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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
UNIT II
N2
is called the turns ratio of the
N1
transformer.
The different types of the transformers are
1)
2)
3)
Step-Up Transformer
Step-Down Transformer
Centre-tapped Transformer
The voltage, current and impedance transformation rations are related to the turns ratio of
the transformer by the following expressions.
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
V2
V1
N2
N1
N2
N1
I2
I1
ZL
Zin
N2
N1
I dc
ii)
1
2
id ( t ) ; where i Im sin t
0
Effective (or) R.M.S. current: The effective (or) R.M.S. current squared of
a periodic function of time is given by the area of one cycle of the curve
which represents the square of the function divided by the base.
It is expressed mathematically as
I rms
1
2
1
2
i 2d ( t )
0
2. Load Voltages:
There are two types of output voltages. They are average or D.C.
voltage and R.M.S. voltage.
i)
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Vdc
Vd ( t ) ; where V Vm sin t
0
Effective (or) R.M.S Voltage: The effective (or) R.M.S voltage squared of
a periodic function of time is given by the area of one cycle of the curve
which represents the square of the function divided by the base.
1
2
Vrms
V 2d ( t )
1
2
Vrms I rms RL
(or)
3.
Vdc Idc RL
(or)
ii)
1
2
Ripple Factor ( ) : It is defined as ration of R.M.S. value of a.c. component to the d.c.
component in the output is known as Ripple Factor.
V 'rms
Vdc
Where V 'rms
2
Vrms
Vdc2
Vrms
Vdc
4.
Efficiency ( ) : It is the ratio of d.c output power to the a.c. input power. It signifies,
how efficiently the rectifier circuit converts a.c. power into d.c. power.
It is given by
Pdc
Pac
5.
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV):It is defined as the maximum reverse voltage that a diode
can withstand without destroying the junction.
6.
Regulation: The variation of the d.c. output voltage as a function of d.c. load current is
called regulation. The percentage regulation is defined as
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
% Regulation =
Vno
load
V full
V full
load
100%
load
V Vm sin t
Where Vm is the peak value of secondary a.c. voltage.
Operation:
For the positive half-cycle of input a.c. voltage, the diode D is forward biased and hence
it conducts. Now a current flows in the circuit and there is a voltage drop across R L. The
waveform of the diode current (or) load current is shown in figure.
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EDC-UNIT2
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For the negative half-cycle of input, the diode D is reverse biased and hence it does not
conduct. Now no current flows in the circuit i.e., i=0 and Vo=0. Thus for the negative halfcycle no power is delivered to the load.
Analysis:
In the analysis of a HWR, the following parameters are to be analyzed.
i)
iii)
v)
vii)
ix)
DC output current
R.M.S. Current
Rectifier Efficiency ( )
Regulation
Peak Factor (P)
ii)
iv)
vi)
viii)
DC Output voltage
R.M.S. voltage
Ripple factor ( )
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
Vm sin t
i Im sin t
for
i=0
for
where Im
i)
t 2
Vm
Rf
RL
I dc
1
2
1
2
id ( t )
0
2
Im sin td ( t )
0 d ( t)
1 I ( cos t )
0
2 m
1 I ( 1 ( 1)
2 m
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Im
(or) 0.318
Vm
Im , we get Idc
Rf
RL
Vm
V
= 0.318 m
RL
RL
Im
Vdc
I dc RL =
Vm RL
Rf
RL
Vm RL
Vdc
Rf
Vm
Im R
L
RL
Vdc
= 0.318 Im
Vm
Irms
1
2
1
2
Im
2
i d ( t)
0
1 cos t d ( t )
2
I2m
( t ) 1 sin t
4
2
GRIET-ECE
1
2
1
2
0 d ( t)
1
2
1
2
0
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
I2
1
2
0 sin 2
2
sin0
1
2
Im
4
2
Im
2
Irms Im
iv)
(or)
Vm
Irms
2 R f RL
Vrms
2 Rf
RL
Vm
21
Rf
RL
Vm
2
Vm RL
I rms RL =
Rectifier efficiency ( ) :
The rectifier efficiency is defined as the ration of d.c. output power to the a.c.
input power i.e.,
Pdc
Pac
Pdc
2 R
Idc
L
I m2 RL
2
2 R
Pac I rms
L Rf
I m2
R Rf
4 L
Pdc I m2 RL
4
2
Pac
I m2 RL R f
GRIET-ECE
4
2
RL
RL R f
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
1
R
1 f
RL
0.406
R
1 f
RL
40.6
Rf
1
RL
Rf
when
= 0.
RL
vi)
Ripple Factor ( ) :
The ripple factor
Irms
Idc
is given by
2
Im / 2
Im /
Vrms
Vdc
(or)
= 1.21
1.21
vii)
Regulation:
The variation of d.c. output voltage as a function of d.c. load current is called regulation.
The variation of Vdc with Idc for a half-wave rectifier is obtained as follows:
Idc
But
Vdc
Vdc
Im
Vm /
R f RL
I dc RL
Vm
RL
R f RL
Vm 1
GRIET-ECE
Rf
Rf
RL
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Vm I R
dc f
Vdc Vm Idc R f
This result shows that Vdc equals
Vm
with an increase in dc output current. The larger the magnitude of the diode forward resistance,
the greater is this decrease for a given current change.
viii)
The d.c. power to be delivered to the load in a rectifier circuit decides the rating of the
transformer used in the circuit. So, transformer utilization factor is defined as
TUF
Pdc
Pac(rated )
The factor which indicates how much is the utilization of the transformer in the circuit is
called Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF).
The a.c. power rating of transformer
= Vrms Irms
The secondary voltage is purely sinusoidal hence its rms value is
times maximum
Vm Im
2 2
Pac(rated )
1
of the maximum.
2
Vm Im
2 2
I 2 RL
dc
Im
TUF
RL
Pdc
Pac(rated )
Im
GRIET-ECE
RL
2 2
Vm Im
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
I2m RL 2 2
2 I2 R
m L
Vm Im RL
= 0.287
TUF
0.287
The value of TUF is low which shows that in half-wave circuit, the transformer is not
fully utilized.
If the transformer rating is 1 KVA (1000VA) then the half-wave rectifier can deliver
1000 X 0.287 = 287 watts to resistance load.
ix)
It is defined as the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can withstand without
destroying the junction. The peak inverse voltage across a diode is the peak of the negative halfcycle. For half-wave rectifier, PIV is Vm.
x)
Im/ 2
Im/
0.5Im
0.318Im
1.57
F=1.57
xi)
Vm
Vm / 2
=2
P=2
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Because of all these disadvantages, the half-wave rectifier circuit is normally not used as
a power rectifier circuit.
Fig. wave forms of the input voltage, the o/p voltage across the load Resistor
Operation:
During positive half of the input signal, anode of diode D 1 becomes positive and at the
same time the anode of diode D2 becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 does not
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
conduct. The load current flows through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the
input voltage.
During the negative half cycle of the input, the anode of D 1 becomes negative and the
anode of D2 becomes positive. Hence, D1 does not conduct and D2 conducts. The load current
flows through D2 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage.
It is noted that the load current flows in the both the half cycles of ac voltage and in the
same direction through the load resistance.
Analysis:
sint
Where Im
Im sin t
0
for
t
t
for
Vm
R
R
L
f
for
i
2
Im sin t
for
t
t
Therefore, the total current flowing through RL is the sum of the two currents i1 and i2.
i.e., iL = i1 + i2.
1. Average Value:
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EDC-UNIT2
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4.Ripple Factor
5. Regulation:
The variation of d.c. output voltage as a function of d.c. load current is called regulation.
%Regulation=
V
V
no load
full load
100
V
full load
6.Rectification Efficiency:
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
8. PIV = 2 Vm
9. Advantages
1) Ripple factor = 0.482 (against 1.21 for HWR)
2) Rectification efficiency is 0.812 (against 0.405 for HWR)
3) Better TUF (secondary) is 0.574 (0.287 for HWR)
4) No core saturation problem
Disadvantages:
1) Requires center tapped transformer.
3. Explain about Bridge rectifier using neat diagram.
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown
and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
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EDC-UNIT2
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EDC-UNIT2
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EDC-UNIT2
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COMPARISON OF FILTERS: 1) A capacitor filter provides Vm volts at less load current. But regulation is poor.
2) An Inductor filter gives high ripple voltage for low load currents. It is used for
high load currents
3) L Section filter gives a ripple factor independent of load current. Voltage
regulation can be improved by use of bleeder resistance
4) Multiple L Section filter or filters give much less ripple than the single L
Section Filter.
Problems from previous external question papers:
1.
Solution:
Given a half-wave rectifier circuit
Rf=20, RL=100
Given an ac source with rms voltage of 110V, therefore the maximum amplitude of
sinusoidal input is given by
Vm =
(a)
GRIET-ECE
2 Vrms =
2 x 110 = 155.56V.
Im
Vm
R
R
L
f
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Im
Im
(b)
(c)
(d)
Vno-load
Vm 155.56
=
= 49.51 V
Vfull-load
Vm
% Regulation =
2.
155.56
= 1.29A
120
= 0.41A
dc
Im
= 0.645A
2
R = 41.26 V
dc f
V
V
no load
full load
100 = 19.97%
V
full load
A diode has an internal resistance of 20 and 1000 load from 110V(rms) source pf
supply. Calculate (a) the efficiency of rectification (b) the percentage regulation from
no load to full load.
Solution:
Given a half-wave rectifier circuit
Rf=20, RL=1000
Given an ac source with rms voltage of 110V, therefore the maximum amplitude
of sinusoidal input is given by
Vm =
2 Vrms =
2 x 110 = 155.56V.
(a)
% Efficiency ( ) =
(b)
40.6
40.6
=
= 39.8%.
20
1.02
1
100
:
Im
Vm
155.56
=
= 0.1525 A
1020
R
R
L
f
= 152.5 mA
GRIET-ECE
dc
Im
= 48.54 mA
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Vno-load
Vfull-load
Vm 155.56
=
= 49.51 V
Vm
R
dc f
= 49.51 0.97
= 48.54 V
% Regulation =
V
V
no load
full load
100
V
full load
49.51
48.54
48.54
100
= 1.94 %
3.
Solution:
(a)
2 x 46 = 65V.
PIV of a diode
(c)
Vm
65
= 20.7 V
Vm = 65V
Im
Vm
65
=
= 0.217 A
300
R
L
(d)
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
I
dc
V
dc = 20.7 = 0.069A
300
R
L
Given:
AC input 230V, 60 Hz
RL = 900
RS + Rf = 100
(a)
DC voltage across load = ?
Voltage secondary of transformer = 230/5 = 46 V.
Each of half = 23 volts,(rms); Vrms=23V; Vm = ? Vrms = Vmax (0.707)
(b)
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EDC-UNIT2
Question&answer
Solution:
VDC = 18V VDCNL = 20V. Idc = 200 mA VDCNL VDCFL = IDC (RS + Rf)
20 18 = 200 x 10-3 (RS+Rf) or RS + Rf = 2 / 200 x 10-3 = 10
Transformer rating is
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