RAMESHWARAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT; LUCKNOW

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT

SEMESTER 1ST EXAMINATION
SESSION: 2014-2015
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT

ROLL NO.
DURATION: 3 HRS.

MM- 100
SUBJECT CODE- PGDM 101

Attempt any five questions

All questions carry equal marks.

Management has been described as a social process involving responsibility for economical and effective planning &
regulation of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given purposes. It is a dynamic process consisting of
various elements and activities. These activities are different from operative functions like marketing, finance,
purchase etc. Rather these activities are common to each and every manger irrespective of his level or status.
Different experts have classified functions of management. According to George & Jerry, There are four fundamental
functions of management i.e. planning, organizing, actuating and controlling. According to Henry Fayol, To manage
is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to control. Whereas Luther Gullick has given a keyword
POSDCORB where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-ordination, R
for reporting & B for Budgeting. But the most widely accepted are functions of management given by KOONTZ and
ODONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing andControlling.
For theoretical purposes, it may be convenient to separate the function of management but practically these functions
are overlapping in nature i.e. they are highly inseparable. Each function blends into the other & each affects the
performance of others.

QUEST-1:- What is management structure and its function? Explain with diagram?

Strategic management process has following four steps:

1.

Environmental Scanning- Environmental scanning refers to a process of collecting, scrutinizing and providing
information for strategic purposes. It helps in analyzing the internal and external factors influencing an
organization. After executing the environmental analysis process, management should evaluate it on a
continuous basis and strive to improve it.

2.

Strategy Formulation- Strategy formulation is the process of deciding best course of action for accomplishing
organizational objectives and hence achieving organizational purpose. After conducting environment scanning,
managers formulate corporate, business and functional strategies.

3.

Strategy Implementation- Strategy implementation implies making the strategy work as intended or putting
the organizations chosen strategy into action. Strategy implementation includes designing the organizations
structure, distributing resources, developing decision making process, and managing human resources.

4.

Strategy Evaluation- Strategy evaluation is the final step of strategy management process. The key strategy
evaluation activities are: appraising internal and external factors that are the root of present strategies, measuring
performance, and taking remedial / corrective actions. Evaluation makes sure that the organizational strategy as
well as its implementation meets the organizational objectives.

These components are steps that are carried, in chronological order, when creating a new strategic management
plan. Present businesses that have already created a strategic management plan will revert to these steps as per the
situations requirement, so as to make essential changes.

Management Process

QUEST-2:- Explain with diagram level of management?

Managerial Skills
Management is a challenging job. It requires certain skills to accomplish such a challenge. Thus, essential
skills which every manager needs for doing a better management are called as Managerial Skills.
According to Professor Robert Katz, there are three managerial skills, viz.,
Conceptual Skills,
Human Relations Skills, and
Technical Skills.
According to Prof. Robert Katz, all managers require above three managerial skills. However, the degree
(amount) of these skills required varies (changes) from levels of management and from an organisation
to organisation.

managerial skills
The above picture or diagram shows the managerial skills which are required by managers working at
different levels of management. The top-level managers require more conceptual skills and less
technical skills. The lower-level managers require more technical skills and fewer conceptual skills.
Human relations skills are required equally by all three levels of management.

1. Conceptual Skills

Conceptual skill is the ability to visualise (see) the organisation as a whole. It includes Analytical, Creative
and Initiative skills. It helps the manager to identify the causes of the problems and not the symptoms. It
helps him to solve the problems for the benefit of the entire organisation. It helps the manager to fix
goals for the whole organisation and to plan for every situation. According to Prof. Robert Katz,
conceptual skills are mostly required by the top-level management because they spend more time in
planning, organising and problem solving.

2. Human Relations Skills

Human relations skills are also called Interpersonal skills. It is an ability to work with people. It helps the
managers to understand, communicate and work with others. It also helps the managers to lead,
motivate and develop team spirit. Human relations skills are required by all managers at all levels of
management. This is so, since all managers have to interact and work with people.

3. Technical Skills

A technical skill is the ability to perform the given job. Technical skills help the managers to use different
machines and tools. It also helps them to use various procedures and techniques. The low-level
managers require more technical skills. This is because they are incharge of the actual operations.
Apart from Prof. Robert Katz's three managerial skills, a manager also needs (requires) following
additional managerial skills.

4. Communication Skills

Communication skills are required equally at all three levels of management. A manager must be able to
communicate the plans and policies to the workers. Similarly, he must listen and solve the problems of
the workers. He must encourage a free-flow of communication in the organisation.

5. Administrative Skills

Administrative skills are required at the top-level management. The top-level managers should know
how to make plans and policies. They should also know how to get the work done. They should be able
to co-ordinate different activities of the organisation. They should also be able to control the full
organisation.

6. Leadership Skills

Leadership skill is the ability to influence human behaviour. A manager requires leadership skills to
motivate the workers. These skills help the Manager to get the work done through the workers.

7. Problem Solving Skills

Problem solving skills are also called as Design skills. A manager should know how to identify a problem.
He should also possess an ability to find a best solution for solving any specific problem. This requires
intelligence, experience and up-to-date knowledge of the latest developments.

8. Decision Making Skills

Decision-making skills are required at all levels of management. However, it is required more at the toplevel of management. A manager must be able to take quick and correct decisions. He must also be able
to implement his decision wisely. The success or failure of a manager depends upon the correctness of
his decisions.
QUEST-3:- What are the skills of manager, explain with diagram?

Flowchart Considerations
Dont worry too much about drawing the flowchart the right way. The right way is the way that helps
those involved understand the process.
Identify and involve in the flowcharting process all key people involved with the process. This includes
those who do the work in the process: suppliers, customers and supervisors. Involve them in the actual
flowcharting sessions by interviewing them before the sessions and/or by showing them the developing
flowchart between work sessions and obtaining their feedback.
Do not assign a technical expert to draw the flowchart. People who actually perform the process
should do it.
Computer software is available for drawing flowcharts. Software is useful for drawing a neat final
diagram, but the method given here works better for the messy initial stages of creating the flowchart.

Flowchart Examples

HighLevel Flowchart for an Order-Filling Process

Detailed Flowchart

QUEST-4:- Write down the qualities of manager? Prepare a flow chart?

Organizational Chart Definition

An organizational chart is a chart which represents the structure of an organization in terms of
rank. The chart usually shows the managers and sub-workers who make up an organization. The chart
also shows relationships between staff in the organization which can be:

Line - direct relationship between superior and subordinate.

Lateral - relationship between different departments on the same hierarchical level.

Staff - relationship between a managerial assistant and other areas. The assistant will be able to offer
advice to a line manager. However, they have no authority over the line manager actions.

Functional - relationships between specialist positions and other areas. The specialist will normally
have authority to insist that a line manager implements any of their instructions.
In many large companies the organization chart can be large and incredibly complicated and is
therefore sometimes dissected into smaller charts for each individual department within the
organization.
There are three different types of organization chart:

Hierarchical

Matrix

Flat

QUEST-5:- Give diagramme of formal structure of an organization?

Management by objectives is a dynamic system which seeks to integrate the company's need to clarify
and achieve its profit and growth goals with the manager's need to contribute and develop himself. It is
a demanding and rewarding style of managing a business.

Explanation

Since the best managers have always practised management by objectives, the cynic's view that it is
merely old wine in new bottles is perhaps valid. However, it is timely and useful to restate basic
principles and to demonstrate that there is a practical approach which will help all managers to improve
their performance. Companies are meeting increased pressures of competition and rising costs and
managements task is becoming more complex with accelerating changes in markets, technology, and
social environment. Yet, many companies are content to follow tradition based on past success. The
explosive growth in knowledge had led to more specialisation, with the result that fewer general
managers and entrepreneurial types are being produced. Moreover, the time span and range of
objectives set by companies is often dangerously restricted. Management by objectives must create a
climate of opinion in which these and other problems are recognised as well as providing the framework
of techniques for solving them.

QUEST-6:- Explain MBO (management by objective) with diagram?

RAMESHWARAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT; LUCKNOW

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT
SEMESTER 1ST EXAMINATION
SESSION: 2014-2015
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

ROLL NO.
DURATION: 3 HRS.

MM- 100
SUBJECT CODE- PGDM 104

Attempt any five questions

All questions carry equal marks.

Who is a Consumer ?
Any individual who purchases goods and services from the market for his/her end-use is called a consumer.
In simpler words a consumer is one who consumes goods and services available in the market.
Example - Tom might purchase a tricycle for his son or Mike might buy a shirt for himself. In the above examples,
both Tom and Mike are consumers.
What is consumer Interest ?
Every customer shows inclination towards particular products and services. Consumer interest is nothing but
willingness of consumers to purchase products and services as per their taste, need and of course pocket.
Let us go through the following example:
Both Maria and Sandra went to the nearby shopping mall to buy dresses for themselves. The store manager showed
them the best dresses available with him. Maria immediately purchased two dresses but Sandra returned home
empty handed. The dresses were little too expensive for Sandra and she preferred simple and subtle designs as
compared to designer wears available at the store.
In the above example Sandra and Maria had similar requirements but there was a huge difference in their taste, mind
set and ability to spend.
What is Consumer Behaviour ?
Consumer Behaviour is a branch which deals with the various stages a consumer goes through before
purchasing products or services for his end use.
Why do you think an individual buys a product ?

Need
Social Status
Gifting Purpose
Why do you think an individual does not buy a product ?

No requirement
Income/Budget/Financial constraints
Taste
When do you think consumers purchase products ?

Festive season
Birthday
Anniversary
Marriage or other special occasions
There are infact several factors which influence buying decision of a consumer ranging from psychological, social,
economic and so on.
The study of consumer behaviour explains as to:

Why and why not a consumer buys a product ?

When a consumer buys a product ?
How a consumer buys a product ?
During Christmas, the buying tendencies of consumers increase as compared to other months. In the same way
during Valentines week, individuals are often seen purchasing gifts for their partners. Fluctuations in the financial
markets and recession decrease the buying capacity of individuals.
In a laymans language consumer behaviour deals with the buying behaviour of individuals.
The main catalyst which triggers the buying decision of an individual is need for a particular
product/service. Consumers purchase products and services as and when need arises.
According to Belch and Belch, whenever need arises; a consumer searches for several information which would help
him in his purchase.

QUEST-1:- What is consumer behavior explain with example?

Buyer behaviour - The decision-making process
How do customers buy?
Research suggests that customers go through a five-stage decision-making process in any purchase. This is
summarised in the diagram below:

This model is important for anyone making marketing decisions. It forces the marketer to consider the whole buying
process rather than just the purchase decision (when it may be too late for a business to influence the choice!)
The model implies that customers pass through all stages in every purchase. However, in more routine purchases,
customers often skip or reverse some of the stages.
For example, a student buying a favourite hamburger would recognise the need (hunger) and go right to the purchase
decision, skipping information search and evaluation. However, the model is very useful when it comes to
understanding any purchase that requires some thought and deliberation.
The buying process starts with need recognition. At this stage, the buyer recognises a problem or need (e.g. I am
hungry, we need a new sofa, I have a headache) or responds to a marketing stimulus (e.g. you pass Starbucks and
are attracted by the aroma of coffee and chocolate muffins).
An aroused customer then needs to decide how much information (if any) is required. If the need is strong and there
is a product or service that meets the need close to hand, then a purchase decision is likely to be made there and
then. If not, then the process of information search begins.

A customer can obtain information from several sources:

Personal sources: family, friends, neighbours etc Commercial sources: advertising; salespeople; retailers; dealers;
packaging; point-of-sale displays Public sources: newspapers, radio, television, consumer organisations; specialist
magazines Experiential sources: handling, examining, using the product
The usefulness and influence of these sources of information will vary by product and by customer. Research
suggests that customers value and respect personal sources more than commercial sources (the influence of word
of mouth). The challenge for the marketing team is to identify which information sources are most influential in their
target markets.
In the evaluation stage, the customer must choose between the alternative brands, products and services.
How does the customer use the information obtained?
An important determinant of the extent of evaluation is whether the customer feels involved in the product. By
involvement, we mean the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance that accompanies the choice.
Where a purchase is highly involving, the customer is likely to carry out extensive evaluation.
High-involvement purchases include those involving high expenditure or personal risk for example buying a
house, a car or making investments.
Low involvement purchases (e.g. buying a soft drink, choosing some breakfast cereals in the supermarket) have
very simple evaluation processes.
Why should a marketer need to understand the customer evaluation process?
The answer lies in the kind of information that the marketing team needs to provide customers in different buying
situations.
In high-involvement decisions, the marketer needs to provide a good deal of information about the positive
consequences of buying. The sales force may need to stress the important attributes of the product, the advantages
compared with the competition; and maybe even encourage trial or sampling of the product in the hope of securing
the sale.
Post-purchase evaluation - Cognitive Dissonance
The final stage is the post-purchase evaluation of the decision. It is common for customers to experience concerns
after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer,
having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have been preferable. In these circumstances that
customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brands next time.
To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that the
product will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he
or she has made the right decision.

QUEST-2:- What are the steps involved in buying process explain with diagram?
The Consumer Research Process

The consumer research process starts with a product idea and data collection.

Consumer Research Techniques

How to Develop Research Objectives in the Consumer Research Process
The Steps in a Business Research Process
Consumer Research Analysis
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Bureaucratic Organization Structure?
How to Keep an iPad From Dropping Wi-Fi Signals

Companies conduct marketing research with consumers to better understand their needs and determine customer
satisfaction levels. Consumer research is particularly crucial when a company decides to market a new product. The
company must determine the potential success of the product by asking consumers for their opinions. After
conducting focus groups and surveys, marketing managers must analyze the consumer data and make
recommendations based on the survey results.
Product Idea Development

The consumer research process usually starts with an idea to create or market a particular product. A small company
may hold a meeting between marketing, advertising, engineering and finance managers to develop a product
concept. Subsequently, a company may develop a prototype of the product and manufacture some units for
demonstration. The product may be demonstrated at trade shows or used as a model during the selling process.
Some companies may just write out a description of the product in lieu of a prototype, waiting to confirm the product's
potential success before producing it.
Secondary Research
Small businesses must collect information about the competition, consumers they serve and market share
information before introducing their product. Market share is the percent of sales that a company possesses in the
market with a particular product. If the market is too saturated, a business owner may be better off serving another
market with his product. However, the company may also decide to serve consumers in which the competition does
not target. For example, a small clothing retailer may decide to market to women over 35 instead of trying to target
the skinny-jeans-wearing 18- to 34-year-old demographic. Companies such as the NPD Group and Forrester
Research supply secondary information for all types of companies.
Focus Groups
Many small companies will first test their product concept or idea through focus groups, which is where managers
observe the consumers' reactions to products behind one-way mirrors. A professional moderator usually runs a focus
group, asking questions in a way that alleviates bias. Consumers may provide information about a product that may
better help company managers tweak the product. For example, a small restaurant may need to determine which
chicken meal and side dishes consumers like best out of two or three choices.
Surveys
A company can further research a product with consumers through surveys. Phone surveys are a common way for
companies to talk to consumers about the product features and price. A company can often determine the price
range at which customers are willing to pay for the product. Additionally, a marketing research manager can also ask
consumers how likely they would be to purchase the product in a store. A strong, positive reaction to a purchaseintent question is a good barometer for determining the product's potential success. Surveys are usually conducted
with a larger sample size or audience than focus groups, which makes the information more predictable across the
general population.
Analysis and Product Introduction
Data is usually coded and submitted to marketing research managers in data tables, especially when outside
marketing research agencies conduct the research. The research manager or owner must then analyze the data and
extract key findings from the research. For example, 80 percent of the survey respondents may say that they would
use a small company's cleaning product daily, based on the description. This would further support that company's
decision to market the product. The company or business owner would then decide how to best introduce the product
to the market, either through direct selling or advertising.

QUEST-3:- Elaborate any consumer research process with diagram?

Consumer Learning And Decision Making

The concept of consumer buying behaviour is not new, it has been discovered ages ago .The current marketing
strategies focuses on consumers buying behaviour. The marketing aim is to grow and make best use of their market
share. Consumers decision making process is highly sensitive and is based on their learning and experience. The
paper explains about the consumers psychological factor particularly learning and its effect on buying pattern.
Learning has been explained with the help of theories, using black box and stimuli response theory. The black box
explains the consumers decision making process and factors that affect buying decision. In addition this model also
highlights the market stimuli, market environment, buyers stimuli and the buyers response. These internal and
external factors aim to influence the purchasing pattern of every single consumer.
The decision making theory was examined and modified by Nicholas Bernoulli and Oskar Morgenstern but it originate
about 300 years ago. The theory was based on the expectation of decision outcomes which was a cognitive process.
Later the theory was modified with the addition of value and satisfaction. In addition Allen Shocker explains the
complexity and steps which involve in decision making. (Michael Richarme, 2005) Degree of involvement is another
important factor while looking and making decision. Researchers also proved that the marketing activities have huge
impact on consumers psychology which helps to take decision.
Consumer behaviour is a psychological function which involves the customer to undergo the identification of their
needs, searching methods to fulfill the needs and make purchase decisions accordingly. The process can also be
described as collecting, interpreting, making plans and executing it for successfully buying the desired product (Lars
Perner, 2008). The behavioral approach of the consumer is highly dominated by their psychology.
The first model of consumer decision of making process was developed in 1963 by Howard and later edited in 1969
which has become the current theory of consumer behavior. The updated model provides an integration among the
several psychological, social, and market pressure on the buyers choice and information (Howard and Sheth, 1969).

Consumer Decision Making Process

Consumers cannot make their decision alone, rather they need to interact and look up for the information from
various sources like their own concept, reference groups, environment, other buyers and sellers etc.
The consumer decision making process is interaction between the stimulus for the purchase, the characteristics or
need of the consumer and their corresponding response. The stimuli can either be intra or inter personal from the
consumer. This can further be explained by the BLACK BOX MODEL which emphasizes on the connection between
the response and the stimulus of the buyer. (Cindy Dietrich, 2010) The companies plan and process their marketing
stimuli, whereas on the other hand social factors like political, economic and cultural, impact the environmental
stimuli.
Example 1: Dettol antiseptic has excellent advertisement which has made a lasting impact on consumers mind by
using their marketing slogan of Be 100% sure. This advertisement has created a long and positive image on
consumers mind since ages. Even after the launch of other brands of antiseptic liquids like Savlon by J&J, consumers
still look for Dettol as their first choice while making a purchase decision as Dettol has made a strong brand image.
Example 2: Allen bought Mercedes Benz S-class and told his boss and the boss admired the comfort, safety and
power while driving, he will be happy to hear positive response and feel satisfied with the buying decision and feel
proud to associate with the brand.

Service products require more concentrated and customized service and experience. As they affect each customer in
different manner and individually. Consumers level of involvement influences their buying behavior decisions which
can be classified into three categories: Repetitive/routine buying, limited and extensive decision. Level of
satisfactions/learning is also important to decide the nature of buying behaviour in future. Consumers keep their
learning experiences as a catalogue and categories them as positive or negative which they use for future reference.

QUEST-4:- Explain any of learning theory with example of consumer decision making process?
Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior
1. Cultural Factors
Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: buyer culture, subculture, and social
class.
Culture
Subculture
Social Class
2. Social Factors
Social factors also impact the buying behavior of consumers. The important social factors are: reference
groups, family, role and status.
Reference Groups
Family
Roles and Status
3. Personal Factors
Personal factors can also affect the consumer behavior. Some of the important personal factors that
influence the buying behavior are: lifestyle, economic situation, occupation, age, personality and self
concept.
Age
Occupation
Economic Situation
Lifestyle
Personality
4. Psychological Factors
There are four important psychological factors affecting the consumer buying behavior. These are:
perception, motivation, learning, beliefs and attitudes.
Motivation
Perception
Beliefs and Attitudes
QUEST-5:- Explain with example determining factors of consumer behavior?
QUEST-6:- Define opinion leadership and process of consumer adoption?

RAMESHWARAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT; LUCKNOW

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT
SEMESTER 1ST EXAMINATION
SESSION: 2014-2015
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

ROLL NO.
DURATION: 3 HRS.

MM- 100
SUBJECT CODE- PGDM 102

Attempt any five questions

All questions carry equal marks.

WTO - Some Basic Facts:

Location: Geneva, Switzerland
Established: 1 January 1995
Created by : Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)
Membership: 148 countries (as of April 2005)
Budget: 155 million Swiss francs for 2003
Secretariat staff: 560
Head : Director-General, Supachai Panitchpakdi

After lengthy and tortuous negotiations under the Uruguay round, agreements have been reached on
several important areas. These include:
1. Reduction in the farm subsidies;
2. Enhanced market access;
3. Limits on public stock holdings of grains for food security;
4. Sparing use of sanitary and phyto sanitary import barriers; and
5. Introduction of intellectual property rights.
The steps which are necessary not only for the short-term relief but also for equipping the developing
countries, including ours, to take long-term advantage of a liberal international trade regime in
agricultural commodities should, in my view, include the following:
1 Macro economic reforms which discourage high tariffs and overvalued exchange rates are beneficial
to agricultural trades and need to be continued.
2 Adjustment of agriculture to a more liberal and global economy should be attempted carefully. A firm
beginning could be made by domestic economic reforms, especially by encouraging liberalization,
deregulation and debureaucratization within the country.
3 Implicit taxation of agriculture through price discrimination should be avoided. International prices
could be used referral for this purpose, although no sanctity need to be attached to the border prices.

4 Nothing should be done to impair food security and poverty alleviation efforts in the process of
economic Adjustment .
Also, diversification of agricultural production into agro-foods, horticulture and floriculture products and
farm products with international quality standards could help to increase exports from this sector.
i) Green Box Support: It is given on items which have minimal impact on trade, e.g., pest and disease
Control, market intelligence, it is an exempted support.
ii) Blue box support: It is product-limiting subsidy and pertains mainly to the developed countries. It is
exempted from reduction commitment under WTO.
iii) Special and differential treatment box support: It includes investment subsidy to agricultural sector
for farm development work like land leveling, shallow wells etc
QUEST-1:- Write down implications of WTO on Indian agriculture?
LPG and the Economic Reform Policy of India

Bringing in the Security Regulations (Modified) and the SEBI Act of 1992 which rendered the
legitimate power to the Securities Exchange Board of India to record and control all the
mediators in the capital market.

Doing away with the Controller of Capital matters in 1992 that determined the rates and
number of stocks that companies were supposed to issue in the market.

Launching of the National Stock Exchange in 1994 in the form of a computerised share buying
and selling system which acted as a tool to influence the restructuring of the other stock
exchanges in the country. By the year 1996, the National Stock Exchange surfaced as the biggest
stock exchange in India.

In 1992, the equity markets of the country were made available for investment through
overseas corporate investors. The companies were allowed to raise funds from overseas
markets through issuance of GDRs or Global Depository Receipts.

Promoting FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) by means of raising the highest cap on the
contribution of international capital in business ventures or partnerships to 51 per cent from 40
per cent. In high priority industries, 100 per cent international equity was allowed.

Cutting down duties from a mean level of 85 per cent to 25 per cent, and withdrawing
quantitative regulations. The rupee or the official Indian currency was turned into an
exchangeable currency on trading account.

Reorganisation of the methods for sanction of FDI in 35 sectors. The boundaries for
international investment and involvement were demarcated.
Highlights of the LPG Policy Given below are the salient highlights of the Liberalisation, Privatisation and
Globalisation Policy in India:
Foreign Technology Agreements
Foreign Investment
MRTP Act, 1969 (Amended)
Industrial Licensing Deregulation
Beginning of privatisation
Opportunities for overseas trade Steps to regulate inflation Tax reforms
Abolition of License -Permit Raj .
QUEST-2:- Define liberalization, privatization, and globalization?

QUEST-3:- Write a short note on retail banking?

QUEST-4:- What is the role of IRDA? What are the types of insurance?
QUEST-5:- What is the objective of environmental education?
QUEST-6:- What are the avenues for raising finance?
QUEST-7:- What is impact of global warming?