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Two fabric composite models are presented for the on-axes elastic analysis of
two-dimensional orthogonal plain weave fabric lamina. These are twodimensional models taking into account the actual strand cross-section
geometry, possible gap between two adjacent strands and undulation and
continuity of strands along both warp and fill directions. The shape functions
considered to define the geometry of the woven fabric lamina compare well
with the photomicrographs of actual woven fabric lamina cross-sections. There
is a good correlation between the predicted results and the experimental
values. Certain modifications are suggested to the simple models available in
the literature so that these models can also be used to predict the elastic
properties of woven fabric laminae under specific conditions. Some design
studies have been carried out for graphite/epoxy woven fabric laminae. Effects
of woven fabric geometrical parameters on the elastic properties of the
laminae have been investigated.
NOTATION
Strand width
Extensional, coupling and
bending compliance
constants
Parameters as defined in
ax,, Zx,
Fig. 6
Parameters as defined in
ay,, z r`
Fig. 5
Extensional, coupling and
Ao, B j, Dij
bending stiffness constants
i , j = l , 2, 6
EL, ET, ~/LT, GET, Grr UD composite elastic properties along the fibre and
transverse fibre directions
eL(o), eT(o), vLT(o), Local reduced elastic constants for undulation angle
CLT(O), C (O)
0
Elastic constants of unit
Ex,
vxy,
cell/WF lamina
a~*, b~*,d~*
i,j=1,2,6
136
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
ZX i(x, y),
zyi(y),
i = 1, 2
i = 1, 2
O(x), O(y)
O
Subscripts
f
L
T
W
Superscripts
Quantities of element
Quantities of fibre
Quantities of matrix
WF composite overall
O
properties
pm
Quantities of pure matrix
s
Quantities of strand
sl
Quantities of slice
*
Quantities of UD crossply
laminate
Overbars indicate average values/quantities transformed to global direction
el
f
m
Abbreviations
CCA
CLT
EAM
MKM
MMPM
PS
SAM
SP
UD
WF
1-D
2-D
3-D
1 INTRODUCTION
137
138
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
z
ho
,:~::~
I
ho
SECTION
SECTION S~- S~
S o- S O
h 0 = hm/2
,z
., ?z
~..
.',
SECTION S z - S z
t1 1
SECTION S 3 - S 1
-t-o~12
i
SECTION S 4 - S~
h4=(hm+ hf) /2
WARF
lllfl .---_54
5a
Ii
---5Z
j~_~11"
S0 E
IIIJlIF
PLAN
"---51
,----~o x
139
hf
:~y
zy,(y) = - ~- cos - ayt
(1)
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
140
kZ
hm/2
.
jJ''
"
hZ f
_ _ _ ~ ~ ( y )
..............
i
; - "
(a)
hw
WARP
hY2 [Y)
UNIT CELL
hf
L_
__
$
hm/2
- - o f f 2 - -
Fig.
5. Plain
weave
-~ gfl2
fabric lamina
direction.
cross-section:
warp
and
hyl(y) - hf
~ + hm
zy2(y)
hy2(y) = hw
(b)
ACTUAL SLICES
y = O--~afl2
y = ae/2----~ (af + g,)12
=0
hy4(y) = hf
~ + hm
zy~(y)
(3)
FACTORED h w
(c) IOEALISEDSLICES
Fig.
4. Plain
weave
fabric lamina
idealisation.
unit
zy2(y)
hf
:ry
= ~ c o s ia r + gf)
cell
and
its
and
(2)
I
where
hx3 (x,y)
FILL
hf
Jtaf
ay t =
2 [ ~ - cos-,(2zY'~ ]
\hf/J
h,
( ~ae ~
zy, = + ~- cos \2(af + &) /
J
J
i
hm/2
Fig.
~ .
6. Plain
axt/2---
aw/2
weave
fabric lamina
direction.
cross-section:
fill
141
$'t'aw
axt =
_~[2z~;~
t~
\hw/
h~
[
n:a.
- - ~ COS~, - - ~
2
2(a. + g . ) //
2 cos
Zx, =
0.09rnrn--=~
O-&8mm
and
(6)
hx3(x, y) = hy3(y)
hx4(x, y) = zxz(x, y) - hx3(x, y)
+ (hw + h,,)/2 + hf
The validity of the above expressions can be
ascertained by comparing the optical micrograph
of the actual WF lamina cross-section along the
fill direction (Fig. 7) and the simulated plot
making use of the same strand parameters (Fig.
8).
It can be seen in the above expressions that the
parameter z~, would reduce to zero and ax, to aw
when the gap between the adjacent warp strands
is zero ( X - Z plane). Similarly, in the Y - Z plane,
zy, would reduce to zero and ay, to a~. The idea of
introducing these parameters in the shape
functions is to simulate the gap between the
__
tf
142
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
EL(S)
(7)
The transversely isotropic strand elastic constants can be evaluated from V~ and the fibre and
matrix properties. It should be noted here that
these properties are the properties of the straight
strand, i.e. the properties of the equivalent UD
lamina.
The elastic constants of the undulated strands
along the global axes are to be determined in
order to evaluate the global elastic constants of
the WF lamina. In the case of warp strands (Fig.
4), it is done by transforming the compliance of
the warp strand for the off-axis angle at the
midpoint of that slice. In the case of fill strands,
the effective mean value of the compliance is
calculated by considering sections of infinitesimal
thicknesses along the fill strand and transforming
the compliance of these infinitesimal sections
along the global direction and then integrating
them in the interval ( 0 - ~ O 0 , Here, O~ is the
off-axis angle at x = (aw+gw)/2 i.e. the maximum off-axis angle.
The local off-axis angle in the fill strand Of(x) is
expressed as
0f(x) = tan -l d [zx2(x, y)]
=tan- / _ --sin
}
\2(aw + gw)
(aw + gw)
(8)
El.
2VLT]m2n2+ n4
1
&2(o) =
ET(0)
ET
ET(0)
s
(o) = _ _
ET
m2
--
GLT(0)
GET
ET
n2
..[_ _ _
Gvr
afo
S~j=~
Sij(O) dO
(11)
1+5Oz
(12)
GET
(~fLT =
(~2( G L T - 1)
1 + 3 \GTr
After evaluating the reduced elastic constants
of the warp strand as explained earlier and of the
fill strand by using eqn (12) in the slice, and also
considering the presence of pure matrix layers,
the extensional stiffness of that slice can be
expressed as
1
(lO)
o
V pm
m4
(13)
k=l
1[
=tan-/
:rhf
~y
--sin
]
\2(af + g0
(ae--+gf)
(9)
S'
~(.,+go/2
A~!(y)dy
(14)
Ex=A~,(1
A~2 )
Gxy=A66
143
(15)
A~2
Vyx A22
In the case of balanced plain weave fabrics the
Young's moduli in both fill and warp directions,
i.e. Ex and Ey, are the same. For an unbalanced
plain weave fabric, the Young's modulus in the
warp direction should be calculated by the same
procedure as in the fill direction.
A"
z"
(b) PARALLEL-SERIES COMBINATION
Fig. 9. Plain weave fabric lamina unit ceil discretised into
slices and elements.
144
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
(16)
z~x~
\2
aw/
cos
(17)
(18)
~X
IZ
h.,,,
,-",,,,(y)
e~
,y
Fig. 10. Plain weave fabric lamina--representation of
interlacing.
The ratios hw/aw and hf/ae can be considered to
be very small for the actual strand configurations.
Hence the maximum off-axis angles in the fill and
warp directions are
Of =
Ow
hf = 0.707hf
/~w= 0-707hw
(21)
(22)
:rhw
2aw
:thf
~-2ae
(19)
S0(t~) d 0
hw= 0"707hw((aw+wgw))
4 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The reduced elastic properties of the equivalent warp and fill laminae are evaluated by
finding the mean integral value of the local
compliance of the respective lamina. This is done
by transforming the compliance for the local
off-axis angle and then integrating the transformed compliance.
The average compliance may be expressed as
S0= ~
145
(20)
146
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
5 RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION
Two fabric composite models have been presented for the on-axes elastic analysis of 2-D
orthogonal plain weave fabric laminae. The
models consider the actual strand cross-sectional
geometry and the presence of a gap between the
adjacent strands. An analytical technique to
evaluate VI from V~' determined experimentally
is also presented. The shape functions considered
are compared with a scanning electron micrograph. The shape functions agree well with the
actual geometry of the WF lamina.
Some approximations are incorporated in
SAM in order to reduce the computational
complexity without compromising on the final
results for actual WF lamina configurations.
These approximations would predict slightly
higher stiffness compared to EAM. In E A M two
combinations of assembling the element stiffness
are presented. In the SP combination, the local
bending deformations can be considered or they
can be assumed to be constrained by locally
induced moments. The assumption that the local
bending deformations are constrained is realistic
considering the nature of interlacing of the plain
weave fabric composites.
Fibre
Carbon t9
E-glass~
Graphite 19
Matrix
epoxy~
(GPa)
(OPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
230-0
72.0
388.0
40-0
72.0
7.2
24-0
27-7
6.8
14-3
27.7
2-4
0-26
0-30
0-23
3.5
3.5
1.3
1.3
0-35
Isotropic.
147
Fill strand
Carbon/epoxy
E-Glass/epoxy
Graphite/epoxy
W a r p strand
af
(mm)
hf
(mm)
gf
(mm)
aw
(mm)
hw
(mm)
gw
(mm)
0.96
0-62
2.00
0.08
0-10
0-50
0-18
0-05
0,50
1.10
0.62
2-00
0-08
0.10
0.50
0.04
0.05
0.50
H
(mm)
V~
0.16
0-20
1-00
0.44 a
0.42 a
0.41 b
a Determined experimentally.
b Calculated from strand Vf of 0.80.
Overall Vf (Vf)
Carbon/epoxy
E-Glass/epoxy
Graphite/epoxy
Strand Vf (V~)
0-44
0.42
0-41
Material
0.78
0-70
0.80
EL
ET
GLT
Vf
(GVa)
(GPa)
Gaa(GPa)
VLT
(GPa)
7-55
3.00
5.80
2.85
4-40
2-27
6.70
3.00
6.60
3.10
2,10
1,70
0.28
0.40
0.31
0.39
0.25
0-30
0.78
0-44
0.70
0.42
0.80
0.41
Carbon/epoxy
182.50 18-50
105.40
8.60
E-Glass/epoxy
5 1 . 5 0 17-50
32.25
8.55
Graphite/epoxy 311.00
6.30
161.00
5.00
Table 5. Elastic properties of plain weave fabric lamina: Comparison of predicted and
experimental results
Material
Carbon/epoxy
E-Glass/epoxy
Graphite/epoxy
Er
Ex
Gxy
(GPa)
(GPa)
(GPa)
58.9
57-1
35.6
57.6
64.8
60.3
52-4
51-2
35.4
57.6
58.5
49.3
5.1
4-7
4.7
3.0
5.3
--
0.07
0.10
0-10
0.07
0.04
--
89.3
89-3
7,0
0.04
SAM
EAM--PS
raSP
MMPM
MKM
Experiment
Kabeika's method
(Ref. 4)
20-3
19.6
17-9
20.7
21.7
19-3
20.3
19.6
17.9
20-7
21.5
19-3
3,7
3.7
3-7
2.9
3.9
--
0-23
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.13
--
29.2
29.2
4.9
0-12
SAM
EAM--PS
--SP
MMPM
MKM
Experiment
Kabelka's method
(Ref. 4)
28.8
23-7
16.2
80.1
32.2
.
28-8
23.7
16.2
80-1
32.2
.
2.8
2.8
2.8
2-3
3.0
0.08
0-12
0.12
0.02
0-04
3.7
0.03
Model
SAM
EAM--PS
--SP
MMPM
MKM
Experiment
Kabelka's method
(Ref, 4)
44-3
44.3
Wx
V7
0.44
0.42
0.41
148
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
149
150
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
100
GRAPHITE /EPOXY
~,,B----- gw l a w = 0-5
1-0
Ow= 2'0 mm
90
80 --
0.8
~ ' S T R AND Vf
gw = 0"5 mm
" ~
70
0'6
o
O.
60
-o
/)'\
50
t,L,l
\~.
~N~
40
0.4
--OVERALL Vf
gw = 0"5mm
30
0,2
20
10
0"0
0-1
0"2
0"3
0"4
O-0
05
hw/a w
]Fig. 1]. Variation of K~ and Vr as a function of h~/a,~.
40-
GRAPHITE /EPOXY
-1-0
a w = 2"0 mrn
hw/aw= 0.15
= "r-~
3s
o
(1.
0"8
""STRAND V~
0'6
h w / a W = 0-2
__~_ .,c ~
uJ
0'4
0'2
hw/aw=
0'0
0"3
0"2
0,4
0"6
0"8
gw/aw
0.0
1"0
6 CONCLUSIONS
The predictions of the refined models have been
evaluated by comparison with the results of an
experimental programme. It is seen that the
predictions of the refined models match well with
the experimental results. It should be noted that
certain limitations are inherent in the use of
modified simple models in terms of the range of
applicability. The results obtained from the
modified simple models, however, certaintly
indicate that these techniques, when used with
some judgment, are very satisfactory engineering
tools.
The refined model, SAM, was used to study
the effect of h/a and g/a on the WF lamina
longitudinal modulus and V~'. It is seen that there
is a significant effect of the h/a ratio on the
longitudinal modulus, but V~' is constant for all
h/a ratios. With the optimum gap between the
two adjacent strands, the specific stiffness would
be the highest. The overall Vf of the WF lamina
reduces with the increase in the gap between the
adjacent strands with the same strand Vf.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the Structures Panel,
Aeronautics Research & Development Board,
151
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
152
N. K. Naik, V. K. Ganesh
APPENDIX
v,
G-rr~-~ = G ~ +
G~r - G~r
(km + 2G~-r)Vm
2G~n~r(km+ G~r)
v - v ~ 1 + (,~v~ + W
when
G ~ > G-~
and
k' > k m
Whereas
km(k e + G ~ ) ( 1 - G) + U ( k m + G ~ ) V f
k-
v~
G'rr(+) = G~r +
1
GfTr -- G-~r
Here
1
4V~T
ke
E~-
E[
G~
4
E~
km
P-'\
G~ < G~
V~T)2Vm
fl, -
Vf
V.,/U + Vf/k m + 1 / G ~
Y+
fi~ -
k m + 2G~
f
m
y = G'rr/G'rr
flz = U
G ~ = G~mT.
ET(~) -- k + mG-r-r(~)
G~V~. + G'~T(1 + Vd
where
transverse
shear
modulus
4kV2T
and
the
kf
+ 2G~-v
Vm = 1 -- Vf
( v [ T - v'~O(1/k ~ - 1/U)VW,,,
Vm/k f + Vf/k m + |/G~-r
fl,
P= y-I
k~
The
k f < k"
yfl~
c~= l + y f l 2
and
Here
EL = EfLVf + E'~Vm
(av~-fl,))J
when
2G-~r(k m + G-~-r)
(1 + t~,)v,
4VLmT 1
E~
G~
4(VII
(km + 2G~)Vm
m = l + ~
EL