Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com -
[1]5,020
words
the limits of the non-aggression principle. The weird result is that Murray, ever the stickler for
consistency, ends up defending some repugnant conclusions, such as that parents have no strict
ethical obligation to care for, or even feed, their children. The reasoning follows after an ethical
abhorrence of the initiation of force. While we might condemn the category of inaction that permits a
helpless infant to die for lack of provision, Rothbard argues, strict libertarian ethics precludes the
imposition of forcesuch as by dint of legal sanction or punishmentagainst non-intervening
bystanders, including parents who do not actively aggress against their offspring but merely allow
them to die.
Now I am aware that there are many ways out of this knot, including some that dont violate
Rothbards cherished non-aggression axiom. But I was trying to think it down on his terms, just for
the sport of it, and when I considered carefully his emphasis on initial force, well, it occurred to me
that maybe he wasnt being so bravely consistent as he liked to imagine.
Wasnt the hypothetical childs life itself the result of a more germinal initiation of forcethe
procreative force that would inevitably result in a human death? Well, it certainly wasnt something
that he consented to, any more than so many subsequent floggings and taxes and zoning ordinances
that he might endure and that Rothbard would surely condemn if said hypothetical child were lucky
enough to be sheltered and fed through his helpless phase. I might emphasize that my armchair
rejoinder was little more than a nostrum, nothing epiphanic. But it did stick with me. And then one
day I was revisiting the whole business in conversation with a friend, who suggested in turn that I
read this new book by a philosopher named David Benatar.
The book was called Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence. Most people
think the title alone is absurd, and when they first hear about the hedonic asymmetry that
undergirds and informs Benatars antinatalist conclusion, they think its just plain silly. I think most
people havent thought very hard about it and dont want to. I think its also possible that most
people accept the asymmetry at face value, but recoil when they sense were it leads. The asymmetry
is simply a formalized way of expressing the relationship between pain and pleasure, and perforce,
harm and benefit. Its usually shown in a box divided into quadrants (like Pascals Wager), but it goes
like this:
1) The presence of pain is bad; and
2) The presence of pleasure is good.
3) The absence of pain is good (even if that good is not enjoyed by anyone); but
4) The absence of pleasure is not bad unless there is somebody for whom this absence is a
deprivation
The conclusion thats intuitive to some but repugnant to others is that no matter how much good
stuff occurs in a given human life, the alternative of never being brought into existence is always
better. Sure, never being brought to life means never enjoying a slice of pizza or such other arguably
more refined pleasures that you might care to name. But it also means never experiencing an iota of
pain. It means never experiencing the pain of a pricked finger or the pain associated with any
number of possible infirmities and misfortunes, from broken bones and influenza to the more
emotionally resonant anguish that comes with, for example, the loss of a loved one.
You might think that a super-duper perfect life is enough to offset the imbalance. Its not. This is
because the special category of absence that applies to those who are never brought into existence
entails the absence of deprivation. The person who is never born may never know the pleasure of
pizza-eating or the pain of a pinprick, but he is eternally spared the latter and he experiences
absolutely no sense of deprivation in missing out on the former.
Now, one reflexive response that many people come up with when they first encounter the
pleasure/pain asymmetry is some version of the counterclaim that Pain is NOT bad! People will say,
I had cancer, and Im a better person for it! or My divorce was terribly painful, but later I met the
love of my life, and Im better for it! or they might hang their rejection on the textbook case of the a
child who navely touches an open flame thereby triggering a nerve-sensory response thereby
inculcating the useful lesson that, as Phil Hartmans Frankenstein character would put it, FIRE BAD!
The problem with this kneejerk response, of course, is that it confuses the instrumental value of
(some) pain with the underlying quality of pain itself, which is always, by definition, bad. Thats why
its pain. If you dont accept that, you can just as easily tweak the formulation to apply only to
Whats important to keep in mind is that the reality of an idiocracy effect does not refute the
descriptive or axiological bases for the view that it is grossly indecent (or worse, if youre a
deontologist) to force new people into existence. For antinatalists who are also committed
consequentialists the problem may carry more difficulty, but for those of us who have a constitutional
aversion to treating people as means, the idea that we should bite the bullet and have childrenor
simply refrain from promoting antinatalist reasoningin order that the aggregate measure of human
suffering should diminish or remain stable is unpersuasive. Its a bit like asking a conscientious
objector to take up arms because theres a calculable scenario under which one more war is likely to
reduce the likelihood of future military engagements.
Of course, the problem could be addressed in other ways, which reminds me of Aschwin de Wolfs
provocative discussion of antinatalism in Cryonics, where he suggests [7] that theres an illiberal seed
at the core of antinatalist ethics. Ive gone on long enough, but if youre interested in understanding
why I think there might be something to Aschwins suspicion (though not in the sense he means),
my relevant comment is preserved here [8].
The long and short is that theres this other idea that we might think of as antinatalisms mutant
conjoined twin, like Belial in Basket Case. Its something that, as far I know, has yet to be formally
exposited, though it has penumbral resonance in the hard logic of negative utilitarianism, and it may,
more arguably, be deciphered through a Straussian (i.e., paranoid) reading of David Benatars
long-form argument. The idea has a name: promortalism. I dont know what to do with it. Lets just
hope our future Friendly AI overlords dont catch wind.
Your anti-natalist arguments appear to be based on essentially individualistic
assumptions. What if individual suffering really did not matter that much, and the object of
concern was the nation, the race, or the welfare of the universe itself? What if one did not
regard each human life merely as an end in itself, but as a means to higher ends, such as
the unfolding of high culture, grand politics, science, exploration, etc.? That sort of vision
would give intelligent and responsible people reasons to reproduce, and also furnish an
argument for reducing the reproduction of the selfish, dumb, and happy-go-lucky.
Im not blind to the romance of human achievement. If I were, I wouldnt bother publishing books,
and my reading list would start and stop with instruction manuals. But the Greater Good always
strikes me as being a cunt-hair shy of the Greater God, and I lack the imagination to believe in
either.
Such abstract objects of concern that could be enthroned above the intractable reality of forced
mortal suffering can be better understood, I think, as distractionsor as secular iterations of the
transcendental temptation. In Confessions of an Antinatalist, Jim Crawford discusses some of the
escape strategies that people deploy to avoid confronting the prospect that the universe might
reduce to so much useless malignancy, and he makes the important point (I touch on this above)
that stories of trans-generational survivalwhether of races or nations, humanity or Christianity, or
even knowledgeare really stories of vicarious (which is to say, fake) survival. If youre in thrall to
the romance of the long march, theres little I can say to dash your enthusiasm. You should be
aware, however, that the soldiers you conscript for the grand mission may not share your sense of
adventure, and are sure to die in battle.
Jim cuts it to the marrow when he says, Hope is my enemy. And however its phrased, the hope of
tomorrows promise (also Jims line) is subsumed under the broader teleological conceit that I
reject on all grounds. Its the granddaddy of delusions, this notion that theres a purpose to any of it.
Its the monster conspiracy that lurks above Ligottis marionettes.
Your combination of scientific rationalism and pessimism brings to mind H. P. Lovecraft.
Are you a reader of his work?
I made the usual rounds with Lovecrafts fiction when I was young, but it never reached the point of
obsession. I just loved the storiesthe sense of dread, the adverbially layered, almost
schizophrenically-tinged descriptions of nameless, timeless, inchoate horror. It always seemed that
he was trying to capture that rushing apocalyptic frisson that wakes you from a nightmare just as
some terrible apocalyptic truth is about to be revealed.
Theres a scene in David Lynchs film, Mulholland Drive [9], that reminds me very much of this aspect
of Lovecrafts horror writingthe part that takes place at Winkys Diner, where the guy anxiously
recounts a recurring dream thats been traumatizing him . . . as the details he describes quietly
manifest and the day-lit environment assumes a sinister pall. I mention this only because the horror
that Lovecraft was plying seems at once so fragile and so familiar; like it wants to vanish upon
analysis.
Those other aspects of Lovecrafthis voluminous antitheist writings, the criticism, the rationalpessimist philosophical essays, the traditionalist conservatismthat all came to my attention much
later, mostly by way of Houellebecqs biographical portrait and Ligottis brilliant treatise, The
Conspiracy against the Human Race. A few of Joshis essays, too. I have yet to delve as far as I
really should.
It does strike me how this dire appraisal of the universe that resonates in the work of Schopenhauer,
Zapffe, Lovecraft, and some few others, stands at such implacable remove from the delusional,
smiley-faced brand of new atheism thats championed these days by writers of sundry polemical
bestsellers. This is something I explorewithout, alas, explicit reference to Lovecrafts
importancein my introduction to a collection of the nonfiction work of Edgar Saltus thats being put
out soon by Underworld Amusements. Saltuss works on offerThe Philosophy of Disenchantment
(about deep pessimism) and The Anatomy of Melancholy (about antitheism)were written around
the turn of the century, and its such a bracing shock to contemplate the gulf that separates his
dismal viewpoint from such cheery cant that animates the present-day Dawkins cult. I suppose I
would be tempting a joke if I were to call it depressing.
I see you are bringing out Hollister Kopps Gun Fag Manifesto [3] with a Preface by Jim
Goad. Tell us about that project
Yeah. This ones a hoot. Im doing it in collaboration with Kevin Slaughter of Underworld
Amusements, so its actually a 9BB/UA releasehopefully the first in a series of Resurrection
reprints of great zines. We have others in our sights.
Gun Fag Manifesto was one of my favorite things to come out of the halcyon days of zinedom, and,
as with so many other DIY publications from that micro-era (the mid-90s), it seems to have
disappeared down the memory hole. The subtitle said it all: Entertainment for the Armed
Sociopath. GFM was lovingly, obsessively, psychotically, and irresponsibly devoted to guns, gun
culture, gun counterculture, gun rights, gun art, gun porn, and . . . ammo. The writing is obsessive
and funny as hell, blending a hilariously over-the-top (but not ironic) pro-gun editorial stance with a
powder keg of smart-witted gonzo reportage in the spirit of ANSWER Me! Im really tickled that Jim
Goad will be kicking off the festivities. His name belongs on this thing for reasons that go way back.
The book itself is just what youd want: a facsimile reprint of all three issues with a perfect new
introduction by Hollister and, of course, Goads preface. Therell be some new artwork to jazz things
up at the edges, and maybe a cool promotional gimmick, but thats the gist. Ive been wanting to do
this one for such a long time, but Hollister was hard to track down. Once I found him, it didnt take
much to convince him. Hes one of the good ones.
What do you envision for the future of Nine-Banded Books? Where would you like to be in
ten years?
I remember seeing an interview with John Waters where he described his cinematic achievement as
a footnote that fought its way into a paragraph. The footnote seems like a cozy enough redoubt for
what I do, but Im content to operate further below the cultural radarbeneath even the footnotes
and the asterisks appending the footnotesas long as I can continue to publish some few books each
year that I believe matter in whatever way. Theres no shortage of ideas; I enjoy following my
instincts and being surprised by the next obsessive charge that comes. I think Im a reasonably good
editor (though Im a crappy proofreader, which is why I rely on Ann Sterzingers laser eye), and I
enjoy working closely with writers. In practical terms, I guess Id like to fatten up the stock of
non-9BB titles on offer, if only to better showcase more of the provocative and overlooked literature
that catches my attention. Theres good stuff being put out by other niche publishers. The catalog
will grow is all I know.
As far as more immediate future plans go, I can make at least a few relatively firm announcements
about whats on the front burnersome things that havent been mentioned above.
First, theres this nasty little collection of short fiction by Paul Bingham called Down Where the Devil
Dont Go. Ive been sitting on it for too long, but its very nearly ready for press now. Id describe it
as a kind of postmodern picaresqueor houellebecqesque if I may coin a silly term. Despicable
characters leading despicable lives in a loosely interconnected sequence of misanthropically intoned,