates or

means

astronomy,

in every

of

laminae,

plates or

of the

extending

space

the

is constructed

the universal

of modem

conclusions

first

idea of the character

firmament

word

The

meaning; but

surrounding and

strata

or

its

hammered-out

means

Environ.

is used.

the expanse

Applied to

shells

metallic

the

the idea of expanse,

only conveys

to beat.

of metal.

strata

an

conveys

of which

Rakayia

rakah^

"firmament**

suggestiveof

is

word

that the substances

from

geodetic

settles

Circumferential

word

the firmament; it not

solids.

the

is

the

word

Hebrew

and

concavity, and

the earth's

Firmament

syllableof

geometric

of the Bible.
inspiration

the

In the Bible

of

in its

and

corroborates

Koreshan.System

ScripturalCosmogony

the

revealed
scientifically

When

they

ascertain
their

have
the

ment
emplace-

lighterthan

the

lightersubstances

cease

atmosphere

We

of

seek

to ascend.
to go

below

stances
Subthe

THB

HOLLOW

GLOBE

atmospheric plane; if released


they will,they do

planes in which
The

not

they

the listof all substances

The

is the

sun

in

energies generated
other

qualitiesof

it.

consequently descend

The

surround

center, and

solar

obtain

from

materialize at the
The

of metallic and

of
and

one

hundred

about

which

the

plane

material

constitute

distinct
is

crust

The

is

are

thus

and

distant
equithat

sphere

or

shell,composed

of the earth

seven

twelve

the

of earth

By processes of contraction
and

substance

universe

diameter.

geologic strata

platesbeat

strata,

or

miles in thickness, embracing

strata

placement
em-

^theheaviest outermost.

vi:2; Job xxxviii: 4-6; Psa. civ: 5; Heb.

or

and

planes

strata; the

mineral

8,000 miles

five mineral

upon

The

universe

in all directions from

center

to

gravity; they
specific

deposition of each

gravic

shell of the environ.

is about

of their

constitutingeach

center, thus

of all

"

the

of the

arrangement

placeof their balance,

circle of

from

the

and

relations

the

the solar center

lightersubstances

all substances

of

of

gravic energies radiate, and

the circumference.

the

thousands

and

gravitate from

or

is composed.

gravitate all the

which

Light, heat,

and

solar

lowest

throughout

on

so

the universe

from

center

the

to

gravitateto the

that, and

of which

as

points or static balance.

find their rest

lighter above

next

T75

forever,but only

heaviest metal, therefore,would

point,the

BIBLE.

left free to fall as far

and

down

go

THE

AND

sion
dimen-

metallic

foundations

founded.. Mic.

i:io; Jer.xxxi:37.

nae
expansion, these lami-

decompose

and

recompose

each

other; and by these processes

they generate energies that

perpetuate the stars; they

therefore, the foundations

the stars, for without

The
the

rakayia or

strata
**

are,

there

them
of

firmament

the
of

could be

earth's

no

of

tions.
stellar reflec-

shell, therefore,

heaven,*' in which

the

are

stars

176

CELLULAR

THK

set

are

and

the sun,

Through

formed.

or

through

the

the
the

"

beneath.

sliedupon

water*

the

Gravic

depositedin

are

holds

salt water
of the

the

supply
The

of the

the

the

sun*s

of the

deposit

where

in

mates

ozone

the

of

levic

is

estab-

Superimposed

upon

strata, upon

crust,

and

at

solution

so

same

gold,

the

gold

the

and

the

seven
are

and

seas.

ments
called ele-

so

The

waters

sediment.

are

derived

from

the

instance,the action

sodium

of the water,

the calcium

and

other

to

the

gravic

solutions.

Earth's
metallic

substances

corresponding

meet

other

laid the

particles.

the solar energy

their

meet

Hand**

stances
sub-

continuallybeing

as

for

as

gold

the

earth; they continually

thence

rays

which

earth*

oceans

depositswhere

cathode

His

tific
scien-

recomposing

water.

energies ascending

of

^Hollow

mineral

from

solar

energiesholding the
The

the

upon

sodium,

the

in

the

earth

rays;

sun

the

all of the

substances

of these

of the

hold

in the

of

chloride of sodium
the

meets

the

support

elements

chlorine

and

seas

and

of

of

waters

elements

producingthe saline,and
As

waters

tin,iron, etc., and these

material, depositingthe

actinic action

the

atmospheres

in solution

the

the

become

thus

the

energies

universe, and

from

recomposed

the

upon

of

conjunction

silver,zinc, copper,

mercury,

Thus

founded

beating, decomposing,

surface.

**

is

the substances
stratify

which

at

gen
hydro-

floods,**
(Psa. xxiv:2; cxxxvi:6) is a

The

processes
obtain

earth

the

fact.

from

of

i:6,14-17.

Gen.

Tphat the

(the sea

divided

are

gies
ener-

ment,
of the firma-

means

the firmament**

producer)

water

energiesfrom

generation and levitation of

above

waters

the reflection of

consequently by

in the strata, and


**

COSMOGONY.

Concavity.
strata

are

five

geologic strata,

178

THE

its interior

in

world

which

held in, and

are

of

strata

earth

are

The

in contour

consequently conform

the

waters

are

hath

**He

'compassed.**

[Heb. chug, encircled,environed] the waters


bound**
[rA^, limit, boundary], (Job xxvi:io);

hast

borders

all the

set

places]of

the earth.**
The

The

of the

part of the earth*

til
the

extension

which

that

and
a

line at

surface at

a
a

The

extension

perpendicular is the sine of


from
equidistant

absolute

demonstration

of

complete corroboration
arc

indicated in the
*

*It is he

compass,
compass

and

the

Scriptures,
may
that

sphere] of

sitteth
the

on

of such

cosine

earth's

given

with

be

the

earth**

such

line from
of which

extend

into
is the

concavity,

seen

arc

and

chord

from the

circle

and
cerning
conare

following:

[Heb. chug, arc,

(Isa. xl: 22);

\chug,arc, circle,sphere] upon

the

ratio of

testimony of the Bible

That

chord.

maintained

by known

of which

of

cosmic

perpendicular.This

the

of the

of

years

arc, the

extremities

the water

the

laws

in contact

come

circle,

System,

perpendicularat

the

to

of

arc

circumference

and

relations

true

the

**Thou

is,that

Cosmogony

distance determined

completes the chord,

with

enclosed

of the Koreshan

will
rectiline,

the earth* s curvation.


the

Founder

right angles
as

Koreshan

for twenty-seven

function, has

point,extended
water*

the

passed
com-

Arc.

of

completes the

The

having discovered

Chord

surface constitutes the

miles.

25,000

form

to

Ixxiviiy.

the

and

foundation

of

[gebulah, enclosures,

Psa.

Arc

any

about

is

rest

surface; that surface constitutes the **bounds*'

concave

with which

the

the waters

the

which

'weighed'*and find their static 'balance/* is hollow.

waters

COSMOGONY.

life;the surface upon

the

concave;

CBI.I.XJI,AR

the

**He

set

face of the

THE

GI^OBE

HOI.LOW

The

depth*' (Prov. viii: 27).


do not

'

pass* here employed

flat surface, but

upon

directions

circle upon
arc,

'Where

strata]*

wast

earth?

the solar

10),the

line, with

the

of cosmic

form, the

times

of modern

universe, the
the

"

ring set

or

curving in

plane; they
and

more

embrace

the

The

sphere.

(Isa.xliv:24),
of the

[environ,robes,

measures

stretched the line

upon it?*

measuring line in his

xlvii:3; II. Ki.

xxi:i3; Zech.

**upon a wall made

making

one

form

with the

plumb-line in his
one
bringing the

KoRKSH,

of

*man

that stands

one

line

circular

79

**com-

I laid the foundations

hath

thereof, or who
The

^'circle*'and

compass,

laid the

sphere.

(Zech. ii:i; Ezek.

hand

BIBLE.

its foundations

when

hath

Who

Job xxxviii: 4-6.


iv:

thou

circular

earth's surface is spread upon


from
equidistant

words

mean

limit, environ,

of

idea

than

THE

AND

hand'*

by

plumb-

(Amos

vii:7),
"

of the

knowledge

laws

remarkable

the most

^the fact of the cellular form

covery
disof the

and scientific application


who, by practical

one

plumb-line and

level,will

wise

*'tum

ward
back-

men

knowledge foolishness"

(Isa.xliv:25-

28). Judgment will he **layto the line,and

righteousness

their

and make

to

plummet;

the

shall stand

ally, by
or

the

away

sweep

and

the

and

the

**measure

extension

of arc, in demonstration

In

and

[crystallized
truth] shall
(Isa.xxvii: 15-21); He

refuge of lies"

Where

Scripture usage,

(Hab. iii:6)geodetic-

the earth"

of

rectiline,**stretchingthe

What

hail

the

horizontal

line

it"

upon

of the earth's true

are

the

the

*'air line,"

as
as

the
!

contour

Physical Heavens

heavens

are

above

chord

us

(Ex.

Science, all
Job xxviii:24;xxxvii:3); in Koreshan
extend through the heavens, converging at
perpendiculars
xx:4;

l8o

THE

the astral

the earth 'as in the

is

sphere]of

arc,

passeth the

are

conveyed in,

**He

walketh

in

with

heavens

and

the astral center


center

and

being

of

different

admit

of

direct

statute, limitation,
[chuqqah^

domain

fillthe

evidenced

solar

used

in the

Bible

the

there

of

are

atmospheres

one

heaven,

outer

than

heavens

more

than

more

the

do

not

prevents direct view

the

the word

these

I^ike curtains

center.

expanse

limit

fact that

the

12).

surround

sphericalin form,

and

of the

the

That

by

com-

between

These

the earth.

density

beyond

atmosphere.

'He

2), and

interveningspace

of

vision

xii:

(II Cor.

atmospheres which

three

circumference

is

(Job xxxviii 133)

(Psa. civ:2; Isa. xl:22),their


of what

xxii:i4);

Job

heaven'*

circuit

the

physical heavens, corresponding to


the

are

cir-

spherical,

circle'* (Apoc., Eccl. xiii:

in another

three heavens

round
sur-

three

are

?''

the heavens

heavens

There

three

heavens

the ordinances

thou

**Knowest

The

circle, sphere] of

\_chug,arc,

not

the earth

but

popular system,

heavens.

the

this idea

and

do

heavens

Consequently,the

center.

cumferentiates

COSMOGONY.

CEI^LUI^AR

is

one,

(plural)is

'heavens"

hundred

our

or

and

twenty-five

times.
The

heavens
the space

occupy

contain

the

through

energiesof

which

the

the

universe; they

energiesgenerated

the

great galvano-magnetic battery levitate and

the

heavens

which
or
or

are

levic

the

supplied

and

term

up;

moon,

maintained
the

gravitate;

planets, and
by
heavens

the

"

are

lighterthan

it,the substances

of which

which
the

are

levitated,
are

what

"heaved-up

means

earth, and

the heavens

stars,

ascending

a,nd consequently, the "heavens"

implies shamayim^

things." They
above

sun,

energies;the energiesof

heaved

the

contain

in

are

hence

are

composed

being emplaced according to their specificgravity and

lev-

THK

ity. The

limit

which

to

center

itself;the

to the

solar

atmosphere surrounding
is the

sphere

The

the lowest.
the

The

Koreshan

great worlds, but

the

**Ivetthere be
the

day from
and

universal

the

the

and

let them

Two

stars

being,
there

shine

upon

the rotation

not

of

The

lightand
meaning

for

ness
darkof the

to

divide

signs and

years" (Gen. i:i4;viii: 22);

for seasons,

and

the

sun

of

ministrant

of heaven
be

and

night (Gen.

shemesh, is

firmament

in

their reference

light to

sun,

shell.

Hebrew

days and

sons,
sea-

'*He

knoweth

his

of the

great

(Psa. civ: 19).

central

sun

being

the

positivepole

battery, is the father of light,while

receptive form,
of

heavenly

heavens

and

moon,

of the

night, and

moon

Motion.

the

the

day

radiates

of the

lightsin

circumference,the

powers

that

of the alternations

the

the

for

down"

The

to

sun,

of combustion, in which

which

surface

appointedthe
going

the

stationaryearth.

sun,

centers

cause

from

sun,

in

rule

the

revolution

earth, is the
upon

to

from

The

the earth.

word

to

and

Location

maintains

"lights"

cxxxvi:8),

generated,and

the

phere
atmos-

according

Scriptures also,in

made

great lightswere

is

our

invariably teach the revolution

us,

of these

i:16,17; Psa.

^Their

"

The

above

orbs

movement

not

and

relation

orbits, revolving with

in

move

the

in their

System

twenty-four hours.
to

contig^uous

of the heavens

seen

Stars

and

Moon,

bodies

and

constellations.

and

Sun,

highest heaven,

motion

be

Scriptures,may

moon,

levitate is the

substances

these

l8l

BIBLK.

THE

AND

GI.OBE

HOI.I.OW

the

shell of the earth

is the

atmospheres, the

(refocalized)upon

the

upper

central

stratum

the

the negative and


itself,

Through

mother.

the moon,

of

sun
our

the
is

refractive

projected

atmosphere.

82

THE

The

central

is

of

the

the

The

strata.

The

the great

real

is

we

The

physicalheavens.

in the

light directly,as
the

light of

qualitiesof

solar

the

obvious
either

moon,

sun,

the

that if the

relation to material

the
was

sun

sun

and

sun

were

things.

in motion

began motion

ended.
motion

From
in

the

moon
we

the

and

sun

lightof its

in

see

shine borrowed

system;

from

stars

that

sun

the

in

not

own,

thousands

of

is no

well-known

incident of

(Josh.x:i2,i3).

If the

stopped for

sun

its

*'went

Referring
moon

not

It is

motion, the narrative


no

down**

to

stood
the

is

fundamental
a

whole

when
standing still;

day until this it has

(Hab. iii:ii); "Did

striking

more

has

again,it

and

motion^ the

symbolism

previousto

its orbit.

prophet said: **The

in

in

are

There

by Joshua

ridiculouslyfalse,or

day, it was

like the

the gjeat shell.

illustration of this fact than

stoppingof

shell,

energies,after utilization,
transmutation,

Scripturesemphaticallydeclare.
the

the

geologic

tires

not

being derived

moon

metamorphosis in
That

does

Copemican

places

the

focalization of each
moon

of

of the earth's

great lights;each shines

two

are

moon

dark

is the center, the

sun
or

is

moon

sphere of crystal-

lightand

see

we

mirrors,

concave

Scriptural expression, 'round

circumference; the image

moon

gravosphere or X-ray

is the laminae

moon

its outermost

implanted the picture

visible moon

(Isa.iii:i8). The

moon**

and

The

circumference; this

is

crust, hence

to

sun.

the

hence

the

center

it,produced from the earth's surface and

upon

the

the

physical heavens,

which

upon

surface.

picture

in

strata

force in the

lie energy,
earth'

projectedfrom

reflected from

projectedor

sphere of

COSMOGONY.

point,forming the visible

metallic

the

is

sun

focal
see

CEI*I*UI.AR

sun

this

and
had

the
an

day

ual
habit-

incident

the

stillin their habitation'*


go

back

by his

THE

means?**

GI^OBE

HOI.I.OW

his time

*'In

the

Eccl. xlvi:i;xlviii:23). A
"And

II Ki. xx:ii,
ten

he

The

be

of the

handiwork.

[passingover

all the earth


hath

In them

Their line

he set

bridegroom coming
strong

to run

man

ends

the

unto

course.**

Apoc.,

The

it.**

of

but

Copemican system;
thus

of vision,and
of the words
and

features

is in

ascends

in the

evening, but

goeth

sun

down

arose**

of cosmic

Bible

with
does

morning

that

is as

rejoicethas

as

the

in his

sun

it

comes

not

and

in

the rotation of the

surface, as

convex
sun

coming into
A

Scriptureswith

harmony

Scriptures. The

and

which

explained

bursting into view.

sunset, will reveal the

in all other

**The

the

by the

in the

used

[Heb. tequphah,revolution]

sunrise, as

above

apparent sunrise

with

through

going forth is from the end

System, is not caused by

Koreshan

out

his

iv:34.
of

phenomenon

showeth

for the sun,

Also, **Swift

I Esdr.

*'The heavens

firmament

chamber,

his circuit

heaven, and

of the

tain
con-

His

race.

they

part of the surface]

every

of his

out

the orbs

[meridian]is gone

tabernacle

Isa. xxxviii:8.
and

the

in the

degrees,

ten

19th Psalm:

glory of God, and

down

gone

returned

heavens

in

[of the sun]

shadow

sun

in the sublime

seen

the

declare

he

the

83

(Apoc.

is found

occurrence

down.**

gone

backward'*

it had

Also, '*So the

movement

may

the

similar

brought

degrees it was

by which

BIBLE.

went

sun

degrees backward, by which

dial of Ahaz.**

sun

THE

AND

earth,
in the

sphere

our

critical analysis

reference

fact that in this

to

as

corroborative

convey

goes

into

rise
sun-

well

science, the Koreshan


and

the

as

mogony
Cosof

the

the idea that the


down

view,

or
as

descends

in

in Eccle. 1:5;

[Heb. zarach, bursts forth],and the sun


\bOygoes in] and hasteth to the place where
\zarach,bursts forth]. With reference to sun-

ariseth

zarach

rise,this word
as

in

xxxii:3i. Also, **The


Apoc., Jud. xiv:
of the correct

they
which

used

to

means

with

in, as

lyuke

iv:40;

to go in, not
[(Jwo),

To
not

determine

by the

current

and

demonstration.
the

correct; Korksh,
sole

sun

and

*'go down/'
reference

*'And

down]

go

when

even

the

of which
Koreshan

Scriptures. The
the

divine

word

bo,

the

*'When

Also
the

in Mark
sun

Bible

was

and

interpreterand expositor !

are

be

must

popular fallacy,but by

The

evening,

sun

1:32,
set'*

its accuracy,

and

at

sun

xxviiirii;Ex. xxii:26; Deut.


others.

at

places

some

the Hebrew

xviiy,

over

of the heavens.

in

and

out

goes

arc

the

to

Gen.

beyond the

passes

hydrogen

in

employed in

obscurity;it

many

science, the fundamentals

defends

The

also in Gen.

xxiv:i5; Josh. x:i3,


and

tive
System is corrobora-

erroneously from

go

\bd\;

wenfdown*'

of

sea

words

translated

are

times;

the earth.**

on

Scriptureterms

into

goes

the

Wherever
are

of the

phenomenon.

vision and

**set/* etc.,

forth

come

in the Koreshan

beyond the

the earth

shall

sun

of

scores

iiiriy;
Job ix:7; Gen.

iv:8; Nah.

usage

to this

of

sphere

Bible

2.

lyikewise,sunset

reference

in the

is used

civ:22; Jonah

Psa.

COSMOGONY.

CEI^LULAR

1*HE

84

tested,

system

of

lute
susceptibleof abso-

ally
System alone scientificBible
natural

is

scientifically

is its
scientist,

86

run

If the

COSMOGONY.

CBLLUI.AR

principleof natural selection does explain these and other

largebodies of facts,it ought


^Tlease

accept

to be received.

"

"

theories, says the eminent

'^scientist,

"

my

"

things upon my hypothesis.


explain many
Scientist might beg the question and say, please
The Koreshan
theory of Universology, because there is not one
accept our
explain scientifically
thing that we cannot
upon our premise.
the basis of a mere
But we
ask no man
to accept anything on
hypothesis. A knowledge of the construction of the universe
of life depending
and its functions,with the laws and principles
to be left to
such knowledge, is too important a matter
upon
mere
hypothesis. No conclusion is certain
conjecture"mere
domonand grounded in a positively
which is not founded upon
thkt the Koreshan
strated premise. It is for this reason
System
stands out distinct and
unique. It predicatesnothing upon
guesswork ; its first step in the discussion of any proposition,
ism
and proof of its premise. Darwinis the correct establishment
scientific
is a fair sample of the processes by which modem
conclusions are invariablyreached.
in conversation with
When
*1)teau8e

Professor

Harkness, of the

can

him

United

States

Naval

if the

Copemican system was


upon assumption, he replied: ''We have to assume
that if a premise be assumed, then
We
maintain
is equally an assumption.
we

asked

Pact

and

Observatory,

predicated
something.

not

*'

the conclusion

Differentiated.

Phenomenon

to the
principleof optics in its application
definition of the phenomenon
of the rotundityof the earth, as
illustration of correct reasoningfrom an established premise,
an
School of Science.
as followed
by the logicianof the Koreshan

Let

us

take the

herewith

We

illustrations of the
Plate
as

IV.) Two

in the

case

our

accompany

principlesinvolved

lines may
of the

be extended

two

with

argument

rails of

diagrammatic

in the argument.

(See

parallelwith each other,


railroad track.

The

grams
dia-

facts in optics,which we declare


represent certain known
shall not be overruled, set aside, nor
ignored for the purpose of

sustainingan

unwarrantable

'^scientific"

theory. If any

man

187

ADDENDUM

is too

investigate another's
make
any impression ; or if he
is so wedded
to a theory because
his grandfather believed in it,
that he will not change his opinion for the truth's sake, he will
there
naturallypass this argument by ; but for the honest man
is only one
alternative.
The
two
lines,a f^ extending the length of diagram i,

lazy to reason, or too


reasoning,we do not expect to

Plate

be

IV, may

five feet apart.

taken

In

the facts

as

of the space
at each

end

are

to

to

mean

represent the tracks of

the

major premise of
they are, not as they

at both

ends

just five

feet

of the

five feet

These

apart.
From

measurement.

are

The

appear.

apart. There
We
so

facts of

to Cy in either

railroad,
volved
in-

propositionare

is
wish
far

ment
measure-

that the rails

track shows

assumption in this part of the premise.


impress upon the student the fact,that
to '^assume
something." The rails are
and

this

element

no

to

thoroughly

have

we

of

not

had

straight and parallel,


practicaland certain

cates
direction,the track indi-

mile

(the entire length of the diagram representing


two miles);in observing the distance
from Bto^, either way,
the track
down
to a vanishing point at c.
appears to narrow
This appearance
is the minor
premise. Let it be remembered
that the minor
premise involves a fact,but that fact is an appearance
involved in which
certain
are
opticallaws which we
will apply logicallyin another
Do not
part of this argument.
the
fact that we
are
forget
arguing from premises that are
one

to be

proven

true, and that

tific"
not

logician,in that we
from an assumption.

we

work

Principles of Perspective
The
reason

fact.

purpose
for

an

appearance,

does

Why

point 9Xc

of this

Note

the

to the arrow

differ from
from

part of the
which

is

in

ordinary**scien-

demonstrated

the

and

the

Vanishing

premise

"

Point.

argument

is to show

the

direct

oppositionto

the

at F F,
space five feet wide
appear
the dotted
lines beginning at S S, and

as

tending
ex-

a comparatively long picture


they make
the surface indicated
by the arrow.
Now, note the dotted
upon
lines beginning at F F, and extending to the surface marked

I88

THE

retina.

If

we

lines vanish

These

; for this

marked

CELI*UI*AR

COSMOGONY.

the

at

they appear

reason

the surface thus

point npon
to

to

come

point at

c.

led into an interminable


take this appearance
as a fact,we
are
'^scientist'* establishes his
labyrinthof difficulties. The

these appearances,
ignoring the facts and
assumptions upon
laws of optics. The
objects^ // are in fact at ^^, as represented
in diagram i, Plate IV, but they appear
to be at ^.
We
to
are
f
rom
facts
of
the
distinguishthe facts of reality
appearance^ and
show

the character

these ances
appearled the short-sighted ''scientists" into their aggregate

have

of the

of errors, which

Thus

far there

no

how

they delight to call by the title of science.


of assumption ; we
ing.
nothelement
assume
that

shown

have

We

by

is

and

appearances,

is annihilated

space

in appearance

of distal

the law

itable
perspective; that foreshorteningis an inevthat these laws are totallyiglaw of optics,and we hold
nored
scientific
called
The
astronomer.
by every so
pseudo

scientists shall not continue

astronomy upon

deluded

It will be remembered

foist their fallacious systems of

to

public without
that

diagram

perpetualprotest.

Plate IV,

representsthe

point of observation at B, from which the objectivepoint is seen


is at F F. The line D D D, extending to
at c, but which in reality
from
to be
the outlook or visual point
c, is not what it appears
The apparent line at Cy which
at B.
to be only a line,
appears
is the entire breadth
at F F.
of the

If

middle

track, it will

nearly so, and


five feet have

seem

of

five feet

"

rail extend
be

seen

to blend

vanished

to

the

with
mere

the

distance

midway

between

entire

length

the

two

other

point,at

line. The
appears like a mere
in perspectivethe more
rapidly it vanishes
five feet wide

across

the track

the two
of the

rails

line,or

rails at c; the

r, therefore

broader

space

the space

by distal extense,

comparison with the middle rail ; and the narrower


the space, the less rapidly it vanishes
This
by distal extense.
exclusively to the effect on the retina
principlebelongs more
in passing out of visual range
itself. A balloon
to
appears
diminish rapidly for the first few miles, after which it remains
in view for a long time as a mere
speck. These facts will have
of this argument.
their applicationduring the course
as

shown

in

189

ADDENDUM.

Geodetic

Perspective and

Observations.

diagram. (See Diagram 2, Plate IV.)


will employ
have two lines as in diagram i, but we
Here
we
them
above the other instead
to represent parallellines, one
of side by side, as in the first instance.
The line A A appears
the line C C appears
to drop to B B, if
to rise to B B, and
ible,
viewed
The points A A and C C are visfrom the point D.
if at B B.
but they are seen
as
Now, is there any man
capable of thinking, who will be such an obstinate ass as to
has been
take this appearance as they^r/,after the phenomenon
have
the
studied
phenomena of
pointed out to him ? We
in these principlesof optics,and will now
proceed
appearance
to geodetic observation, keepto make
ing
an
applicationof them
from
lished
estabthe
the
premise, never
swerving
logicallyto
of Koreshanity; namely, that assumption is no
law
We

subjoin a second

basis for the establishment


We
In this
observe

of truth.

subjoin the third diagram.


we

take

the

3, Plate

(SeeDiagram

IV.)

diagram, A A ; we
A from
the point D, but the principleof
the objectsto appear
foreshorteningcauses

the lower

line of

the second

points A
perspectiveor distal
at the points B B.
This
is not due to refraction,but it is due
from
to distal foreshortening;the space
A to K has contracted
and foreshortened
law is operative, and
This
to the point B.
in the atmosphere, ethereal,or on
appliesto all space whether
the surface of the earth, terrestrial. If the line A A in diagram
face,
sursurface,or a concave
3 representeda flat surface, a convex
the phenomenon
the same
would be practically
ity
; a convexmile would
to the
not
or concavity of only eight inches
appreciably affect the opticalillusion. If the so called scientist
is asked the question.Why
does the earth viewed from a balloon
look like a bowl ? he will tell you
it is because of atmospheric
refraction.
If the laws

uniform

of refraction will operate in

an

atmosphere

density,to distort the vision, what may


regarding phenomena related to objectsclaimed
our
atmosphere ? If the point D, in diagram

we

to

not

of

expect

be outside

3, is two

feet

the line A

above

objectat

A,

law

is the

half, five hundred

or

A,

distance

line

will

feet, three

of the

but

be

to

appears

down

the

certain facts, and

shown

The

feet

two

mile

or

tion.
direc-

feet and

distance.

any

the

less

the

principlenor alter
cross-pieceat P is seen

because

at B,

than

at B" in either

seen

miles,

phenomenon.

less

the altitude be two

change

not

of

be

whether

same

greater altitude could

character

COSMOGONY.

the

at

the lower

on

The
a

CELLULAR

THE

IQO

the

and

standard,
half.

at

shortened
P, is fore-

have

We

optical phenomena

the

far

thus

with

connected

assumed

have

nothing regarding the facts or


have
the phenomena.
We
fining
interpretedthe phenomena by dewhich
the laws upon
they depend, and we challenge all
in the
world
the scientific men
to point out
one
inaccuracy
either in the facts as presented and pertaining to the realityof
the relation of the lines,or the facts of the opticalphenomena.
these facts.

We

of Minor

Specific Statement
We
or

prepared to state
separated by narrow

are

now

surfaces

Proposition.

minor

proposition. Lines

broad

or

spaces,

extended

"

with each other and viewed in perspective, will appear


parallel
to approach each other proportionateto their distance from each
other and length of perspective. Let the surface of the earth
"

be taken

as

surface

; that

of these

one

surfaces, and

is,a visual

optical line.

or

the surface of the earth

feet above
the horizon

is

seen

on

and

level with

extend

line

If

stand twenty

we

look toward

the

If

eye.

this

over

the
a

horizon,

roof could

be

parallelto the surface of the earth twenty feet above


lookout
our
(fortyfeet above the earth),the two surfaces would
to approach each other; the lower
surface would seem
to
appear
extended

rise to

drop
planes
to

level with

level with

to a
are

extended

the upper
rise to

the
the

surface

level with

and

the eye,

the

or

eye,

of the

or

that

surface would

plane, the

lower

just

the

It would

but

would

principleof foreshortening.

appear

is, providing the

necessary

eye,

convexity,

"

upper

distance.

plane occupied its position.


by refraction

the

not

when

as

to
man

the
can

we

appear

two
move
re-

to

the upper

be occasioned

be due
How

Now,

plane will

same

if

either

operation
observe

ADMNDtJM.

this

so

call himself

and

cause,

called

is
scientific,

practicallyshown

convexity of the

earth

foreshortening.

When

and

in this

and

ignored, shall

allow

the

world

sumptions

is due

of

as

the

its true

enigmas of this

track, say
rail at

two

the apparent

optical illusion created by

the

to

rotundity or

that

the earth

is convex,

simplest laws of opticsare

the

to continue

in

to

the

set aside

imposition and

ignorance of the laws

of

place the facts in oppositionto

we

they obtain and

stands

man

that

quietly submit

we

of scientific conclusions
a

anything but

one

it is assumed

assumption

gonic form, or shall

If

it to

enlightened age.
have

We

attribute

and

phenomenon

191

are

made

side of

one

to constitute

cosmo-

the ar:-

the basis

by

the

feet from

the

rail, his

of the rails of
line of

railroad

vision will meet

point determined
by the distance in perspective.
This we
need only state, for it is a well-known
fact. No man
will pretend to deny this, unless
he be an absolute ignoramus.
Then
as
deny the phenomenon
why should anyone
applied to
of any other line or plane ?
If the earth were
the extense
cave,
conthe
which
inches
to
would
be
level
mile,
a practical
eight
and an apparent straightplane, and we
should apply the law of
opticsas described, in looking along a geolinear surface the
earth would
to rise in perspective much
more
rapidly
appear
would
than the eight inches
If we
to the mile
indicate.
were
the

twenty feet
to meet

the

above

the

surface of the
would

line of vision and

scientific and

honest

basis of appearance,
analysis;he would

man,

would

before

submit

earth, the
appear

he

earth

to be

would

The

convex.

projects a theory on
the

appearance

to

rise

the

rigid

his

premise by the facts, and not


principlesand laws of opticsas applied
demonstrate
our
premise, then reason

prove

ignore the most common


to geodesy. I^t us
and we are certain of the truth.
I^t us assume
our
logically,
fit
the
and then make
our
theory
premise from mere
appearance
ing
premise, and we have just what the scientific world is attemptdown
the throats of the credulous and unthinking
to cram
public.

i92

'THE

Qeolinear

COSMOCiONV.

CKIXULAR

Mathematical

and

Poreshortenins:

Application.
sub-major proposition is,that

Our

calculation,founded
of

the amount

parallellines

the

upon
in

planes

the

deviation

of

the surface

which

given
face
sur-

direction of

and

amount

describes,from

earth

the

two

any

applied to the

perspective,when

the earth, will determine

of

between

the space

of

determination

mathematical

of
foreshortening
or

rigid mathematical

line

point of observation to the vanishing point.


lines be separated by a definite space, and extended
Let two
parallelto a distance sufficient to obliterate the space by distal
a definite
foreshortening. Extend these lines one mile parallel,
distance in length with
space intervening,then apply the same
extended

from

the

space

same

the

to

would

obtain.

The

candid

person.

If

line which

definite

foreshorteningof

direction.

Let

is flat,
convex,

or

from

The

plane.

concave

claim

to fitthis

Optics Wholly

have
these
under

the

and
space,'

the
laws

the

We

whether
of

Ignored

shown

the earth

deviation, if any,
is made

upon

tion
considera-

system of

absurdity.

appearance

have

its

surface of the

is convex,

the earth

operation of these
of optics prevail and

other.

the

of the

amount

to the

the amount

by the

pursued this argument


applied a knowledge of the laws
facts,to

the

will also determine

determine

have

We

the

lines and

the

or

way

one

from opticalefifects,
without any
appearance
and the whole
of foreshortening,
of the laws

is made

of

along the side

mere

cosmogony

to any

the dififerencebetween

This

will

; also

that

is obvious

inches

principle be applied

this

results

same

difiference is the

line.

the demonstration

earth, and

known

line,the

unknown

of the

deviation

few

calculate
the

the

statement

observation

deviate

and
rectiline,

this
an

to

of the indefinite

space

the

make

we

lines,and

two

of

truth

suppose

we

other, from

other

any

of the

from
of

We

operate
the

in

known

optics

surface

laws.

that

Astronomer.

of

laws

related to

as

the

earth

shown

have

the

fact,and

one

of

case

as

that
as

optics

in
are

^HK

194

that therefore it is not

sis,and
a

CBI.I.UI.AR

COSMOGONY.

worth

one

thought

constituting

as

basis for

note

cosmogonic conviction.
We
of
state our
now
general proposition: The astronomers
admit that the whole fabric of hypothesis called astronomy,

is built

assumed

an

upon

the conclusion

premise is assumed,

of

premise

When

appearance.

is

necessarilyan assumption.
It is easy to fit a large aggregation of facts to any hypothesis ;
but this does not prove
proposition. An
'hypothesisdoes
any
not rise to the rank of a well-grounded theory, and never
can
that
so long as
hypothesis is predicated upon a premise that is
'

"

itself not proven.

The

is absolute, but it has


for the

world

that,

reason

is

looking for

its revolution

on

earth is of

never

up
some

to

been
the

definite form

fixed in the mind

present time,

positiveproof

its axis, and

far,been

some

of

the

its orbital

; this

form

of the thinker

the

'scientific*'

earth's

ity,
rotund-

motion.

These

regarded as settled facts. Because of


claim
the right to demand
better
this uncertainty we
some
been adduced, for the acceptationof the
than have ever
reasons
into the
Copemican system of astronomy, and an examination
have
entific"
reasons
we
promulgated for a disavowal of present "scihave

never,

so

claims.

In
A

and
{Retrospect
of

Review

Developments

Since

Prospect.

tlie Koreslian
PROF.

G.

U.

World

tlie Scientific

in

Survey.

MORROW.

'Koresban

the basis of a
Universology is predicated upon
for
onstration,
demcalculus
its premise an
baving
abundantly confirmed
which
of
obviates
uncertainty.
possibility
every
universal
It comprises the first step toward
knowledge, which
it is the province of Koreshanity
to place before the world.**
the Founder
of Koreshan
KoRKSH,
Universology.
'

"

is

'*It

wonderful

a.

thing to be
change.

and

mountain

upon

scientific literature

the

watch

general

ment
restate-

of

extensive
The
researches
due.
physical science is now
with
the
of matter,
in
higher phases and states
beginning
and
Crookes,
so
enormously
extending to the present, have
all conceptions
of
work
like
that a vast
Nature,
expanded
Newton's
Principia is urgently needed.'*
ScientificAmerican,
"

IT IS

WITH

nearly

(now
the

series of

work,)

the

but

furnished

upon

conclusions

have

in the

the

numerous

Survey

sources

of

that

radidal

changes

in

them

facts

upon

the

all

several
the

premise

of

we

called

of

in

the

all

in

their

own

and

coveries
dis-

tenets

set

little volume.
received

have

results
The

of

from

available

astronomy;

detail.

the

premise,

scientific

arguments

modem
of

the

this

years

so

"explanations**
already described

of

many

by

this

of

they failed

have

its demonstrated

forced

of

opponents

and

been

past

publication

the

of

Geodetic

Koreshan

the

of

conduct

System

preceding chapters

During
various

the

corroborate

which

for

only

Not

the

time

this

at

note

we

successful

the

discomfiture

found

have

thay

favor

basis

the

Universology.

attacks

forth

after

years

continued

Koreshan
their

ten

that

experiments, including

that

Survey,

satisfaction

great

the

and

in
also

Koreshan

explanations

are

196

TH^

C^I.I.UI.AR

COSMOGONY.

in conflict with

each

other, and

no

tact

nor

The

Flaming

our

whom

among
Professor

are

hollow

and

with

belong
thrown

of

class

of

several

regard the

earth

as

stellar systems,

is

sound

whom

"

Institution,has said

who

school

critics

recognized standing.

solar and

this

upon

ers
Read-

numerous

our

tempted
at-

Florida, followed

if any

absurd, it is doubtful

even

members

to

to

scientists

sphere enclosing the

inadmissible

are

ing
reason-

desirable, for they

arguments

wholly

are

away."
Larkin, of the Mt. Lowe

Professor
to

of the line is

earth

the

than

The

Survey

Geodetic

explain our

end

south
the

week,

of those

views

the

in

of the Smithsonian

Langley,

"while

that

few

basis of

demonstrations.

scientific work
to

certain

have, during these

Sword

elapsingsince our
repliesfrom week

years

principleas

of the Koreshan

overthrow
of

scientific

recognized

taken

has

one

took
Observatory, underthe

on

64 feet farther

north

The

end.

basis that **the


the

from
earth

center

is not

of

exactly

miles

(13.647) higher than the


poles. From Florida to the equator it is up-hillall the way.
They ran into the side of the hill,which they could not help
doing.*' Professor Larkin's explanation is entirelyout of
harmony with the recognizedprinciplesof hydrostatics,and
round.

contradicts

equator

If the

astronomers.

equator than
conforms

to

at

the

unchanged by
on

the

sea,

relative to
real

or

earth.

of the

the
earth

best
is

conclusions

bulged

of

13 miles

pole^,it follows that the


ellipsoidal
configuration; and
ratio

such

because
inclines

of curvature

would

bulge. There could be


up-hill and down-hill
above

sea

level, not

his

higher

the

the

convex,

were

of

many

is 13

be
no
are

with

water

if the

fellow
the

at

level
earth

practically
up-hillslope
terms

used

reference

to

supposed difference of distance from the center of the


The Scientific
American^ dealing with another phase
with
emphasis the Koreshan
subject,corroborated

197

ADt"SNDUM.

conclusions

regarding

conclusions

It is

few

without

are

in The

demonstrated

has

since

of

few

the

for

Sword

in this edition

note

as

clearly

we

August 16,
more

than

1904..

very

to

through

number

seemed

It has

large editions.

of

The

Survey has been questioned by

the Koreshan

critics.

force whatever,

any

Larkin's

principal
developments in the scientific
publicationof this volume in 1898, which

already run

accuracy

Professor

level.

sea

Flaming

impossible to

points relative

world

the

to

number

of

people that

the

fine

adjustments of the apparatus used would require almost


superhuman skill. If that be so, then the work of the
Government
Geodetic
Survey should be discredited on the
basis of the

same

Geodesists

reasons.

have

made

many

teresting
in-

adjustments of
their instruments.
The average probable error
of the Colby
to be only
apparatus in use in Europe has been estimated
estimates

of

.0000015
the

S.

U.

half.

one

of

those

are

employed

still greater

of
for the purpose
between
points. The

devised

distance

placing metal

is that of

Koreshan

apparatus

surfaces

in pointsof
not
by the Government,
in form; the principlesof adjustment

the
practically
The

of critics have

plumb-lines suspended
determining whether
upward

or

earth's

mechanical

curacy,
ac-

are

same.

the

downward,
shape
means.

side

than

The

that

held

by side for

divergence

would
the

Plumb-Lines.

of

Startling Testimony

number

in

apparatus differs from

Geodetic

employed
but

the

estimates, reducted

susceptibleof

are

the

adjustment
The

contact.

Geodetic

apparatus

accurately measuring
method

of the

accuracy

Government

These

accuracy.

the

inch; Struve, in making

an

nearly

average

by the

of

experiments with
the

purpose
of the lines should

of

be

test of
satisfactory
projection of ^n air line by

be

more

suspension of plumb-linesfrom

198

TH^

the

C"I.I.UI.AR

top of the Washington

Eifel

Tower,

has

been

COSMOGONY.

Monument,

suggested

to

or

from

have

We

us.

top of

the

shown

the Tower is high


nor
repeatedlythat neither the Monument
enough to admit of any appreciabledivergence of the lines
being manifest; for from an altitude of 500 or 1,000 feet,
with

the

plumb-lines only

distance between
small

top and

at

would

bottom

of definite and
beyond the possibility

to be

as

the lines

feet apart, the difference of

few

be

so

accurate

measurement.

Concerning the subjectof plumb-lineexperimentswith


the view
the earth's
be
to determining whether
center
miles beneath

4,000

The

in

which

Flaming
the

present
into

for

mining
a

shafts

similar

extract

an

one

at

mile

in

depth

at

article

an

to the

facts and

the

wrote

we

from

awake

sufficient to suspend

conclusions

heads,

our

July, 1897,

of the scientific world

men

thorough investigationof

the

Sword

above

or

followingquotation is

**Wheii

of

feet

our

importance

revision

of their

*
down
plumb-lines
Calumet, Michigan, or

Pittsburg, Pa., they

will find

measurable

from
divergence indicating that the perpendiculars extend
down
central point in the physical heavens
to the earth's
cave
con-

surface.

The

* '

fact that such

experiments

for they

were

to above

was

inevitable.

conducted

four

In the Fall of

the

number

of

elevator

shafts

shafts, for the


and

that

they

wtt^

purpose

to

the

them,

use

the

the

to be

rack
Tama-

".plumb'* a
of constructing
of two
plumbto

two

farther apart

called the attention of Professor

College of Mines,

vf^-knew

engineer at

ventilators; in the
between

note

the article referred

Michigan, undertook

lines,measuring the distance


bottom, he found

the

1901,

performed is

we

written, with the results which

Mines, Calumet,

He

that

after

years

been

have

important ; it is with satisfaction

very

McNair,

top and

at

at the bottom.

of the

strange fact; and

gan
Michi-

Professor

ADDENDUM.

199

of
conducting a number
the
several of the shafts, with practically
experiments down
feet in
The
results in all.
same
plumb-lines were
4,250
length; the bobs of lead weighed sixtypounds each, and hung
McNair

assisted

in vessels

of oil at

wire.

piano

results

was

very

wires

Sentinel

of

were

experiments,

the

Milwaukee

No.

24

quote

we

containing a report

shaft

little

the

phenomena

same

that

change, except

the

noticed, and

were

of the

divergence

of iron

instead

bobs

greater. Lead

even

The

the bottom.

the

''At another

with

in

engineer

Concerning

from

paragraph
of the

the

but

used,

were

lines
no

explanations have been oflfered


for the fact that the wires supposed to hang parallelto each
other, were farther apart 4,250 feet below the surface than they
has suggested anything that
at the surface,but
were
no
one
*
With
to cover
the question. *
seems
no
disturbing forces
at work, there
be [according to the idea of the earth's
should
convexity] a flightconvergence.
*

change resulted.

Several

"

The
attention

Tamarack

every

the

among

of the

Mine

experiments

''reason'*

for

offered various

who
scientists,

observed

phenomena
the

and

"

conclusion

to

arrive

concerning
he

has,

at

the

any
cause

"

baffled

c*ertain and
of

the

the Tamarack

shafts

The

suggestion

the

bobs

and

has

been

to

explain

the

that

therefore

set aside

by

in the
the

caused

Professor

results.

He

month

of

sides
the

of

and

has

satisfactory

nomena;
unexpected phea

number

hypotheses, from the basis of which he, with the


of other engineers,repeated the experiments in
of

which

that of the

at all

entertained

however,

almost

except the right one,

results

perhaps not suggested to their minds


earth's
was
concavity. Professor McNair
unable

tions
explana-

they gave

was

been

considerable

attracted

assistance
a

February,
the

of

shaft

number
1902.
attracted

divergence,
wholly inadequate

downward

McNair

estimates

as

that

such

attraction,^

COSMOGOtTV.

CStI.tJl.Ak

THS

500

if there be such, would

amount

only 2ifew hundredths

to

of

produce scarcely any sensible or appreciable


He
the
effect upon
heavy weights suspended.
that the common
remarks
explanation is without foundation,

grain

and

would

scientists and engineers.


though offered by many
The
by Professor
repulsiontheory has been advocated
Hallock, of the Columbia
University; this theory, like the
idea of side attraction,
is rejected. The first hypothesis of
McNair

Professor

that

was

magnetic attraction

of

of

jacent
ad-

lead bobs were


ventilating pipes; but when
substituted for iron bobs, and practicallythe same
results
were
as inadequate
manifest, the hypothesis was abandoned
for a time to
to explainthe divergence,though it did seem
iron

plane of the wires or the greater


azimuth
at the bottom.
Upon using phosphor-bronze wires
instead of steel piano wires, every idea of magnetic or other
explain the torsion of

side attraction
Professor

or

McNair*

currents

dealing with
true;

but

; for

plumb-linesin

the

the shafts

designed

this last resort

caused

was

in his article

the

to prove

taken

theory

the

explain

fails to

precautionwas

every

that the downward

contained

arguments

subject are

after

of consideration.

hypothesis was

s next

the

and

the

even

forced out

repulsionwas

divergence of
by air

the

to

nomena
phe-

prevent

circulation of the air in the shafts by

closingup the top and


shutting ofifthe air from the pipes as completelyas possible,
there yet remained, in the final experiment of the series,a
divergence of
divergence was

.018

of

when

the

in

rays

air in the

must

shaft

conclude, that the air

in their action
is

beyond

throughout

belief.

But

and

the

order to accept this last attempt


one

of

foot, .216

considerably less

divergence of gravic
obtained

to

and

this

the calculated

nearer

hollow
was

inch"

an

glohe^

than

in circulation.

that
In

explain the phenomena,

currents

should

be constant

period of several months, which

even

today, the

scientists differ

'TH^

202

Remarkable
Since
had

Changes

satisfaction

the

theories

of the

of

modern

Scientific

in

the Twentieth

of

beginning

the

COSMOGONY.

CBI.I.UI.AR

Beliefs.

Century

have

we

in the

noting remarkable
changes
scientists
a rejectionof old

tenets

"

approach to conceptions entertained and taught


conclusions
reached
in Koreshanity" conceptions and
over
of .the
Koreshan
thirty-five years ago by the Founder
and

near

The

System.
achievement
and

Madame

before

Koreshan

Physics ;

to

come

of the
indestructibility

the field of

in

noted

inevitable,since
of

presence

of

helium, which

radium, that

doctrines

of

new

conclusion
smallest

is

been

form

many

of

been

reached

in the borderland

between

make

substances

from
take

long
System.

The

gold
rays

place
before

at

all

continual

the

abandoned

advocacy

ulate
form-

to

is

atom

the

The

not

admitted

that
in

exist

of

to

precipitate
activity
of radio-

substances

taught

it is

that

processes

all

the

thing
intangible some-

metals, and

and

the

alchemy.

or

now

and

disclosures

electrons,which

and

times

entertained

show

of these

the

rather

baser

light;

radium

endeavoring

that

of

others

mutation
holding to transnot
only possible,

have

now

matter

from

that of

with

men,

of

minds

they call electricity. It is

possibleto

men

Ramsay,
"

chemistry
but

of matter,

noted

chemistry

results

the

system

experiments

distinct element.

leading
chemistry, and are

has

of

These

atom.

emanations

the

startlinghave

So

of modern

research, are now


as
possible,and

of substance
but

basis

rejectthe

corroborations

Professor

and

fessor
Proin

substance, such

Lodge,

other

any

instrumental

the basis of many

radio-active

Kelvin, Professor

Lord

have

remarkable

from

lutionize
revo-

old school.

the

been

have

world

and

the wonderful

with

the

the

to

more

scientists than

scientists of

Curie

bringing

as

of

work

or

done

has

of modern

beliefs

the

'

discovery of radium

"

ceptions
con-

in the Koreshan

Koreshan

Universol-

ADDENDUM.

ogy
the

203

thirty-five
years, and a
forts of fallac}',
but
cannot
for

mental

and

effect in

their

have

the

of scientific circles.

processes
A.

Professor

of

bombardment

constant

startled

has

astronomer,

the

naturalist

eminent

Wallace, the

Russell

scientific world

by setting

with the
at variance
conception of the universe
accepted theories of cosmology. He holds that the universe
is limited; and
in support of this,
of his arguments
one
conclusion
is that all astronomers
nicus
up to the time of Coperheld
that the universe
was
geocentric. In Prof.
forth

Wallace's

conception,the

of

center

the

astronomical
of

universe.

been

of

tendency
toward

the

near

all modern

opposite

the very

conclusion

unwarranted

the

to

"

the

But

speculationhas

this view

itself is situated

earth

that

verse
uni-

the

is illimitable.
A

second

infinite
a

continuous

blaze

had

by

that

of the

of

means

of

is

he

by
stars

the

noon-day

star-lightis

average

of the whole

science

that

of

mass

facts

of
any

only

one

that

lated
accumu-

research, and

great inductive

been

has

sun,

maintains

Prof. Wallace

moon.

powerful instruments
not
acquainted with

modern

the

be

would

the firmament
as

if

is that

Wallace

Prof.

lightas bright

the benefit

aflBrms that
result

of

it is known

forty-ninththat
he has

filled with

were

space

whereas

used

argument

arrived

at

so

of so vast a mass
gradually and so legitimately,
by means
of precisemeasurements
and observations, as his conclusion
and
the central
concerning the limitation of the universe
location

of

Prof.

habitable
the

the earth.

Wallace

planet,that

universe

created

further

for

Prof. Wallace
limitation

that

the

own

earth

Man,

man.

is not

of the

our

the

holds

that

the

humanity
and

the

therefore,is
only astronomer

universe.

Professor

is the

earth
is the

universe

entire
the

only

holds

Newcomb,

race

in

were

thing.

supreme

who

only

to the

of Wash-

TH^

204

CSI.I.UI.AR

COSMOGONY.

ington, has long entertained the idea that not only is the
has a limit,though by
universe limited,but that space itself
it is limited,or how
what
the universe is environed,he does
In
not pretend to say.
holding to the limitation of the
space, there

in

universe

is

approach

an

the

to

Koreshan

conception.
Both

Wallace

Professor

and

Kelvin

emphatic
of the atheistic conceptionsof Spencer.
in their denunciation
not
a
Huxley, and Haekel, both holding that chance was
Kelvin
factor in the origin of creation.
Lord
asks, **Is
absurd
of
there anything so
to believe that a number
as
make
atoms
a
accord, can
by fallingtogether of their own
The universe
sprigof moss, a microbe, a livinganimal?*'
be

cannot

**a

explained on

fortuitous

the

Professor Wallace

basis

of

concourse

few

Lord

that

atoms.*'

are

life sprang

from

The

owes

world

tributes of respect for his

repudiation
of the idea that the universe is infinite,
the ground
on
is the object of the existence
that the development of man
of the cosmos
for strenuouslyopposing the
; and to Virchow
Darwinian
theory of evolution.
And

the future

fallacies of
conflicting
Modern

them.
its power

forces

does

it hold

the times?

There

what

"

science

of such

revolution

is but

because

is doomed

is irresistible. There

in store

is

in the

for all the


one

end

is true

truth

for
and

long withstanding the


world of thought as that
no

able
The remarkimminent.
impends, which is now
changes of the last few years are but a suggestion of
what
is coming.
Soon there will be an utter abandonment
of the premise of modern
astronomy, with all its absurd
will soon
rebel against
The
human
reason
conceptions.
such vagariesof the imagination. The mind
is seeking the
will be met
tangible,the real, the true; and the demand
which

now

with the
and

most

avenues

to
application

unmistakable
which
human

appeal

demonstrations
to

human

in

reason

life for the progress

all the lines


and

of the

admit

race.

of

Cause of the Variation of the Pendulum.


KORESH.

IS CLAIMED
ITfrom
west

according

space,

one

miles

per

body

with

at

the

miles

minute.

Can

this rate

could

so
a

the

body

hour,

an

sane

earth

at

or

its

by

it would

cause

the

of

sphere,
atmoas

while

atmosphere,

rotation

the

thin

solid

its momentum

atmosphere with
motion

sixteen

that

imagine

man

of

speed

than

more

in

through

rotary

moves

miles

moving

speed, surrounded

contrary

time

same

solid

science,

any

of

carry

produce

is

modern

thousand

over

to

This
to

of

surface

the

nearly twenty-five thousand

east

to

hours.

twenty-four

not

that

of

ing
oscillat-

an

pendulum?
No
as

disputes the fact of the motion

one

first observed

with

Flammarion.

by

uniform

motion

such

the

reported,

as

it must

be considered

with

first,the supposition that


heavens

appear

is taken

which

guess,
the

hangs

with

guess,

astronomers

our

still
that

reason

sustain

to revolve

it

will not

regard

to

the

revolves

still

with
much

remains

to

an

are

readers

that

the

still in

the

astronomers,

reinforcement

problem

is not

We

the

pendulum

hypothetical ;

doubt.

motion

hypothesis,

stop seeking for still further

they

causes

because

of the

motion

testimony
in doubt

What

propositions. The

two

earth

the

series of

of the

cause

the

be fair and

to

inquire.
the

howsoever

because

Copernican system.

would

we

; and

corroborative

as

in

experiment

the

Whatsoever

phenomenon?

question

oscillatingpendulum

allowing

But

pendulum,

recently experimented

and

might, however,

We

of

direction

experiments.
the

Foucault

by

of the

wish

settled

for
you

and

the

tion,
corroborato

under

assure

the

206

THK

The

propositionis,that

second

settled

has

Survey

forever

shell, and

concave

If it could

caused

of

the

on

inner

cellular
the

Cellular

the

on

of the earth

not, therefore,afifectthe

sphere.
lum
pendu-

it would

as

is

earth

the

rotates, then

it the motion

ball,were

Cosmogony
According to

that

inhabits the

man

same

It could

it.

fact

the

Geodetic

the Koreshan

that the earth

the

act

surface

outer

that

be proven

would

COSMOGONY.

CKI.I.UI*AR

fact

that

of

the

in the least.
the

System,

Koreshan

the heavens

stationaryand
The

stationary earth.

the earth

is

paratively
com-

moving within

are

is

moving at the rate of


miles in twenty-four hours.
It is
about eighteen thousand
sweeping through space with this velocityand radiatingits
is a
there
energies into the environing shell,in which
To
this spiral
corresponding magnetic spiral motion.
motion of energy is due the rotation of the pendulum, and
of the earth.
not to the motion
First,it will be understood
that the pendulum is suspended from
a
support attached
Second, it will be noticed
solidlyto the body of the earth.
of the earth is practicallythe same
at both
that the curve
the earth moving just as rapidly
of the oscillation,
extremes
ble
There could not be a calculaat one
point as at the other.
the

of difference either in time

commensuration
the

extremities,as

two

sun

to

curvation

or

space,

or

the time

of

at

tudinal
longi-

motion.
If

the

to north

south

the

were

start, it would

earth, which,

north
be

were

to

south

subject to
the

and

the eastward

theory of the

impression in relation to the pendulum ball


toward
ball would
the west, and
apparently move
opposite swing of the pendulum it would swing

equally toward
the

the

from

swung

rotate

true, the
with

at

of the

motion
earth's

be

pendulum

other.

the west

This

would

the^result of the

"

the motion
be
earth'

the
s

on

one

effect if the

motion.

How

side

balancing

phenomenon
would

it be

ADDENDUM.

when

the

rotated

pendulum

points? The

earth

would

207

around

be

to

the

and

east

rotatingtoward

the

west

cast, the

earth is moving,
The
pendulum swinging east and west.
at the rate of sixteen
according to the Copernican hypothesis^
either with
miles a minute
or
against the ball, while it
the ball
rate with it when
swings westward, and at the same
If the earth by its rotation
affects the
swings eastward.
this rotation,why
motion
of the pendulum enough to cause
would
it not make
an
appreciabledifference distinctively
marked, while swinging east and west?
The
swinging of a pendulum could bear no possible
relation

to the earth's

rotating

from

east

if the earth

rotation,even
to

west

at

the

rate

of

were

ball

twenty-five

The question of the


twenty-four hours.
relation of the rotatingpendulum
of Foucault
to the rotation
of the earth is equal to the question: **If it takes a
of shingles to shingle an
thousand
bundles
house,
opera
how
pancakes will it take to shingle a meeting
many
The
house?**
marvelous
thing about this experiment, is
that any man
to the title
possessingany claim whatsoever
of scientific should
accept this solution without asking the
question, '*May there not be some
hypothesis for this
motion
the hypothesis of
reasonable as, or more
as
so than
If a pendulum were
the rotation of the earth?**
at
swung
the plane of the
the north pole, oscillating
laterallyover
earth's rotation,were
there such a motion of the earth, the
pendulum hung in space (not upon supports fixed solidlyin
the earth), there would
be some
to the proposition;
sense
thousand

as

miles

in

it is,it is the veriest nonsense,

will

laugh

at their own

folly.

and

later the

"scientists**

CopernicanHypothesisin
I^UCIE

NOBII.ITY

HE

premise
who

those

as

deeper

has

been

the

with

that

whole

but

of

been

deal

not

is that

earth

the

much
same

time

is wasted

amount

of

earth's

shape

tested

To
desire

the

; for

the

the

actual

the

intellect

creation.

importance

that

Since
to

had
that

herald.

been

has

old

it had

universe
of

Cellular

become
date

Of

there
course

has

be

the

of

solved

the

in
was

by

The

life.

involve

been

the

human

of

made

to

when

rily
satisfacto-

acme

in

Cosmogony

how

put forth.

would

fitted

shows

been

is the

was

The

sun.

heavens,

was

is involved

in

assumption

the

never

conduct

century

the

investigation

the

It

pleasure

any

system,

the

during

knowledge.

about

concept

much

of the

find

nor

in the

that

nineteenth

proof

contour

System

actual

orbit

an

Koreshan

how

to

unmistakable

an

Koreshan

into

put

the

of

found

hypothesis

searching

questions

all

comprehension
of

in

in

understand

in

comprises

show

would

until

determine

facts

time

research

been

triangulation,when

of

'scientists'*

is known.

revolves

absence

conspicuous

research

astronomical

Copernican

for

field of

have

to

The

hour.

air-line to test the

an

conjectures

lines

base

drawing

of

taught by the

with

the

so-called

results

no

past thirty-fiveyears

does

field

and

fact that

of

body

The

famous

the

has

What

the

the

Koreshan

apparent

are

investigators in

surface

earth's

world,
of

extension

the

of the

need

darkness.

superseded by
the

to discern

ploughed,

compare

manner

the

modern

into

the

it confronts

of

only plunged

of

GRANDEUR

able

have

BORDEN.

AND

are

discoveries

PAGE

the Schools.

covery
dis-

1870, when
revealed

the

by

secrets

nothing

application

of

of

much

of

forces

the

by

placedis
in

beginning.

of man,

presence

it

because

should

of this

men

was

be

period

bereft of

once

remains

human

no

epoch

that

the educated

history,think

world's

the

far back

How

point; but

moot

the

Copernican hypothesis,that

of the

exponents

had

earth

COSMOGONY.

CELLUIyAR

THE

2IO

the
in

found

are

certain strata.

Sociology

as

science

is not

the solar system

because

colleges is

best

the

is wanting,

pattern for construction

The

really non-existent.

in

taught

ciple
prin-

The

understood.

and
in the cell with its center
organic unity shown
environing walls, must be put forward to insure the orderly
in social
error
activityof society. With the fundamental
construction
might be able to
expunged, the students
grapple with the labor question and the various branches of
of

economics

to some

purpose.
is

Psychology

trying

is concerned

and
spiritualism,

modern
of

and

motory

ferret out

to

mysteries

the

with

the

ment
measure-

impulses. These
the subject of the

sensory

of

are

all

soul and
places, but
the rapport between
soul, and body, are too vast in
spirit,
of the soul is
their bearing to be put aside; yet the nature
still unknown.
Metaphysics has no conception of the
beautiful truths that are
brought to light in the study of
in

necessary

brain

the

Founder
as

used
The

their

under

has

the

shown

instruction

are

organs
of the

some

of

been

has

an

attic

would
lumber

or

possibleattainment
but

that

why

The

modern

theorizingof

tion
educathe past

packages to confuse the mind of


nothing were
taught without a groundwork

If

facts,the mind

like

fibre,

put up in labeled

the student.
of

of cell and

the mind.

reasons

is defective in its instructions.

whose

Koreshanity,

the intricate harmonies

in the correlated

above

of

room.

of life.

text-books

conjecturesis

not

shame

should
in

be furnished

with

Education
It should
exist

never

built

upon

progressiveage.

old rubbish

is the
be

greatest

disparaged ;
theories

and

The

of
Principles
I,UCIE

T^HE
the

is in the

habit

pursuit

of

designed

aid

to

with

the

student

the

fundamental

extended

reader.

that

of

first

the

geodetic

who

not

from

its root

cult

if he

of

application

knows
for

the

the

that
more

by

the

outset

to

He

term.

Science, it is

Koreshan

understand

meaning.

is held

than

subject

ing
lay-

earth's

ordinary reader

calls

studying

what

of

aware

of

is meant

one

by

nobody

tangent.

It

can

efforts to ascertain
is

correctly

whether
stated

from

simply
the

all who

to

terms

any

of the

upon

chord

of

know

and

the

direction
the

the

rests

sincere

by

the

unintelligibleto

departed

not

deny, that

is certain

be

significance of
It

geodesists were

Koreshan

curvature

has

authenticity of

the

would

the

mathematics.

which

assertion

of

Science

Geodesy

New

facts

is

Koreshan

by

was

The

is not

of the

this

of

interesting account

most

known

he

the

requisitesto

made

used.

for the

in

survey.

The
claims

with

while

knows

question

is,therefore; required at

He

himself

acquaint

the

are

of land,

tracts

He

the

in the

engineer

Koreshanity.

proposition
of

civil

the

geodesy,
of

latter

the

instruments

surveying large

word

knowledge

casual

These

and

quite enough
the

because

with

geodetic instruments

to introduce

define

so

their

and

to

Not

the

works

it is necessary

able

one

mechanic

familiar

so

surveyor,

of

use

the

It is

is not

vocation.

own

Geodesy.

BORDEN.

the

as

making

his

curvature.

be

of

public

out

where

geodesy

term

PAGE

New

READER

ORDINARY

the

the
an

arc

them, that

indefatigable in
of the

ordinary

earth's

works

on

surveying.
It
be

was

capable

necessary
of

to

invent

determining

an

whether

apparatus
a

line

which
extended

should
hori-

"tHn

^12

zontal

to

The

chord.
his

vertical would

plumb

ordinary

measurements

is

drawn
from

surface

The

Koreshan

they

are

incline to work

not

is to

method

His

or

in all

granted

which

upon

does

tangent

it for

takes

the

assumption.

to be

prove

surveyor

that

convex.

an

COSMOCOKV.

CSLLXn:*AR

the

use

new

perfectly simple, to settle a question


takes for granted. It becomes
the ordinary surveyor
which
in every
extended
geodetic operation to devise
necessary
of constructingan instrument
method
to extend a right
some
The

line.

is

which

apparatus

ordinary surveyor

level,and

does
for

made

allowance

actuallyobliged

the

uses

understand

not

theodolite
there

why

two

three

or

be

must

perspective foreshortening.

to allow

neer's
engi-

or

an

is

He

inches to the mile

for

example of refraction.
does not trust to any opticalinstrument, but
The Koreshan
his line absolutelystraightby the use
of the
tries to make
of right angles.
mechanical
principle
he has
that when
levelled his
The civil engineer knows
telescopeor transit instrument, and trains it on his pole a
this

mile

factor,but he puts it down

he will find

away,

is five

below

six inches

or

that the earth's

why

that

the difference should

the

calculated

due

to refraction,and

estimate.

altitude

the

the

surface

an

as

of

height of

the

cross

hair

the

ing
pole. Believis puzzled to know

is convex,
he
not be eight inches
considers

to agree

with

discrepancy is
obliged to allow two
inches
mile
this
three
the
for
to
or
optical factor. The
the law
of
Koreshan
geodesist understands
perspective
foreshortening,and differs from the engineer in his theory
Koreshan
the
of refraction ; but
prefers to eliminate
and
factors
to
mechanical
line.
run
a
optical
for the differences
between
the old geodesy
So much
intricate problems of surveying
and
the new.
The
most
unnoticed
not
are
by the latter,but the outlook of the New
so

would

surveyors

has
work

proved
is

an

to

his

erroneous

own

be

of

the

that he is

wholly dissimilar
will be obvious
why theoretical
Geodesy

is

He

claims

no

to

that

of the

problems
interest

satisfaction

assumption.

that

raised

to the

the

old, that it
by competent

student
basis

of

who
their

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