POWER FLOW MODEL OF STATCOM

Name: Deepak Soni

Reg. no. : 11103365
Roll no.: A13
STATCOM. It can provide bus voltage
ABSTRACT-: STATCOM is defined by
magnitude control. Computation and control
IEEE as a self commutated switching
of power flow for power systems embedded
power converter supplied from an
with STATCOM appear to be fundamental
appropriate electric energy source and
for power system analysis and planning
operated to produce a set of adjustable
purposes. Power flow studies incorporating
multiphase voltage, which may be
STATCOM requires accurate model in
coupled to an AC power system for the
solution algorithms.
purpose of exchanging independently
There are mainly two models of STATCOM
controllable real and reactive power. The
which have well tested in power systems.
controlled reactive compensation in
There are the Current Injection Model
electric power system is usually achieved
(CIM) and the Power Injection Model (PIM)
with
the
variant
STATCOM
[7],[8],[9],[10],[11]. The CIM STATCOM
configurations. The STATCOM has been
has a current source connected in shunt the
defined as per CIGRE/IEEE with
bus for voltage magnitude control. The PIM
following three operating structural
models the STATCOM as shunt voltage
components. First component is Static:
source behind an equivalent reactance or
based on solid state switching devices
impedance, which is also referred to as
with no rotating components; second
voltage source model (VSM) [12]. This
component is Synchronous: analogous to
steady state power injection model of
an ideal synchronous machine with 3
STATCOM has proved reliable when
sinusoidal phase voltages at fundamental
incorporated in power systems and is well
frequency;
third
component
is
documented [13],[14]. The use of this
Compensator: provided with reactive
STATCOM in power system simulators has
compensation.[1],[2]
therefore increased over the last one decade
and is therefore adopted implementation in
I. INTRODUCTION
this work with the voltage expressed in
rectangular coordinate.
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)
controllers are power electronics based
II. BASIC CONFIGURATION AND
controllers. With the applications of FACTS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
technology, bus voltage magnitude and
power flow along the transmission lines can
Basically, shunt connected FACTS device
be more flexibly controlled [3],[4],[5].
can be realized by either a VSC or a CSC
Among the FACTS controllers, the most
[4]. But the VSC topology is preferred
advanced type is the controller that employs
because CSC topology is more complex than
Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) as
VSC in both power and control circuits. In
synchronous sources [3]. Representative of
CSC such as GTO (Gate Turn Off Thyristor)
the VSC type FACTS controllers are the
is used, a diode has to be placed in series
Static
Synchronous
Compensator
with each of the switches. This almost
(STATCOM), which is a shunt type
doubles the conduction losses compared
controller, the Static Series Compensator
with the case of VSC. The DC link energy
(SSSC), which is a series type controller and
storage element in CSC topology is inductor
the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC),
where as that in VSC topology is a
a combined series-shunt type controller [6].
capacitor. Thus, the efficiency of a CSC is
Of all the VSC the most widely used is the

expected to be lower than that of a VSC [6][9]. The modeled STATCOM using VSC
topology is being used in the test system to
supply reactive power to increase the
transmittable power and to make it more
compatible with the prevailing load demand.
Thus, the shunt connected FACTS device
should be able to minimize the line over
voltage under light load condition and
maintain voltage levels under heavy load
condition. Two VSC technologies can be
used for the VSC. One of them, VSC is
constructed with IGBT/GTO-based SPWM
inverters. This type of inverter uses
sinusoidal
Pulse-Width
Modulation
(SPWM) technique to synthesize a
sinusoidal waveform from a DC voltage
source with a typical chopping frequency of
a few kilohertz. Harmonic voltages are
cancelled by connecting filters at the AC
side of the VSC.
This type of VSC uses a DC link voltage
Vdc. Output voltage is varied by changing
the modulation index of the SPWM
modulator. Thus modulation index has to be
varied for controlling the reactive power
injection to the transmission line. In another
type VSC is constructed with GTO-based
square-wave
inverters
and
special
interconnection transformers. Typically four
three-level inverters are used to build a 48step
voltage
waveform.
Special
interconnection transformers are used to
neutralize harmonics contained in the square
waves generated by individual inverters. In
this type of VSC, the fundamental
component of output voltage is proportional
to the voltage Vdc. Therefore Vdc has to be
varied for controlling the reactive power.
The shunt controller is like a current source,
which draws from or injects current into the
system at the point of connection. The shunt
controller may be variable impedance,
variable source or a combination of these
[10]. Variable shunt impedance connected to
the line voltage causes a variable current
flow and hence represents injection of
current into the line. As long as the injected

current is in phase quadrature with the line

voltage, the shunt controller only supplies or
consumes reactive power. When system
voltage is low, the STATCOM generates
reactive power (STATCOM capacitive).
When system voltage is high, it absorbs
reactive power (STATCOM inductive). The
variation of reactive power is performed by
means of a VSC connected on the secondary
side of a coupling transformer. The VSC
uses forced-commutated power electronic
devices (GTOs, IGBTs or IGCTs) to
synthesize a voltage V2 from a DC voltage
source. Any other phase relationship will
involve handling of real power as well [11].
So, the shunt controller is therefore a good
way to control the voltage at and around the
point of connection through injection of
reactive current (leading or lagging) alone or
a combination of active and reactive current
for a more effective voltage control and
damping of voltage dynamics [12]. The real
power (P) and reactive
power (Q) are given by:

Fig. 1 Static Synchronous Compensator

E is the line voltage of transmission line. V
is the generated voltage of VSC. X is the
equivalent reactance of interconnection
transformer and filters and is the phase
angle of E with respect to V. In steady state

operation, the voltage V generated by the

VSC is in phase with E (=0), so that only
reactive power is flowing (P=0). If V is
lower than E, Q is flowing from E to V
(STATCOM is absorbing reactive power).
On the reverse, if V is higher than E, Q is
flowing from V to E (STATCOM is
generating reactive power). Since we are
using here a VSC based on SPWM inverters
hence modulation index is varied for
controlling the reactive power injection to
the transmission line. A capacitor is
connected on the DC side of the VSC acts as
a DC voltage source. In steady state the
voltage V has to be phase shifted slightly
behind E in order to compensate for
transformer and VSC losses and to keep the
capacitor charged.

strength of this technology: that it is capable

of yielding the full output of capacitive
generation almost independently of the
system voltage (constant-current output at
lower voltages). This capability is
particularly useful for situations in which the
STATCOM is needed to support the system
voltage during and after faults where voltage
collapse would otherwise be a limiting
factor.

Fig. 3 V-I characteristic of a

STATCOM
IV.
STATIC
SYNCHRONOUS
COMPENSATOR
(STATCOM)
POWER FLOW MODEL

Fig. 2 Operation
III. STATCOM V-I CHARACTERISTIC
A V-I characteristic of a STATCOM is
depicted in Fig.3. As can be seen, the
STATCOM can supply both the capacitive
and the inductive compensation and is able
to independently control its output current
over the rated maximum capacitive or
inductive range irrespective of the amount of
ac-system voltage. That is, the STATCOM
can provide full capacitive-reactive power at
any system voltage even as low as 0.15 pu.
The characteristic of a STATCOM reveals

The STATCOM is a FACTS controller

based on voltage sourced converter (VSC).
A VSC generate a synchronous voltage of
fundamental
frequency,
controllable
magnitude and phase angle. If a VSC is
shunt-connected to a system via a coupling
transformer as shown in Fig. 4, the resulting
STATCOM can inject or absorb reactive
power to or from the bus to which it is
connected and thus regulate the bus voltage
magnitude [4]. This STATCOM model is
known as Power Injection Model (PIM) or
Voltage Source Model (VSM). Steady state
modelling of STATCOM within the
Newton-Raphson method in rectangular coordinates is carried out as follows:
The Thevenin equivalent circuit representing
the fundamental frequency operation of the
switched-mode voltage sourced converter
and its transformer is shown in Figure 4.
(1)

is expressed in Norton equivalent form

(2)
where
In these expressions, Vk represents bus k
voltage and Vstc represents the voltage
source inverter. IN is the Nortons current
while Istc is the inverters current. Also, Z SC
and Y SC are the transformers impedance
and short-circuit admittance respectively.
The STATCOM voltage injection V STC
bound constraints is as follows:
(3)
Where VSTC min and VSTC max are the
STATCOMs minimum and maximum
voltages.
The current expression in (2) is transformed
into a power expression by the VSC and
power injected into bus k as shown in
equations (4) and (5) respectively.

Where V STC and STC are the STATCOM

voltage magnitude and angle respectively.
e k and f k are the real and imaginary parts
of the bus voltage respectively.
e STC and f STC are the real and imaginary
parts
of
the
STATCOM
voltage
respectively.
The active and reactive powers for the
STATCOM and node k respectively are:
(6)

(4)
(5)

(7)
And

(8)

(9)

Fig. 4 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Diagram of STATCOM: (a) STATCOM
Schematic Diagram; (b) STATCOM
Equivalent Circuit
Using
the
rectangular
representation,

coordinate

V. LINEARISED POWER EQUATION

A single-phase power network with n-buses
is described by 2(n-1)
non-linear
equations. The inclusion of one STATCOM
model augments the number of equations by
two. The solution of the combined system of
non-linear equations is carried out by
iteration using the full Newton-Raphson
method.
The Jacobian used in conventional power
flow is suitably extended to take account of
the new elements contributed by the
STATCOM. The set of linearised power
flow equations for the complete system is

9. Evaluate
10. Increment the bus count by 1, i.e. p =
p+1 and finally check if all the buses have
been taken into consideration. Or else, go
back to step 5.
11. Determine the largest value among the
absolute value of residue.
The Jacobian elements in equation (10) are
given in Appendix A.
VI. NEWTON-RAPHSONALGORITHM
1. We assume a suitable solution for all the
buses except the slack bus. We assume a flat
voltage profile i.e. Vp=1.0+j0.0 for
p=1,2,,n, ps, Vs=a+j0.0.
2. We then set a convergence criterion =
i.e. if the largest of absolute of the residues
exceeds , the process is repeated, or else its
terminated.
3. Set the iteration count K=0.

12. If the largest of the absolute value of the

residue is less than , go to step 17.
13. Evaluate the Jacobian matrix elements.
14.

Calculate

the

voltage

15.

Calculate

the

new

increments

bus

voltage

Evaluate cos and sin of all voltages.

16. Advance iteration count K=K+1 and go
back to step 4.

4. Set the bus count p=1.

17. Evaluate bus and line powers and output

the results.

5. Check if a bus is a slack bus. If that is the

case, skip to step 10.

VII. APPLICATIONS OF STATCOM

6. Calculate the real and reactive powers Pp

and Qp respectively, using the equations
derived for the same earlier.
7. Evaluate
8. Check if the bus p is a generator bus. If
that is the case, compare Qkp with the limits.
If it exceeds the limits, fix the reactive
power generation to the corresponding limit
and treat the bus as a load bus for that
iteration and go to the next step. If lower
limit is violated, set Qsp=Qp min. If the limit is
not violated evaluate the voltage residue.

Usually a STATCOM is installed to support

electricity networks that have a poor power
factor and often poor voltage regulation.
There are however, other uses, the most
common use is for voltage stability. A
STATCOM is a voltage source converter
(VSC)-based device, with the voltage source
behind a reactor. The voltage source is
created from a DC capacitor and therefore a
STATCOM has very little active power
capability. However, its active power
capability can be increased if a suitable
energy storage device is connected across
the DC capacitor. The reactive power at the
terminals of the STATCOM depends on the

amplitude of the voltage source. For

example, if the terminal voltage of the VSC
is higher than the AC voltage at the point of
connection, the STATCOM generates
reactive current; on the other hand, when the
amplitude of the voltage source is lower
than the AC voltage, it absorbs reactive
power. The response time of a STATCOM
is shorter than that of an SVC, mainly due to
the fast switching times provided by
the IGBTs of the voltage source converter.
The STATCOM also provides better
reactive power support at low AC voltages
than an SVC, since the reactive power from
a STATCOM decreases linearly with the AC
voltage (as the current can be maintained at
the rated value even down to low AC
voltage).
STATCOM has following applications in
controlling power system dynamics.
Damping
of
power
system
oscillations.
Damping
of
subsynchronous
oscillations.
Balanced loading of individual
phases.
Reactive compensations of AC-DC
converters and HVDC links.
Improvement of transient stability
margin.
Improvement of steady-state power
transfer capacity.
Reduction of temporary overvoltages.
Effective voltage regulation and
control.
Reduction
of
rapid
voltage
fluctuations
(flicker
control).
[4],[5],[9].
VIII. CONCLUSION
Various concepts regarding the FACTS
technology and the important features of
some of the FACTS devices have been
presented. The Newton raphson method has
been presented to solve the power flow
problem in the power system with static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM).

The study of the basic principles of the

STATCOM is carried out as well as the
basics of reactive power compensation using
a STATCOM. A power flow model of the
STATCOM is attempted and it is seen that
the modified load flow equations help the
system in better performance. The bus
system shows improved plots and the thus
we can conclude that the addition of a
STATCOM controls the output of a bus in a
robust manner.
Hence our objective to maintain voltage
stability have been successfully achieved
with the incorporation of Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM).
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X. APPENDIX A