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MV
*1
" MS
" MS
$ M '$ L '
= 7 #10 & )& )
% M . (% L . (
9
yr M (TO)
V
* 43
$L '
= 7 #10 & )
%L . (
9
yr
1/ 4
(since L + M , M + L )
B-V
M67: 4 Gyr
NGC188: 6 Gyr
Star
Formation Rates
!"#$%&'$(#)'*+$#",+
! !"#$%&'$(#)'*+-#*+.,+(,#/0$,1+2*+(#*3+4#3/5+
!
!
!
!
678+90:+
;<)-#=+-'='0$/+,>?>@+A?%$B+
C!@+D;EEF@+D;EEEF+
6EG+90:+
! !,,+$,H2,4+.3+I,**2-0J+AKLLMB@+NGNON+
! C,$,+4,+=''P+#"+'*,5+QR,+C!+$,-'(.2*#)'*+=2*,>+
! 678+$#1+&$'(+$,-,*"+/"#$%&'$(+2'*2/,/+-='01+4R2-R+
$,-'(.2*,1+#*1+-#/-#1,/+
! ;*=3+/"#$/+42"R+STKUS'+42"R+=2&,)(,/+VWUS3$+<$'10-,+678++
SFR(M " yr #1 ) = 7.9 $10#42 L(H% )(ergs#1 ) = 1.08 $10#53 Q(H o )(s#1 )
Q(H o ) is the ionising photon luminosity
constants are derived from evol. synthesis models (e.g., Kennicutt 1982)
Cosmic
Star Formation History
!"#$%&'#()*+,"*$)-".'/%#("*0'
1()*+,"*$)-".'/)#'23&4%.32'56+,"42'#%.&3'
)'*32#/%7'",'5'89/)4,'):3'",';.%<3*#3=>'
?"#('#(344)*'$)##',"*$32'3)*40'
Abundance Measurements
Stellar spectra
High-Resolution Spectra
Measure line strengths (equivalent widths) for individual elements.
Equivalent
Width
measures the
strength
(not the width)
of a line.
EW is width of
a 100% deep
line with same
area.
Abundance Measurements
!
Spectra
Astrophysics
Physics
Laboratory calibrations
"
Abundances:
" Fe %
$# H '&, etc.
Bracket Notation
Bracket notation for Fe abundance of a star relative to the Sun:
) n(Fe) ,
) n(Fe) ,
" Fe %
$# H '& ( log10 + n(H) . 0 log10 + n(H) .
*
-/
*
-.
atoms of Fe
atoms of H
) ( n(Fe) n(H)) ,
/ .
= log10 ++
.
n(Fe)
n(H)
(
)
.
*
And similarly for other metals, e.g. relative to Fe:
" O % " C
$# Fe '&, $# Fe
%
'&, ...
"
%
Star with solar Fe abundance: $ Fe ' = 0.0
# H &
!
" Fe %
= log10 (2) = +0.3
Twice solar abundance: $# H '&
!
Half solar abundance:
!
" Fe %
$# H '& = log10 (1/2) = (0.3
Metallicity
Metalicity (by mass):
"A
Z=
ni
metals
n(H) + 4 n(He) +
"A
ni
) n(Mg) ,
) n(Mg) ,
" Mg %
$# H '& ( log10 +* n(H) .- / log10 +* n(H) .- .
*
) Z ,
) Z ,
= log10 +
. / log10 +
.
f
X
f
X
*
-*
*
-.
)Z f . X . ,
..
= log10 ++ 0
* Z . f0 X0 -
metals
n(H)
X=
n(H) + 4 n(He) +
vs Abundance
"A n
i
metals
#A n
i
f "
metals
n(Mg)
!
Primordial:
! Solar:
Z"
X " f* [ Mg
=
10
Z. X.f.
# 10[ Mg
Xp = 0.75,
Yp = 0.25,
Zp = 0.00
X = 0.70,
Y = 0.28,
Z = 0.02
Solar
Abundances
!"#$%&'&(&)$*%+,%-&%&./&0$1%
!"#$%&$'()*+)(,(-($./)0$).1()/*,&2)/3/.(-4)35&60/),*7&20.1-0')
Solar Abundances
[Xi/Fe] vs [Fe/H]
Most metals enrich at
approx same rate as Fe
(e.g. to a factor of 2-3
over a factor of 30
enrichment).
Some elements
(Mg,O,Si,Ca,Ti,Al)
formed early, reaching
2-3 x Fe abundance in
metal-poor stars
Lowest metal
abundance seen in
stars: [Fe/H] ~ -4
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Ca
Zr
Ti
Ba
Ni
Nd
Enhancement
of - Elements
!!"#"$"%&'"%()%*"$"%&'
[O/Fe]
[O/Fe]
+,**)#-'"&')#'./0012'
[Fe/H]
!
Radius: more metals near galaxy centre
1
Near centre of galaxy: Shorter orbit period--> More passes thru
spiral shocks --> More star generations --> lower --> Z
higher. (Also, more infall of IGM on outskirts.)
! !
Galaxy Mass : Low-mass galaxies have lower metallicity.
Spirals
(M100)
!"#$%%&'&#()*+$,&"-#)&-)!.)
!/)0"#$%%&'&#()*+$,&"-#)
&01%&"2)$-)&-2&,"345#)
64+0$74-)1+4'"22)64+)#8")
!.)
Mass-Metalicity relation
!"##$%&'"(()*)'+,-&("./0,
-!:/;03&-,
Some are young
(not much
-!!/-&,3"#,(/##,
5)36&-,)0<"((,
gas used yet, -!so
ISM not yet
-!=!>,7"-)"./0,?=@=!>A,
enriched).
1/2,%"##,,
3"("4)&#,
5)36,%"##,
3"("4)&#,
faint
---->
bright
SFR
Stellar Mass
Two fundamental parameters seem to
determine observed metallicity:
mass and SFR.
This forms a fundamental
metallicity relation (FMR).
Despite extremely complex
underlying physics, the relation seems
to hold out to z = 2.5 and in a huge
range of galaxies / environments.
Stellar Mass
A Quick Review
Main events in the evolution of the Universe:
The Big Bang (inflation of a bubble of false vacuum)
Symmetry breaking matter/anti-matter ratio
Quark + antiquark annihilation photon/baryon ratio
The quark soup heavy quark decay
Quark-Hadron phase transition and neutron decay n/p ratio
Big Bang nucleosynthesis primordial abundances
Xp = 0.75
Yp = 0.25
Zp = 0.0